CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Commonwealth realm - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"49916b56-2bad-4f1f-8a00-72c87232d1bc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Commonwealth_realm","wgTitle":"Commonwealth realm","wgCurRevisionId":1259853988,"wgRevisionId":1259853988,"wgArticleId":205142,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","EngvarB from May 2023","Use dmy dates from May 2023","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024","All articles containing potentially dated statements","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from April 2023", "Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Commonwealth realms","Commonwealth of Nations","History of the Commonwealth of Nations","Governance of the British Empire","Monarchy of the United Kingdom","Monarchy of Canada","Monarchy of Australia","Monarchy of New Zealand","Monarchy of Belize","Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis","Personal unions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Commonwealth_realm","wgRelevantArticleId":205142,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true, "tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q202686","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles" :"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Commonwealth_realms_map.svg/1200px-Commonwealth_realms_map.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="609"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Commonwealth_realms_map.svg/800px-Commonwealth_realms_map.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="406"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Commonwealth_realms_map.svg/640px-Commonwealth_realms_map.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="325"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Commonwealth realm - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Commonwealth_realm rootpage-Commonwealth_realm skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Commonwealth+realm" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Commonwealth+realm" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Commonwealth+realm" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Commonwealth+realm" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 List </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrelationship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrelationship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Interrelationship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrelationship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crown's_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crown's_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Crown's role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crown's_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Crown's role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Crown's_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Succession_and_regency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_and_regency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Succession and regency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_and_regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Monarch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Titles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Flags </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dominions_emerge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominions_emerge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Dominions emerge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominions_emerge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balfour_Declaration_of_1926"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Balfour Declaration of 1926 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balfour_Declaration_of_1926-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statute_of_Westminster_1931" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statute_of_Westminster_1931"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Statute of Westminster 1931 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statute_of_Westminster_1931-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominions_gain_sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominions_gain_sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Dominions gain sovereignty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominions_gain_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Post-war evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Elizabethan_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Elizabethan_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Second Elizabethan era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Elizabethan_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Transitions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transitions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republican_referenda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_referenda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Republican referenda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_referenda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Commonwealth realm</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Realm" title="Commonwealth Realm – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Commonwealth Realm" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynew%C4%ABsan_rice" title="Cynewīsan rice – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cynewīsan rice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AB" title="عالم الكومنولث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عالم الكومنولث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinos_de_la_Mancomunid%C3%A1_de_Naciones" title="Reinos de la Mancomunidá de Naciones – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinos de la Mancomunidá de Naciones" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="কমনওয়েলথ রাজত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কমনওয়েলথ রাজত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96" title="Каралеўствы Садружнасці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўствы Садружнасці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Кралства от Общността на нациите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралства от Общността на нациите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krunske_zemlje_Commonwealtha" title="Krunske zemlje Commonwealtha – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Krunske zemlje Commonwealtha" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reialmes_de_la_Commonwealth" title="Reialmes de la Commonwealth – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reialmes de la Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%81-%D0%99%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85%C4%95" title="Тус-Йышлăх короллĕхĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тус-Йышлăх короллĕхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Commonwealth realm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyrnas_y_Gymanwlad" title="Teyrnas y Gymanwlad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teyrnas y Gymanwlad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth-rige" title="Commonwealth-rige – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Commonwealth-rige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Realm" title="Commonwealth Realm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Commonwealth Realm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvaste_%C3%9Chenduse_kuningriik" title="Rahvaste Ühenduse kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvaste Ühenduse kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinos_de_la_Mancomunidad" title="Reinos de la Mancomunidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reinos de la Mancomunidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunuma_re%C4%9Dlando" title="Komunuma reĝlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komunuma reĝlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9" title="قلمروی مشترک‌المنافع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلمروی مشترک‌المنافع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_du_Commonwealth" title="Royaume du Commonwealth – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume du Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinos_da_Commonwealth_de_Naci%C3%B3ns" title="Reinos da Commonwealth de Nacións – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reinos da Commonwealth de Nacións" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="영연방 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영연방 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF" title="राष्ट्रमण्डल प्रजाभूमि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राष्ट्रमण्डल प्रजाभूमि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krunske_zemlje_Commonwealtha" title="Krunske zemlje Commonwealtha – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krunske zemlje Commonwealtha" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejio_dil_Commonwealth" title="Rejio dil Commonwealth – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rejio dil Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_Persemakmuran" title="Alam Persemakmuran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alam Persemakmuran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samveldi%C3%B0" title="Samveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reame_del_Commonwealth" title="Reame del Commonwealth – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reame del Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="ממלכות חבר העמים הבריטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכות חבר העמים הבריטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="თანამეგობრობის სამეფოები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თანამეგობრობის სამეფოები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Commonwealth realm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regna_Consortionis_Populorum" title="Regna Consortionis Populorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regna Consortionis Populorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadraudz%C4%ABbas_person%C4%81l%C5%ABnija" title="Sadraudzības personālūnija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sadraudzības personālūnija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Realm" title="Commonwealth Realm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Commonwealth Realm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamm_del_Commonwealth" title="Reamm del Commonwealth – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Reamm del Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6z%C3%B6ss%C3%A9gi_kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Nemzetközösségi királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközösségi királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_Komanwel" title="Alam Komanwel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alam Komanwel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%94%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" title="ဓနသဟာယဘုံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓနသဟာယဘုံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Commonwealth realm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="英連邦王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="英連邦王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samvelderike" title="Samvelderike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samvelderike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%85%DA%AB%D9%BC%D9%88_%D9%87%DB%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88" title="د همګټو هېوادونو قلمرو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د همګټو هېوادونو قلمرو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Commonwealth realm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinos_da_Comunidade_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Reinos da Comunidade das Nações – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reinos da Comunidade das Nações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Королевства Содружества – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевства Содружества" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Komonuelthit" title="Mbretëria e Komonuelthit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Komonuelthit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Commonwealth realm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%B5%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%84%D8%AA" title="وڵکەی کۆمۆنوێلت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وڵکەی کۆمۆنوێلت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Крунске земље Комонвелта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крунске земље Комонвелта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komonveltska_kraljevstva" title="Komonveltska kraljevstva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Komonveltska kraljevstva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Commonwealth realm" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samv%C3%A4ldesrike" title="Samväldesrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samväldesrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasasakupang_komonwelt" title="Nasasakupang komonwelt – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nasasakupang komonwelt" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பொதுநலவாய இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொதுநலவாய இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E" title="ราชอาณาจักรเครือจักรภพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรเครือจักรภพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Шоҳигарии Иттиҳод – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шоҳигарии Иттиҳод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiliz_Milletler_Toplulu%C4%9Fu_b%C3%B6lgesi" title="İngiliz Milletler Topluluğu bölgesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiliz Milletler Topluluğu bölgesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Королівства Співдружності – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівства Співдружності" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%81_%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88" title="دولت مشترکہ قلمرو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دولت مشترکہ قلمرو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Th%E1%BB%8Bnh_v%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_chung" title="Vương quốc Thịnh vượng chung – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Thịnh vượng chung" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="英聯邦王國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英聯邦王國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="英聯邦王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英聯邦王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q202686#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Commonwealth_realm" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Commonwealth_realm" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Commonwealth_realm" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&oldid=1259853988" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Commonwealth_realm&id=1259853988&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCommonwealth_realm">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCommonwealth_realm">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Commonwealth_realm&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_realms" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q202686" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Countries where Charles III is the head of state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonwealth_realms_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Commonwealth_realms_map.svg/300px-Commonwealth_realms_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Commonwealth_realms_map.svg/450px-Commonwealth_realms_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Commonwealth_realms_map.svg/600px-Commonwealth_realms_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Current Commonwealth realms</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Territories and dependencies of current realms</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Former realms and <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> that are now republics</div> </figcaption></figure> A Commonwealth realm is a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> that has <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> as its monarch and head of state. All the realms are independent of each other, although one person, resident in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, acts as monarch of each.<a href="#cite_note-Trepanier28-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cox-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanor-3">[3]</a> Except for the UK, in each of the realms the monarch is represented by a <a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">governor-general</a>. The phrase Commonwealth realm is an informal description not used in any law. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 15 Commonwealth realms: <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. While the Commonwealth of Nations has 56 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">independent member states</a>, only these 15 have Charles III as head of state. He is also <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a>, a non-constitutional role. The notion of these states sharing the same person as their monarch traces back to 1867 when Canada became the first <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a>, a self-governing nation of the British Empire; others, such as Australia (1901) and New Zealand (1907), followed. With the growing independence of the dominions in the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a> established the Commonwealth of Nations and that the nations were considered "equal in status ... though united by a common allegiance to the Crown".<a href="#cite_note-Trepanier28-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a> further set the relationship between the realms and <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, including a convention that any alteration to the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">line of succession</a> in any one country must be voluntarily approved by all the others. The modern Commonwealth of Nations was then formally constituted by the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a> in 1949 when <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> wanted to become a <a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">republic without leaving the Commonwealth</a>; this left seven independent nations sharing the Crown: Australia, Canada, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>), New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>, and the United Kingdom. Since then, new realms have been created through the independence of former colonies and dependencies; Saint Kitts and Nevis is the youngest extant realm, becoming one in 1983. Some realms became republics; <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> changed from being a realm to a republic in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List">edit</a>]</div> There are currently 15 Commonwealth realms scattered across three continents (nine in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, five in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, and one in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>), with a combined area of 18.7 million km2 (7.2 million sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-5">[note 1]</a> (excluding the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Antarctic claims</a> which would raise the figure to 26.8 million km2 (10.3 million sq mi)) and a population of more than 150 million.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/220px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/330px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/440px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, the reigning sovereign of each of the Commonwealth realms since 2022</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continent</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">Subregion</a> </th> <th>Population (2021)<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-8">[7]</a> </th> <th>Date<a href="#cite_note-9">[note 2]</a> </th> <th>Governor general<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> </th> <th>Prime minister </th></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Antigua and Barbuda"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">93,219 </td> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Williams_(governor-general)" title="Rodney Williams (governor-general)">Rodney Williams</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Browne" title="Gaston Browne">Gaston Browne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Australia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,921,089 </td> <td data-sort-value="1901"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia_Constitution_Act_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900">1901</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mostyn" title="Sam Mostyn">Sam Mostyn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Bahamas"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_The_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of The Bahamas">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">407,906 </td> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_A._Pratt" title="Cynthia A. Pratt">Cynthia A. Pratt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Davis_(Bahamian_politician)" title="Philip Davis (Bahamian politician)">Philip Davis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Belize"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">400,031 </td> <td data-sort-value="1981"><a href="/wiki/Belize_Act_1981" title="Belize Act 1981">1981</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Froyla_Tzalam" title="Froyla Tzalam">Froyla Tzalam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Brice%C3%B1o" title="Johnny Briceño">Johnny Briceño</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Canada"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,155,012 </td> <td data-sort-value="1867"><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act_(1867)" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act (1867)">1867</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Grenada"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">124,610 </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_La_Grenade" title="Cécile La Grenade">Cécile La Grenade</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dickon_Mitchell" title="Dickon Mitchell">Dickon Mitchell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Jamaica"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,827,695 </td> <td data-sort-value="1962"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Independence_Act_1962" title="Jamaica Independence Act 1962">1962</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Allen_(governor-general)" title="Patrick Allen (governor-general)">Patrick Allen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Holness" title="Andrew Holness">Andrew Holness</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="New Zealand"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[note 3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,129,727 </td> <td data-sort-value="1907"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">1907</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Kiro" title="Cindy Kiro">Cindy Kiro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Luxon" title="Christopher Luxon">Christopher Luxon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Papua New Guinea"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,949,437 </td> <td data-sort-value="1975"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Independence_Act_1975" title="Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975">1975</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dadae" title="Bob Dadae">Bob Dadae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Marape" title="James Marape">James Marape</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Saint Kitts and Nevis"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,606 </td> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcella_Liburd" title="Marcella Liburd">Marcella Liburd</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terrance_Drew" title="Terrance Drew">Terrance Drew</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Saint Lucia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">179,651 </td> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Errol_Charles" title="Errol Charles">Errol Charles</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Pierre" title="Philip J. Pierre">Philip J. Pierre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">104,332 </td> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Susan_Dougan" title="Susan Dougan">Susan Dougan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Gonsalves" title="Ralph Gonsalves">Ralph Gonsalves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Solomon Islands"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">707,851 </td> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Tiva_Kapu" title="David Tiva Kapu">David Tiva Kapu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Manele" title="Jeremiah Manele">Jeremiah Manele</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Tuvalu"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,204 </td> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tofiga_Vaevalu_Falani" title="Tofiga Vaevalu Falani">Tofiga Vaevalu Falani</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Feleti_Teo" title="Feleti Teo">Feleti Teo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[note 4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">67,281,039 </td> <td data-sort-value="1801"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">1801</a> </td> <td>None </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interrelationship">Interrelationship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interrelationship">edit</a>]</div> The Commonwealth realms are <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>. They are united only in their voluntary connection with the institution of the monarchy,<a href="#cite_note-Trepanier28-1">[1]</a> the succession, and the King himself; the person of the sovereign and the Crown were said in 1936 to be "the most important and vital link" between the dominions.<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a> Political scientist Peter Boyce called this grouping of countries associated in this manner "an achievement without parallel in the history of international relations or constitutional law."<a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> Terms such as <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> a form of personal union,<a href="#cite_note-Scott1-24">[note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-murdoch1-25">[20]</a> and shared monarchy,<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a> among others,<a href="#cite_note-Elliott1-29">[note 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-corbett1-30">[24]</a> have all been advanced as definitions since the beginning of the Commonwealth itself, though there has been no agreement on which term is most accurate.<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> were proclaimed to be "equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown"<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a> and the monarch is the leader "equally, officially, and explicitly of separate, autonomous realms".<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> Andrew Michie wrote in 1952 that "Elizabeth II embodies in her own person many monarchies: she is Queen of Great Britain, but she is equally Queen of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, and Ceylon ... It is now possible for Elizabeth II to be, in practice as well as theory, equally Queen in all her realms."<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> Still, Boyce holds the contrary opinion that the crowns of all the non-British realms are "derivative, if not subordinate" to the crown of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> Since each realm has the same person as its monarch, the diplomatic practice of exchanging ambassadors with <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">letters of credence and recall</a> from one head of state to another does not apply. Diplomatic relations between the Commonwealth realms are thus at a cabinet level only, and <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_(Commonwealth)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner (Commonwealth)">high commissioners</a> are exchanged between realms (though all other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations also follow this same practice, for traditional reasons). A high commissioner's full title will thus be High Commissioner Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary for His Majesty's Government in [Country].[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For certain ceremonies, the order of precedence for the realms' high commissioners or national flags is set according to the chronological order of, first, when the country became a dominion and then the date on which the country gained independence.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belize_High_Commissioner_to_the_UK_(8077123594).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Belize_High_Commissioner_to_the_UK_%288077123594%29.jpg/220px-Belize_High_Commissioner_to_the_UK_%288077123594%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Belize_High_Commissioner_to_the_UK_%288077123594%29.jpg/330px-Belize_High_Commissioner_to_the_UK_%288077123594%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Belize_High_Commissioner_to_the_UK_%288077123594%29.jpg/440px-Belize_High_Commissioner_to_the_UK_%288077123594%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="2612" /></a><figcaption>High Commissioner of Belize to the UK meets with the British Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. High Commissioners act as liaisons between the governments of the Commonwealth realms.</figcaption></figure> Conflicts of interest have arisen from this relationship amongst independent states. Some have been minor diplomatic matters, such as the monarch expressing on the advice of one of his/her <a href="/wiki/Cabinets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinets">cabinets</a> views that counter those of another of his/her cabinets.<a href="#cite_note-Conf-45">[note 7]</a> More serious issues have arisen with respect to armed conflict, where the monarch, as head of state of two different realms, may be simultaneously at war and at peace with a third country, or even at war with themself as head of two hostile nations.<a href="#cite_note-War-46">[note 8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crown's_role">Crown's role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crown's role">edit</a>]</div> The evolution of dominions into realms resulted in <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> having a shared and a separate character, with one <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> equally monarch of each state and acting as such in right of a particular realm as a distinct <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal person</a> guided only by the advice of the cabinet of that jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-HCUK-47">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toporoski-49">[41]</a> This means that in different contexts, the term Crown may refer to the extra-national institution associating all 15 countries, or to the Crown in each realm considered separately.<a href="#cite_note-Toporoski-50">[note 9]</a> In Australia, it has been suggested that the Crown is further divided, with it possible that the monarchy in each of the states is a separate institution, equal in status to each other.<a href="#cite_note-51">[42]</a> The monarchy is therefore no longer an exclusively British institution.<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanor-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toporoski-49">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mallory-34">[28]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen_of_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Queen_of_Australia.jpg/122px-The_Queen_of_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Queen_of_Australia.jpg/183px-The_Queen_of_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Queen_of_Australia.jpg/244px-The_Queen_of_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="4380" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand.jpg/122px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand.jpg/183px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand.jpg/244px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2160" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Elizabeth II in 2011 wearing her Australian insignia (left) and New Zealand insignia (right)</div></div></div></div> From a cultural standpoint, the sovereign's name, image and other royal symbols unique to each nation are visible in the emblems and insignia of governmental institutions and militia. Elizabeth II's effigy, for example, appears on coins and banknotes in some countries, and an oath of allegiance to the King is usually required from politicians, judges, military members and new citizens. By 1959, it was being asserted by Buckingham Palace officials that the Queen was "equally at home in all her realms".<a href="#cite_note-52">[43]</a> Robert Hazell and Bob Morris argued in 2017 that there are five aspects to the monarchy of the Commonwealth realms: the constitutional monarchy, including the royal prerogative and the use thereof on the advice of local ministers or according to convention or statute law; the national monarchy, comprising the functions of the head of state beyond the purely constitutional; the international monarchy, where the monarch is head of state in the 15 realms and holds the position of head of the Commonwealth; the religious monarchy, meaning the sovereign as head of the Church of England and his relationship with the Presbyterian Church of Scotland; and the welfare/service monarchy, wherein the sovereign and other members of the royal family give their patronage to charities and other elements of civil society.<a href="#cite_note-53">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_and_regency">Succession and regency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Succession and regency">edit</a>]</div> To guarantee the continuity of multiple states sharing the same person as monarch, the preamble of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a> laid out a convention that any alteration to the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">line of succession</a> in any one country must be voluntarily approved by the parliaments of all the realms.<a href="#cite_note-SueHill-54">[note 10]</a><a href="#cite_note-SOW-55">[45]</a> This convention was first applied in 1936 when the British government conferred with the dominion governments during the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII abdication crisis">Edward VIII abdication crisis</a>. Prime Minister of Canada <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> pointed out that the Statute of Westminster required Canada's request and consent to any legislation passed by the British parliament before it could become part of Canada's laws and affect the line of succession in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Twomey-56">[46]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gwyer" title="Maurice Gwyer">Maurice Gwyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Parliamentary_Counsel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Office of the Parliamentary Counsel (United Kingdom)">first parliamentary counsel</a> in the UK, reflected this position, stating that the Act of Settlement was a part of the law in each dominion.<a href="#cite_note-Twomey-56">[46]</a> Though today the Statute of Westminster is law only in Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-57">[47]</a> the convention of approval from the other realms was reasserted by the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Agreement" title="Perth Agreement">Perth Agreement</a> of 2011, in which all 16 realms at the time agreed in principle to change the succession rule to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_primogeniture" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute primogeniture">absolute primogeniture</a>, to remove the restriction on the monarch being married to a Catholic, and to reduce the number of members of the Royal Family who need the monarch's permission to marry. These changes came into effect on 26 March 2015. Alternatively, a Commonwealth realm may choose to cease being such by making its throne the inheritance of a different royal house or by becoming a republic, actions to which, though they alter the country's royal succession, the convention does not apply.<a href="#cite_note-58">[48]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg/122px-Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg/183px-Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg/244px-Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="2342" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a>, the present heir apparent in the Commonwealth realms</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Trooping_the_Colour_2023_(GovPM_41)_crop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Trooping_the_Colour_2023_%28GovPM_41%29_crop_2.jpg/122px-Trooping_the_Colour_2023_%28GovPM_41%29_crop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Trooping_the_Colour_2023_%28GovPM_41%29_crop_2.jpg/183px-Trooping_the_Colour_2023_%28GovPM_41%29_crop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Trooping_the_Colour_2023_%28GovPM_41%29_crop_2.jpg/244px-Trooping_the_Colour_2023_%28GovPM_41%29_crop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales" title="Prince George of Wales">Prince George</a>, second in the line of succession</div></div></div></div></div> Agreement among the realms does not mean the succession laws cannot diverge. During the abdication crisis in 1936, the United Kingdom passed <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Declaration_of_Abdication_Act_1936" title="His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936">His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act</a> with the approval of the parliament of Australia and the governments of the remaining dominions. (Canada, New Zealand and South Africa gave parliamentary assent later.)<a href="#cite_note-SydLaw-59">[49]</a> The act effected Edward's abdication in the United Kingdom on 11 December; as the Canadian government had requested and consented to the act becoming part of Canadian law, and Australia and New Zealand had then not yet adopted the Statute of Westminster, the abdication took place in those countries on the same day. The parliament of South Africa passed its own legislation—<a href="/wiki/His_Majesty_King_Edward_the_Eighth%27s_Abdication_Act,_1937" title="His Majesty King Edward the Eighth's Abdication Act, 1937">His Majesty King Edward the Eighth's Abdication Act, 1937</a>—which backdated the abdication there to 10 December. The Irish Free State recognised the king's abdication with the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Authority_(External_Relations)_Act_1936" title="Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936">Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936</a> on 12 December.<a href="#cite_note-SydLaw-59">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[51]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Anne_Twomey_(academic)" title="Anne Twomey (academic)">Anne Twomey</a>, this demonstrated "the divisibility of the Crown in the personal, as well as the political, sense".<a href="#cite_note-SydLaw-59">[49]</a> For E. H. Coghill, writing as early as 1937, it proved that the convention of a common line of succession "is not of imperative force"<a href="#cite_note-62">[52]</a> and Kenneth John Scott asserted in 1962 that it ended the "convention that statutory uniformity on these subjects would be maintained in the parts of the Commonwealth that continued to owe allegiance to the Crown".<a href="#cite_note-63">[53]</a> Today, some realms govern succession by their own domestic laws, while others, either by written clauses in their constitution or by convention, stipulate that whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom is automatically also monarch of that realm. It is generally agreed that any unilateral alteration of succession by the UK would not have effect in all the realms.<a href="#cite_note-Cox-66">[note 11]</a> Following the accession of <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> to the throne, the United Kingdom created <a href="/wiki/Regency_Act_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency Act 1937">legislation that provided for a regency</a> if the monarch was not of age or incapacitated. During debate that law, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">John Simon</a> opined that each Dominion would have to decide if it needed to legislate with respect to a regency; though, such legislation would not be required until the occasion arose. This was because the governors-general could still perform viceregal functions during a regency in Britain, including giving royal assent to any Dominion law giving effect to a regency in that Dominion. In the United Kingdom, on the other hand, legislation was needed in advance because, otherwise, there would be no one to give assent to a regency law if the sovereign were incapacitated.<a href="#cite_note-67">[56]</a> Though input was sought from the Dominions on the matter, all declined to make themselves bound by the British legislation, agreeing with Simon.<a href="#cite_note-68">[57]</a> Tuvalu later incorporated this principle into <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tuvalu" title="Constitution of Tuvalu">its constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[58]</a> New Zealand included in its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_1986" title="Constitution Act 1986">Constitution Act 1986</a> a clause specifying that, should a regent be installed in the United Kingdom, that individual would carry out the functions of the monarch of New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-70">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarch">Monarch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monarch">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyalVisitSenate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RoyalVisitSenate.jpg/220px-RoyalVisitSenate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RoyalVisitSenate.jpg/330px-RoyalVisitSenate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RoyalVisitSenate.jpg/440px-RoyalVisitSenate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a>, grants <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> to bills in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>, May 1939.</figcaption></figure> The sovereign resides in the oldest realm, the United Kingdom. The king appoints <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a> to perform most of the constitutional and ceremonial duties on his behalf in the other realms: in each, a <a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">governor-general</a> as his personal national representative, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant Governor (Canada)">lieutenant governor</a> as his representative in each of the Canadian provinces and <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">governor</a> as his representative in each of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian states">Australian states</a>. These appointments are made on the advice of the prime minister of the country or the premier of the province or state concerned, though this process may have additional requirements.<a href="#cite_note-Viceroy-71">[note 12]</a> The extent to which specific additional powers are reserved exclusively for the monarch varies from realm to realm. On occasions of national importance, the King may be advised to perform in person his constitutional duties, such as granting <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> or issuing a <a href="/wiki/Royal_proclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal proclamation">royal proclamation</a>. Otherwise, all royal powers, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>, are carried out on behalf of the sovereign by the relevant viceroy. In the United Kingdom, the king appoints <a href="/wiki/Counsellors_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Counsellors of State">Counsellors of State</a> to perform his constitutional duties in his absence. Similarly, the monarch will perform ceremonial duties in the Commonwealth realms to mark historically significant events.<a href="#cite_note-72">[60]</a> Citizens in Commonwealth realms may request birthday or wedding anniversary messages to be sent from the sovereign. This is available for 100th, 105th and beyond for birthdays; and 60th ("Diamond"), 65th, 70th ("Platinum") and beyond for wedding anniversaries.<a href="#cite_note-73">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> It is solely in England that the King plays a role in organised religion where he acts as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a> and nominally appoints its bishops and archbishops. In Scotland, he swears an oath to uphold and protect the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> and sends a <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Commissioner">Lord High Commissioner</a> as his representative to meetings of the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">church's General Assembly</a>, when he is not personally in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-74">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Titles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Charles_III" title="List of titles and honours of Charles III">List of titles and honours of Charles III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Style_and_Titles_Act" title="Royal Style and Titles Act">Royal Style and Titles Act</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1902_Colonial_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1902_Colonial_Conference.jpg/220px-1902_Colonial_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1902_Colonial_Conference.jpg/330px-1902_Colonial_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1902_Colonial_Conference.jpg/440px-1902_Colonial_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Delegates at the <a href="/wiki/1902_Colonial_Conference" title="1902 Colonial Conference">Colonial Conference of 1902</a></figcaption></figure> Until the early part of the 20th century, the monarch's title throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> was determined exclusively by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> gained importance, the British government began to consult their governments on how the monarch should be titled. Ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of King Edward VII">coronation of King Edward VII</a> in 1902, the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>, suggested the King have the title King of Great Britain and Ireland and of Greater Britain Beyond the Seas. Canadian officials preferred explicitly mention of the dominions: King of Great Britain and Ireland, Emperor of India, King of Canada, Australasia, South Africa and all the British Dominions Beyond the Seas, or, more simply, King of all the British Dominions Beyond the Seas. The King favoured the latter suggestion, which was adopted as [Edward VII] of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwomey2006104-75">[63]</a> By 1926, following the issuance of the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration</a>, it was determined that the changes in the nature of the Empire needed to be reflected in King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>'s title (something the King felt to be a "bore"). This led to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Parliamentary_Titles_Act_1927" title="Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927">Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927</a>; though, again, this applied one title to the King across the whole Empire. The preamble to the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a> established the convention requiring the consent of all the dominions' parliaments, as well as that of the United Kingdom, to any alterations to the monarch's style and title. This first came into play when the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act was amended in 1948, by domestic law in Britain and each of the dominions, to remove <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>'s title Emperor of India. Within the year, discussions about rewording the monarch's title began again when Ireland repealed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Authority_(External_Relations)_Act_1936" title="Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936">legislation</a> conferring functions on the king. The governments of Pakistan and Canada this time wanted more substantial changes, leading South Africa and Ceylon to also, along with Pakistan, request the elimination of the terms grace of God and defender of the faith; by the will of the people was suggested as a replacement. All that was agreed at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in 1949 was that each of George VI's countries should have a different title, but with common elements, and it would be sufficient for each realm's parliament to pass a local law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwomey2006104–105-76">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_1952_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Economic_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_1952_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Economic_Conference.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_1952_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Economic_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_1952_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Economic_Conference.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_1952_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Economic_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_1952_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Economic_Conference.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_1952_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Economic_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> with the Commonwealth prime ministers during <a href="/wiki/1952_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Economic_Conference" title="1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Economic Conference">their conference</a> in December 1952</figcaption></figure> The matter went unresolved until Elizabeth II became queen in 1952, upon which the realms issued their respective <a href="/wiki/Accession_day" title="Accession day">accession</a> proclamations using different titles for their monarch. Debate ensued thereafter. The Australian government preferred that the monarch's title name all of the realms, but said it would accept Elizabeth II (by the Grace of God) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, [name of realm], and all of her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth (Defender of the Faith). The South African government objected, stating that did not express the equality of status among the realms. Canadian officials wanted the word queen to precede the name of the realm so as to form the term Queen of Canada, which they felt expressed Elizabeth's distinct role as Canada's sovereign. There was even discussion about the placement of a comma following the Queen's name and <a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">regnal number</a>, with the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations advising the use of punctuation was appropriate, as the term by the grace of God had been used in conjunction with the title king or queen since the reign of <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a> in the 11th century, whereas it had no such association with the position of head of the Commonwealth; so, Elizabeth II was queen by the grace of God, but her position as head of the Commonwealth was a secular arrangement. In the end, it was decided the common wording in the titles was to be Queen of her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Regardless, Ceylon and South Africa used Queen of [Ceylon/South Africa] and her other Realms and Territories, omitting by the grace of God and defender of the faith, while Australia, Canada, and New Zealand opted for of the United Kingdom, [Australia/Canada/New Zealand] and her other Realms and Territories Queen, keeping by the grace of God and defender of the faith. Pakistan's Royal Style and Titles Act simply titled the Queen as Queen of the United Kingdom and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-77">[65]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> gained independence and became a Commonwealth realm in 1957, its parliament passed the Royal Style and Titles Act 1957, which followed the example of Ceylon and South Africa by giving Elizabeth the title Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Ghana and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-78">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[67]</a> Each new realm thereafter did the same. In 1973 Australia removed reference to the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-80">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[69]</a> followed by New Zealand the next year.<a href="#cite_note-82">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[71]</a> By the time of Elizabeth's death in 2022, aside from the United Kingdom itself, only Canada retained mention of the United Kingdom in the monarch's title and only Canada and New Zealand retained a reference to the monarch as <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a>. The Canadian parliament, in 2023, passed legislation that removed those references,<a href="#cite_note-GlobeAndMail1-84">[72]</a> The bill received royal assent on 22 June 2023;<a href="#cite_note-85">[73]</a> a proclamation of the new title was issued on January 8, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-86">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flags">Flags</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flags">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Flags of Elizabeth II">Flags of Elizabeth II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Charles_III" title="Flags of Charles III">Flags of Charles III</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales.svg/200px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales.svg/300px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales.svg/400px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Royal Standard of <a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince William, Prince of Wales">Prince William, Prince of Wales</a>, in the United Kingdom</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_(in_Canada).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28in_Canada%29.svg/200px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28in_Canada%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28in_Canada%29.svg/300px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28in_Canada%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28in_Canada%29.svg/400px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28in_Canada%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Royal Standard of Prince William, Prince of Wales, in Canada <hr /> Some members of the royal family have different <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic standard">heraldic standards</a> for use in the appropriate realm.</div></div></div></div></div> Queen Elizabeth II employed various <a href="/wiki/Royal_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal standard">royal standards</a> to mark her presence, the particular one used depending on which realm she was in or acting on behalf of at the time.<a href="#cite_note-87">[75]</a> All are <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">heraldic banners</a> incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">arms</a> for that state and,<a href="#cite_note-RH-88">[76]</a> save for those of the UK, were <a href="/wiki/Defacement_(flag)" title="Defacement (flag)">defaced</a> in the centre with the device from <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Elizabeth_II#Personal_flag" title="Flags of Elizabeth II">the Queen's Personal Flag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RH-88">[76]</a> The Queen would use that personal flag in realms where she did not have a royal standard.<a href="#cite_note-RH-88">[76]</a> Many other members of the royal family have <a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom#Other_members_of_the_Royal_Family" title="Royal Standard of the United Kingdom">their own personal standards</a>; the Prince of Wales, Princess Royal, Duke of York and Duke of Edinburgh also have <a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada#Other_members_of_the_royal_family" title="Royal standards of Canada">one each for Canada</a>. Those without their own standard use a specific ermine-bordered banner of either the British, Scottish, or, when in or acting on behalf of Canada, Canadian royal arms.<a href="#cite_note-89">[77]</a> The governors-general throughout the Commonwealth realms also each use a personal flag, which, like that of the sovereign, passes to each successive occupant of the office. Most feature a <a href="/wiki/Lions_passant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lions passant">lion passant</a> atop a <a href="/wiki/St._Edward%27s_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Edward's Crown">St. Edward's</a> <a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)#Commonwealth_usage" title="Crown (heraldry)">royal crown</a> with the name of the country across a scroll underneath, all on a blue background.<a href="#cite_note-90">[78]</a> The two exceptions are those of, since 1981, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Governor General of Canada">Canada</a> (bearing on a blue background the <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Coat of Arms of Canada">Royal Coat of Arms of Canada</a>) and, since 2008, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Governor-General of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (a St. Edward's Crown above the <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">shield</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand" title="Coat of arms of New Zealand">Coat of arms of New Zealand</a>). The lieutenant governors of the Canadian provinces each have <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Lieutenant-Governors_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of the Lieutenant-Governors of Canada">their own personal standards</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Governors_of_the_Australian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of the Governors of the Australian states">do the governors of the Australian states</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominions_emerge">Dominions emerge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dominions emerge">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></div> The possibility that a colony within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> might become a new kingdom was first mooted in the 1860s, when it was proposed that the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North American</a> territories of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, New Brunswick and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> unite as a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> that might be known as the Kingdom of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-91">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg/220px-William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg/330px-William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg/440px-William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Orpen" title="William Orpen">William Orpen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors" title="The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors">The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors</a>: a compiled portrait of the main delegates to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, including some of the dominion delegates<a href="#cite_note-Image2a-94">[note 13]</a></figcaption></figure> Although the dominions were capable of governing themselves internally, they remained formally—and substantively in regard to foreign policy and defence—subject to British authority, wherein the governor-general of each dominion represented the <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a>-<a href="/wiki/Queen-in-Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen-in-Council">in-Council</a> reigning over these territories as a single <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">imperial</a> domain. It was held in some circles that the Crown was a monolithic element throughout all the monarch's territories; A.H. Lefroy wrote in 1918 that "the Crown is to be considered as one and indivisible throughout the Empire; and cannot be severed into as many kingships as there are dominions, and self-governing colonies".<a href="#cite_note-95">[82]</a> This unitary model began to erode when the dominions gained more international prominence as a result of their participation and sacrifice in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. In 1919, Canadian prime minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a> and South African minister of defence <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> demanded that, at the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Conference">Versailles Conference</a>, the dominions be given full recognition as "autonomous nations of an Imperial Commonwealth". As a result, although the King signed as High Contracting Party for the Empire as a whole,<a href="#cite_note-Heard-96">[83]</a> the dominions were also separate signatories to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. They also became, together with India, founding members of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. In 1921 the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, stated that the "British dominions have now been accepted fully into the community of nations".<a href="#cite_note-97">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balfour_Declaration_of_1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Balfour Declaration of 1926">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a></div> The pace of independence increased in the 1920s, led by Canada, which exchanged envoys with the United States in 1920 and concluded the <a href="/wiki/Halibut_Treaty" title="Halibut Treaty">Halibut Treaty</a> in its own right in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-Heard-96">[83]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_crisis" title="Chanak crisis">Chanak crisis</a> of 1922, the Canadian government insisted that its course of action would be determined by the Canadian parliament,<a href="#cite_note-Buckner2008-99">[86]</a> not the British government, and, by 1925, the dominions felt confident enough to refuse to be bound by Britain's adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Locarno" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Locarno">Treaty of Locarno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hilliker1990-100">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">The Viscount Haldane</a> said in 1919 that in Australia the Crown "acts in self-governing States on the initiative and advice of its own ministers in these States".<a href="#cite_note-101">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heard-96">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ImperialConference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ImperialConference.jpg/220px-ImperialConference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ImperialConference.jpg/330px-ImperialConference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ImperialConference.jpg/440px-ImperialConference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Conference_of_1926" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Conference of 1926">Imperial Conference of 1926</a><a href="#cite_note-Image3-103">[note 14]</a></figcaption></figure> Another catalyst for change came in 1926, when Field Marshal the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byng_of_Vimy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Byng of Vimy">Lord Byng of Vimy</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a>, refused the advice of his prime minister (William Lyon Mackenzie King) in what came to be known colloquially as the <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="King–Byng Affair">King–Byng Affair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[90]</a> Mackenzie King, after resigning and then being reappointed as prime minister some months later, pushed at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Conference_of_1926" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Conference of 1926">Imperial Conference of 1926</a> for a reorganisation of the way the dominions related to the British government, resulting in the Balfour Declaration, which declared formally that the dominions were fully autonomous and equal in status to the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-105">[91]</a> What this meant in practice was not at the time worked out; conflicting views existed, some in the United Kingdom not wishing to see a fracturing of the sacred unity of the Crown throughout the empire, and some in the dominions not wishing to see their jurisdiction have to take on the full brunt of diplomatic and military responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-Mallory-34">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_flag_RMG_L0088.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_Empire_flag_RMG_L0088.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-British_Empire_flag_RMG_L0088.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_Empire_flag_RMG_L0088.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-British_Empire_flag_RMG_L0088.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_Empire_flag_RMG_L0088.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-British_Empire_flag_RMG_L0088.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6942" data-file-height="3928" /></a><figcaption>An unofficial <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_flag" title="British Empire flag">British Empire flag</a> from the 1930s including the arms of the dominions</figcaption></figure> What did follow was that the dominion governments gained an equal status with the United Kingdom, a separate and direct relationship with the monarch, without the British Cabinet acting as an intermediary, and the governors-general now acted solely as a personal representative of the sovereign in right of that dominion.<a href="#cite_note-Balf-107">[note 15]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[93]</a> Though no formal mechanism for tendering advice to the monarch had yet been established—former Prime Minister of Australia <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> theorised that the dominion cabinets would provide informal direction and the British Cabinet would offer formal advice<a href="#cite_note-109">[94]</a>—the concepts were first put into legal practice with the passage in 1927 of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Parliamentary_Titles_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act">Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act</a>, which implicitly recognised the Irish Free State as separate from the UK, and the King as king of each dominion uniquely, rather than as the British king in each dominion. At the same time, terminology in foreign relations was altered to demonstrate the independent status of the dominions, such as the dropping of the term "Britannic" from the King's style outside of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-110">[95]</a> Then, in 1930 George V's <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Australian ministers</a> employed a practice adopted by resolution at that year's Imperial Conference,<a href="#cite_note-Heard-96">[83]</a> directly advising the King to appoint Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Isaacs" title="Isaac Isaacs">Isaac Isaacs</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_governor-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian governor-general">Australian governor-general</a>. Calls were also made for the empire to adopt new symbols less centred on the United Kingdom specifically, such as a new <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_flag" title="British Empire flag">British Empire flag</a> that would recognize the elevated status of the dominions. Many unofficial designs were often displayed for patriotic celebrations such as coronations and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Empire Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-111">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statute_of_Westminster_1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Statute of Westminster 1931">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a></div> These new developments were explicitly codified in 1931 with the passage of the Statute of Westminster, through which Canada, the Union of South Africa, and the Irish Free State all immediately obtained formal legislative independence from the UK, while in the other dominions adoption of the statute was subject to ratification by the dominion's parliament. Australia and New Zealand did so in 1942 and 1947, respectively, with the former's ratification back-dated to 1939, while Newfoundland never ratified the bill and reverted to direct British rule in 1934. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_at_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament at Westminster">parliament at Westminster</a> was unable to legislate for any dominion unless requested to do so,<a href="#cite_note-Heard-96">[83]</a> although the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> was left available as the last court of appeal for some dominions.<a href="#cite_note-112">[97]</a> Specific attention was given in the statute's preamble to royal succession, outlining that no changes to that line could be made by the parliament of the United Kingdom or that of any dominion without the assent of all the other parliaments of the UK and dominions, an arrangement a justice of the Ontario Superior Court in 2003 likened to "a treaty among the Commonwealth countries to share the monarchy under the existing rules and not to change the rules without the agreement of all signatories".<a href="#cite_note-113">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia,_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg/220px-King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg/330px-King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg/440px-King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> in 1936. His proposal to marry her led to <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII abdication crisis">his abdication</a>, an act that required the consent of the dominions.</figcaption></figure> This was all met with only minor trepidation, either before or at the time,<a href="#cite_note-Anti-115">[note 16]</a> and the government of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> was confident that the relationship of these independent countries under the Crown would function as a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-murdoch1-25">[20]</a> akin to that which had earlier existed between the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> (1801 to 1837), or between England and Scotland (1603 to 1707). Its first test came, though, with the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_King_Edward_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdication of King Edward VIII">abdication of King Edward VIII</a> in 1936,<a href="#cite_note-Heard-96">[83]</a> for which it was necessary to gain the consent of the governments of all the dominions and the request and consent of the Canadian government, as well as separate legislation in South Africa and the Irish Free State, before the resignation could take place across the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-116">[100]</a> At the height of the crisis, press in South Africa fretted about the Crown being the only thing holding the empire together and the bond would be weakened if Edward VIII continued "weakening kingship". Afterward, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Floud" title="Francis Floud">Francis Floud</a>, Britain's high commissioner to Canada, opined that the whole affair had strengthened the connections between the various nations; though, he felt the Crown could not suffer another shock.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy29-117">[101]</a> As the various legislative steps taken by the dominions resulted in Edward abdicating on different dates in different countries, this demonstrated the division of the Crown post-Statute of Westminster.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy29-117">[101]</a> The civil division of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal of England and Wales</a> later found in 1982 that the British parliament could have legislated for a dominion simply by including in any new law a clause claiming the dominion cabinet had requested and approved of the act, whether that was true or not.<a href="#cite_note-118">[102]</a> Further, the British parliament was not obliged to fulfil a dominion's request for legislative change. Regardless, in 1935 the British parliament refused to consider the result of the <a href="/wiki/Secessionism_in_Western_Australia#1933_referendum" title="Secessionism in Western Australia">Western Australian secession referendum of 1933</a> without the approval of the Australian federal government or parliament. In 1937, the Appeal Division of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Supreme Court of South Africa">Supreme Court of South Africa</a> ruled unanimously that a repeal of the Statute of Westminster in the United Kingdom would have no effect in South Africa, stating: "We cannot take this argument seriously. Freedom once conferred cannot be revoked."<a href="#cite_note-119">[103]</a> Others in Canada upheld the same position.<a href="#cite_note-Heard-96">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominions_gain_sovereignty">Dominions gain sovereignty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dominions gain sovereignty">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1937_Imperial_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1937_Imperial_Conference.jpg/220px-1937_Imperial_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1937_Imperial_Conference.jpg/330px-1937_Imperial_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1937_Imperial_Conference.jpg/440px-1937_Imperial_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> (third from right) with his prime ministers (left to right), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Savage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons">Joseph Lyons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William L.M. King</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J._B._M._Hertzog" title="J. B. M. Hertzog">James B.M. Hertzog</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/1937_Imperial_Conference" title="1937 Imperial Conference">Imperial Conference</a>, April 1937</figcaption></figure> At the 1932 <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Economic_Conference" title="British Empire Economic Conference">British Empire Economic Conference</a>, delegates from the United Kingdom, led by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman976-120">[104]</a> hoped to establish a system of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> within the British Commonwealth, to promote unity within the British Empire and to assure Britain's position as a world power. The idea was controversial, as it pitted proponents of imperial trade with those who sought a general policy of trade liberalisation with all nations. The dominions, particularly Canada, were also adamantly against dispensing with their import tariffs,<a href="#cite_note-NA-121">[105]</a> which "dispelled any romantic notions of a 'United Empire'."<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman976-120">[104]</a> The meeting did produce a five-year <a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">trade agreement</a> based upon a policy, first conceived in the 1900s,<a href="#cite_note-122">[106]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preference" title="Imperial Preference">Imperial Preference</a>: the countries retained their import tariffs, but lowered these for other Commonwealth countries.<a href="#cite_note-NA-121">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[107]</a> During his tenure as Governor General of Canada, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Tweedsmuir" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Tweedsmuir">Lord Tweedsmuir</a> urged the organisation of <a href="/wiki/1939_royal_tour_of_Canada" title="1939 royal tour of Canada">a royal tour</a> of the country by King George VI, so that he might not only appear in person before his people, but also personally perform constitutional duties and pay a <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to the United States as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Canada">king of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LAC-124">[108]</a> While the idea was embraced in Canada as a way to "translate the Statute of Westminster into the actualities of a tour", throughout the planning of the trip that took place in 1939, the British authorities resisted at numerous points the idea that the King be attended by his Canadian ministers instead of his British ones.<a href="#cite_note-Parl-125">[109]</a> The Canadian prime minister (still Mackenzie King) was ultimately the minister in attendance, and the King did in public throughout the trip ultimately act solely in his capacity as the Canadian monarch. The status of the Crown was bolstered by Canada's reception of George VI.<a href="#cite_note-LAC-124">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/220px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/330px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/440px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>The prime ministers of five Commonwealth countries at the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference</a>; from left to right: <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> (Canada), <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> (South Africa), <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (United Kingdom), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Peter Fraser</a> (New Zealand) and <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a> (Australia)</figcaption></figure> When the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> began, there was some uncertainty in the dominions about the ramifications of Britain's declaration of war against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Australia and New Zealand had not yet adopted the Statute of Westminster; the Australian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>, considered the government bound by the British declaration of war,<a href="#cite_note-126">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boyce27-128">[112]</a> while New Zealand coordinated a declaration of war to be made simultaneously with Britain's.<a href="#cite_note-129">[113]</a> As late as 1937, some scholars were still of the mind that, when it came to declarations of war, if the King signed, he did so as king of the empire as a whole; at that time, <a href="/wiki/William_Paul_McClure_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="William Paul McClure Kennedy">William Paul McClure Kennedy</a> wrote: "in the final test of sovereignty—that of war—Canada is not a sovereign state... and it remains as true in 1937 as it was in 1914 that when the Crown is at war, Canada is legally at war,"<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1938-130">[114]</a> and, one year later, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berriedale_Keith" title="Arthur Berriedale Keith">Arthur Berriedale Keith</a> argued that "issues of war or neutrality still are decided on the final authority of the British Cabinet."<a href="#cite_note-131">[115]</a> In 1939, Canada and South Africa made separate proclamations of war against Germany a few days after the UK's. Their example was followed more consistently by the other realms as further war was declared against Italy, Romania, Hungary, Finland and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Heard-96">[83]</a> Ireland remained neutral,<a href="#cite_note-Boyce27-128">[112]</a> "shattering the illusion of imperial unity."<a href="#cite_note-Murphy31-132">[116]</a> At the war's end, it was said by F.R. Scott that "it is firmly established as a basic constitutional principle that, so far as relates to Canada, the King is regulated by Canadian law and must act only on the advice and responsibility of Canadian ministers."<a href="#cite_note-133">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_VI_watching_an_Australian_soldier_assemble_a_machine_gun.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/King_George_VI_watching_an_Australian_soldier_assemble_a_machine_gun.JPG/220px-King_George_VI_watching_an_Australian_soldier_assemble_a_machine_gun.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/King_George_VI_watching_an_Australian_soldier_assemble_a_machine_gun.JPG/330px-King_George_VI_watching_an_Australian_soldier_assemble_a_machine_gun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/King_George_VI_watching_an_Australian_soldier_assemble_a_machine_gun.JPG/440px-King_George_VI_watching_an_Australian_soldier_assemble_a_machine_gun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> (standing centre) observes an Australian soldier assembling a machine gun while blindfolded, July 1940.</figcaption></figure> The war had strained the alliance among the Commonwealth countries, which had been noted by the King. The Prime Minister of Australia, <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a>, had stated in December 1941 "that Australia looks to America, free of any pangs about our traditional links of kinship with Britain." The Parliament of South Africa voted on 14 January 1942 on a motion proposing the country become a republic and leave the Commonwealth. British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> was told "His Majesty is genuinely alarmed at the feeling, which appears to be growing in Australia and may well be aggravated by further reverses in the Far East. He very much hopes, therefore, that it may be possible to adopt as soon as possible some procedure which will succeed in arresting these dangerous developments without impairing the efficiency of the existing machinery."<a href="#cite_note-Murphy31-132">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_evolution">Post-war evolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-war evolution">edit</a>]</div> Within three years following the end of the Second World War, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> became independent dominions within the Commonwealth. India would soon move to a republican form of government. Unlike in Ireland and Burma, there was no desire on the part of India to leave the Commonwealth, prompting a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a> in April 1949, which entrenched the idea that republics be allowed in the Commonwealth so long as they recognised King George VI as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a> and the "symbol of the free association of its independent member nations".<a href="#cite_note-Smith-134">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> became a republic in 1956. As these constitutional developments were taking place, the dominion and British governments became increasingly concerned with how to represent the more commonly accepted notion that there was no distinction between the sovereign's role in the United Kingdom and his or her position in any of the dominions. Thus, at the 1948 Prime Ministers' Conference the term dominion was avoided in favour of Commonwealth country, to avoid the subordination implied by the older designation.<a href="#cite_note-135">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Elizabethan_era">Second Elizabethan era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Second Elizabethan era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_in_February_1952.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/British_Empire_in_February_1952.png/220px-British_Empire_in_February_1952.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/British_Empire_in_February_1952.png/330px-British_Empire_in_February_1952.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/British_Empire_in_February_1952.png/440px-British_Empire_in_February_1952.png 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Commonwealth realms at the beginning of Queen Elizabeth II's reign <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  United Kingdom</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Colonies, protectorates and mandates</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Dominions/realms</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2023-05-06_Coronation_JPP-2058_(52876939324).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2023-05-06_Coronation_JPP-2058_%2852876939324%29.jpg/220px-2023-05-06_Coronation_JPP-2058_%2852876939324%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2023-05-06_Coronation_JPP-2058_%2852876939324%29.jpg/330px-2023-05-06_Coronation_JPP-2058_%2852876939324%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2023-05-06_Coronation_JPP-2058_%2852876939324%29.jpg/440px-2023-05-06_Coronation_JPP-2058_%2852876939324%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="2143" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gold_State_Coach" title="Gold State Coach">Gold State Coach</a> flanked by representatives of the armed forces of the realms during the Coronation Procession of <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a>, 2023<a href="#cite_note-136">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> The Commonwealth's prime ministers discussed the matter of the new monarch's title, with St. Laurent stating at the <a href="/wiki/1953_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Conference" title="1953 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference">1953 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference</a> that it was important to agree on a format that would "emphasise the fact that the Queen is Queen of Canada, regardless of her sovereignty over other Commonwealth countries."<a href="#cite_note-HCUK-47">[39]</a> The result was a new <a href="/wiki/Royal_Style_and_Titles_Act" title="Royal Style and Titles Act">Royal Style and Titles Act</a> being passed in each of the seven realms then existing (excluding <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>), which all identically gave formal recognition to the separateness and equality of the countries involved, and replaced the phrase "British Dominions Beyond the Seas" with "Her Other Realms and Territories", the latter using the word realm in place of dominion. Further, at her coronation, Elizabeth II's oath contained a provision requiring her to promise to govern according to the rules and customs of the realms, naming each one separately. The change in perspective was summed up by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Patrick Gordon Walker</a>'s statement in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a>: "We in this country have to abandon... any sense of property in the Crown. The Queen, now, clearly, explicitly and according to title, belongs equally to all her realms and to the Commonwealth as a whole."<a href="#cite_note-Bogdanor-3">[3]</a> In the same period, Walker also suggested to the British parliament that the Queen should annually spend an equal amount of time in each of her realms. <a href="/wiki/John_Grigg" title="John Grigg">Lord Altrincham</a>, who in 1957 criticised Queen Elizabeth II for having a <a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">court</a> that encompassed mostly Britain and not the Commonwealth as a whole,<a href="#cite_note-137">[121]</a> was in favour of the idea, but it did not attract wide support.<a href="#cite_note-138">[122]</a> Another thought raised was that viceregal appointments should become trans-Commonwealth; the governor-general of Australia would be someone from South Africa, the governor-general of Ceylon would come from New Zealand, and so on. The prime ministers of Canada and Australia, <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>, respectively, were sympathetic to the concept, but, again, it was never put into practice.<a href="#cite_note-139">[123]</a> On 6 July 2010, Elizabeth II addressed the United Nations in New York City as queen of 16 Commonwealth realms.<a href="#cite_note-140">[124]</a> The following year, <a href="/wiki/Portia_Simpson-Miller" title="Portia Simpson-Miller">Portia Simpson-Miller</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Prime Minister of Jamaica</a>, spoke of a desire to make that country a republic,<a href="#cite_note-141">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[126]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Alex_Salmond" title="Alex Salmond">Alex Salmond</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister of Scotland</a> and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> (which favours <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a>), stated an independent Scotland "would still share a monarchy with ... the UK, just as ... 16 other [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] Commonwealth countries do now."<a href="#cite_note-143">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Canavan" title="Dennis Canavan">Dennis Canavan</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Yes_Scotland" title="Yes Scotland">Yes Scotland</a>, disagreed and said a separate, post-independence referendum should be held on the matter.<a href="#cite_note-144">[128]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Agreement" title="Perth Agreement">Perth Agreement</a> of 2011, the Commonwealth realms, in accordance with convention, together engaged in a process of amending the common line of succession according to each country's constitution, to ensure the order would continue to be identical in every realm. In legislative debates in the United Kingdom, the term Commonwealth realm was employed, but, it remained unused in any law.<a href="#cite_note-145">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transitions">Transitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transitions">edit</a>]</div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country<a href="#cite_note-147">[note 17]</a> </th> <th>From </th> <th>To </th> <th>Initial post-transition system </th> <th>Method of transition </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>30 November 1966 </td> <td>30 November 2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">Constitutional amendment</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">monarchy</a>)<a href="#cite_note-148">[note 18]</a> </td> <td>4 February 1948 </td> <td>22 May 1972 </td> <td>Parliamentary republic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Constitution_of_1972" title="Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972">New constitution</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>10 October 1970 </td> <td>6 October 1987 </td> <td>Parliamentary republic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">Military coup</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Gambia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>18 February 1965 </td> <td>24 April 1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1970_Gambian_republic_referendum" title="1970 Gambian republic referendum">Referendum</a> and new constitution </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>6 March 1957 </td> <td>1 July 1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Assembly-independent_republican_systems" title="List of countries by system of government">Assembly-independent republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_Ghanaian_constitutional_referendum" title="1960 Ghanaian constitutional referendum">Referendum</a> and new constitution </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>26 May 1966 </td> <td>23 February 1970 </td> <td>Parliamentary republic </td> <td>Resolution<a href="#cite_note-149">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>15 August 1947 </td> <td>26 January 1950 </td> <td>Parliamentary republic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">New constitution</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Irish Free State"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>6 December 1922 </td> <td>18 April 1949<a href="#cite_note-150">[note 19]</a> </td> <td>Parliamentary republic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland_Act_1949" title="Ireland Act 1949">Act of parliament</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>12 December 1963 </td> <td>12 December 1964 </td> <td>Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency </td> <td>Constitutional amendment </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>6 July 1964 </td> <td>6 July 1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> </td> <td>New constitution </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>21 September 1964 </td> <td>13 December 1974 </td> <td>Parliamentary republic </td> <td>Constitutional amendment </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>12 March 1968 </td> <td>12 March 1992 </td> <td>Parliamentary republic </td> <td>Constitutional amendment </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>1 October 1960 </td> <td>1 October 1963 </td> <td>Parliamentary republic </td> <td>Constitutional amendment </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[note 20]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>14 August 1947 </td> <td>23 March 1956 </td> <td>Parliamentary republic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">New constitution</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">monarchy</a>)<a href="#cite_note-rhodesia-152">[note 21]</a> </td> <td>11 November 1965 </td> <td>2 March 1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1969_Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum#Adoption_of_new_constitution" title="1969 Rhodesian constitutional referendum">Referendum and new constitution</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>27 April 1961 </td> <td>19 April 1971 </td> <td>Parliamentary republic </td> <td>New constitution </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>31 May 1910 </td> <td>31 May 1961 </td> <td>Parliamentary republic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">Referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constitution_of_1961" title="South African Constitution of 1961">new constitution</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[note 22]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>9 December 1961 </td> <td>9 December 1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Assembly-independent_republican_systems" title="List of countries by system of government">Assembly-independent republic</a> </td> <td>New constitution </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>31 August 1962 </td> <td>1 August 1976 </td> <td>Parliamentary republic </td> <td>New constitution </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">monarchy</a>) </td> <td>9 October 1962 </td> <td>9 October 1963 </td> <td>Parliamentary elective monarchy </td> <td>Constitutional amendment </td></tr> </tbody></table> In addition to the states listed above, the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a> was a dominion when the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a> was given royal assent but effectively lost that status in 1934, without ever having assented to the Statute of Westminster, and before the term Commonwealth realm ever came into use. Due to a domestic financial and political crisis, the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland legislature</a> petitioned the UK to suspend dominion status, the UK parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Act_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland Act 1933">Newfoundland Act 1933</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Government">direct rule</a> was implemented in 1934. Rather than reclaiming dominion status after the Second World War, it became a province of Canada in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-154">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_referenda">Republican referenda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Republican referenda">edit</a>]</div> Six Commonwealth realms and dominions held referenda to consider whether they should become republics. As of January 2020, of the eight held, three were successful: in Ghana, in South Africa and the second referendum in Gambia. Referenda that rejected the proposal were held in Australia, twice in Tuvalu, and in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Interest in holding a second referendum was expressed in Australia in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-155">[133]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2020_Jamaican_general_election" title="2020 Jamaican general election">2020 Jamaican general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Party" title="People's National Party">People's National Party</a> promised to hold a referendum on becoming a republic within 18 months if it won the election<a href="#cite_note-156">[134]</a> and polls suggested that 55 per cent of Jamaicans desired the country become a republic.<a href="#cite_note-157">[135]</a> The ruling <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Labour_Party" title="Jamaica Labour Party">Jamaica Labour Party</a>, which had in 2016 promised a referendum it did not deliver, was reelected.<a href="#cite_note-158">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, which had been a Commonwealth realm for 55 years since it gained independence in 1966, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados#2021_Constitutional_amendment" title="Republicanism in Barbados">became a republic</a> by vote of Parliament in October 2021, effective on 30 November 2021. Some Barbadians criticised the government's decision not to hold a referendum on the issue as being undemocratic.<a href="#cite_note-159">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[138]</a> In 2022, following the death of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> and the accession of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, the governments of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[140]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[141]</a> announced their intentions to hold referendums. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year held </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Yes </th> <th>No </th> <th>Margin of victory (%) </th> <th>Republic </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_Ghanaian_constitutional_referendum" title="1960 Ghanaian constitutional referendum">1960</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td>1,008,740 (88.49%) </td> <td>131,145 (11.51%) </td> <td>877,595 (77%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td>850,458 (52.29%) </td> <td>775,878 (47.71%) </td> <td>74,580 (5%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1965_Gambian_republic_referendum" title="1965 Gambian republic referendum">1965</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a> </td> <td>61,563 (65.85%) </td> <td>31,921 (34.15%) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—<a href="#cite_note-164">[note 23]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1969_Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 Rhodesian constitutional referendum">1969</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a><a href="#cite_note-rhodesia-152">[note 21]</a> </td> <td>61,130 (81.01%) </td> <td>14,327 (18.99%) </td> <td>46,803 (62%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1970_Gambian_republic_referendum" title="1970 Gambian republic referendum">1970</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> The Gambia </td> <td>84,968 (70.45%) </td> <td>35,638 (29.55%) </td> <td>49,330 (41%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1986_Tuvaluan_constitutional_referendum" title="1986 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum">1986</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Tuvalu_%281978%E2%80%931995%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu_%281978%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Tuvalu_%281978%E2%80%931995%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu_%281978%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Tuvalu_%281978%E2%80%931995%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu_%281978%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> </td> <td>121 (5.34%) </td> <td>2,144 (94.66%) </td> <td>2,023 (89%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1999_Australian_republic_referendum" title="1999 Australian republic referendum">1999</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>5,273,024 (45.13%) </td> <td>6,410,787 (54.87%) </td> <td>1,137,763 (10%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Tuvaluan_constitutional_referendum" title="2008 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum">2008</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Tuvalu </td> <td>679 (35.02%) </td> <td>1,260 (64.98%) </td> <td>581 (30%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2009_Vincentian_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Vincentian constitutional referendum">2009</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> </td> <td>22,646 (43.71%) </td> <td>29,167 (55.29%) </td> <td>6,521 (12%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/45px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/60px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_organisations" title="List of Commonwealth organisations">List of Commonwealth organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Federation" title="Imperial Federation">Imperial Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_headed_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II">List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_of_Nations_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP (nominal)">List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP (nominal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_of_Nations_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP (PPP)">List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP (PPP)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Figures totalled from member state profiles at the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> secretariat, rounded to the nearest 100,000. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Dates indicate the year each country became a dominion or Commonwealth realm. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> are under the sovereignty of the King of New Zealand as self-governing <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">states in free association</a> with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>, comprise the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>—are self-governing possessions of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a>, under the sovereignty of the King of the United Kingdom. Together with the UK, these comprise the <a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott1-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott1_24-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/F.R._Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="F.R. Scott">F.R. Scott</a> stated, "the common kinship within the British group today establishes a form of personal union, the members of which are legally capable of following different international policies even in time of war."<a href="#cite_note-scott1-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott1-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Elliott1_29-0">^</a> W.Y. Elliott stated, "if a personal union be chosen, the Crown will be forced to act on the king's own discretion [and], since personal discretion in a modern monarch is unthinkable, the only alternative would be a league of states with a common, but symbolic crown",<a href="#cite_note-elliott1-27">[22]</a> and Alexander N. Sack stated, "whatever the future development of the British Commonwealth may be, [it] can be described as that of associations or unions of states, as distinguished from 'personal' unions, on the one hand, and federal States, on the other.<a href="#cite_note-sack1-28">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conf-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Conf_45-0">^</a> During a British <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to Jordan in 1984, Queen Elizabeth II made a speech expressing opinions of her <a href="/wiki/British_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cabinet">British Cabinet</a> that countered the views of her <a href="/wiki/Australian_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Cabinet">Australian Cabinet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> though the Queen was evidently not representing Australia at that time. Similarly, Elizabeth II undertook a visit to Latin America to promote British goods at the same time that a Canadian ministerial trip was underway in the same region to promote Canadian products.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-War-46"><a href="#cite_ref-War_46-0">^</a> On 3 September 1939, the United Kingdom declared war on <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, but it was only on 6 September that, under the articles of the Statute of Westminster, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> did same, followed by Canada on 10 September. Therefore, from 3 to 10 September, King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, as king of the United Kingdom, South Africa and Canada, was both at war and at peace with Germany. During the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947</a>, George VI was head of state of both warring nations. In 1983, Elizabeth II was monarch of Grenada when <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors-General_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors-General of Grenada">her governor-general there</a> requested the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">invasion of the country</a> by a number of other <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> states, including some that were also realms of the Queen; an undertaking that was opposed by a number of Queen Elizabeth II's other governments, such as those of the United Kingdom, Canada and Belize. </li> <li id="cite_note-Toporoski-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Toporoski_50-0">^</a> One Canadian constitutional scholar, Richard Toporoski, stated on this: "I am perfectly prepared to concede, even happily affirm, that the British Crown no longer exists in Canada, but that is because legal reality indicates to me that in one sense, the British Crown no longer exists in Britain: the Crown transcends Britain just as much as it does Canada. One can therefore speak of 'the British Crown' or 'the Canadian Crown' or indeed the 'Barbadian' or 'Tuvaluan' Crown, but what one will mean by the term is the Crown acting or expressing itself within the context of that particular jurisdiction".<a href="#cite_note-Toporoski-49">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-SueHill-54"><a href="#cite_ref-SueHill_54-0">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Sue_v_Hill" title="Sue v Hill">Sue v Hill</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Cox_66-0">^</a> Noel Cox stated, "any alteration by the United Kingdom Parliament in the law touching the succession to the throne would, except perhaps in the case of Papua New Guinea, be ineffective to alter the succession to the throne in respect of, and in accordance with the law of, any other independent member of the Commonwealth which was within the Queen's realms at the time of such alteration. Therefore it is more than mere constitutional convention that requires that the assent of the parliament of each member of the Commonwealth within the Queen's realms be obtained in respect of any such alteration in the law."<a href="#cite_note-64">[54]</a> Richard Toporoski similarly stated, "if, let us say, an alteration were to be made in the United Kingdom to the Act of Settlement 1701, providing for the succession of the Crown. It is my opinion that the domestic constitutional law of Australia or Papua New Guinea, for example, would provide for the succession in those countries of the same person who became Sovereign of the United Kingdom ... If the British law were to be changed and we [Canada] did not change our law ... the Crown would be divided. The person provided for in the new law would become king or queen in at least some realms of the Commonwealth; Canada would continue on with the person who would have become monarch under the previous law ...<a href="#cite_note-Topo-65">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viceroy-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Viceroy_71-0">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Governor-General of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Governor-General of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, the governor-general is elected by the national legislature. In <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Tuvalu" title="Governor-General of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, the prime minister must consult the legislature in confidence prior to nominating a candidate. </li> <li id="cite_note-Image2a-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Image2a_94-0">^</a> The Australian and South African prime ministers, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a>, stand first and second from the right; the Canadian delegate, <a href="/wiki/George_Eulas_Foster" title="George Eulas Foster">Sir George Foster</a>, stands fourth from left. The representatives of New Zealand and Newfoundland are not shown. </li> <li id="cite_note-Image3-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Image3_103-0">^</a> The figures in the photo are, back row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stanley_Monroe" title="Walter Stanley Monroe">Walter Stanley Monroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Newfoundland">Prime Minister of Newfoundland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Coates" title="Gordon Coates">Gordon Coates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Stanley Bruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Hertzog" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hertzog">James Hertzog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Africa" title="Prime Minister of South Africa">Prime Minister of South Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State</a>; front row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>; the King; and <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Balf-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Balf_107-0">^</a> The ministers in attendance at the Imperial Conference agreed that: "In our opinion it is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the governor-general of a dominion is the representative of the Crown, holding in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in Great Britain, and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that government".<a href="#cite_note-106">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anti-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Anti_115-0">^</a> P.E. Corbett in 1940 questioned whether there were any existing terms that could be used to describe any or all of the "possessions of the British Crown,"<a href="#cite_note-corbett1-30">[24]</a> while Scottish constitutional lawyer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berriedale_Keith" title="Arthur Berriedale Keith">Arthur Berriedale Keith</a> warned before 1930 that "the suggestion that the King can act directly on the advice of dominion ministers is a constitutional monstrosity, which would be fatal to the security of the position of the Crown".<a href="#cite_note-114">[99]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> The flags shown are the national flags of each country at the time it ceased to be a Commonwealth realm. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Renamed Sri Lanka upon becoming a republic. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Also included modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (as <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> / <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-rhodesia-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhodesia_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodesia_152-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally, nor did Elizabeth accept the title "<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Queen of Rhodesia</a>". It declared itself a republic in 1970. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Now a part of Tanzania. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> In this referendum the "yes" votes failed to reach the required two-thirds (66%) total, therefore the proposal was rejected. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Trepanier28-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trepanier28_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trepanier28_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trepanier28_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trepanier28_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trepanier28_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrepanier2004" class="citation journal cs1">Trepanier, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revparl.ca/27/2/27n2_04e_trepanier.pdf">"Some Visual Aspects of the Monarchical Tradition"</a> (PDF). Canadian Parliamentary Review. 27 (2): 28. Retrieved 2 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Parliamentary+Review&rft.atitle=Some+Visual+Aspects+of+the+Monarchical+Tradition&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Trepanier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revparl.ca%2F27%2F2%2F27n2_04e_trepanier.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2003" class="citation cs2">Cox, Noel (19 October 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715173716/http://www.reocities.com/noelcoxfiles/Development_of_Separate_Crown_in_New_Zealand.pdf">The Development of a Separate Crown in New Zealand</a> (PDF), Auckland University of Technology, p. 18, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reocities.com/noelcoxfiles/Development_of_Separate_Crown_in_New_Zealand.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 July 2011, retrieved 3 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+a+Separate+Crown+in+New+Zealand&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Auckland+University+of+Technology&rft.date=2003-10-19&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reocities.com%2Fnoelcoxfiles%2FDevelopment_of_Separate_Crown_in_New_Zealand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanor-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanor_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanor_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanor_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanor1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor, Vernon</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mN6SzMefot4C&q=%22overseas+realms%22&pg=PA289">The Monarchy and the Constitution</a>, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 288, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829334-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829334-7"><bdi>978-0-19-829334-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monarchy+and+the+Constitution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829334-7&rft.aulast=Bogdanor&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmN6SzMefot4C%26q%3D%2522overseas%2Brealms%2522%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrance2021" class="citation news cs1">Torrance, David (29 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/barbados-becomes-a-republic/">"Insight: Barbados becomes a republic"</a> [The Queen will no longer be head of state in Barbados but the country remains a member of the Commonwealth.]. <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> (published 29 November 2022). <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_Library" title="House of Commons Library">House of Commons Library</a>. Retrieved 13 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Insight%3A+Barbados+becomes+a+republic&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft.aulast=Torrance&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.parliament.uk%2Fbarbados-becomes-a-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/">"World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations"</a>. population.un.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=population.un.org&rft.atitle=World+Population+Prospects+%E2%80%93+Population+Division+%E2%80%93+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FStandard%2FPopulation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-7"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-8"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommonwealth_Network2020" class="citation web cs1">Commonwealth Network (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealthofnations.org/?sectors=government/governor_general">"Governor-General"</a>. Nexus Partnerships Limited. Retrieved 20 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governor-General&rft.pub=Nexus+Partnerships+Limited&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Commonwealth+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealthofnations.org%2F%3Fsectors%3Dgovernment%2Fgovernor_general&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerriedale1936" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berriedale_Keith" title="Arthur Berriedale Keith">Berriedale, A. Keith</a> (1936), "The King and the Imperial Crown: The Powers and Duties of His Majesty", in Coates, Colin MacMillan (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhFyvhpPx8MC">Majesty in Canada: essays on the role of royalty</a>, Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd (published 2006), p. 12, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-586-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-586-6"><bdi>978-1-55002-586-6</bdi></a>, retrieved 16 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+King+and+the+Imperial+Crown%3A+The+Powers+and+Duties+of+His+Majesty&rft.btitle=Majesty+in+Canada%3A+essays+on+the+role+of+royalty&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-586-6&rft.aulast=Berriedale&rft.aufirst=A.+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFhFyvhpPx8MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2008" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kY-Tk0-quyoC">The Queen's Other Realms</a>. Annandale: Federation Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-700-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-700-9"><bdi>978-1-86287-700-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen%27s+Other+Realms&rft.place=Annandale&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Federation+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86287-700-9&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkY-Tk0-quyoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheim1952" class="citation book cs1">Oppenheim, Lassa (1952). Lauterpacht, Hersch (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNYsAAAAMAAJ&q=personal+union">International law: a treatise</a>. Vol. 1. London: Longmans. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-609-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-609-3"><bdi>978-1-58477-609-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+law%3A+a+treatise&rft.place=London&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-609-3&rft.aulast=Oppenheim&rft.aufirst=Lassa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNYsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpersonal%2Bunion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClerk_of_the_House_of_Commons1947" class="citation book cs1">Clerk of the House of Commons (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ktOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+United+Kingdom+and+Canada+are+to+be%22">Debates: official report</a>. Vol. 1. Ottawa: King's Printer for Canada. p. 591. Retrieved 29 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debates%3A+official+report&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=591&rft.pub=King%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Clerk+of+the+House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ktOAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2BUnited%2BKingdom%2Band%2BCanada%2Bare%2Bto%2Bbe%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidgeArmstron1927" class="citation book cs1">Coolidge, Archibald Cary; Armstron, Hamilton Fish (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xtYSAAAAIAAJ&q=%22personal+union%22">Foreign affairs</a>. Vol. 6. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. pp. 124–125, 127. Retrieved 7 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+affairs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=124-125%2C+127&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Cary&rft.au=Armstron%2C+Hamilton+Fish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxtYSAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522personal%2Bunion%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Parliament1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Parliament" title="Library of Parliament">Library of Parliament</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ktOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+United+Kingdom+and+Canada+are+to+be%22">Special war session, Volume 1</a>. Ottawa, BC: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 591. Retrieved 7 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+war+session%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+BC&rft.pages=591&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Library+of+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ktOAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2BUnited%2BKingdom%2Band%2BCanada%2Bare%2Bto%2Bbe%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091118004805/http://www.crownedrepublic.com.au/index.php/australian-crown/personal-union">"Personal Union"</a>. Crowned Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crownedrepublic.com.au/index.php/australian-crown/personal-union">the original</a> on 18 November 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Personal+Union&rft.pub=Crowned+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crownedrepublic.com.au%2Findex.php%2Faustralian-crown%2Fpersonal-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2004" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Wayne (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oC0lKtAxveMC">Restructuring Australia: Regionalism, Republicanism and Reform of the Nation-State</a>. Sydney, NSW: Federation Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781862874923" title="Special:BookSources/9781862874923"><bdi>9781862874923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restructuring+Australia%3A+Regionalism%2C+Republicanism+and+Reform+of+the+Nation-State&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Federation+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781862874923&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoC0lKtAxveMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrance2023" class="citation cs2">Torrance, David (11 January 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf">The Crown and the Constitution</a> (PDF), House of Commons Library, retrieved 1 March 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crown+and+the+Constitution&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft.aulast=Torrance&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.files.parliament.uk%2Fdocuments%2FCBP-8885%2FCBP-8885.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-scott1-23"><a href="#cite_ref-scott1_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1944" class="citation cs2">Scott, F.R. (January 1944), "The End of Dominion Status", The American Journal of International Law, 38 (1): 34–49, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2192530">10.2307/2192530</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192530">2192530</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147122057">147122057</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Dominion+Status&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-49&rft.date=1944-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147122057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2192530%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2192530&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=F.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-murdoch1-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-murdoch1_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murdoch1_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v9n3/cox93.html">"Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence"</a>. Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law. 9 (3). September 2002. Retrieved 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Murdoch+University+Electronic+Journal+of+Law&rft.atitle=Black+v+Chr%C3%A9tien%3A+Suing+a+Minister+of+the+Crown+for+Abuse+of+Power%2C+Misfeasance+in+Public+Office+and+Negligence&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.murdoch.edu.au%2Felaw%2Fissues%2Fv9n3%2Fcox93.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrepanier2004">Trepanier 2004</a>, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-elliott1-27"><a href="#cite_ref-elliott1_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1930" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, W.Y. (November 1930). "The Sovereignty of the British Dominions: Law Overtakes Practice". The American Political Science Review. 24 (4): 971–989. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1946754">10.2307/1946754</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1946754">1946754</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147362163">147362163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Sovereignty+of+the+British+Dominions%3A+Law+Overtakes+Practice&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=971-989&rft.date=1930-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147362163%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1946754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1946754&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=W.Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sack1-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sack1_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sack1_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSackStewart1940" class="citation journal cs1">Sack, Alexander N.; Stewart, Robert B. (March 1940). "Treaty Relations of the British Commonwealth of Nations". University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register. 88 (5): 637–640. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3308937">10.2307/3308937</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015062366508">2027/mdp.39015062366508</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3308937">3308937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Law+Review+and+American+Law+Register&rft.atitle=Treaty+Relations+of+the+British+Commonwealth+of+Nations&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=637-640&rft.date=1940-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015062366508&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3308937%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3308937&rft.aulast=Sack&rft.aufirst=Alexander+N.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corbett1-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corbett1_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corbett1_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corbett1_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett1940" class="citation journal cs1">Corbett, P.E. (1940). "The Status of the British Commonwealth in International Law". The University of Toronto Law Journal. 3 (2): 348–359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F824318">10.2307/824318</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/824318">824318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Toronto+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Status+of+the+British+Commonwealth+in+International+Law&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=348-359&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F824318&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F824318%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=P.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith1929" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GjcGAAAAMAAJ&q=%22personal+union%22">The Sovereignty of the British Dominions</a>. New York: Macmillan & Co Ltd. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8668-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8668-9"><bdi>978-0-8371-8668-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sovereignty+of+the+British+Dominions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-8668-9&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Berriedale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGjcGAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522personal%2Bunion%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-corbett1-30">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-sack1-28">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfour1926" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour, Arthur</a> (November 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth11_doc_1926.pdf">"Imperial Conference 1926"</a> (PDF). Balfour Declaration. London: Inter-Imperial Relations Committee. p. 3. E (I.R./26) Series. Retrieved 6 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Imperial+Conference+1926&rft.btitle=Balfour+Declaration&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Inter-Imperial+Relations+Committee&rft.date=1926-11&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fresources%2Ftranscripts%2Fcth11_doc_1926.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1956" class="citation journal cs1">Mallory, J.R. (August 1956). "Seals and Symbols: From Substance to Form in Commonwealth Equality". The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science. 22 (3): 281–291. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4085">0008-4085</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/13843">13843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Seals+and+Symbols%3A+From+Substance+to+Form+in+Commonwealth+Equality&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=281-291&rft.date=1956-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F13843%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0008-4085&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trepanier144-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trepanier144_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trepanier144_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrepanier2006" class="citation cs2">Trepanier, Peter (2006), "A Not Unwilling Subject: Canada and Her Queen", in Coates, Colin MacMillan (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhFyvhpPx8MC&q=%22commonwealth+realms%22+equally&pg=PA144">Majesty in Canada: essays on the role of royalty</a>, Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd, p. 144, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-586-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-586-6"><bdi>978-1-55002-586-6</bdi></a>, retrieved 11 June 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Not+Unwilling+Subject%3A+Canada+and+Her+Queen&rft.btitle=Majesty+in+Canada%3A+essays+on+the+role+of+royalty&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-586-6&rft.aulast=Trepanier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFhFyvhpPx8MC%26q%3D%2522commonwealth%2Brealms%2522%2Bequally%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Twomey_(academic)" title="Anne Twomey (academic)">Twomey, Anne</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YrOFei5WRRkC&q=equal">The Chameleon Crown</a>. Sydney, NSW: Federation Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781862876293" title="Special:BookSources/9781862876293"><bdi>9781862876293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chameleon+Crown&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Federation+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781862876293&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYrOFei5WRRkC%26q%3Dequal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Trepanier28-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cox-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mallory-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trepanier144-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichie1952" class="citation book cs1">Michie, Allan Andrew (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXwzAAAAIAAJ&q=%22equally+queen%22+%22elizabeth+II%22">The Crown and the People</a>. London: Secker & Warburg. pp. 52, 369. Retrieved 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crown+and+the+People&rft.place=London&rft.pages=52%2C+369&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Michie&rft.aufirst=Allan+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXwzAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522equally%2Bqueen%2522%2B%2522elizabeth%2BII%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Trepanier28-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cox-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trepanier144-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichie1952">Michie 1952</a>, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyce2008">Boyce 2008</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/british-flags/flying-flags-in-the-united-kingdom/british-flag-protocol/#index26">"British Flag Protocol > Order for Commonwealth Events Held in the UK (but not the Commonwealth Games)"</a>. Flag Institute. Retrieved 1 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Flag+Protocol+%3E+Order+for+Commonwealth+Events+Held+in+the+UK+%28but+not+the+Commonwealth+Games%29&rft.pub=Flag+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flaginstitute.org%2Fwp%2Fbritish-flags%2Fflying-flags-in-the-united-kingdom%2Fbritish-flag-protocol%2F%23index26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowen1995" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zelman_Cowen" title="Zelman Cowen">Cowen, Zelman</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055540/http://www.menzieslecture.org/1995.html">"Further Reflections on an Australian Republic"</a>. Sir Robert Menzies Lecture Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.menzieslecture.org/1995.html">the original</a> (Lecture) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Further+Reflections+on+an+Australian+Republic&rft.pub=Sir+Robert+Menzies+Lecture+Trust&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Zelman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.menzieslecture.org%2F1995.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp, Mitchell</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whichremindsmeme0000shar">Which Reminds Me..., A Memoir</a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whichremindsmeme0000shar/page/223">223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0545-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0545-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-0545-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Which+Reminds+Me...%2C+A+Memoir&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-0545-8&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhichremindsmeme0000shar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCUK-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HCUK_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCUK_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigh_Commissioner_in_United_Kingdom1952" class="citation journal cs1">High Commissioner in United Kingdom (24 November 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123050633/http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=3498">"Royal Style and Titles"</a>. Documents on Canadian External Relations > Royal Style and Titles. 18 (2). DEA/50121-B-40. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=3498">the original</a> on 23 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Documents+on+Canadian+External+Relations+%3E+Royal+Style+and+Titles&rft.atitle=Royal+Style+and+Titles&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1952-11-24&rft.au=High+Commissioner+in+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.gc.ca%2Fdepartment%2Fhistory-histoire%2Fdcer%2Fdetails-en.asp%3FintRefid%3D3498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmy2008" class="citation journal cs1">Smy, William A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711172851/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1372/is_1_46/ai_n29437278/">"Royal titles and styles"</a>. The Loyalist Gazette. XLVI (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1372/is_1_46/ai_n29437278/">the original</a> on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Loyalist+Gazette&rft.atitle=Royal+titles+and+styles&rft.volume=XLVI&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Smy&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_hb1372%2Fis_1_46%2Fai_n29437278%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toporoski-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toporoski_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toporoski_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toporoski_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToporoski,_Richard" class="citation web cs1">Toporoski, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209220704/http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm">"The Invisible Crown"</a>. Monarchy Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm">the original</a> on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Invisible+Crown&rft.pub=Monarchy+Canada&rft.au=Toporoski%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monarchist.ca%2Fmc%2Finvisibl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Twomey_(academic)" title="Anne Twomey (academic)">Twomey, Anne</a> (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/pops/pop48/battlesovereignty">"The States, the Commonwealth and the Crown: The Battle for Sovereignty"</a>. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.atitle=The+States%2C+the+Commonwealth+and+the+Crown%3A+The+Battle+for+Sovereignty&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FSenate%2FPowers_practice_n_procedures%2Fpops%2Fpop48%2Fbattlesovereignty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckner2005" class="citation book cs1">Buckner, Phillip (2005). "The Last Great Royal Tour: Queen Elizabeth's 1959 Tour to Canada". In Buckner, Phillip (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27IggObUC9kC">Canada and the End of Empire</a>. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0915-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0915-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-0915-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Last+Great+Royal+Tour%3A+Queen+Elizabeth%27s+1959+Tour+to+Canada&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+End+of+Empire&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+BC&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0915-3&rft.aulast=Buckner&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27IggObUC9kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazellMorris2017" class="citation cs2">Hazell, Robert; Morris, Bob (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf#page=12">"The Crown in the 21st Century"</a> (PDF), Review of Constitutional Studies, If the Queen Has No Reserve Powers Left, What Is the Modern Monarchy For?, 22 (1), Edmonton: Centre for Constitutional Studies: 12, retrieved 31 May 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Constitutional+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Crown+in+the+21st+Century&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hazell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Morris%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitutionalstudies.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F05%2F22.1-Full-Issue.pdf%23page%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOW-55"><a href="#cite_ref-SOW_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/22-23/4/contents">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a>. Westminster: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 11 December 1931. c. 4 (U.K.). Retrieved 22 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statute+of+Westminster%2C+1931&rft.place=Westminster&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1931-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FGeo5%2F22-23%2F4%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twomey-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Twomey_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twomey_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Anne Twomey (18 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/108335929">Professor Anne Twomey – Succession to the Crown: foiled by Canada?</a> (Digital video). London: University College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Anne+Twomey+%E2%80%93+Succession+to+the+Crown%3A+foiled+by+Canada%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=University+College+London&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F108335929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2011" class="citation cs2">Twomey, Anne (October 2011), Changing the Rules of Succession to the Throne, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Law_School" title="Sydney Law School">Sydney Law School</a>, pp. 10–11, <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1943287">1943287</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+the+Rules+of+Succession+to+the+Throne&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Sydney+Law+School&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1943287%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTwomey2011">Twomey 2011</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-SydLaw-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SydLaw_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SydLaw_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SydLaw_59-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTwomey2011">Twomey 2011</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1936/en/act/pub/0058/sec0003.html">"Executive Authority (External Relations) Act, 1936"</a>. Dublin: Office of the Attorney General. 12 December 1936. 3.2. Retrieved 6 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Authority+%28External+Relations%29+Act%2C+1936&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Attorney+General&rft.date=1936-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2F1936%2Fen%2Fact%2Fpub%2F0058%2Fsec0003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2010" class="citation cs2">Morris, Jan (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6Kx28VD_4MC&q=ireland+abdication+%22December+12%22&pg=RA3-PT173">"15"</a>, Farewell the Trumpets, London: Faber & Faber, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571265985" title="Special:BookSources/9780571265985"><bdi>9780571265985</bdi></a>, Note 13, retrieved 22 May 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15&rft.btitle=Farewell+the+Trumpets&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780571265985&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6Kx28VD_4MC%26q%3Direland%2Babdication%2B%2522December%2B12%2522%26pg%3DRA3-PT173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoghill1937" class="citation journal cs1">Coghill, E. H. (1937). "The King–Marriage and Abdication". Australian Law Journal. 10 (393): 398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+King%E2%80%93Marriage+and+Abdication&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=393&rft.pages=398&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Coghill&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1962" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Kenneth John (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newzealandconsti0000scot">The New Zealand Constitution</a>. London: Clarendon Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newzealandconsti0000scot/page/68">68</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Zealand+Constitution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewzealandconsti0000scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2003" class="citation cs2">Cox, Noel (23 August 2003) [1999], "The Dichotomy of Legal Theory and Political Reality: The Honours Prerogative and Imperial Unity", Australian Journal of Law and Society, 14, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0729-3356">0729-3356</a>, <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=420752">420752</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+Dichotomy+of+Legal+Theory+and+Political+Reality%3A+The+Honours+Prerogative+and+Imperial+Unity&rft.volume=14&rft.date=2003-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D420752%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.issn=0729-3356&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Topo-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Topo_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToporoski1988" class="citation journal cs1">Toporoski, Richard (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970617074036/http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm">"The Invisible Crown"</a>. Monarchy Canada (Summer 1998). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm">the original</a> on 17 June 1997. Retrieved 21 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monarchy+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Invisible+Crown&rft.issue=Summer+1998&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Toporoski&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monarchist.ca%2Fmc%2Finvisibl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2017" class="citation cs2">Twomey, Anne (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf#page=50">"The Crown in the 21st Century"</a> (PDF), Review of Constitutional Studies, Royal Succession, Abdication, and Regency in the Realms, 22 (1), Edmonton: Centre for Constitutional Studies: 50, retrieved 4 June 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Constitutional+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Crown+in+the+21st+Century&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitutionalstudies.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F05%2F22.1-Full-Issue.pdf%23page%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1984" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. R. (1984). The Structure and Function of Canadian Government (2nd ed.). Toronto: Gage. pp. 36–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+and+Function+of+Canadian+Government&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=36-37&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gage&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Section 58(1)", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/tv/legis/consol_act/cot277/">Constitution of Tuvalu</a>, Funafuti: Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, 1978, retrieved 25 May 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+58%281%29&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Tuvalu&rft.place=Funafuti&rft.pub=Pacific+Islands+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.date=1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paclii.org%2Ftv%2Flegis%2Fconsol_act%2Fcot277%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_II1986" class="citation cs2">Elizabeth II (13 December 1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/whole.html#dlm94204">Constitution Act, 1986</a>, 4.1, Wellington: New Zealand Government, retrieved 22 May 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+Act%2C+1986&rft.place=Wellington&rft.series=4.1&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Government&rft.date=1986-12-13&rft.au=Elizabeth+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.govt.nz%2Fact%2Fpublic%2F1986%2F0114%2Flatest%2Fwhole.html%23dlm94204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710092956/http://www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/Overview.aspx">"The current Royal Family"</a>. Royal Household. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/Overview.aspx">the original</a> on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+current+Royal+Family&rft.pub=Royal+Household&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FThecurrentRoyalFamily%2FOverview.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204005418/https://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Queenandanniversarymessages/Whoisentitled.aspx">"Queen and anniversary messages – Who is entitled?"</a>. Royal Household. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Queenandanniversarymessages/Whoisentitled.aspx">the original</a> on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queen+and+anniversary+messages+%E2%80%93+Who+is+entitled%3F&rft.pub=Royal+Household&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FHMTheQueen%2FQueenandanniversarymessages%2FWhoisentitled.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028202032/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4709.asp">"The Monarchy Today > Queen and State > Queen and Church > Queen and Church of Scotland"</a>. Royal Household. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4709.asp">the original</a> on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Monarchy+Today+%3E+Queen+and+State+%3E+Queen+and+Church+%3E+Queen+and+Church+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Royal+Household&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2Foutput%2FPage4709.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwomey2006104-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwomey2006104_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTwomey2006">Twomey 2006</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwomey2006104–105-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwomey2006104–105_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTwomey2006">Twomey 2006</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTwomey2006">Twomey 2006</a>, pp. 106–107 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archontology.org/nations/ghana/00_1957_1960_s.php">Ghana: Heads of State: 1957-1960</a>, Archontology, retrieved 26 April 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghana%3A+Heads+of+State%3A+1957-1960&rft.pub=Archontology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archontology.org%2Fnations%2Fghana%2F00_1957_1960_s.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinMurray1964" class="citation cs2">Rubin, Leslie; Murray, Pauli (1964), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UO8DAAAAMAAJ">The Constitution and Government of Ghana</a>, Sweet & Maxwell, p. 155</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+and+Government+of+Ghana&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Sweet+%26+Maxwell&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.au=Murray%2C+Pauli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUO8DAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150307043151/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Australia/Australia.aspx">Queen and Australia</a>, Royal Household, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Australia/Australia.aspx">the original</a> on 7 March 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+and+Australia&rft.pub=Royal+Household&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchAndCommonwealth%2FAustralia%2FAustralia.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_II1973" class="citation cs2">Elizabeth II (19 October 1973), "Proclamation", Government Gazette (152): 5</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+Gazette&rft.atitle=Proclamation&rft.issue=152&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1973-10-19&rft.au=Elizabeth+II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321064801/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/NewZealand/TheQueensroleinNewZealand.aspx">The Queen's role in New Zealand</a>, Royal Household, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/NewZealand/TheQueensroleinNewZealand.aspx">the original</a> on 21 March 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen%27s+role+in+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Royal+Household&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchAndCommonwealth%2FNewZealand%2FTheQueensroleinNewZealand.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archontology.org/nations/new_zealand/nz_king/">New Zealand: Heads of State: 1907-2021</a>, Archontology, retrieved 26 April 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand%3A+Heads+of+State%3A+1907-2021&rft.pub=Archontology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archontology.org%2Fnations%2Fnew_zealand%2Fnz_king%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobeAndMail1-84"><a href="#cite_ref-GlobeAndMail1_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2023" class="citation cs2">Woolf, Marie (18 April 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-kings-canadian-title-dropping-defender-of-the-faith-is-break-with/">"King's Canadian title—dropping defender of the faith—is break with tradition: Church figures, constitutional experts"</a>, The Globe and Mail, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419040201/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-kings-canadian-title-dropping-defender-of-the-faith-is-break-with/">archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023, retrieved 19 April 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=King%27s+Canadian+title%E2%80%94dropping+defender+of+the+faith%E2%80%94is+break+with+tradition%3A+Church+figures%2C+constitutional+experts&rft.date=2023-04-18&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-kings-canadian-title-dropping-defender-of-the-faith-is-break-with%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParliament_of_Canada" class="citation cs2">Parliament of Canada, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-47?view=progress">C-47 (44-1)</a>, King's Printer for Canada, retrieved 27 June 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C-47+%2844-1%29&rft.pub=King%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.au=Parliament+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.ca%2Flegisinfo%2Fen%2Fbill%2F44-1%2Fc-47%3Fview%3Dprogress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2024/2024-01-31/html/si-tr4-eng.html">"Proclamation Establishing for Canada the Royal Style and Titles: SI/2024-4, dated January8, 2024"</a>. 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+Establishing+for+Canada+the+Royal+Style+and+Titles%3A+SI%2F2024-4%2C+dated+January8%2C+2024&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazette.gc.ca%2Frp-pr%2Fp2%2F2024%2F2024-01-31%2Fhtml%2Fsi-tr4-eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanton2011" class="citation cs2">Panton, Kenneth J (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BiyyueBTpaMC&dq=%22elizabeth+II%22+%22personal+flag%22&pg=PA416">Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy</a>, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, p. 416, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5779-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-5779-7</bdi></a>, retrieved 27 July 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5779-7&rft.aulast=Panton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBiyyueBTpaMC%26dq%3D%2522elizabeth%2BII%2522%2B%2522personal%2Bflag%2522%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RH-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RH_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RH_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RH_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags">"Personal Flags"</a>. Royal Household. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Personal+Flags&rft.pub=Royal+Household&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fpersonal-flags&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Heraldic_Authority" class="citation web cs1">Canadian Heraldic Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/2655">"Members of the Royal Family"</a>. Office of the Secretary of the Governor General of Canada. Retrieved 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members+of+the+Royal+Family&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Secretary+of+the+Governor+General+of+Canada&rft.au=Canadian+Heraldic+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fen%2Fheraldry%2Fpublic-register%2Fproject%2F2655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzhoAAAAMAAJ">Flags of the World</a>, F. Warne, 1978, p. 48, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780723220152" title="Special:BookSources/9780723220152"><bdi>9780723220152</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=F.+Warne&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780723220152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzhoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarthing1985" class="citation book cs1">Farthing, John (1985). Freedom Wears a Crown. Toronto: Veritas Paperback. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-949667-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-949667-03-8"><bdi>978-0-949667-03-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+Wears+a+Crown&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Veritas+Paperback&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-949667-03-8&rft.aulast=Farthing&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope2009" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Joseph (2009). Confederation: Being a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Documents Bearing on the British North America Act. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-104-08654-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-104-08654-1"><bdi>978-1-104-08654-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confederation%3A+Being+a+Series+of+Hitherto+Unpublished+Documents+Bearing+on+the+British+North+America+Act&rft.place=Whitefish&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-104-08654-1&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1977" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, R.H. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rideauhallillust00hubb/page/9">Rideau Hall</a>. Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rideauhallillust00hubb/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0310-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0310-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-0310-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rideau+Hall&rft.place=Montreal+and+London&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0310-6&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frideauhallillust00hubb%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefroy1918" class="citation book cs1">Lefroy, A. H. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorttreatiseonc00lefrrich">A Short Treatise on Canadian Constitutional Law</a>. Toronto: Carswell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorttreatiseonc00lefrrich/page/59">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-85163-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-85163-6"><bdi>978-0-665-85163-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Treatise+on+Canadian+Constitutional+Law&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Carswell&rft.date=1918&rft.isbn=978-0-665-85163-6&rft.aulast=Lefroy&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorttreatiseonc00lefrrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heard-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heard_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heard_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heard_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heard_96-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heard_96-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heard_96-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heard_96-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heard_96-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard1990" class="citation cs2">Heard, Andrew (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html">Canadian Independence</a>, Vancouver: Simon Fraser University, retrieved 6 May 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Independence&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Simon+Fraser+University&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Heard&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfu.ca%2F~aheard%2F324%2FIndependence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale1983" class="citation book cs1">Dale, W. (1983). The Modern Commonwealth. London: Butterworths. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-406-17404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-406-17404-8"><bdi>978-0-406-17404-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Commonwealth&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Butterworths&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-406-17404-8&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2008" class="citation journal cs1">Twomey, Anne (2008). "Responsible Government and the Divisibility of the Crown". Public Law: 742.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Law&rft.atitle=Responsible+Government+and+the+Divisibility+of+the+Crown&rft.pages=742&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckner2008-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Buckner2008_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckner2008" class="citation book cs1">Buckner, Phillip Alfred (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmXnLGX7FvEC&pg=PA98">Canada and the British Empire</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927164-1"><bdi>978-0-19-927164-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927164-1&rft.aulast=Buckner&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmXnLGX7FvEC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilliker1990-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Hilliker1990_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilliker1990" class="citation book cs1">Hilliker, John F. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZD0inJnMJQC&pg=PA131">Canada's Department of External Affairs: The Early Years, 1909–1946</a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6233-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6233-2"><bdi>978-0-7735-6233-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Department+of+External+Affairs%3A+The+Early+Years%2C+1909%E2%80%931946&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-6233-2&rft.aulast=Hilliker&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZD0inJnMJQC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite>Theodore v. Duncan</cite>, 696, p. 706 (Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 1919). </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement1916" class="citation book cs1">Clement, W.H.P. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawcanadiancons01clemgoog">The Law of the Canadian Constitution</a> (3rd ed.). Toronto: Carswell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawcanadiancons01clemgoog/page/n41">14</a>–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-00684-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-00684-5"><bdi>978-0-665-00684-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+the+Canadian+Constitution&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=14-15&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Carswell&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=978-0-665-00684-5&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=W.H.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawcanadiancons01clemgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1983" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Jeffery (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byngofvimygenera0000will">Byng of Vimy: General and Governor General</a>. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire: Leo Cooper in association with Secker & Warburg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byngofvimygenera0000will/page/314">314–317</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6935-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6935-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-6935-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byng+of+Vimy%3A+General+and+Governor+General&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+S.+Yorkshire&rft.pages=314-317&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper+in+association+with+Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6935-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Jeffery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyngofvimygenera0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2001" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Peter (September 2001). "The Balfour Formula and the Evolution of the Commonwealth". <a href="/wiki/The_Round_Table_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Round Table Journal">The Round Table</a>. 90 (361): 541–553. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00358530120082823">10.1080/00358530120082823</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143421201">143421201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Round+Table&rft.atitle=The+Balfour+Formula+and+the+Evolution+of+the+Commonwealth&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=361&rft.pages=541-553&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00358530120082823&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143421201%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalfour1926">Balfour 1926</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTwomey2006">Twomey 2006</a>, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenks1927" class="citation journal cs1">Jenks, Edward (1927). "Imperial Conference and the Constitution". Cambridge Law Journal. 3 (13): 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0008197300103915">10.1017/s0008197300103915</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-1973">0008-1973</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145241070">145241070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Imperial+Conference+and+the+Constitution&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145241070%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0008-1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0008197300103915&rft.aulast=Jenks&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshe1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Walshe" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Walshe">Walshe, Joseph P.</a> (29 August 1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.difp.ie/docs/Volume3/1927/831.htm">Documents on Irish Foreign Policy > Despatch from Joseph P. Walshe (for Patrick McGilligan) to L.S. Amery (London) (D.5507) (Confidential) (Copy)</a>. Royal Irish Academy. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+on+Irish+Foreign+Policy+%3E+Despatch+from+Joseph+P.+Walshe+%28for+Patrick+McGilligan%29+to+L.S.+Amery+%28London%29+%28D.5507%29+%28Confidential%29+%28Copy%29&rft.pub=Royal+Irish+Academy&rft.date=1927-08-29&rft.aulast=Walshe&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.difp.ie%2Fdocs%2FVolume3%2F1927%2F831.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-111"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2017" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Ralph (8 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ICV27-B8-Kelly.pdf">"A flag for the Empire"</a> (PDF). The Flag Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813214957/https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ICV27-B8-Kelly.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Flag+Institute&rft.atitle=A+flag+for+the+Empire&rft.date=2017-08-08&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flaginstitute.org%2Fwp%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F11%2FICV27-B8-Kelly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1929" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Philip Noel (1929). The Present Juridical Status of the British Dominions in International Law. London: Longmans. p. 231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Present+Juridical+Status+of+the+British+Dominions+in+International+Law&rft.place=London&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Philip+Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/O%27Donohue_v._Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Donohue v. Canada">O'Donohue v. Canada</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onsc/doc/2003/2003canlii41404/2003canlii41404.html"> J. Rouleau</a>, 33 (Ontario Superior Court of Justice 17 April 2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith1928" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1928). Responsible Government in the Dominions. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. xviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-82054-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-82054-0"><bdi>978-0-665-82054-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Responsible+Government+in+the+Dominions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=xviii&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-0-665-82054-0&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Berriedale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Susan (2003). The People's King: The True Story of the Abdication. London: Penguin Books Ltd. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9573-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9573-2"><bdi>978-0-7139-9573-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+King%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Abdication&rft.place=London&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9573-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy29-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy29_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy29_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2013" class="citation cs2">Murphy, Philip (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkYXAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22commonwealth+realm%22&pg=PA29">Monarchy and the End of Empire</a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 29–30, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921423-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921423-5"><bdi>978-0-19-921423-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 28 April 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchy+and+the+End+of+Empire&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921423-5&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkYXAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522commonwealth%2Brealm%2522%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite>Manuel et al. v. Attorney General</cite>, 822, p. 830 (Court of Appeal of England and Wales 1982). </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite>Ndlwana v. Hofmeyer</cite>, 229, p. 237 (Supreme Court of South Africa 1937). </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman976-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman976_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman976_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmanMacpherson2005" class="citation cs2">Kaufman, Will; Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbBbn3x7PZsC">Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History</a>, ABC-CLIO, p. 976, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094318" title="Special:BookSources/9781851094318"><bdi>9781851094318</bdi></a>, retrieved 5 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Americas%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History&rft.pages=976&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781851094318&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Macpherson%2C+Heidi+Slettedahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbBbn3x7PZsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NA-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NA_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NA_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Archives2015" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/policy-protectionism-imperial-preference.htm">The Cabinet Papers 1915–1986 > Policy, protectionism and imperial preference</a>, National Archives, retrieved 4 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cabinet+Papers+1915%E2%80%931986+%3E+Policy%2C+protectionism+and+imperial+preference&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fcabinetpapers%2Fthemes%2Fpolicy-protectionism-imperial-preference.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Archives2015">National Archives 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/help/glossary-i.htm#imperial_preference">Glossary</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperial-preference">"Imperial Preference"</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 4 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+Preference&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fimperial-preference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAC-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAC_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAC_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_and_Archives_Canada" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030064730/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/king/023011-1070.06-e.html">"The Royal Tour of 1939"</a>. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/king/023011-1070.06-e.html">the original</a> on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Tour+of+1939&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.au=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fking%2F023011-1070.06-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parl-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Parl_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith1989" class="citation journal cs1">Galbraith, William (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205052132/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/english/issue.asp?param=130&art=820">"Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit"</a>. Canadian Parliamentary Review. 12 (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/english/issue.asp?param=130&art=820">the original</a> on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Parliamentary+Review&rft.atitle=Fiftieth+Anniversary+of+the+1939+Royal+Visit&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.parl.gc.ca%2FSites%2FLOP%2FInfoparl%2Fenglish%2Fissue.asp%3Fparam%3D130%26art%3D820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasluck1952" class="citation book cs1">Hasluck, Paul (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governmentpeople0000hasl">The Government and the People, 1939–1941</a>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governmentpeople0000hasl/page/149">149–151</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780642993670" title="Special:BookSources/9780642993670"><bdi>9780642993670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+the+People%2C+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=149-151&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=9780642993670&rft.aulast=Hasluck&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgovernmentpeople0000hasl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403003441/http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/wardeclared/">"Menzies' announcement of the declaration of war"</a>. Department of Veterans Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/wardeclared/">the original</a> on 3 April 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menzies%27+announcement+of+the+declaration+of+war&rft.pub=Department+of+Veterans+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2australia.gov.au%2Fwardeclared%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce27-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce27_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce27_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyce2008">Boyce 2008</a>, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonckton-Arundell1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Monckton-Arundell,_8th_Viscount_Galway" title="George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway">Monckton-Arundell, George</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1Doc-c1-9.html">"Documents Relating to New Zealand's Participation in the Second World War 1939–45 > 9 – The Governor-General of New Zealand to the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs"</a>. In Historical Publications Branch (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1Doc-c1-9.html">The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945</a>. Vol. 1. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington (published 4 September 1939). Retrieved 6 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Documents+Relating+to+New+Zealand%27s+Participation+in+the+Second+World+War+1939%E2%80%9345+%3E+9+%E2%80%93+The+Governor-General+of+New+Zealand+to+the+Secretary+of+State+for+Dominion+Affairs&rft.btitle=The+Official+History+of+New+Zealand+in+the+Second+World+War+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Victoria+University+of+Wellington&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Monckton-Arundell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-WH2-1Doc-c1-9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy1938-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1938_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Paul_McClure_Kennedy1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Paul_McClure_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="William Paul McClure Kennedy">William Paul McClure Kennedy</a> (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionofca0000kenn">The Constitution of Canada, 1534–1937: An Introduction to Its Development, Law and Custom</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionofca0000kenn/page/540">540–541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Canada%2C+1534%E2%80%931937%3A+An+Introduction+to+Its+Development%2C+Law+and+Custom&rft.pages=540-541&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.au=William+Paul+McClure+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstitutionofca0000kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith1938" class="citation book cs1">Keith, A. Berriedale (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dominionsassover0000keit">The Dominions as Sovereign States</a>. London: Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dominionsassover0000keit/page/203">203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dominions+as+Sovereign+States&rft.place=London&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=A.+Berriedale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdominionsassover0000keit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy31-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy31_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy31_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2013">Murphy 2013</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott1944">Scott 1944</a>, p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Smith1949" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Alexander_de_Smith" title="Stanley Alexander de Smith">de Smith, S. A.</a> (July 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2230.1949.tb00131.x">"The London Declaration of the Commonwealth Prime Ministers, April 28, 1949"</a>. The Modern Law Review. 12 (3): 351–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2230.1949.tb00131.x">10.1111/j.1468-2230.1949.tb00131.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1090506">1090506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+London+Declaration+of+the+Commonwealth+Prime+Ministers%2C+April+28%2C+1949&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=351-354&rft.date=1949-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2230.1949.tb00131.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1090506%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=de+Smith&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1468-2230.1949.tb00131.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_New_Zealand" class="citation book cs1">Statistics New Zealand. New Zealand Official Yearbook 2000. Auckland: David Bateman. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Official+Yearbook+2000&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=David+Bateman&rft.au=Statistics+New+Zealand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506151626/https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2023/05/the-army-ready-for-its-role-in-the-coronation-procession/">"The Army ready for its role in the Coronation Procession"</a>. The British Army. 6 May 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2023/05/the-army-ready-for-its-role-in-the-coronation-procession/">the original</a> on 6 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Army&rft.atitle=The+Army+ready+for+its+role+in+the+Coronation+Procession&rft.date=2023-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mod.uk%2Fnews-and-events%2Fnews%2F2023%2F05%2Fthe-army-ready-for-its-role-in-the-coronation-procession%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Pimlott, Ben</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/queenelizabethii0000piml_c9b6/page/280/mode/2up">The Queen</a>. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711436-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711436-8"><bdi>978-0-00-711436-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-00-711436-8&rft.aulast=Pimlott&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fqueenelizabethii0000piml_c9b6%2Fpage%2F280%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyce2008">Boyce 2008</a>, pp. 9–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyce2008">Boyce 2008</a>, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100711003016/http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Speechesandarticles/2010/AddresstotheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly6July2010.aspx">"Address to the United Nations General Assembly"</a>. Royal Household. 6 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Speechesandarticles/2010/AddresstotheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly6July2010.aspx">the original</a> on 11 July 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+to+the+United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft.pub=Royal+Household&rft.date=2010-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FLatestNewsandDiary%2FSpeechesandarticles%2F2010%2FAddresstotheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly6July2010.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112093955/http://www.skynews.com.au/world/article.aspx?id=702384&vId=">"Jamaica plans to become a republic"</a>. Sky News Australia. 31 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skynews.com.au/world/article.aspx?id=702384&vId=">the original</a> on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+News+Australia&rft.atitle=Jamaica+plans+to+become+a+republic&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skynews.com.au%2Fworld%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D702384%26vId%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-16449969">"Jamaica to break links with Queen, says Prime Minister Simpson Miller"</a>. BBC News. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jamaica+to+break+links+with+Queen%2C+says+Prime+Minister+Simpson+Miller&rft.date=2012-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-16449969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmond" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Salmond" title="Alex Salmond">Salmond, Alex</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216021559/http://www.snp.org/blog/post/2012/feb/scottish-independence-good-england">"Scottish independence "good" for England"</a>. Scottish National Party. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snp.org/blog/post/2012/feb/scottish-independence-good-england">the original</a> on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottish+independence+%22good%22+for+England&rft.pub=Scottish+National+Party&rft.aulast=Salmond&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snp.org%2Fblog%2Fpost%2F2012%2Ffeb%2Fscottish-independence-good-england&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2013" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, Eddie (29 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/news/scottish-independence-call-for-vote-on-monarchy-1-3018623">"Scottish independence: Call for vote on monarchy"</a>. The Scotsman. Retrieved 16 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Scottish+independence%3A+Call+for+vote+on+monarchy&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2Fscottish-independence-call-for-vote-on-monarchy-1-3018623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChloe_Smith2013" class="citation book cs1">Chloe Smith, Parliamentary Secretary, Cabinet Office (22 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm130122/debtext/130122-0001.htm">"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 22 Jan 2013 (pt 0001)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. United Kingdom: House of Commons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+Hansard+Debates+for+22+Jan+2013+%28pt+0001%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft.au=Chloe+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201213%2Fcmhansrd%2Fcm130122%2Fdebtext%2F130122-0001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Clegg2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>, Deputy Prime Minister (22 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm130122/debtext/130122-0002.htm#column_211">"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 22 Jan 2013 (pt 0001)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+Hansard+Debates+for+22+Jan+2013+%28pt+0001%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=col.-211&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft.au=Nick+Clegg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201213%2Fcmhansrd%2Fcm130122%2Fdebtext%2F130122-0002.htm%23column_211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parliament.gov.gy/chamber-business/resolutions/resolution-no.-26-of-1969">"Resolution No. 26 of 1969"</a>. Parliament of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. 29 August 1969. Retrieved 1 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+No.+26+of+1969&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+Co-operative+Republic+of+Guyana&rft.date=1969-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparliament.gov.gy%2Fchamber-business%2Fresolutions%2Fresolution-no.-26-of-1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> J. K. Hiller. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/amulree-commission.php">The Newfoundland Royal Commission, 1933 (The Amulree Commission).</a> Government and Politics Bibliography. heritage.nf.ca </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10995425">"Australia's Gillard backs republic after Queen's death"</a>. BBC. 17 August 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+Gillard+backs+republic+after+Queen%27s+death&rft.date=2010-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-10995425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20200808/pnp-vows-hold-referendum-whether-remove-queen-if-elected">"PNP vows to hold referendum on whether to remove Queen, if elected"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner. 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Gleaner&rft.atitle=PNP+vows+to+hold+referendum+on+whether+to+remove+Queen%2C+if+elected&rft.date=2020-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F20200808%2Fpnp-vows-hold-referendum-whether-remove-queen-if-elected&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410212424/https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/55-of-respondents-say-the-queen-must-go_200465">"55% of respondents say The Queen must go"</a>. Jamaica Observer. 10 August 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/55-of-respondents-say-the-queen-must-go_200465">the original</a> on 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=55%25+of+respondents+say+The+Queen+must+go&rft.date=2020-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fnews%2F55-of-respondents-say-the-queen-must-go_200465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20200908/editorial-pms-governance-agenda-needs-clarity">"Editorial | PM's governance agenda needs clarity"</a>. Jamaica Gleaner. 8 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Gleaner&rft.atitle=Editorial+%26%23124%3B+PM%27s+governance+agenda+needs+clarity&rft.date=2020-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Fcommentary%2F20200908%2Feditorial-pms-governance-agenda-needs-clarity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYearwood2021" class="citation web cs1">Yearwood, Ronnie (29 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barbadostoday.bb/2021/08/29/btcolumn-do-it-the-democratic-way/">"Do it the democratic way"</a>. Barbados Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928142712/https://barbadostoday.bb/2021/08/29/btcolumn-do-it-the-democratic-way/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+it+the+democratic+way&rft.pub=Barbados+Today&rft.date=2021-08-29&rft.aulast=Yearwood&rft.aufirst=Ronnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarbadostoday.bb%2F2021%2F08%2F29%2Fbtcolumn-do-it-the-democratic-way%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barbadosadvocate.com/news/dlp-president-calls-referendum">"DLP president calls for a referendum"</a>. Barbados Advocate. 8 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928151358/https://www.barbadosadvocate.com/news/dlp-president-calls-referendum">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DLP+president+calls+for+a+referendum&rft.pub=Barbados+Advocate&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbadosadvocate.com%2Fnews%2Fdlp-president-calls-referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2022" class="citation news cs1">French, Jhaneal (8 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caribbeannationalweekly.com/caribbean-breaking-news-featured/jamaica-government-gives-2025-timeline-to-become-republic/">"Jamaican Government Gives 2025 Timeline to Become Republic"</a>. Caribbean News Weekly. Retrieved 12 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+News+Weekly&rft.atitle=Jamaican+Government+Gives+2025+Timeline+to+Become+Republic&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Jhaneal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeannationalweekly.com%2Fcaribbean-breaking-news-featured%2Fjamaica-government-gives-2025-timeline-to-become-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolle2022" class="citation news cs1">Rolle, Leandra (11 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribune242.com/news/2022/sep/09/pm-govt-will-let-bahamians-decide-if-nation-should/">"Will Charles Be Our Last King?"</a>. The Tribune. Retrieved 12 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Will+Charles+Be+Our+Last+King%3F&rft.date=2022-06-11&rft.aulast=Rolle&rft.aufirst=Leandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribune242.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2Fsep%2F09%2Fpm-govt-will-let-bahamians-decide-if-nation-should%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2022" class="citation news cs1">Woods, Ian (10 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2022-09-10/caribbean-prime-minister-plans-referendum-to-replace-monarchy">"Antigua and Barbuda Prime Minister Gaston Browne plans referendum on replacing the monarchy"</a>. ITV News. Retrieved 10 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITV+News&rft.atitle=Antigua+and+Barbuda+Prime+Minister+Gaston+Browne+plans+referendum+on+replacing+the+monarchy&rft.date=2022-09-10&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2F2022-09-10%2Fcaribbean-prime-minister-plans-referendum-to-replace-monarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanor1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor, Vernon</a> (1995). The Monarchy and the Constitution. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monarchy+and+the+Constitution&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Bogdanor&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Cox" title="Noel Cox">Cox, Noel</a> (2002). "The Theory of Sovereignty and the Importance of the Crown in the Realms of The Queen". Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal. 2 (2): 237–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14729342.2002.11421414">10.1080/14729342.2002.11421414</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218770069">218770069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+University+Commonwealth+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+Sovereignty+and+the+Importance+of+the+Crown+in+the+Realms+of+The+Queen&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-255&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14729342.2002.11421414&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218770069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsey1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Forsey" title="Eugene Forsey">Forsey, Eugene</a> (1968) [1943]. Royal Power of Dissolution on Parliament in the British Commonwealth. Toronto: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Power+of+Dissolution+on+Parliament+in+the+British+Commonwealth&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Forsey&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaitland1901" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Maitland, Frederic</a> (1901). "The Crown as a Corporation". Law Quarterly Review. 17 (131).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Crown+as+a+Corporation&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=131&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Maitland&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="193–212" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._David_McIntyre" title="W. David McIntyre">McIntyre, W. David</a> (1999). "The Strange Death of Dominion Status". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Imperial_and_Commonwealth_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History">Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</a>. 27 (2): 193–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086539908583064">10.1080/03086539908583064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Death+of+Dominion+Status&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-212&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086539908583064&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=W.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+realm" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/commonwealth">The Commonwealth</a> at the Royal Family official website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template talk:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth realms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi#Independence" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>2 (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd>1 Annexed by Canada in 1949</dd> <dd>2 <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Nations_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Nations_topics" title="Template:Commonwealth of Nations topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Nations_topics" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Nations topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Nations_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Nations topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Nations_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Nations_key_documents" title="Template:Commonwealth of Nations key documents">Key documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Timeline of the Commonwealth of Nations">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General" title="Commonwealth Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a> (<a href="/wiki/Patricia_Scotland" title="Patricia Scotland">Patricia Scotland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Deputy_Secretary-General" title="Commonwealth Deputy Secretary-General">Deputy Secretaries-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough_House" title="Marlborough House">Marlborough House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Youth_Programme" title="Commonwealth Youth Programme">Commonwealth Youth Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_heads_of_government" title="List of Commonwealth heads of government">Heads of government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Chair-in-Office" title="Commonwealth Chair-in-Office">Chair-in-Office</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Ministerial_Action_Group" title="Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group">Ministerial Action Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Family">Commonwealth Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities" title="Association of Commonwealth Universities">Association of Commonwealth Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Business_Council" title="Commonwealth Business Council">Commonwealth Business Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Foundation" title="Commonwealth Foundation">Commonwealth Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Museum" title="British Empire and Commonwealth Museum">BECM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Association_of_Planners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Association of Planners (page does not exist)">CAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Broadcasting_Association" title="Commonwealth Broadcasting Association">CBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Education_Trust" title="Commonwealth Education Trust">CET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Human_Rights_Initiative" title="Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative">CHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Round_Table_(journal)" title="The Round Table (journal)">CJIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Learning" title="Commonwealth of Learning">CoL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Lawyers_Association" title="Commonwealth Lawyers Association">CLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Local_Government_Forum" title="Commonwealth Local Government Forum">CLGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Policy_Studies_Unit" title="Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit">CPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Press_Union" title="Commonwealth Press Union">CPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scholarship_and_Fellowship_Plan" title="Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan">CSFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-Speaking_Union" title="English-Speaking Union">ESU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Commonwealth_Studies" title="Institute of Commonwealth Studies">ICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Ex-Services_League" title="Royal Commonwealth Ex-Services League">RCEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commonwealth_Society" title="Royal Commonwealth Society">RCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Over-Seas_League" title="Royal Over-Seas League">ROSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_Seekers" title="Sound Seekers">SSI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations_membership_criteria" title="Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria">Membership criteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_membership_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Special membership of the Commonwealth of Nations">Special membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_from_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations">Suspension</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">High Commissioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Commonwealth of Nations">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Writers%27_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Writers' Prize">Commonwealth Writers' Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Youth_Parliament" title="Commonwealth Youth Parliament">Commonwealth Youth Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_movement" title="Round Table movement">Round Table movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Round_Table_(journal)" title="The Round Table (journal)">The Round Table Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_diaspora" title="Commonwealth diaspora">Commonwealth diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Baton_Relay" title="Queen's Baton Relay">King's Baton Relay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Nations-related_lists" title="Category:Commonwealth of Nations-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Extreme points of the Commonwealth of Nations">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_of_Nations_prime_ministers" title="List of Commonwealth of Nations prime ministers">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of Commonwealth visits made by Elizabeth II">Visits by Queen Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd>Current territory</dd> <dd>*Current <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd>†Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 (integrated into the UK) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li>†Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>23 since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a>13 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (†<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>15 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>23 since 1658</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a>12 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>14 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a>13 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>23 since 1816</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>12Now †<a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li>13<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of †<a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of †<a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li>14<a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li>15Now †<a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)26</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>18 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>19 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>19 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>18Now †<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, †<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and †<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li>19<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li>26Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>20 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a>21 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a>20 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a>20 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a>22 1892–1979</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a>20 1900–1974</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li>†*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>20Now part of the †<a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li>21Now †<a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li>22Now †<a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and †*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a>4 1670–1688</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>5 since 1833</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>5 since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>4Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li>5Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>23 since 1658</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>23 since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>23 since 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> since 1833</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> (transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>) 1841–1933</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> (transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>) 1841–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a>24 since 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>25 since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>23Since 2009 part of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li>24Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li>25Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&oldid=1259853988">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&oldid=1259853988</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_realms" title="Category:Commonwealth realms">Commonwealth realms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:History of the Commonwealth of Nations">History of the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governance_of_the_British_Empire" title="Category:Governance of the British Empire">Governance of the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Category:Monarchy of Canada">Monarchy of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Category:Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarchy of New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Category:Monarchy of Belize">Monarchy of Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Category:Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Personal_unions" title="Category:Personal unions">Personal unions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_May_2023" title="Category:EngvarB from May 2023">EngvarB from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2023">Use dmy dates from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from April 2023">Articles with failed verification from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 12:40 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_realm&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-skmml","wgBackendResponseTime":228,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.847","walltime":"2.171","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18281,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":450123,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21483,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":499072,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1709.619 1 -total"," 49.24% 841.794 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.47% 196.131 12 Template:Navbox"," 10.62% 181.488 35 Template:Cite_book"," 10.34% 176.694 18 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.14% 139.102 28 Template:Citation"," 6.79% 116.084 28 Template:Cite_web"," 5.20% 88.830 1 Template:Commonwealth_realms"," 5.15% 88.090 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.09% 87.080 2 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.967","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11299022,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"193–212\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalfour1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerriedale1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogdanor1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogdanor1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyce2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_Heraldic_Authority\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClement1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClerk_of_the_House_of_Commons1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoghill1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommonwealth_Network2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolidgeArmstron1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbett1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowen1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDale1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_II1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_II1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarthing1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsey1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalbraith1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasluck1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazellMorris2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeard1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigh_Commissioner_in_United_Kingdom1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilliker1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenks1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmanMacpherson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLefroy1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_and_Archives_Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_of_Parliament1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaitland1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichie1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonckton-Arundell1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Archives2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenheim1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParliament_of_Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimlott2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolle2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinMurray1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSackStewart1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalmond\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics_New_Zealand\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToporoski,_Richard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToporoski1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorrance2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorrance2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrepanier2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrepanier2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwomey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwomey2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTwomey2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwomey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalshe1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Paul_McClure_Kennedy1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYearwood2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Smith1949\"] = 1,\n [\"From_Queen_Elizabeth_II\u0026#039;s_accession\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 28,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite hansard\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 26,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth of Nations topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth realms\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Commonwealth Realm\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Dts\"] = 40,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 22,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 22,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 14,\n [\"Legend\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Monarchies\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"N/a\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 24,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Territories of the British Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"UN_Population\"] = 17,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.canary-649f9c45c7-2c9lc","timestamp":"20241127124056","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Commonwealth realm","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_realm","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q202686","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q202686","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-03T06:51:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T12:40:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4f\/Commonwealth_realms_map.svg","headline":"sovereign state headed by British monarch"}</script> </body> </html>