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title="Commons:Schöpfungshöhe (100% translated)" lang="de" dir="ltr">Deutsch</a></li> <li><span class="mw-pt-languages-ui mw-pt-languages-selected mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" lang="en" dir="ltr">English</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/eo" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Komunejo:Sojlo de originaleco (4% translated)" lang="eo" dir="ltr">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/vi" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Độ sáng tạo (49% translated)" lang="vi" dir="ltr">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/tr" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Özgünlük eşiği (17% translated)" lang="tr" dir="ltr">Türkçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/ca" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Llindar d'originalitat (11% translated)" lang="ca" dir="ltr">català</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/es" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Umbral de originalidad (60% translated)" lang="es" dir="ltr">español</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/fr" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Commons:Seuil d’originalité (89% translated)" lang="fr" dir="ltr">français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/it" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Soglia di originalità (45% translated)" lang="it" dir="ltr">italiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/pl" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Threshold of originality/pl (2% translated)" lang="pl" dir="ltr">polski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/pt-br" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Threshold of originality/pt-br (9% translated)" lang="pt-BR" dir="ltr">português do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/fi" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Teoskynnys (2% translated)" lang="fi" dir="ltr">suomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/cs" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Hranice originality (60% translated)" lang="cs" dir="ltr">čeština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/be-tarask" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Вікісховішча:Парог самабытнасьці (87% translated)" lang="be-tarask" dir="ltr">беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/ru" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Порог оригинальности (26% translated)" lang="ru" dir="ltr">русский</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/uk" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Поріг оригінальності (2% translated)" lang="uk" dir="ltr">українська</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/ar" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="كومنز:عتبة الأصالة (55% translated)" lang="ar" dir="rtl">العربية</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/gu" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:Threshold of originality/gu (4% translated)" lang="gu" dir="ltr">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/zh" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="共享资源:原创门槛 (91% translated)" lang="zh" dir="ltr">中文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/ja" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:独創性の水準 (62% translated)" lang="ja" dir="ltr">日本語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/ko" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="공용:창작성의 기준 (34% translated)" lang="ko" dir="ltr">한국어</a></li></ul></div> <p><span id="shortcut" class="coordinates" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Shortcuts" title="Commons:Shortcuts">Shortcuts</a>: <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:TO&redirect=no">COM:TO</a></span> • <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:TOO&redirect=no">COM:TOO</a></span> • <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:THRESHOLD&redirect=no">COM:THRESHOLD</a></span></span> </p> <div class="copyright-navbox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r356016536">.mw-parser-output .copyright-navbox{float:right;box-sizing:content-box;width:282px;margin:5px 0 10px 10px;border:1px solid #72777d;padding:5px;background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .copyright-navbox-title{border:1px solid #72777d;border-bottom:none;padding:5px;background-color:#ccf;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .copyright-navbox-caption{font-size:smaller}@media all and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .copyright-navbox{float:none;width:auto!important;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .copyright-navbox>div{float:none!important;width:auto!important}.mw-parser-output .copyright-navbox-images img{max-width:100%}}</style><div class="copyright-navbox-title"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blue_copyright.svg/20px-Blue_copyright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blue_copyright.svg/30px-Blue_copyright.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blue_copyright.svg/40px-Blue_copyright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="197"/></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules" title="Commons:Copyright rules">Copyright rules</a></div><div style="width:;text-align:center; line-height:normal; float:none; border:1px solid gray; font-size:smaller; margin-bottom:5px; padding:5px;background:#f8f8f8;"> <div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_subject_matter" title="Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter">Copyright rules by subject matter</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory">Copyright rules by territory</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags" title="Commons:Copyright tags">Copyright tags</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Cheque" title="Commons:Cheque">Cheque</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Commissioned_works" title="Commons:Commissioned works">Commissioned works</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Currency" title="Commons:Currency">Currency</a></span></li><li><i><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis" title="Commons:De minimis">De minimis</a></span></i></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Derivative_works" title="Commons:Derivative works">Derivative works</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Freedom_of_panorama" title="Commons:Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Government_works" title="Commons:Government works">Government works</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Stamps" title="Commons:Stamps">Stamps</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Threshold of originality</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Unprotected_works" title="Commons:Unprotected works">Unprotected works</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-signature_tag" title="Commons:When to use the PD-signature tag">When to use the PD-signature tag</a></span></li></ul></div> </div><div class="copyright-navbox-images"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtrak_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The logo of Amtrak is not considered a "work of authorship" because it only consists of simple text and shapes, so it is not an object of copyright in respect to US law. However, this logo is still protected by trademark laws."><img alt="The logo of Amtrak is not considered a "work of authorship" because it only consists of simple text and shapes, so it is not an object of copyright in respect to US law. However, this logo is still protected by trademark laws." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Amtrak_logo.svg/282px-Amtrak_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="282" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Amtrak_logo.svg/423px-Amtrak_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Amtrak_logo.svg/564px-Amtrak_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="55"/></a></span><div class="copyright-navbox-caption">The logo of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" class="extiw" title="w:Amtrak">Amtrak</a> is not considered a "work of authorship" because it only consists of simple text and shapes, so it is not an object of copyright in respect to US law. However, this logo is still protected by <a href="/wiki/Commons:Non-copyright_restrictions#Trademark_law" title="Commons:Non-copyright restrictions">trademark laws</a>.</div></div><div style="; background:linear-gradient(#f6f6f6,white);padding-left:5px;padding-right:5px;margin-left:5px;margin-right:5px; text-align:center"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Threshold of originality</a><br/><span style="background:linear-gradient(white,#f6f6f6);border:1px solid #cccccc;border-top:none;border-left:none;padding-top:none;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/Africa" title="Commons:Threshold of originality/Africa">Africa</a></span> <span style="background:linear-gradient(white,#f6f6f6);border:1px solid #cccccc;border-top:none;border-left:none;padding-top:none;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/Americas" title="Commons:Threshold of originality/Americas">Americas</a></span> <span style="background:linear-gradient(white,#f6f6f6);border:1px solid #cccccc;border-top:none;border-left:none;padding-top:none;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/Asia" title="Commons:Threshold of originality/Asia">Asia</a></span> <span style="background:linear-gradient(white,#f6f6f6);border:1px solid #cccccc;border-top:none;border-left:none;padding-top:none;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/Europe" title="Commons:Threshold of originality/Europe">Europe</a></span> <span style="background:linear-gradient(white,#f6f6f6);border:1px solid #cccccc;border-top:none;border-left:none;padding-top:none;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/Oceania" title="Commons:Threshold of originality/Oceania">Oceania</a></span> <span style="background:linear-gradient(white,#f6f6f6);border:1px solid #cccccc;border-top:none;border-left:none;padding-top:none;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/Others" title="Commons:Threshold of originality/Others">Others</a></span></div></div> <p>The <b>threshold of originality</b> is a concept in copyright law that is used to assess whether or not a particular work, or a portion of it, can be copyrighted. It is used to distinguish works that are sufficiently original to warrant copyright protection from those that are not. In this context, "originality" refers to <i>"coming from someone as the originator/author"</i> (insofar as it somehow reflects the author's personality), rather than <i>"never having occurred or existed before"</i> (which would amount to the protection of something new, as in patent protection). </p><p>As a rule, copyright applies to a work as a whole. If a work contains a portion that is complex enough to receive copyright protection, then the whole work is considered to be copyrighted. One cannot upload said work to Commons by applying <i><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis" title="Commons:De minimis">de minimis</a></i> to the non-trivial portion. </p><p>The remainder of this page discusses images judged ineligible for copyright protection by a court or similar authority. It is usually impossible to determine whether a specific image is within the threshold of originality without a judicial decision. However, per <a href="/wiki/Commons:Project_scope/Precautionary_principle" title="Commons:Project scope/Precautionary principle">precautionary principle</a>, the image should be deleted if there is significant doubt that the image is not copyrighted. </p><p>For further information, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Threshold_of_originality" class="extiw" title="w:en:Threshold of originality">Threshold of originality</a> on Wikipedia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Threshold_of_originality_variations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Threshold_of_originality_variations.png/220px-Threshold_of_originality_variations.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Threshold_of_originality_variations.png/330px-Threshold_of_originality_variations.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Threshold_of_originality_variations.png/440px-Threshold_of_originality_variations.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="766"/></a><figcaption>A descriptive infographic showing how the "Threshold of originality" varies by region.</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Map"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Map</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#United_States_of_America"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>United States of America</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Civil_law_countries"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Civil law countries</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Afghanistan"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Afghanistan</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Argentina"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Argentina</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Austria"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Austria</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Brazil"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Brazil</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Czech_Republic"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Czech Republic</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Chile"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Chile</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#China"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>China</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Denmark"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Denmark</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Ecuador"><span class="tocnumber">3.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Ecuador</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Finland"><span class="tocnumber">3.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Finland</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">3.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>France</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">3.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Germany</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Greece"><span class="tocnumber">3.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Greece</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Hungary"><span class="tocnumber">3.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Hungary</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Indonesia"><span class="tocnumber">3.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Indonesia</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Iran"><span class="tocnumber">3.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Iran</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Italy"><span class="tocnumber">3.17</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Italy</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Japan"><span class="tocnumber">3.18</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Japan</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Libya"><span class="tocnumber">3.19</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Libya</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Luxembourg"><span class="tocnumber">3.20</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Luxembourg</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Mexico"><span class="tocnumber">3.21</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Mexico</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Netherlands"><span class="tocnumber">3.22</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Netherlands</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Norway"><span class="tocnumber">3.23</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Norway</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Peru"><span class="tocnumber">3.24</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Peru</span></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Simple_photographs"><span class="tocnumber">3.24.1</span> <span class="toctext">Simple photographs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Videographic_process"><span class="tocnumber">3.24.2</span> <span class="toctext">Videographic process</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Logos,_designs_and_other_works"><span class="tocnumber">3.24.3</span> <span class="toctext">Logos, designs and other works</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Philippines"><span class="tocnumber">3.25</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Philippines</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Poland"><span class="tocnumber">3.26</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Poland</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Portugal"><span class="tocnumber">3.27</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Portugal</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Russia"><span class="tocnumber">3.28</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Russia</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Senegal"><span class="tocnumber">3.29</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Senegal</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Slovenia"><span class="tocnumber">3.30</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Slovenia</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#South_Korea"><span class="tocnumber">3.31</span> <span class="toctext"><span>South Korea</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Spain"><span class="tocnumber">3.32</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Spain</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Sweden"><span class="tocnumber">3.33</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Sweden</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Switzerland"><span class="tocnumber">3.34</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Switzerland</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Taiwan"><span class="tocnumber">3.35</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Taiwan</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Turkey"><span class="tocnumber">3.36</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Turkey</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Common_law_countries"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Common law countries</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Australia</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Canada</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Hong_Kong"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Hong Kong</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#India"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>India</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Ireland"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Ireland</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Israel"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Israel</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Malaysia"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Malaysia</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Nigeria"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Nigeria</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#New_Zealand"><span class="tocnumber">4.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>New Zealand</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Singapore"><span class="tocnumber">4.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Singapore</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">4.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>United Kingdom</span></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Digital_copies_of_images"><span class="tocnumber">4.11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Digital copies of images</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Logos_and_flags"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Logos and flags</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Flags"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Flags</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Governmental_flags"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Governmental flags</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Flags_by_Private_Individuals/Organizations"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Flags by Private Individuals/Organizations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Photographs"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Photographs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Maps"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Maps</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Charts"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Charts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Partial_copying_or_cropping_of_copyrighted_works"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Partial copying or cropping of copyrighted works</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Lower_threshold_in_United_Kingdom_etc."><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Lower threshold in United Kingdom etc.</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Map" data-mw-thread-id="h-Map"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Map"></span>Map<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Map"></span></h2></div> <dl><dd><i>[This illustration is not explained enough. You may edit the page to make it clearer.]</i></dd></dl> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Threshold_of_originality_world_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Threshold_of_originality_world_map.svg/900px-Threshold_of_originality_world_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="900" height="457" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Threshold_of_originality_world_map.svg/1350px-Threshold_of_originality_world_map.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Threshold_of_originality_world_map.svg/1800px-Threshold_of_originality_world_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260"/></a></span></div></div></div></div> <p><br/> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r355912508">.mw-parser-output .crt-section-header{background-color:#f8f8f8}.mw-parser-output .crt-section-transcludedfrom{float:right;margin-left:5px;margin-right:0;border:1px solid gray;background:linear-gradient(white,#f8f8f8);padding:5px;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .crt-section-header[dir="ltr"] .crt-section-transcludedfrom{float:right;margin-left:5px;margin-right:0}.mw-parser-output .crt-section-header[dir="rtl"] .crt-section-transcludedfrom{float:left;margin-right:5px;margin-left:0}</style><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_States#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United States">COM:TOO United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="United_States_of_America" id="United_States" data-mw-thread-id="h-United_States"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-United_States"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:United_States" class="extiw" title="w:en:United States"><span title="country primarily located in North America">United States of America</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-United_States"></span></h2></div></div><p> These images are <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> to upload to Commons, because they are below the threshold of originality required for copyright protection. </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Morgan06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bridgeman v Corel 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999): court ruling that 2D photographs of the original art has no valid claims for new copyrights (case description)"><img alt="Bridgeman v Corel 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999): court ruling that 2D photographs of the original art has no valid claims for new copyrights (case description)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Frederick_Morgan06.jpg/120px-Frederick_Morgan06.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Frederick_Morgan06.jpg/180px-Frederick_Morgan06.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Frederick_Morgan06.jpg/240px-Frederick_Morgan06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="504"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bridgeman v Corel</i> 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999): court ruling that 2D photographs of the original art has no valid claims for new copyrights (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp." class="extiw" title="w:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.">case description</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_Saints_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NFL abandoned its copyright claims on the fleur-de-lis (news report)"><img alt="NFL abandoned its copyright claims on the fleur-de-lis (news report)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/New_Orleans_Saints_logo.svg/98px-New_Orleans_Saints_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/New_Orleans_Saints_logo.svg/148px-New_Orleans_Saints_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/New_Orleans_Saints_logo.svg/197px-New_Orleans_Saints_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="234"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">NFL abandoned its copyright claims on the fleur-de-lis (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legalnewsline.com/news/225330-louisiana-ag-brokers-end-to-who-dat-spat">news report</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Best_Western_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Best Western hotels: Consists of letters plus a simple border. None of these is eligible for copyright protection in United States. (authority)"><img alt="Best Western hotels: Consists of letters plus a simple border. None of these is eligible for copyright protection in United States. (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Best_Western_logo.svg/120px-Best_Western_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Best_Western_logo.svg/180px-Best_Western_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Best_Western_logo.svg/240px-Best_Western_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="519"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Best Western hotels: Consists of letters plus a simple border. None of these is eligible for copyright protection in United States. (<a href="/wiki/File:Best_Western_Logo.pdf" class="mw-redirect" title="File:Best Western Logo.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DUB_Magazine_Logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DUB magazine: Consists of letters only. None of these is eligible for copyright protection in United States. (authority)"><img alt="DUB magazine: Consists of letters only. None of these is eligible for copyright protection in United States. (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DUB_Magazine_Logo.jpg/120px-DUB_Magazine_Logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DUB_Magazine_Logo.jpg/180px-DUB_Magazine_Logo.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DUB_Magazine_Logo.jpg/240px-DUB_Magazine_Logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="272"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>DUB</i> magazine: Consists of letters only. None of these is eligible for copyright protection in United States. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipmall.info/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/CopyrightAppeals/2008/DUBLOGO_Appeal_080514.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikken_logo_and_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nikken USA Inc. (authority)"><img alt="Nikken USA Inc. (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nikken_logo_and_wordmark.svg/99px-Nikken_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nikken_logo_and_wordmark.svg/148px-Nikken_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nikken_logo_and_wordmark.svg/198px-Nikken_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="487"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nikken USA Inc. (<a href="/wiki/File:Nikken_logo_US_Copyright_Office_decision.pdf" title="File:Nikken logo US Copyright Office decision.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JeetKuneDo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bruce Lee core symbol (authority)"><img alt="Bruce Lee core symbol (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/JeetKuneDo.svg/120px-JeetKuneDo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/JeetKuneDo.svg/180px-JeetKuneDo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/JeetKuneDo.svg/240px-JeetKuneDo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="711"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bruce Lee core symbol (<a href="/wiki/File:Bruce_Lee_Core_Symbol_US_Copyright_Office_decision.pdf" title="File:Bruce Lee Core Symbol US Copyright Office decision.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NY_Arrows_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="New York Arrows logo (case report)"><img alt="New York Arrows logo (case report)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NY_Arrows_logo.png/120px-NY_Arrows_logo.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NY_Arrows_logo.png/180px-NY_Arrows_logo.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NY_Arrows_logo.png/240px-NY_Arrows_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="175"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">New York Arrows logo (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openjurist.org/802/f2d/989/john-muller-company-inc-v-new-york-arrows-soccer-team-inc">case report</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CarCreditCity.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Car Credit City logo: Copyright office ruled this logo too simple to be protected, but a slightly more complicated version (shown in the linked letter) was accepted for registration (authority)"><img alt="Car Credit City logo: Copyright office ruled this logo too simple to be protected, but a slightly more complicated version (shown in the linked letter) was accepted for registration (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CarCreditCity.png/120px-CarCreditCity.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CarCreditCity.png/180px-CarCreditCity.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/CarCreditCity.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="104"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Car Credit City logo: Copyright office ruled this logo too simple to be protected, but a slightly more complicated version (shown in the linked letter) was accepted for registration (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipmall.info/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/CopyrightAppeals/2006/CCC%20Logo.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%27ni_Letters_Vs_Numerals.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Symbols for "Myst" (authority)"><img alt="Symbols for "Myst" (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/D%27ni_Letters_Vs_Numerals.svg/120px-D%27ni_Letters_Vs_Numerals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/D%27ni_Letters_Vs_Numerals.svg/180px-D%27ni_Letters_Vs_Numerals.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/D%27ni_Letters_Vs_Numerals.svg/240px-D%27ni_Letters_Vs_Numerals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="164"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Symbols for "Myst" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipmall.info/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/CopyrightAppeals/2004/Mark%20Hendricksen.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graceland_S_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Letter S (authority)"><img alt="Letter S (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Graceland_S_logo.svg/118px-Graceland_S_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Graceland_S_logo.svg/177px-Graceland_S_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Graceland_S_logo.svg/236px-Graceland_S_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="521"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Letter S (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipmall.info/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/CopyrightAppeals/2005/Lara%20Dickey%20Lewis.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I_heart_my_marine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="(authority)"><img alt="(authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/I_heart_my_marine.png/120px-I_heart_my_marine.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/I_heart_my_marine.png/180px-I_heart_my_marine.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/I_heart_my_marine.png/240px-I_heart_my_marine.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="538"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipmall.info/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/CopyrightAppeals/2005/Arthur%20Yeager%2005.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luv_Sailor.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Registration was cancelled (authority)"><img alt="Registration was cancelled (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Luv_Sailor.JPG/120px-Luv_Sailor.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Luv_Sailor.JPG/180px-Luv_Sailor.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Luv_Sailor.JPG/240px-Luv_Sailor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="488"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Registration was cancelled (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipmall.info/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/CopyrightAppeals/2005/Frederick%20Page%2005.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeff_Ho_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Registration refused (authority)"><img alt="Registration refused (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jeff_Ho_logo.png/120px-Jeff_Ho_logo.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Jeff_Ho_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="121" data-file-height="121"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Registration refused (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipmall.info/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/CopyrightAppeals/1997/Daniel%20M.%20Cislo,%20Esq001.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyy_vodka_blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ets-Hokin v Skyy Spirits Inc.: Photo is eligible for copyright protection, but not the bottle"><img alt="Ets-Hokin v Skyy Spirits Inc.: Photo is eligible for copyright protection, but not the bottle" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Skyy_vodka_blue.jpg/80px-Skyy_vodka_blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Skyy_vodka_blue.jpg/120px-Skyy_vodka_blue.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Skyy_vodka_blue.jpg/160px-Skyy_vodka_blue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ets-Hokin_v._Skyy_Spirits_Inc." class="extiw" title="s:Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits Inc."><i>Ets-Hokin v Skyy Spirits Inc.</i></a>: Photo is eligible for copyright protection, but not the bottle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uncle_Sam_mechanical_bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A plastic version lacked originality (L Batlin & Son v. Snyder)"><img alt="A plastic version lacked originality (L Batlin & Son v. Snyder)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Uncle_Sam_mechanical_bank.jpg/68px-Uncle_Sam_mechanical_bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Uncle_Sam_mechanical_bank.jpg/102px-Uncle_Sam_mechanical_bank.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Uncle_Sam_mechanical_bank.jpg/135px-Uncle_Sam_mechanical_bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="1031"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A plastic version lacked originality (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coolcopyright.com/cases/chp2/batlinsnyder.htm">L <i>Batlin & Son v. Snyder</i></a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koosh_Ball_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Koosh balls; "inseparable", OddzOn Products, Inc. v. Oman (case report)"><img alt="Koosh balls; "inseparable", OddzOn Products, Inc. v. Oman (case report)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Koosh_Ball_Wall.jpg/120px-Koosh_Ball_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Koosh_Ball_Wall.jpg/180px-Koosh_Ball_Wall.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Koosh_Ball_Wall.jpg/240px-Koosh_Ball_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="601"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Koosh balls; "inseparable", <i>OddzOn Products, Inc. v. Oman</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openjurist.org/924/f2d/346/oddzon-products-inc-v-oman">case report</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arkansas_map_by_Sean_Pecor.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Arkansas: Addition of shading, colors, labels to a free black and white outline map (case report)"><img alt="Map of Arkansas: Addition of shading, colors, labels to a free black and white outline map (case report)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Arkansas_map_by_Sean_Pecor.png/120px-Arkansas_map_by_Sean_Pecor.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Arkansas_map_by_Sean_Pecor.png/180px-Arkansas_map_by_Sean_Pecor.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Arkansas_map_by_Sean_Pecor.png/240px-Arkansas_map_by_Sean_Pecor.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="413"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Arkansas: Addition of shading, colors, labels to a free black and white outline map (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509002103/http://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/Opinions/Published/061177.P.pdf">case report</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenue_of_the_Saints_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avenue of the Saints logo; registration refused despite compilation copyright claim for arrangement of otherwise unprotectable elements (authority)"><img alt="Avenue of the Saints logo; registration refused despite compilation copyright claim for arrangement of otherwise unprotectable elements (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Avenue_of_the_Saints_logo.svg/120px-Avenue_of_the_Saints_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Avenue_of_the_Saints_logo.svg/180px-Avenue_of_the_Saints_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Avenue_of_the_Saints_logo.svg/240px-Avenue_of_the_Saints_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="500"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Avenue of the Saints logo; registration refused despite compilation copyright claim for arrangement of otherwise unprotectable elements (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipmall.info/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/CopyrightAppeals/2011/McKeeVoorheesSease110728.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geek_Squad_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geek Squad logo (authority)"><img alt="Geek Squad logo (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Geek_Squad_logo.svg/120px-Geek_Squad_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Geek_Squad_logo.svg/180px-Geek_Squad_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Geek_Squad_logo.svg/240px-Geek_Squad_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="100"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Geek Squad logo (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipmall.info/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/CopyrightAppeals/2012/Jaworski120413.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subway_logo_(with_slogan).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Subway logo (authority)"><img alt="Subway logo (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Subway_logo_%28with_slogan%29.svg/120px-Subway_logo_%28with_slogan%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Subway_logo_%28with_slogan%29.svg/180px-Subway_logo_%28with_slogan%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Subway_logo_%28with_slogan%29.svg/240px-Subway_logo_%28with_slogan%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="145"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Subway logo (<a href="/wiki/File:Subway_logo_US_Copyright_Office_decision.pdf" title="File:Subway logo US Copyright Office decision.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Discover-it.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Discover It logo: the Copyright Office found that the elements, including the shading effect, were insufficiently creative to be copyright-eligible (authority)"><img alt="Discover It logo: the Copyright Office found that the elements, including the shading effect, were insufficiently creative to be copyright-eligible (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Discover-it.png/120px-Discover-it.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Discover-it.png/180px-Discover-it.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Discover-it.png/240px-Discover-it.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="401"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Discover It logo: the Copyright Office found that the elements, including the shading effect, were insufficiently creative to be copyright-eligible (<a href="/wiki/File:Discover_It_Design_US_Copyright_Office_decision.pdf" title="File:Discover It Design US Copyright Office decision.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyberpunk_2077_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cyberpunk 2077 logo (authority)"><img alt="Cyberpunk 2077 logo (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cyberpunk_2077_logo.svg/120px-Cyberpunk_2077_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cyberpunk_2077_logo.svg/180px-Cyberpunk_2077_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cyberpunk_2077_logo.svg/240px-Cyberpunk_2077_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="171"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cyberpunk 2077</i> logo (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077_logo_(USCO_Review_Board,_2022)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Cyberpunk 2077 logo (USCO Review Board, 2022)">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Angeles_Football_Club.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Los Angeles FC logo (authority)"><img alt="Los Angeles FC logo (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Los_Angeles_Football_Club.svg/88px-Los_Angeles_Football_Club.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Los_Angeles_Football_Club.svg/132px-Los_Angeles_Football_Club.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Los_Angeles_Football_Club.svg/176px-Los_Angeles_Football_Club.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="252"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Los Angeles FC logo (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/la-wing-design-logos.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nikon logo (authority)"><img alt="Nikon logo (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nikon_Logo.svg/120px-Nikon_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nikon_Logo.svg/180px-Nikon_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nikon_Logo.svg/240px-Nikon_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nikon logo (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/nikon-brand-logo.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francisco_Shock_(logo).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Francisco Shock logo (authority)"><img alt="San Francisco Shock logo (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/San_Francisco_Shock_%28logo%29.svg/120px-San_Francisco_Shock_%28logo%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/San_Francisco_Shock_%28logo%29.svg/180px-San_Francisco_Shock_%28logo%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/San_Francisco_Shock_%28logo%29.svg/240px-San_Francisco_Shock_%28logo%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="111"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">San Francisco Shock logo (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/sf-shock-logos.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commvault_logo_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commvault Systems hexagon logo (authority)"><img alt="Commvault Systems hexagon logo (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Commvault_logo_2019.svg/120px-Commvault_logo_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Commvault_logo_2019.svg/180px-Commvault_logo_2019.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Commvault_logo_2019.svg/240px-Commvault_logo_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="267"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commvault Systems hexagon logo (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/commvault-hexagon-graphic-artwork.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Owned_American_Made_Logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American Made Logo (authority)"><img alt="American Made Logo (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/American_Owned_American_Made_Logo.jpg/120px-American_Owned_American_Made_Logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/American_Owned_American_Made_Logo.jpg/180px-American_Owned_American_Made_Logo.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/American_Owned_American_Made_Logo.jpg/240px-American_Owned_American_Made_Logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="425"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American Made Logo (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/american-made.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamba_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jamba Juice logo (authority)"><img alt="Jamba Juice logo (authority)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jamba_logo.svg/120px-Jamba_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jamba_logo.svg/180px-Jamba_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jamba_logo.svg/240px-Jamba_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="188"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jamba Juice logo (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/whirl-design.pdf">authority</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oct_31,_1973_(Today_Series,_Tuesday)_On_Kawara.png" class="mw-file-description" title="“Art” by On Kawara"><img alt="“Art” by On Kawara" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Oct_31%2C_1973_%28Today_Series%2C_Tuesday%29_On_Kawara.png/120px-Oct_31%2C_1973_%28Today_Series%2C_Tuesday%29_On_Kawara.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Oct_31%2C_1973_%28Today_Series%2C_Tuesday%29_On_Kawara.png/180px-Oct_31%2C_1973_%28Today_Series%2C_Tuesday%29_On_Kawara.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Oct_31%2C_1973_%28Today_Series%2C_Tuesday%29_On_Kawara.png/240px-Oct_31%2C_1973_%28Today_Series%2C_Tuesday%29_On_Kawara.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2051"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> “Art” by On Kawara</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One_million_years.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Book by On Kawara, which consists only of dates."><img alt="Book by On Kawara, which consists only of dates." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/One_million_years.jpg/120px-One_million_years.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/One_million_years.jpg/180px-One_million_years.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/One_million_years.jpg/240px-One_million_years.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Book by On Kawara, which consists only of dates.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Despite repeated requests, the US Copyright Office found the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vodafone_2017_logo.svg" class="extiw" title="w:File:Vodafone 2017 logo.svg">Vodafone speechmark</a> (shaded version) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/vodafone-speechmark.pdf">ineligible for copyright protection</a>. It cannot, however, be uploaded to Commons because it's a UK logo. </p><p>These are <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> to upload to Commons (unless published under a free license by the copyright holder), because they are above the threshold of originality required for copyright protection. </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190102061605/http://no-solicitors-sign.com/">These two "no soliciting" signs</a>, although arguably relatively simple, have been issued copyright registration numbers by the United States Copyright Office, which means that they have been reviewed and determined to be eligible for copyright protection. It should be noted that the copyright registration applies to the images as a whole, including their borders.</li> <li>A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20180305012819/https://www.ipmall.info/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/CopyrightAppeals/2006/CCC%20Logo.pdf">variant</a> of <a href="/wiki/File:CarCreditCity.png" title="File:CarCreditCity.png">File:CarCreditCity.png</a> with an extra border.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/american-airlines.pdf">American Airlines flight symbol</a> VA0002130520; Copyright Office <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/american-airlines-flight-symbol.pdf">initially</a> refused copyright as being just below the threshold, but upon a higher-resolution submission of the artwork, decided that the shading plus the arrangement pushed the logo just above the threshold and granted a registration. (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:American_Airlines_logo_2013.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:American Airlines logo 2013.svg">DR</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disney_Junior.svg" class="extiw" title="w:File:Disney Junior.svg">w:File:Disney Junior.svg</a> (VA0001927957).</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_logo.svg" class="extiw" title="w:File:Prince logo.svg">w:File:Prince logo.svg</a> (VA0000832222).</li> <li>The "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive.org/web/20160305190025/http://www.collenip.com/costcoomega/Omega%20Globe%20Design.JPG">Omega Globe Design</a>" (VAu000574660) was assumed to be copyrightable by the Ninth Circuit US Court of Appeals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Works from other countries which are above the threshold of originality of the United States but below the threshold of originality of the source country (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/780_F2d_189.htm">Hasbro Bradley, Inc. v. Sparkle Toys, Inc.</a></i>)</li> <li>New <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_and_scan" class="extiw" title="w:Pan and scan">"pan and scan"</a> versions of films where a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widescreen" class="extiw" title="w:Widescreen">widescreen</a> film has been resized to fit the size of a TV screen even if the existing widescreen film is uncopyrighted (<i>Maljack Productions, Inc. v. UAV Corp.</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1951, <a href="/wiki/File:Blueboymezz.jpg" title="File:Blueboymezz.jpg">this mezzotint</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190217081555/https://coolcopyright.com/contents/chapter-2/alfred-bell-v-catalda-fine-arts">reproduction</a> of an <a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Gainsborough_-_The_Blue_Boy_(1770).jpg" title="File:Thomas Gainsborough - The Blue Boy (1770).jpg">existing uncopyrighted painting</a> was found to be copyrightable.</li> <li>The clothing designs found on pp. 4–5 of the Sixth Circuit's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/15a0194p-06.pdf">decision</a> in <i>Varsity Brands et al. v. Star Athletica</i> (2015).</li> <li>The PAC 12 shield logo <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pac-12_logo.svg" class="extiw" title="en:File:Pac-12 logo.svg">en:File:Pac-12 logo.svg</a> (V3617D047).</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Android_robot.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="VA0001789579 (and CC-BY 3.0)"><img alt="VA0001789579 (and CC-BY 3.0)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Android_robot.svg/102px-Android_robot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Android_robot.svg/153px-Android_robot.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Android_robot.svg/204px-Android_robot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="601"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/cSqCD">VA0001789579</a> (and CC-BY 3.0)</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Five-element-cycles.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Five-element-cycles.jpg (page does not exist)">File:Five-element-cycles.jpg</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.gettyimages.de/detail/illustration/five-element-cycles-wu-xing-lizenfreie-illustration/526533067">[2]</a>): The arrangement is under a copyright, according to <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/357754252#Five-element-cycles" title="Special:PermanentLink/357754252">WMF Legal</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BP_Helios_logo.svg" class="extiw" title="w:File:BP Helios logo.svg">w:File:BP Helios logo.svg</a> is <a href="/wiki/Special:Diff/379284338" title="Special:Diff/379284338">eligible for copyright in the US according to WMF legal</a>, though "<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_in_Category:BP_logos" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:BP logos">not by a lot, but just enough</a>". Note that Commons policy on the country of origin requires this logo to be judged by <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Kingdom#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Kingdom">UK standards</a>. The creativity needed for copyright protection in the UK and most other common law countries is much lower; legal only commented on the threshold of originality in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:REMAX_hot_air_balloon_logo.svg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:REMAX hot air balloon logo.svg (page does not exist)">File:REMAX hot air balloon logo.svg</a>: The logo was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/remax-hot-air-balloon-logo.pdf">denied copyright registration</a> as a trivial simplification of an earlier 1998 logo. However, that does not mean that the work as a whole is uncopyrightable; it is still a derivative work of the original logo, and <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:REMAX_hot_air_balloon_logo.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:REMAX hot air balloon logo.svg">DR consensus</a> was that unlike <a href="/wiki/File:Mickey_Mouse_head_and_ears.svg" title="File:Mickey Mouse head and ears.svg">File:Mickey Mouse head and ears.svg</a>, the derivative still had sufficient creative elements to be copyrightable.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NVIDIA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="VA0001427710 (and Apache License 2.0)"><img alt="VA0001427710 (and Apache License 2.0)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NVIDIA_logo.svg/120px-NVIDIA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NVIDIA_logo.svg/180px-NVIDIA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NVIDIA_logo.svg/240px-NVIDIA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="137"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/vbG9I">VA0001427710</a> (and Apache License 2.0)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Twitter.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="VA0001950611 (and Apache License 2.0)"><img alt="VA0001950611 (and Apache License 2.0)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/120px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/180px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/240px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="421"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=VA0001950611&Search_Code=REGS&CNT=25&PID=4ilrksKRrZTxG6Vc0oBAkh-tuj9v&SID=1%7C">VA0001950611</a> (and Apache License 2.0)</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PBS_logo.svg" class="extiw" title="w:File:PBS logo.svg">w:File:PBS logo.svg</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PBS_(1984-2019)_logo.svg" class="extiw" title="w:File:PBS (1984-2019) logo.svg">w:File:PBS (1984-2019) logo.svg</a>: The PBS logo (VA0001310087). Also see <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_in_Category:PBS_(United_States)" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:PBS (United States)">DR1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:PBS_Logo.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:PBS Logo.svg">DR2</a></li> <li>Juneteenth flag (on English Wikipedia as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juneteenth_flag.webp" class="extiw" title="en:File:Juneteenth flag.webp">en:File:Juneteenth flag.webp</a>) (VAu000488555)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Paintings</dt></dl> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> for most paintings. </p><p>Even seemingly simple paintings consisting of geometric shapes are often copyrighted due to details that may not be immediately obvious to the viewer. </p> <ul><li>Photographic reproductions of paintings by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rothko" class="extiw" title="w:Mark Rothko">Mark Rothko</a> have been granted registration by the US Copyright Office, so it is reasonable to assume that the original works are also copyrighted. <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arthive.com/markrothko/works/336613~No_16_Red_white_and_brown">Red, white and brown</a></i> (VA0000089094)</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <p>Although the threshold of originality for non-graphic works (such as architecture and sound recordings) follow the same standards, such cases can be difficult to determine. </p> <ul><li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=-ihRPi4wcBY">five-note melody</a> that typically accompanies Intel's logo was granted copyright protection because it "combined and blended synthesized, digital sounds" and was "refined and mastered with a special spatial enhancer." <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Anish Kapoor's <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Gate" class="extiw" title="w:Cloud Gate">Cloud Gate</a></i> is a relatively simple 3D sculpture that was deemed eligible for copyright (VA0001983425)</li> <li>The replica of public domain object <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" class="extiw" title="w:Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></i> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_and_Casino" class="extiw" title="w:New York-New York Hotel and Casino">New York-New York Hotel and Casino</a> is deemed eligible for copyright, also the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" class="extiw" title="w:United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> is being sued for copyright infringement for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/artist_sues_us_over_statue_of_liberty_stamp_says_it_depicts_vegas_sculpture">famously</a> (and mistakenly) using this statue instead of the real Statue of Liberty on its Forever stamps. (VAu001149387 and VA0001882070) also see (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_in_Category:Statues_of_Liberty_at_New_York-New_York_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Statues of Liberty at New York-New York Hotel and Casino">DR1</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_in_Category:Liberty_Statue_(New_York,_New_York_hotel)" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Liberty Statue (New York, New York hotel)">DR2</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Civil_law_countries" data-mw-thread-id="h-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Civil_law_countries"></span>Civil law countries<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Civil_law_countries"></span></h2></div> <p>Civil law countries usually require a relatively high minimum level of intellectual creativity which will exclude typical signatures and simple logos from copyright protection. However, this does not apply to all such countries. For example, Austria and China are both known to have a relatively low threshold of originality, while a few simple logos from the Philippines gained copyright registrations from the country's Intellectual Property Office. </p><p><i>If you are aware of specific case law or legal advice on this issue in any country, please add a "Threshold of originality" section to the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory">Commons:Copyright rules by territory</a> country subpage, and add a link to it with an entry below.</i> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Afghanistan#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Afghanistan">COM:TOO Afghanistan</a></div> <h4 id="Afghanistan" id="Afghanistan" data-mw-thread-id="h-Afghanistan-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Afghanistan-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Afghanistan" class="extiw" title="w:en:Afghanistan"><span title="country in Central and South Asia">Afghanistan</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Afghanistan-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> According to the 2008 Copyright Law, work that may be protected includes: Photography work that has been created using an innovative mode; Innovative work of handicraft or industrial art (carpet designs, rugs, felt carpet and its attachments etc.); Innovative work which has been created based on the public culture (folklore) or national cultural heritage and art.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[2008 Article 6(1) items 7-9]</sup></span> </p><div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Argentina#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Argentina">COM:TOO Argentina</a></div> <h4 id="Argentina" id="Argentina" data-mw-thread-id="h-Argentina-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Argentina-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Argentina" class="extiw" title="w:en:Argentina"><span title="sovereign state in South America">Argentina</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Argentina-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> The creations are subject to a threshold of originality that distinguishes them from others by giving their personal imprint.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Austria#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Austria">COM:TOO Austria</a></div> <h4 id="Austria" id="Austria" data-mw-thread-id="h-Austria-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Austria-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Austria" class="extiw" title="w:en:Austria"><span title="country in Central Europe">Austria</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Austria-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> Austria has a low threshold of originality despite being a civil law country. See the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Urheberrechtsfragen/Archiv/2010/05#öUrhG_strenger_als_dUrhG,_was_tun_-_war_"Geschmacksmusterrecht"" class="extiw" title="de:Wikipedia:Urheberrechtsfragen/Archiv/2010/05">archived discussion</a> on the German Wikipedia. </p><p>These logos are <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b>: </p> <ul><li>Bauer Logo.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Zimmermann Fitness logo.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Brazil#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Brazil">COM:TOO Brazil</a></div> <h4 id="Brazil" id="Brazil" data-mw-thread-id="h-Brazil-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Brazil-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Brazil" class="extiw" title="w:en:Brazil"><span title="country in South America">Brazil</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Brazil-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> There are some court cases related to threshold of originality in Brazil. According to one study, and the court decisions contained in it, the concept of creativity in Brazil is way more strict and exigent than in the United States, and consequently the threshold of originality is considerably higher than the United States, which is the general reference in Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b>. In the case of <i>Boneco de Preço Miúdo</i> (2011), puppets that were a tridimensional and humanized version of a logo were deemed by the court to lack enough originality to be protected. The court considered that there was no originality or unpublished work in the puppets because they represented an already existing symbol (the supermarket's logo), and that there were already previous 3D and humanized versions of that logo. The court did not grant any value nor legal protection to the specific 3D and humanized version of the logo in question, and called it something like a "stylization subordinate to a previous idea".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b>. Copyright for compilations/ reorganizations of already existing elements has often been rejected on court, hinting that the threshold for what constitutes an "intellectual creation" in this respect is quite high in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b>. Slogans are generally acceptable. In rare occasions they may be protected, when there is such a level of creativity as to attain the level of a literary work. For example, in the <i>Guerra das Moedas</i> court case (2013), copyright in the expression was not recognized by the court. The verdict stated that the language is the cultural patrimony of the people, so language expressions can't be protected by law. The Rede Globo vs. Ronaldo Ciambroni case was similar.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some examples help define which photos are, and are not, "artistic creations", and therefore object of protection under the 1973 copyright law: </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b>. The facade of the Jung Frau building, in <a href="/wiki/Category:Joinville" title="Category:Joinville">Joinville</a>, as well as partial views of the city, when photographed in an obvious simple way, without employment of any special ("<i>diferenciada</i>") technique". The court ruled: "photographs are not considered artistic creations ... that portray in a manifestly simple way, without use of any differentiated technique, the front of a residential building and a partial view of the city, under a service contract with a real estate business with a predefined advertising purpose"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b>. Simple documentary, descriptive photographs in general, such as photographs documenting social reunions: In SC-AC 111630 SC 2002.011163-0 (2006): "mere photographic documentation, without artistic character, does not qualify for copyright ... making it possible to use a copy without mention of the photographer's name, since, according to Brazilian law, only artistic photography (by choice of the object and conditions of execution) is listed among protected works. ... [for example] with documentary photographs of social gatherings, where the author was performing duties for the defendant, a reference to the photographer's name is not required because it is not an artistic work..."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b>. A 2000 ruling stated: "Photographs for identity documents, produced by automatic machines, are not artistic works. ... Neither should purely technical photographs, which reproduce a certain object without the slightest artistic concern, be protected by copyright."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> Another 2000 decision stated: "the photos [...] have an artistic character characterized by the originality, creativity and technique of its author, elements that reveal ... a work of art. They are not, as the appellant claims, mere reproductions of images for advertising purposes, or common snapshots."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paes_Mendon%C3%A7a_S.A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Paes_Mendon%C3%A7a_S.A.jpg/200px-Paes_Mendon%C3%A7a_S.A.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Paes_Mendon%C3%A7a_S.A.jpg/300px-Paes_Mendon%C3%A7a_S.A.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Paes_Mendon%C3%A7a_S.A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="61"/></a></span> Puppets who were a tridimensional and humanized version of this logo were deemed in court to lack enough originality to be protected. </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Czech_Republic#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Czech Republic">COM:TOO Czech Republic</a></div> <h4 id="Czech_Republic" id="Czech_Republic" data-mw-thread-id="h-Czech_Republic-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Czech_Republic-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Czech_Republic" class="extiw" title="w:en:Czech Republic"><span title="country in Central Europe">Czech Republic</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Czech_Republic-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> The work must be "a unique outcome of the creative activity of the author".<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[121/2000–2006 Art.2(1)]</sup></span> </p><p>For photographs and computer programs, it suffices if the work "is original in the sense that it is the author’s own intellectual creation".<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[121/2000–2006 Art.2(2)]</sup></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Chile#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Chile">COM:TOO Chile</a></div> <h4 id="Chile" id="Chile" data-mw-thread-id="h-Chile-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Chile-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Chile" class="extiw" title="w:en:Chile"><span title="country in South America">Chile</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Chile-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> Registration in the Intellectual Property Registry generates a "presumption" of copyright in favor of the registrant. Any work may be registered for "presumed" copyright, but Law No. 17.336 clearly states the "presumed" copyright may be contested. That is because, as established in "Astorga Sánchez José / Inversiones C. S. A.", C-2470-2009, 17.° Juzgado Civil de Santiago (28 October 2011), the Intellectual Property Conservator (Conservador) only makes the deposit of the documents into the registry, does not make an examination of their originality, or to determine whether the deposited documents are works or not, and so certificates of intellectual property generated by the Intellectual Property Registry do not establish that a work is new, original or viceversa. The Conservator of Intellectual Property expressed in 2011 it is up to the judicial system "to carry out an originality test to define whether the creation is indeed a particular manifestation of human ingenuity that can be classified as original compared to other equivalent creations, analyzed from a subjective perspective, that is, that the imprint or trace of the author can be perceived, that allows it to stand out from others". Such pronouncement was adhered to by the 17th civil judge of Santiago.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/China#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/China">COM:TOO China</a></div> <h4 id="China" id="China" data-mw-thread-id="h-China-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-China-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:China_(region)" class="extiw" title="w:en:China (region)"><span title="cultural region, ancient civilization, and nation in East Asia, mostly refer to the People's Republic of China in political situation and rarely refer to the Republic of China">China</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-China-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> China has a relatively low threshold of originality standard; basic designs may be copyrightable. One of the most noticeable cases is the logo of a company named Gang Heng (listed below) ruled by China's supreme court as copyrighted (see below). </p><p>The following examples are <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b>: </p> <ul><li>"Matchstick man" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.li/bzUzD">image</a>) with a black sphere as a head, black lines as torso, limbs and feet is not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.is/BsLi2">source</a>).</li> <li>Five SKECHERS logos (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210714031609/https://empic.dfcfw.com/531923015202676742/art">image</a>) are not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality in 2020 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210714105541/https://www.bjcourt.gov.cn/cpws/paperView.htm?id=100943210686">final judgement</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210714031836/http://finance.eastmoney.com/a/202012171741284446.html">related news coverage</a>).</li> <li>"BIOU" logo (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210714101951/http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20180821/a267e6686dfc41cbb079f0799a1feaa4.jpeg">image</a>), with letter "b" and "o", and a small barcode in the upper right corner, is not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality in 2018 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210714102139/https://www.bjcourt.gov.cn/cpws/paperView.htm?id=100944797703">final judgement</a> and related articles <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210714102129/https://www.sohu.com/a/249071694_448643">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714102329/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/jdVNJ50HmfqoZfWMFTT57A">[4]</a>). Note that the logo was initially ruled as copyrightable by the Trademark Review and Adjudication Board and a lower court.</li> <li>"KON" logo (see below), with three black bars crossed together, is not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled Beijing Dongcheng District People's Court in 2019 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714185402/https://www.bjcourt.gov.cn/cpws/paperView.htm?id=100878981336">final judgement</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrumors.com/2017/12/19/apple-app-store-logo-trademark-lawsuit/">news coverage</a>).</li> <li>"Chao Qun" logo (see below), is not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled China's Supreme People's Court in 2012 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%EF%BC%882012%EF%BC%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%A1%8C%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%AC38%E5%8F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%A6" class="extiw" title="s:zh:中华人民共和国最高人民法院（2012）知行字第38号行政裁定书">original judgment by the Court</a>). The court asserted that the expression does not show the existence of a unique style; there are only subtle differences when compared to the common <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_script" class="extiw" title="en:Seal script">Seal script</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_script" class="extiw" title="en:Clerical script">Clerical script</a>, the "Chao Qun" logo does not reach a certain creative height, and does not have originality.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiga_toiletsq_men.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A stick figure similar to this image, where the head is represented by a circle and other parts represented by straight lines, is not copyrightable."><img alt="A stick figure similar to this image, where the head is represented by a circle and other parts represented by straight lines, is not copyrightable." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aiga_toiletsq_men.svg/47px-Aiga_toiletsq_men.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aiga_toiletsq_men.svg/70px-Aiga_toiletsq_men.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aiga_toiletsq_men.svg/94px-Aiga_toiletsq_men.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="981"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A stick figure similar to this image, where the head is represented by a circle and other parts represented by straight lines, is not copyrightable.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skechers.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The SKECHERS's S logo is not copyrightable."><img alt="The SKECHERS's S logo is not copyrightable." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Skechers.svg/120px-Skechers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Skechers.svg/180px-Skechers.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Skechers.svg/240px-Skechers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="168"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The SKECHERS's S logo is not copyrightable.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KON_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="KON logo with three black bars crossed together is not copyrightable."><img alt="KON logo with three black bars crossed together is not copyrightable." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/KON_logo.svg/96px-KON_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/KON_logo.svg/143px-KON_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/KON_logo.svg/191px-KON_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="512"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">KON logo with three black bars crossed together is not copyrightable.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chao_Qun_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chao Qun logo is not copyrightable."><img alt="Chao Qun logo is not copyrightable." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chao_Qun_logo.jpg/99px-Chao_Qun_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Chao_Qun_logo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="112" data-file-height="136"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chao Qun logo is not copyrightable.</div> </li> </ul> <p>The following examples are <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b>: </p> <ul><li>Calligraphy works, such as: <ul><li>the work "道" on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.fo/ZKoPl">this photo</a> (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.com.cn/images/44140.jpg">original</a>) (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/UFzzv">the article by Beijing Youth Daily</a> (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com.cn/GB/jingji/1039/1964546.html">original</a>), and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.fo/UcBeq">follow-up report</a> (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2003/09/id/82875.shtml">original</a>).</li> <li>the character "勁" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/IxDwW">archived</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iprdaily.cn/article_16690.html">original</a>), with rulings made by Beijing No.1 Intermediate People's Court, and Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality</li> <li>calligraphy for "澳門豆撈" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/2v7QS/d145e98e977443c1cf94815b47ae404aa6d8fa73">image</a>), ruled by Henan Zhengzhou Intermediate People's Court (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/legal/2015-04/23/c_127722820.htm">source</a>).</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd>are copyrighted (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Copyright_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2010)" class="extiw" title="s:Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2010)">Copyright Law of the PR China</a>: "Article 2 Works of Chinese citizens, legal entities or other organizations, whether published or not, shall enjoy copyright in accordance with this Law." ; "Article 3 'Works' mentioned in this Law shall include [...] in the following forms: (4) works of fine art and architecture" ; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Regulations_for_the_Implementation_of_the_Copyright_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002)" class="extiw" title="s:Regulations for the Implementation of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2002)">Regulations for the Implementation</a>: "Article 4 (8) 'works of fine arts' means [...] such as paintings, works of calligraphy and sculptures;")</dd></dl> <ul><li>Handwriting: a hand-written manuscript was deemed copyrightable as work of art, according to a decision made by Nanjing Intermediate People's Court in 2017 (sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ip.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0208/c179663-29813708.html">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2018/04/id/3272812.shtml">[6]</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%AD%E7%BA%A7%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%EF%BC%882017%EF%BC%89%E8%8B%8F01%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%888048%E5%8F%B7%E6%B0%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%88%A4%E5%86%B3%E4%B9%A6" class="extiw" title="s:zh:江苏省南京市中级人民法院（2017）苏01民终8048号民事判决书">Final judgement</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/DpiIN">"LY" company logo</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205163754/https://www.zhichanli.com/p/1275534346">alternative link</a>; archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zhichanli.com/article/2219.html">original</a>), although arguably relatively simple, has been ruled copyrightable by Trademark Appeal Board of the State Administration of Industry & Commerce, Beijing Intellectual Property Court, and Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality.</li> <li>Typefaces of characters "笑", "喜", and "城市宝贝" in these <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.is/0UnIL">two logos</a> are copyrightable, ruled Nanjing Intermediate People's Court in 2012. However the character "巴" in the same logo was decided not copyrightable for lacking originality in the same decision. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.is/AeoiI">source</a>, court decision full text: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%A7%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%EF%BC%882012%EF%BC%89%E8%8B%8F%E7%9F%A5%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%88%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%AC0161%E5%8F%B7%E6%B0%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%88%A4%E5%86%B3%E4%B9%A6" class="extiw" title="s:zh:江苏省高级人民法院（2012）苏知民终字第0161号民事判决书">Final judgement</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/wTsfl">Gang Heng logo</a>: China's Supreme People's Court ruled this logo to be protected by copyright in 2014 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%EF%BC%882014%EF%BC%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%A1%8C%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%AC109%E5%8F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%A6" class="extiw" title="s:zh:中华人民共和国最高人民法院（2014）知行字第109号行政裁定书">original judgment by the Court</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ip.people.com.cn/n/2015/0709/c136655-27277983.html">related news coverage</a>).</li> <li>Dyneema logo (in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/T5WXQ">this article</a>): China's Supreme People's Court ruled this logo to be protected by copyright in 2017 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%EF%BC%882017%EF%BC%89%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E8%A1%8C%E5%86%8D76%E5%8F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%88%A4%E5%86%B3%E4%B9%A6" class="extiw" title="s:zh:中华人民共和国最高人民法院（2017）最高法行再76号行政判决书">original judgment by the Court</a>).</li> <li>K2 Sports logo as shown in the image below is eligible for copyright protection, determined during trademark adjudication proceedings in 2010 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006120601/http://www.chinaipmagazine.com/journal-show.asp?936.html">source</a>).</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K2_Sports_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The logo of K2 Sports is copyrightable in China (but not copyrightable in its country of origin, the US)."><img alt="The logo of K2 Sports is copyrightable in China (but not copyrightable in its country of origin, the US)." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/K2_Sports_logo.svg/120px-K2_Sports_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/K2_Sports_logo.svg/180px-K2_Sports_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/K2_Sports_logo.svg/240px-K2_Sports_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="57"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The logo of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2_Sports" class="extiw" title="w:K2 Sports">K2 Sports</a> is copyrightable in China (but not copyrightable in its country of origin, the US).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Denmark#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Denmark">COM:TOO Denmark</a></div> <h4 id="Denmark" id="Denmark" data-mw-thread-id="h-Denmark-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Denmark-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Denmark" class="extiw" title="w:en:Denmark"><span title="country in Northern Europe">Denmark</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Denmark-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:5em;">Status</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalborg_Broncest%C3%B8beri_skrifttype_A,_B_og_D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Aalborg_Broncest%C3%B8beri_skrifttype_A%2C_B_og_D.png/100px-Aalborg_Broncest%C3%B8beri_skrifttype_A%2C_B_og_D.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Aalborg_Broncest%C3%B8beri_skrifttype_A%2C_B_og_D.png/150px-Aalborg_Broncest%C3%B8beri_skrifttype_A%2C_B_og_D.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Aalborg_Broncest%C3%B8beri_skrifttype_A%2C_B_og_D.png/200px-Aalborg_Broncest%C3%B8beri_skrifttype_A%2C_B_og_D.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="639"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>Three fonts not eligible for copyright protection (Supreme Court 30 June 2006, U2006.2697H). Two other fonts were found eligible for copyright. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jydsk_Vindueskompagni_-_skitser_af_vinduer_og_d%C3%B8re.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jydsk_Vindueskompagni_-_skitser_af_vinduer_og_d%C3%B8re.png/100px-Jydsk_Vindueskompagni_-_skitser_af_vinduer_og_d%C3%B8re.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jydsk_Vindueskompagni_-_skitser_af_vinduer_og_d%C3%B8re.png/150px-Jydsk_Vindueskompagni_-_skitser_af_vinduer_og_d%C3%B8re.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jydsk_Vindueskompagni_-_skitser_af_vinduer_og_d%C3%B8re.png/200px-Jydsk_Vindueskompagni_-_skitser_af_vinduer_og_d%C3%B8re.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1518"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>Sketches of windows and doors not eligible for copyright protection (The Maritime and Commercial Court 8 August 2003.)<sup id="cite_ref-V7401_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V7401-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Domstol300011_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domstol300011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WWF_Schweiz,_Z%C3%BCrich_Office_(Ank_Kumar,_Infosys_Limited)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/WWF_Schweiz%2C_Z%C3%BCrich_Office_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys_Limited%29_01.jpg/100px-WWF_Schweiz%2C_Z%C3%BCrich_Office_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys_Limited%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/WWF_Schweiz%2C_Z%C3%BCrich_Office_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys_Limited%29_01.jpg/150px-WWF_Schweiz%2C_Z%C3%BCrich_Office_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys_Limited%29_01.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/WWF_Schweiz%2C_Z%C3%BCrich_Office_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys_Limited%29_01.jpg/200px-WWF_Schweiz%2C_Z%C3%BCrich_Office_%28Ank_Kumar%2C_Infosys_Limited%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>The WWF panda logo is not protected by copyright<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchen_knife_by_yashima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kitchen_knife_by_yashima.jpg/100px-Kitchen_knife_by_yashima.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kitchen_knife_by_yashima.jpg/150px-Kitchen_knife_by_yashima.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kitchen_knife_by_yashima.jpg/200px-Kitchen_knife_by_yashima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>The GLOBAL knife design is copyright protected in Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-SC187-2008_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC187-2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chair.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chair.png/100px-Chair.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chair.png/150px-Chair.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Chair.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="309"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>A specific chair design (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Tripp_Trapp" class="extiw" title="w:en:Tripp Trapp">Tripp Trapp</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-SC306-2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC306-2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ecuador#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ecuador">COM:TOO Ecuador</a></div> <h4 id="Ecuador" id="Ecuador" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ecuador-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ecuador-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Ecuador" class="extiw" title="w:en:Ecuador"><span title="sovereign state in South America">Ecuador</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ecuador-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> See <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Andean_Community#TOO" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Andean Community">Andean Community: <i>Threshold of originality</i></a> </p><div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Finland#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Finland">COM:TOO Finland</a></div> <h4 id="Finland" id="Finland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Finland-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Finland-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Finland" class="extiw" title="w:en:Finland"><span title="country in Northern Europe">Finland</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Finland-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> For works of visual art, the threshold of originality is relatively low.<sup id="cite_ref-TN20117_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN20117-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simple logos, however, are generally below the threshold of originality.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the threshold is high when only basic colors and shapes (such as triangles, squares and circles or capital letters) are used.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TN20117_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN20117-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paavo_Nurmi_sytytt%C3%A4%C3%A4_olympiatulen_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Paavo_Nurmi_sytytt%C3%A4%C3%A4_olympiatulen_1952.jpg/80px-Paavo_Nurmi_sytytt%C3%A4%C3%A4_olympiatulen_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Paavo_Nurmi_sytytt%C3%A4%C3%A4_olympiatulen_1952.jpg/120px-Paavo_Nurmi_sytytt%C3%A4%C3%A4_olympiatulen_1952.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Paavo_Nurmi_sytytt%C3%A4%C3%A4_olympiatulen_1952.jpg/160px-Paavo_Nurmi_sytytt%C3%A4%C3%A4_olympiatulen_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="559"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Simple photograph with limited copyright period – not a photographic work of art. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minedu.fi/export/sites/default/OPM/Tekijaenoikeus/tekijaenoikeusneuvosto/tekijaenoikeusneuvoston_lausunnot/2003/liitteet/tn200306.pdf">TN 2003:6</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg/80px-Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg/120px-Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg/160px-Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="588"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Differences compared to the coat of arms of the historic region did not meet threshold of originality. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Tekijaenoikeus/tekijaenoikeusneuvosto/tekijaenoikeusneuvoston_lausunnot/1998/liitteet/tn9805">TN 1998:5</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Aalto_vases" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Aalto vases">Commons:Deletion_requests/Aalto_vases</a> </td> <td>"The wave-like forms of the [original Aalto vases] do not... result from the intended use of the object but the creative mental effort of the author. [Therefore the original vases] are independent and original enough to be considered works of art as meant in 1 § of [the Finnish Copyright law]" (p. 4). (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minedu.fi/documents/1410845/3917568/Lausunto+2010-10+Tekij%C3%A4noikeus+Aalto-maljakkoon">TN 2010:10</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b></td> <td>A specific house type </td> <td>(Eurohouse S 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlex.fi/sv/oikeus/kko/kko/1989/19890149">court ruling</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelastakaa_Lapset_(Save_the_Children_Fund)_Nettivihje_logo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pelastakaa_Lapset_%28Save_the_Children_Fund%29_Nettivihje_logo.gif/80px-Pelastakaa_Lapset_%28Save_the_Children_Fund%29_Nettivihje_logo.gif" decoding="async" width="80" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pelastakaa_Lapset_%28Save_the_Children_Fund%29_Nettivihje_logo.gif/120px-Pelastakaa_Lapset_%28Save_the_Children_Fund%29_Nettivihje_logo.gif 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Pelastakaa_Lapset_%28Save_the_Children_Fund%29_Nettivihje_logo.gif 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="51"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>The logo is below the threshold of originality because it is "ordinary and [does] not express an independent and original result of a creative process of its author. Somebody else in undertaking a comparable task could have contrived a similar ... logo". (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minedu.fi/documents/1410845/3937447/Lausunto+2000-01+Tekij%C3%A4noikeus+pallopelin+s%C3%A4%C3%A4nn%C3%B6st%C3%B6%C3%B6n+ja+pelin+tunnuksiin">TN 2000:1</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612104106im_/http://www.pelastakaalapset.fi/csslogot/logo.jpg">Save the Children Fund logo</a> </td> <td>The logo is above the threshold of originality, because its "visual manifestation is the creative work of its author, whereby the ideological basis of the fund has been successfully conformed with in an independent and original manner... [N]o one else undertaking a comparable task could have reached a similar outcome". (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minedu.fi/documents/1410845/3917568/Lausunto+2010-03+Tekij%C3%A4noikeus+internetsivuston+sis%C3%A4lt%C3%B6%C3%B6n+ja+sis%C3%A4ll%C3%B6n+k%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6+parodiassa">TN 2010:3</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citymarketin_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Citymarketin_logo.svg/80px-Citymarketin_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Citymarketin_logo.svg/120px-Citymarketin_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Citymarketin_logo.svg/160px-Citymarketin_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="150"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br/><div class="tiInherit" style="text-align:center;"> <p>and </p> </div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K-Plussa_logo_(old).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/K-Plussa_logo_%28old%29.gif/80px-K-Plussa_logo_%28old%29.gif" decoding="async" width="80" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/K-Plussa_logo_%28old%29.gif/120px-K-Plussa_logo_%28old%29.gif 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/K-Plussa_logo_%28old%29.gif/160px-K-Plussa_logo_%28old%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="29"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>The logos are "in their literary and visual manifestation simple and ordinary to the degree that they are not to be regarded as original works in their own regard." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minedu.fi/documents/1410845/3928984/Lausunto+2009-02+Logojen+k%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6+parodiassa">TN 2009:2</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiitosimeon_logo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kiitosimeon_logo.gif/80px-Kiitosimeon_logo.gif" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kiitosimeon_logo.gif/120px-Kiitosimeon_logo.gif 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kiitosimeon_logo.gif/160px-Kiitosimeon_logo.gif 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="68"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>The logo is "is not original and independent in such a way that it would be protected ... by copyright". (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minedu.fi/documents/1410845/3916185/Lausunto+2011-07+Tekij%C3%A4noikeus+liiketunnukseen">TN 2011:7</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soikeapallo_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Soikeapallo_logo.jpg/80px-Soikeapallo_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Soikeapallo_logo.jpg/120px-Soikeapallo_logo.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Soikeapallo_logo.jpg/160px-Soikeapallo_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="209"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>The logo is below the threshold of originality because "its central elements and the way in which they have been combined are commonly used in logos and are thus ordinary". (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minedu.fi/documents/1410845/3937447/Lausunto+2000-01+Tekij%C3%A4noikeus+pallopelin+s%C3%A4%C3%A4nn%C3%B6st%C3%B6%C3%B6n+ja+pelin+tunnuksiin">TN 2000:1</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961221024825/http://www.keuhkovammaliitto.fi/gif/silmu.gif">"Silmu" logo</a> </td> <td>Although the logo consists of a "stylized, albeit fairly simple, red tulip", it is above the threshold of originality for works of visual art. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minedu.fi/documents/1410845/3937443/Lausunto+2001-12+Oikeus+Puhdas+El%C3%A4m%C3%A4+Lapselle+-tunnukseen">TN 2001:12</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France">COM:TOO France</a></div> <h4 id="France" id="France" data-mw-thread-id="h-France-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-France-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:France" class="extiw" title="w:en:France"><span title="country in Western Europe">France</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-France-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> French law asserts that a work is copyrightable when it bears the "imprint of the personality of the author". In practice, it depends on the work in question, but this has left the bar quite low for many works where an artistic intent can be shown. For an art exhibition, a man placed the word <i>paradis</i> with gold lettering above the bathroom door of the old dormitory of alcoholics at a psychiatric facility, and termed it artwork; the French courts agreed with him that it was copyrightable based on the aesthetic choices made ("affixing the word 'paradise' in gold with patina effect and a special graphics on dilapidated door, the lock-shaped cross, encased in a crumbling wall with peeling paint").<sup id="cite_ref-Paradis_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paradis-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France has "a slightly higher threshold of originality in general, and particularly so in the context of photographic works".<sup id="cite_ref-Pavis_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A decision from Supreme court (Cour de Cassation) on October 2011 agreed with appeal court decision saying that a quite artistic picture of two fish on a yellow plate about a traditional Marseille meal could not be protected by French law because of lack of originality.<sup id="cite_ref-Verbrugge2011_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbrugge2011-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this decision, level of originality required by this appeal court is very high. This decision was criticized but French supreme court does not control facts but only controls interpretation of the law. In 2017, copyright protection on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021537/https://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2017/08/18/france-mankowitzs-photo-jimi-hendrix-finally-protected-copyright-appeal/">this image of Jimi Hendrix</a> was restored after a court initially denied protection. </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Germany#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Germany">COM:TOO Germany</a></div> <h4 id="Germany" id="Germany" data-mw-thread-id="h-Germany-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Germany-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Germany" class="extiw" title="w:en:Germany"><span title="country in Central Europe">Germany</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Germany-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div> <dl><dt>Works of fine art (including works of applied art and architectural works)</dt></dl> <p>"Works of fine art", as defined in § 2(1)(4) of the 1965 Act on Copyright and Related Rights <i>(Gesetz über Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte)</i> (UrhG), is a catch-all term for works of fine art in a stricter sense, works of applied art, and architectural works. Fine art is distinguished from applied art by its lack of a utilitarian purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many decades, courts imposed a higher threshold of originality on works of applied art than on works of fine art ("two-tier theory").<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, however, the Federal Court of Justice expressly changed its jurisprudence, holding that "in general, the copyright protection of works of applied art is not subject to other requirements than the copyright protection of works of non-utilitarian fine art or of literary or musical creation. It is hence sufficient that they attain a level of creativity that allows a public open to art and relatively familiar with views on art to justifiably speak of 'artistic' creations".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In assessing whether an article with a utilitarian purpose is protected by copyright, one must take into account, however, that the aesthetic effect of the article can only provide a basis for copyright protection to the extent that it is not dictated by the article's utilitarian purpose, but instead is based on an artistic effort.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only those features of a utilitarian article that are not entirely dictated by the technical function can justify copyright protection.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A feature is considered "dictated by the technical function" if the article could not function without it.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes features that, for technical reasons, must necessarily be used in articles of the same kind as the article concerned, as well as features that, while being used for technical reasons, are freely selectable or interchangeable. To the extent that the design of such features is entirely dictated by their technical function, they are incapable of justifying copyright protection of the utilitarian article.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Examples from court cases on applied art:</b><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Protection denied:</i> </p> <ul><li>a climbing structure for playgrounds made of ropes (pictured <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=en&nr=58106&pos=0&anz=1">in the decision</a>, p 3 bottom) because the structure consists of freely selectable or interchangeable yet technically required features and does not exhibit artistic creativity;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a wooden toy train ("birthday train") with wagons in which candles and numbers can be inserted (pictured <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=en&nr=66284&pos=0&anz=1">in the decision</a>, p 3) because there were similar-looking, pre-existing toy trains.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a logo (pictured <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/marke/fullimage/2860020$002cDE$002c3020120492495/-1">here</a> in black and white) consisting of the text "Match by Audiotec Fischer" and the commonly used "fast-forward" symbol because neither the design of the text nor the design of the symbol ("widely used in the audio world") nor the combination of the two could be considered an artistic creation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i>Protection accorded:</i> </p> <ul><li>a logo consisting of a mouth, eyes, and wave lines ("eyebrows") (pictured <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=en&nr=78753&pos=0&anz=1">in the decision</a>, p 3) (in the case at issue, the design was painted on the exterior of a ship and therefore could be reproduced under the freedom of panorama limitation);<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a toy train comprised of wooden animal figurines on wheels ("birthday caravan") (pictured <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=en&nr=76344&pos=0&anz=1">in the decision</a>, p 3) because it was a complete redesign of pre-existing toy trains, whose locomotive and waggons were replaced with animals, and the overall design (shapes, colours) was not the result of technical necessities but an expression of the author's artistic creativity;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>an urn emblazoned with an airbrushed depiction of a deer (pictured <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justiz.nrw.de/nrwe/olgs/koeln/j2015/6_U_131_14_Urteil_20150220.html">in the decision</a>, on the left);<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a Birkenstock sandal (model "Madrid");<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a Porsche 356 sports car (pictured <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openjur.de/u/2395298.html">in the decision</a>, 3rd and 4th image from the top);<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a patio heater with a triangular base (pictured <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landesrecht-hamburg.de/bsha/document/KORE291322023/part/L">in the decision</a>, first image).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the past decades, court cases where protection as applied art was eventually accorded primarily revolved around renowned designer objects, in particular items of furniture and lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few more recent examples: </p> <ul><li>chairs and tables based on drafts by the designers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" class="extiw" title="en:Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a> ("Wassily" chair, "Laccio" table) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" class="extiw" title="en:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> ("Barcelona" chair, stool, couch, and table; "Brno" chair; "Prag" chair);<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the "Wilhelm Wagenfeld table lamp";<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a brilliant-cut diamond ring ("Niessing-Spannring").<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Greece#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Greece">COM:TOO Greece</a></div> <h4 id="Greece" id="Greece" data-mw-thread-id="h-Greece-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Greece-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Greece" class="extiw" title="w:en:Greece"><span title="country in Southeast Europe">Greece</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Greece-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div> <blockquote><p>The term “work” is defined as including any original intellectual creation expressed in any form, including alterations of other works as well as collections of works, provided that the selection or the arrangement of such collections is original.<sup id="cite_ref-EAO_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAO-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>Originality is understood by Greek jurisprudence as a notion of “statistical uniqueness”, which means that the work involves skill, labor and judgment emanating from the author and that no other person, acting under the same circumstances, could produce the exact same work.<sup id="cite_ref-greeklawdigest_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greeklawdigest-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Hungary#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Hungary">COM:TOO Hungary</a></div> <h4 id="Hungary" id="Hungary" data-mw-thread-id="h-Hungary-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Hungary-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Hungary" class="extiw" title="w:en:Hungary"><span title="country in Central Europe">Hungary</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Hungary-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b> </p><ul><li>stylized text with a common stylized globe icon (does not show the actual image).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930233421/https://prohardver.hu/dl/cnt/2003-06/220/sulinet_logo.jpg">Sulinet Expressz logo</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Indonesia#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Indonesia">COM:TOO Indonesia</a></div> <h4 id="Indonesia" id="Indonesia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Indonesia-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Indonesia-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Indonesia" class="extiw" title="w:en:Indonesia"><span title="island country in Southeast Asia and Oceania">Indonesia</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Indonesia-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> Indonesia's threshold of originality is reportedly low, being based on common law ("Anglo-American model") principles, with "wallpaper, wrappers, packaging designs and technical drawings" being registered by copyright authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-IndTOO_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndTOO-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Iran#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Iran">COM:TOO Iran</a></div> <h4 id="Iran" id="Iran" data-mw-thread-id="h-Iran-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Iran-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Iran" class="extiw" title="w:en:Iran"><span title="country in Western Asia">Iran</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Iran-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> for most logos. The level of originality required for copyright protection in Iran seems very low. </p><p>The following are registrable for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran#Copyrights" class="extiw" title="en:Intellectual property in Iran">copyright protection</a>: "(...) pictures, drawings, designs, decorative writings, (...) or any decorative and imaginative work produced <b>in any simple or complex manner</b> " </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Italy#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Italy">COM:TOO Italy</a></div> <h4 id="Italy" id="Italy" data-mw-thread-id="h-Italy-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Italy-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Italy" class="extiw" title="w:en:Italy"><span title="country in Southern Europe">Italy</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Italy-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> Hogan Lovells states "In summary, the threshold for an industrial design product to enjoy copyright protection is still quite high and even famous industrial design products have been denied such protection by Italian Courts."<sup id="cite_ref-Lovells_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovells-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Probably this applies to logos too. These files have been kept as simple logos: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_AC_Milan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DR1 DR2 DR3"><img alt="DR1 DR2 DR3" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Logo_of_AC_Milan.svg/76px-Logo_of_AC_Milan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Logo_of_AC_Milan.svg/115px-Logo_of_AC_Milan.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Logo_of_AC_Milan.svg/153px-Logo_of_AC_Milan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="566"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:AC_Milan.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:AC Milan.svg">DR1</a> <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Logo_of_AC_Milan.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Logo of AC Milan.svg">DR2</a> <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:AC_Milan.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:AC Milan.png">DR3</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inter_Old_Logo_(2007-2014).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DR"><img alt="DR" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Inter_Old_Logo_%282007-2014%29.svg/87px-Inter_Old_Logo_%282007-2014%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Inter_Old_Logo_%282007-2014%29.svg/131px-Inter_Old_Logo_%282007-2014%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Inter_Old_Logo_%282007-2014%29.svg/175px-Inter_Old_Logo_%282007-2014%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="541"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Inter_Mailand.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Inter Mailand.svg">DR</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>But the logo of AC Parma was deleted as being a complex logo.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another <a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Parma_Calcio_1913_(adozione_2016).png" title="File:Logo Parma Calcio 1913 (adozione 2016).png">Parma logo</a> has been deleted but <a href="/wiki/Special:Diff/400749880" title="Special:Diff/400749880">then restored</a>. </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Japan#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Japan">COM:TOO Japan</a></div> <h4 id="Japan" id="Japan" data-mw-thread-id="h-Japan-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Japan-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Japan" class="extiw" title="w:en:Japan"><span title="island country in East Asia">Japan</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Japan-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> Logos in the gallery below are <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b> to upload. </p><p>Article 2 of Japanese copyright law defines that a work is eligible for copyright when it is a production in which thoughts or sentiments are expressed in a creative way and which falls within the literary, scientific, artistic or musical domain.<sup id="cite_ref-Law1980_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law1980-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese courts have decided that to be copyrightable, a text logo needs to have artistic appearance that is worth artistic appreciation. Logos composed merely of geometric shapes and texts are also not copyrightable in general. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asahi_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asahi Breweries "Asahi" logo"><img alt="Asahi Breweries "Asahi" logo" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Asahi_logo.svg/150px-Asahi_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Asahi_logo.svg/225px-Asahi_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Asahi_logo.svg/300px-Asahi_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="196"/></a></span> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Asahi_logo.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Asahi logo.svg">DR</a>) Tokyo High Court's ruling: letters are a means of communication, shared by all. Copyright protection of fonts is limited only to those that raise artistic appreciation as much as artistic works do.<sup id="cite_ref-Tokyo1470_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokyo1470-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cup_Noodles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cup Noodles"><img alt="Cup Noodles" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cup_Noodles.jpg/150px-Cup_Noodles.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cup_Noodles.jpg/225px-Cup_Noodles.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cup_Noodles.jpg/300px-Cup_Noodles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296"/></a></span> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Cup_Noodles.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Cup Noodles.jpg">DR</a>) Tokyo High Court's ruling: although the shape is stylized, the text is in a normal arrangement and keeps its function of being read as a sequence of letters.<sup id="cite_ref-Tokyo14233_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokyo14233-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olympic flag"><img alt="Olympic flag" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Olympic_flag.svg/150px-Olympic_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Olympic_flag.svg/225px-Olympic_flag.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Olympic_flag.svg/300px-Olympic_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a></span> </td> <td>Tokyo District Court's ruling: the Court is negative towards recognizing the symbol as a copyrightable work of fine arts, because it is considered merely relatively simple graphic elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Tokyo5594_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokyo5594-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furby" class="extiw" title="w:Furby">Furby</a> toy: <a href="/wiki/Commons:Derivative_works#UTILITY" title="Commons:Derivative works">utilitarian</a>, so not protected by copyright as an artistic work. Not utilitarian in the United States, so photos of the toy can't be uploaded to Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-Sendai2009_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sendai2009-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Libya#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Libya">COM:TOO Libya</a></div> <h4 id="Libya" id="Libya" data-mw-thread-id="h-Libya-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Libya-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Libya" class="extiw" title="w:en:Libya"><span title="sovereign state in North Africa">Libya</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Libya-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> For photographic and cinematic works which are limited to the mere mechanical transmission of scenery, rights expire 5 years from the date of first publication.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[9/1968 Article 20]</sup></span> </p><div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Luxembourg#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Luxembourg">COM:TOO Luxembourg</a></div> <h4 id="Luxembourg" id="Luxembourg" data-mw-thread-id="h-Luxembourg-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Luxembourg-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Luxembourg" class="extiw" title="w:en:Luxembourg"><span title="country in Northwestern Europe">Luxembourg</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Luxembourg-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> According to Jean-Luc Putz, the threshold of originality in Luxembourg is not as strict as in UK but not as liberal as in Germany. During the legislation the intent was to orientate with other Benelux states or France.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mexico#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mexico">COM:TOO Mexico</a></div> <h4 id="Mexico" id="Mexico" data-mw-thread-id="h-Mexico-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Mexico-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Mexico" class="extiw" title="w:en:Mexico"><span title="country in North America">Mexico</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Mexico-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> As indicated above, the following are examples of what is and what is not protected under the 1996 copyright law: </p><dl><dt>These images are <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b> to upload to Commons</dt></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A%2B_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Letters, digits or isolated colors"><img alt="Letters, digits or isolated colors" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A%2B_2021.svg/120px-A%2B_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A%2B_2021.svg/180px-A%2B_2021.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A%2B_2021.svg/240px-A%2B_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="321"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Letters, digits or isolated colors</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_National_de_Arte_Mexico_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Names and titles or isolated phrases"><img alt="Names and titles or isolated phrases" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Museo_National_de_Arte_Mexico_logo.svg/120px-Museo_National_de_Arte_Mexico_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Museo_National_de_Arte_Mexico_logo.svg/180px-Museo_National_de_Arte_Mexico_logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Museo_National_de_Arte_Mexico_logo.svg/240px-Museo_National_de_Arte_Mexico_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="17"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Names and titles or isolated phrases</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_military_form,_1861-1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple formats or blank forms to be filled with any type of information, as well as their instructions (example picture)"><img alt="Simple formats or blank forms to be filled with any type of information, as well as their instructions (example picture)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Blank_military_form%2C_1861-1863.jpg/92px-Blank_military_form%2C_1861-1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Blank_military_form%2C_1861-1863.jpg/137px-Blank_military_form%2C_1861-1863.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Blank_military_form%2C_1861-1863.jpg/183px-Blank_military_form%2C_1861-1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10400" data-file-height="13616"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple formats or blank forms to be filled with any type of information, as well as their instructions (example picture)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_oaxaca.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Reproductions or imitations, without authorization, of shields, flags or emblems of any country, state, municipality or equivalent political division"><img alt="Reproductions or imitations, without authorization, of shields, flags or emblems of any country, state, municipality or equivalent political division" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Escudo_de_oaxaca.png/120px-Escudo_de_oaxaca.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Escudo_de_oaxaca.png/180px-Escudo_de_oaxaca.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Escudo_de_oaxaca.png/240px-Escudo_de_oaxaca.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="191"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reproductions or imitations, without authorization, of shields, flags or emblems of any country, state, municipality or equivalent political division</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Movimiento_Ciudadano.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reproductions or imitations, without authorization, of international governmental, non-governmental organizations, or of any other officially recognized organization"><img alt="Reproductions or imitations, without authorization, of international governmental, non-governmental organizations, or of any other officially recognized organization" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Movimiento_Ciudadano.svg/120px-Movimiento_Ciudadano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Movimiento_Ciudadano.svg/180px-Movimiento_Ciudadano.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Movimiento_Ciudadano.svg/240px-Movimiento_Ciudadano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reproductions or imitations, without authorization, of international governmental, non-governmental organizations, or of any other officially recognized organization</div> </li> </ul> <dl><dt>These are <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> to upload to Commons (unless published under a free license by the copyright holder), because they are above the threshold of originality required for copyright protection and are not covered by the law itself.</dt></dl> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Netherlands#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Netherlands">COM:TOO Netherlands</a></div> <h4 id="Netherlands" id="Netherlands" data-mw-thread-id="h-Netherlands-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Netherlands-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Netherlands" class="extiw" title="w:en:Netherlands"><span title="country in Northwestern Europe with territories in the Caribbean">Netherlands</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Netherlands-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> Simple logos are okay in the Netherlands but not all logos are. Whether something is above the threshold of originality in the Netherlands is defined in the Supreme Court judgment "<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_Van_Dale/Romme" class="extiw" title="nl:Arrest Van Dale/Romme">'Van Dale/Romme'</a>". In this judgment, the Supreme Court ruled that:<sup id="cite_ref-Van-Dale/Romme_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van-Dale/Romme-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li>In assessing the ground of cassation it should be noted that, for a product to be considered a work of literature, science or art as meant in article 1 in conjunction with article 10 of the Copyright law (Auteurswet), it is required that it has an own, original character and bears the personal mark of the maker.</li></ul> <p>This was further specified in the Supreme Court judgment '<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endstra-tapes" class="extiw" title="nl:Endstra-tapes">'Endstra-tapes'</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Endstra-tapes_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endstra-tapes-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The product has to bear an own, original character. In short, this means the shape may not be based on that of another work. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cf." class="extiw" title="w:cf.">cf.</a> article 13 Aw.) The demand that the product has to bear the personal mark of the maker means that there has to be a shape that is the result of creative human labor and thus creative choices, which therefore is a product of the human mind. In any case, excluded from this is everything that has a shape that is so trivial or banal, that one cannot show any creative labor behind it of any kind whatsoever.</li></ul> <p>Later the Supreme Court determined in judgment on Stokke v. Fikszo that:<sup id="cite_ref-Stokke-Fikszo_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokke-Fikszo-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>For a work to be eligible for copyright, it is necessary that the work has an own original character and bears the personal mark of the maker ... The Court of Justice of the European Union has has formulated the benchmark in such a way that it must concern "an intellectual creation of the author of the work".</li></ul> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Norway#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Norway">COM:TOO Norway</a></div> <h4 id="Norway" id="Norway" data-mw-thread-id="h-Norway-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Norway-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Norway" class="extiw" title="w:en:Norway"><span title="country in Northern Europe">Norway</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Norway-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div> <dl><dt>Not protected</dt></dl> <p>Two-minute theatre play.<sup id="cite_ref-Høyesteretts2007_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Høyesteretts2007-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Protected</dt></dl> <ul><li>A specific chair design (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Tripp_Trapp" class="extiw" title="w:en:Tripp Trapp">Tripp Trapp</a>)</li> <li>The logo for the TV series <i><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jul_i_Bl%C3%A5fjell" class="extiw" title="no:Jul i Blåfjell">Jul i Blåfjell</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-JuliBlåfjelllogo_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JuliBlåfjelllogo-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Peru#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Peru">COM:TOO Peru</a></div> <h4 id="Peru" id="Peru" data-mw-thread-id="h-Peru-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Peru-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Peru" class="extiw" title="w:en:Peru"><span title="sovereign state in South America">Peru</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Peru-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> Indecopi established parameters to qualify the originality of graphic and photographic compositions. Because of the higher originality threshold (independent of its endeavour, novelty, inspiration and technique, the requirement is to leave some space for the development of its author's personality, not a copy or imitation, referred as "originalidad subjetiva"),<sup id="cite_ref-originalidadforsetti_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-originalidadforsetti-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> simple designs, non-production videographic creations and old photographs without demonstrating their individuality can be uploaded to Commons. See also <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Andean_Community#TOO" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Andean Community">Andean Community: Threshold of originality</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Simple_photographs" data-mw-thread-id="h-Simple_photographs-Peru"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Simple_photographs-Peru"></span>Simple photographs<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Simple_photographs-Peru"></span></h5></div> <p><span id="PHOTOGRAPH"></span><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules/Photographs" title="Commons:Copyright rules/Photographs">Old published photographs</a> have a copyright term of 20 years counted from the first of January of the year following that of the disclosing of the photograph before 1976. The notes shown are based on the rescinded 1961 law: </p> <ul><li>For old pictures taken prior to 31 December 1975 and which were not published within an author's own work <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>fail</b> to meet the general definition of a "work" under 1961 law (and Article 3.4 of Universal Copyright Convention: "The provisions […] not apply to photographic works […] shall not be less than ten years").<sup id="cite_ref-Law1961_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law1961-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>The duration of the photograph was for 20 years after performed its first copy, without the author presenting this in a literary, scientific or documentary work, from January 1 of the following year.</b><span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[13714/1961 Art. 27]</sup></span> They were not renewed during the URAA date.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[13714/1961 Art. 27 and 57]</sup></span> Use <a href="/wiki/Template:PD-Peru-photo" title="Template:PD-Peru-photo"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-Peru-photo}}</span></a>.</li> <li>The duration is reduced if the following occurs: when the author did not place the name of the label with the message "Reproduction prohibited" or that the author published in a work without a full name or under an unknown pseudonym.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[13714/1961 Art. 58]</sup></span> The duration of anonymous works prior to 31 December 1980 was 15 years after publication and expired on 1 January 1996. They were not renewed during the URAA date. Use <a href="/wiki/Template:PD-Peru-anonymous" title="Template:PD-Peru-anonymous"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-Peru-anonymous}}</span></a>.</li> <li>If they were used in literary or scientific works, they were documentary works or are reproductions of artistic material "of private domain", and the author died before 1946 (of before 1966 if someone had no family heirs), the law considers the photographs as <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>the author's work</bdi></b> (life + 30/50 years).<sup id="cite_ref-Law1961_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law1961-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of collective works, the date is considered to be the last survivor. If they died after 1947, they are protected by the current law. Use <a href="/wiki/Template:PD-Peru-1961law" title="Template:PD-Peru-1961law"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-Peru-1961law}}</span></a>.</li></ul> <p>Recent published photographs below threshold have a copyright term of 70 years counted from the first of January of the year following that of the taking of the photograph. Fortunately, this term usually flexible in the cases and facts shown below: </p> <ul><li>The general definition of a "work" in the 1996 law is "any personal and original intellectual creation capable of being disclosed or reproduced in any form that is or may yet become known".<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[822/1996 Art.2(17)]</sup></span> Simple photographs taken or disclosed since 1976 are those which <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>fail</b> to meet the general definition of a "work" and only receive neighbouring rights,<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[822/1996 Art.144]</sup></span> but works above this threshold <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>will receive standard protection</bdi></b> (life + 70 years, see below).</li> <li>The Court of Indecopi believes that originality in a photograph should be limited to the originality of any work, requirements to protect against plagiarism. According to article 3.c of the Regulation of Inscriptions in the Registry National Copyright Act, provides that "no may be subject to registration the photographs that are <b>limited to simple reproductions of people, of things, or of objects already existing or showing a mere documentary character</b> [...] photography to be a work can not constitute only a simple reproduction of already existing objects".<sup id="cite_ref-Skandalo_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skandalo-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Derecho PUCP journal explains examples of highly distinguishable events that surpass the threshold of originality: creative use of lights, unique moment, transmission of a message in their work and the photographer's personality. Below these and other criteria, simple photographs are legislated under Legislative Decree 1044 on unfair competition.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Examples for photographs under 1961 law: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inca_Kola_Advertisement_Hartog_Bell_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Photography within an advertisement not considered "literary work". Image protection expired in 1988. It also can't be protected in the 1996 law. See UR."><img alt="Photography within an advertisement not considered "literary work". Image protection expired in 1988. It also can't be protected in the 1996 law. See UR." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Inca_Kola_Advertisement_Hartog_Bell_%28cropped%29.png/86px-Inca_Kola_Advertisement_Hartog_Bell_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Inca_Kola_Advertisement_Hartog_Bell_%28cropped%29.png/129px-Inca_Kola_Advertisement_Hartog_Bell_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Inca_Kola_Advertisement_Hartog_Bell_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="211"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photography within an advertisement not considered "literary work". Image protection expired in 1988. It also can't be protected in the 1996 law. See <a href="/wiki/Commons:Undeletion_requests/Archive/2017-03#File:Inca_Kola_Advertisement_Hartog_Bell.png" title="Commons:Undeletion requests/Archive/2017-03">UR</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sotil_Cubillas_Challe_1973.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Photography taken in 1973 for a sports magazine. Because this is a journalistic assignment for an organization, the photograph remained protected for 20 years until its expiration in 1993. It also can't be protected in the 1996 law. See DR."><img alt="Photography taken in 1973 for a sports magazine. Because this is a journalistic assignment for an organization, the photograph remained protected for 20 years until its expiration in 1993. It also can't be protected in the 1996 law. See DR." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sotil_Cubillas_Challe_1973.png/77px-Sotil_Cubillas_Challe_1973.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sotil_Cubillas_Challe_1973.png/115px-Sotil_Cubillas_Challe_1973.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sotil_Cubillas_Challe_1973.png/154px-Sotil_Cubillas_Challe_1973.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="307"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Photography taken in 1973 for a sports magazine. Because this is a journalistic assignment for an organization, the photograph remained protected for 20 years until its expiration in 1993. It also can't be protected in the 1996 law. See <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Sotil_Cubillas_Challe_1973.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Sotil Cubillas Challe 1973.png">DR</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Examples for photographs under 1996 law: </p> <ul><li>In 2002 the Court considered two images of household appliances as below of threshold of originality due to the lack of creative evidence, despite they are in a catalog with individuality. See Resolution No 354-2002/TPI-INDECOPI.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Also, in 2002 the Court ruled that a magazine photograph of <i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ndalo" class="extiw" title="es:Skándalo">Skándalo</a></i> boy band in ordinary dress and solid-colored background receives related rights-only because it lacks individuality. See Resolution No 378-2002/TPI-INDECOPI, <i>Alomi Producciones S.A.C. v Karinto S.A</i> p.13.<sup id="cite_ref-Skandalo_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skandalo-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2007 the Court justified a photograph of gift box for a web catalog as original work because of its shade selection and during the editing process it carried meticulous details, specifically the colored shade artificially created. See Resolution No 1263-2007/TPI-INDECOPI, <i>Enrique Capella v Grupo Americano de Comercio S.A.C. and Citybank del Perú S.A</i> p.4.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2008 the court determined that press snapshots of sporting, political or weather events lack originality for lack of prior preparation in their production. See Resolution No 2521-2008/TPI-Indecopi, <i>Agencia Efe S.A. v Las Rosas Editorial S.A.C</i>.</li> <li>In 2012 the Court concluded that non-artistic techniques of photographs are not protectable (for example, <i>scanning</i>). See Resolution No 059-2012/TPI-Indecopi and Indecopi (2015), p.75.<sup id="cite_ref-Indecopi2015_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indecopi2015-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2013 Indecopi deduced that a promotional photograph of a model wearing clothes of a textile company does bear originality due to the framing, focus and composition to highlight her outfit. See Resolution No 0384-2013/CDA-INDECOPI, <i>Peruvian Connection Ltd. v SENATI</i> p. 9 and 10.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2021 the criteria for originality of photographs were simplified to three points: transmittable, framed and lighting that shows their personality. Between pages 77 and 82 of this resolution the court evident that press photographs from <i>Hildebrandt en sus trece</i> magazine do carry originality because they focus on the gestures of the photographed and the depth of the camera. See Resolution No 0096-2021/TPI-INDECOPI, <i>Plutón Editores S.A.C. v DP Comunicaciones S.A.C.</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Videographic_process" data-mw-thread-id="h-Videographic_process-Peru"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Videographic_process-Peru"></span>Videographic process<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Videographic_process-Peru"></span></h5></div> <p>There is threshold of originality for audiovisual creations but their protection is similar for both works and recordings (publish/create + 70 years). While cinematographic works ("obra audiovisual") are protected in their entirety, the related rights can only be granted to the producer of non-artistic filming ("grabación audiovisual"),<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[822/1996 Art. 140]</sup></span> which also include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Performers,_Producers_of_Phonograms_and_Broadcasting_Organisations" class="extiw" title="w:Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations">performance and broadcasting</a>.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[822/1996 Art. 143]</sup></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerlalc.org/wp-content/uploads/dar/jurisprudencia/453.pdf">Resolution 000111-1999-ODA-INDECOPI</a> establishes differences between the two terms, in particular, and in a similar way to simple photographs, the fixation of the succession of images. But, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerlalc.org/wp-content/uploads/dar/jurisprudencia/501.pdf">Resolution 371-2001/TPI-INDECOPI</a> establishes that the main requirement to receive related rights from the producer of non-artistic filming consists of: "present in their creation process a certain <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>degree of creativity, technical or organizational skill</bdi></b> sufficient to justify the recognition of a similar right in their favor" (p.e. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-View" class="extiw" title="w:Pay-per-View">Pay-per-View</a> events). </p><p>Theoretically, a security camera captures in a public place could <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>lack of their producer (as a public asset is mainly assumed to Peruvian State)</b> to be in the public domain. Security camera footage from Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Ciudadana is provided anonymously to the Peruvian National Police or Public Prosecutor's Office like state cameras in public areas, there is no knowed evidence from the original producer of the material.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[N° 007-2020-IN Art. 18]</sup></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/1464808/Acceso%20a%20grabaciones%20captadas%20por%20c%C3%A1maras%20de%20videovigilancia%20a%20trav%C3%A9s%20de%20los%20sistemas%20de%20seguridad%20de%20los%20municipios..pdf">Opinión Consultiva 60-2019-JUS/DGTAIPD</a> indicates that footage records are disclosure if these are for public interest and share in open data process (see also <a href="#PLATFORM">Works by the Peruvian Government </a>),<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[N° 007-2020-IN Art.22]</sup></span> the places filmed correspond to "places of public domain",<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[N° 007-2020-IN Art. 7]</sup></span> human monitoring exists but does not interfere with the surveillance camera's technical or creative ability for recording.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[N° 007-2020-IN Art. 2]</sup></span> Also it isn't artistic work since its custody cannot be altered from the original,<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[N° 007-2020-IN Art. 19]</sup></span> as a result, the footage is below the threshold of originality and don't comply with related rights of article 143 of the 1996 law.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moral rights prevail of the person involved in this media. For these footage in official works, use <a href="/wiki/Template:PD-PE-exempt" title="Template:PD-PE-exempt"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-PE-exempt}}</span></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Logos,_designs_and_other_works" data-mw-thread-id="h-Logos,_designs_and_other_works-Peru"><span id="Logos.2C_designs_and_other_works"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Logos,_designs_and_other_works-Peru"></span>Logos, designs and other works<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Logos,_designs_and_other_works-Peru"></span></h5></div> <p>Simple or ordinary logos and designs are <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> to upload to Commons, because they are below the threshold of originality required for copyright protection. In words of Indecopi and Ministry of Justice and quoting Resolutions No. 1349-2001/TPI-INDECOPI (first paragraph) and 0286-1998/TPI-INDECOPI (second paragraph): </p> <table class="cquote" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">According to Article 3 of Decision 351 [of the Andean Decision], in accordance with Article 2 of Legislative Decree No. 822, a work is understood to be any original intellectual creation of an artistic, scientific or literary nature, susceptible of being disclosed or reproduced in any form.[...] Whatever already part of the cultural heritage -artistic, scientific or literary- will not be considered [original creation], nor will [original] the form of expression that derives from the nature of things or from mechanical-only application of the provisions of certain legal norms, nor will [original] the form of expression that is reduced to a simple technique or simple instructions that only require manual skill for this execution. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><p style="font-size: smaller; text-align: right;"><cite style="font-style: normal;">—Indecopi, La originalidad como requisito de protección por derechos de autor ("requisito de la originalidad"), Precedentes y normativa del Indecopi en Propiedad Intelectual (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-Indecopi2015_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indecopi2015-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 18th paragraph in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/es/text/784">Casación Número: 1686-2011</a> explains the use of originality with architectural works satisfying utilitarian functions: </p> <table class="cquote" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The originality of the architectural work [...] must be sought essentially in the creative features that are most distinguishable from the purposes of the model, its nature, its geographic and landscape context, and the functional requirements of the costumer, as well as the technical and urban planning standards applicable to the case; and respond rather, in a particular way or as totality, to the individuality or artistic personality of the author. [An] architectural model [...] must be subjected to analysis for the purpose of identifying whether they respond only to elements of functionality or natural characteristics of the species to which they belong or, on the contrary, contain features that correspond to the whim or personality that the author has wanted to attribute to them, beyond their functionality or technical rigor, resulting in giving individuality to the work, in relation to the rest of the constructions of its species. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Telefonica_1984.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Telefónica v Deutsche Telekom (Resolución N° 1127-1998/TPI-INDECOPI)[75]: "It's not possible to grant a monopoly on this letter in favour of a single holder"."><img alt="Telefónica v Deutsche Telekom (Resolución N° 1127-1998/TPI-INDECOPI)[75]: "It's not possible to grant a monopoly on this letter in favour of a single holder"." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Telefonica_1984.png/120px-Telefonica_1984.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Telefonica_1984.png/180px-Telefonica_1984.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Telefonica_1984.png/240px-Telefonica_1984.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="792"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Telefónica v Deutsche Telekom</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.indecopi.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/11724/4508/1375_SPI_SD_Resolucion_1127-1998-TPI.pdf">Resolución N° 1127-1998/TPI-INDECOPI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Indecopi2015_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indecopi2015-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: "It's not possible to grant a monopoly on this letter in favour of a single holder".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Label_VECCYPER_in_Resoluci%C3%B3n_N%C2%BA_0286-1998,_Indecopi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Agrotrade S.R.LTDA. v Infutecsa E.I.R.L. (Resolución Nº 0286-1998/TPI-INDECOPI)[75]: "When it is certain that a creation lacks individuality and has been copied verbatim, it does not make it a work"."><img alt="Agrotrade S.R.LTDA. v Infutecsa E.I.R.L. (Resolución Nº 0286-1998/TPI-INDECOPI)[75]: "When it is certain that a creation lacks individuality and has been copied verbatim, it does not make it a work"." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Label_VECCYPER_in_Resoluci%C3%B3n_N%C2%BA_0286-1998%2C_Indecopi.png/97px-Label_VECCYPER_in_Resoluci%C3%B3n_N%C2%BA_0286-1998%2C_Indecopi.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Label_VECCYPER_in_Resoluci%C3%B3n_N%C2%BA_0286-1998%2C_Indecopi.png/145px-Label_VECCYPER_in_Resoluci%C3%B3n_N%C2%BA_0286-1998%2C_Indecopi.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Label_VECCYPER_in_Resoluci%C3%B3n_N%C2%BA_0286-1998%2C_Indecopi.png/193px-Label_VECCYPER_in_Resoluci%C3%B3n_N%C2%BA_0286-1998%2C_Indecopi.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="267"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Agrotrade S.R.LTDA. v Infutecsa E.I.R.L.</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.indecopi.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/11724/4505/1347_SPI_DA_Resolucion_0286-1998-TPI.pdf">Resolución Nº 0286-1998/TPI-INDECOPI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Indecopi2015_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indecopi2015-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: "When it is certain that a creation lacks individuality and has been copied verbatim, it does not make it a work".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantol_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución Nº 1370-2011/TPI-INDECOPI: "Although it is not a common typeface and may eventually show some differences with respect to the classic graph, this is not sufficient to consider that the work is protected by copyright"."><img alt="Resolución Nº 1370-2011/TPI-INDECOPI: "Although it is not a common typeface and may eventually show some differences with respect to the classic graph, this is not sufficient to consider that the work is protected by copyright"." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cantol_logo.png/120px-Cantol_logo.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cantol_logo.png/180px-Cantol_logo.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cantol_logo.png/240px-Cantol_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="240"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerlalc.org/wp-content/uploads/dar/jurisprudencia/2415.pdf">Resolución Nº 1370-2011/TPI-INDECOPI</a>: "Although it is not a common typeface and may eventually show some differences with respect to the classic graph, this is not sufficient to consider that the work is protected by copyright".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Estrategias_para_acudir_y_actuar_ante_Indecopi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución Nº 0366-2011-TPI-INDECOPI: "The title of the poster consists of a sentence without creativity and directly informs and announces the content of the event"."><img alt="Resolución Nº 0366-2011-TPI-INDECOPI: "The title of the poster consists of a sentence without creativity and directly informs and announces the content of the event"." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Estrategias_para_acudir_y_actuar_ante_Indecopi.png/120px-Estrategias_para_acudir_y_actuar_ante_Indecopi.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Estrategias_para_acudir_y_actuar_ante_Indecopi.png/180px-Estrategias_para_acudir_y_actuar_ante_Indecopi.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Estrategias_para_acudir_y_actuar_ante_Indecopi.png/240px-Estrategias_para_acudir_y_actuar_ante_Indecopi.png 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="140"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerlalc.org/wp-content/uploads/dar/jurisprudencia/2409.pdf">Resolución Nº 0366-2011-TPI-INDECOPI</a>: "The title of the poster consists of a sentence without creativity and directly informs and announces the content of the event".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chocolate_para_taza_tipo_Cuzco_(2008).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Corporación Oro Verde S.A.C. v Industrias Alimenticias Cusco S.A. (Resolución Nº 008-2008/CDA-INDECOPI): "The borders with Inca motifs and the typeface used to represent the word "CUSCO" do not meet the requirement of originality sufficient to be considered an artistic work"."><img alt="Corporación Oro Verde S.A.C. v Industrias Alimenticias Cusco S.A. (Resolución Nº 008-2008/CDA-INDECOPI): "The borders with Inca motifs and the typeface used to represent the word "CUSCO" do not meet the requirement of originality sufficient to be considered an artistic work"." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Chocolate_para_taza_tipo_Cuzco_%282008%29.png/120px-Chocolate_para_taza_tipo_Cuzco_%282008%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Chocolate_para_taza_tipo_Cuzco_%282008%29.png/180px-Chocolate_para_taza_tipo_Cuzco_%282008%29.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Chocolate_para_taza_tipo_Cuzco_%282008%29.png/240px-Chocolate_para_taza_tipo_Cuzco_%282008%29.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="108"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Corporación Oro Verde S.A.C. v Industrias Alimenticias Cusco S.A.</i> (Resolución Nº 008-2008/CDA-INDECOPI): "The borders with Inca motifs and the typeface used to represent the word "CUSCO" do not meet the requirement of originality sufficient to be considered an artistic work".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ojitos_hechiceros_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carga Máxima v Del Barrio and Compañía Peruana de Radiodifusión (Resolución Nº 0209-2019/CDA-INDECOPI): the court determined that the "squeaky font style" from Chicha posters for this logo is not original due to its common usage."><img alt="Carga Máxima v Del Barrio and Compañía Peruana de Radiodifusión (Resolución Nº 0209-2019/CDA-INDECOPI): the court determined that the "squeaky font style" from Chicha posters for this logo is not original due to its common usage." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ojitos_hechiceros_logo.png/120px-Ojitos_hechiceros_logo.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ojitos_hechiceros_logo.png/180px-Ojitos_hechiceros_logo.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Ojitos_hechiceros_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="46"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Carga Máxima v Del Barrio and Compañía Peruana de Radiodifusión</i> (Resolución Nº 0209-2019/CDA-INDECOPI): the court determined that the "squeaky font style" from <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicha_(arte)" class="extiw" title="es:Chicha (arte)">Chicha</a> posters for this logo is not original due to its common usage.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty_Slot_City_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución N° 0546-2005/TPI-INDECOPI: In the "drawing", they bear the texts and the crown of the Statue of Liberty, which lack individuality."><img alt="Resolución N° 0546-2005/TPI-INDECOPI: In the "drawing", they bear the texts and the crown of the Statue of Liberty, which lack individuality." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Liberty_Slot_City_logo.png/120px-Liberty_Slot_City_logo.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Liberty_Slot_City_logo.png/180px-Liberty_Slot_City_logo.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Liberty_Slot_City_logo.png/240px-Liberty_Slot_City_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="2089"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resolución N° 0546-2005/TPI-INDECOPI: In the "drawing", they bear the texts and the crown of the Statue of Liberty, which lack individuality.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_Social_Network.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución N° 0698-2014/TPI-INDECOPI: "The fact that [...] the exclamation mark is written in an irregular form and that each letter or sign has a different color, [does not] determine that such characteristics endow the design applied for registration with the features of originality required by the norm to provide it with protection as a work"."><img alt="Resolución N° 0698-2014/TPI-INDECOPI: "The fact that [...] the exclamation mark is written in an irregular form and that each letter or sign has a different color, [does not] determine that such characteristics endow the design applied for registration with the features of originality required by the norm to provide it with protection as a work"." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Life_Social_Network.png/120px-Life_Social_Network.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Life_Social_Network.png/180px-Life_Social_Network.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Life_Social_Network.png/240px-Life_Social_Network.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="127"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resolución N° 0698-2014/TPI-INDECOPI: "The fact that [...] the exclamation mark is written in an irregular form and that each letter or sign has a different color, [does not] determine that such characteristics endow the design applied for registration with the features of originality required by the norm to provide it with protection as a work".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_del_n%C3%BAmero_siete.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución Nº 1194-2017/TPI-INDECOPI: "The Court notes that there are no original elements, since they are figures that do not present any particularity, which have been reproduced in the usual manner, without any element having been included"."><img alt="Resolución Nº 1194-2017/TPI-INDECOPI: "The Court notes that there are no original elements, since they are figures that do not present any particularity, which have been reproduced in the usual manner, without any element having been included"." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_del_n%C3%BAmero_siete.png/120px-Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_del_n%C3%BAmero_siete.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_del_n%C3%BAmero_siete.png/180px-Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_del_n%C3%BAmero_siete.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_del_n%C3%BAmero_siete.png/240px-Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_del_n%C3%BAmero_siete.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="118"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resolución Nº 1194-2017/TPI-INDECOPI: "The Court notes that there are no original elements, since they are figures that do not present any particularity, which have been reproduced in the usual manner, without any element having been included".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_de_una_pipa.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución Nº 1192-2017/TPI-INDECOPI (see Resolución Nº 1194-2017/TPI-INDECOPI)."><img alt="Resolución Nº 1192-2017/TPI-INDECOPI (see Resolución Nº 1194-2017/TPI-INDECOPI)." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_de_una_pipa.png/120px-Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_de_una_pipa.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_de_una_pipa.png/180px-Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_de_una_pipa.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_de_una_pipa.png/240px-Dibujo_caracter%C3%ADstico_de_una_pipa.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="110"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resolución Nº 1192-2017/TPI-INDECOPI (see Resolución Nº 1194-2017/TPI-INDECOPI).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sangucher%C3%ADa_Pura_Gula.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución N° 4301-2015/TPI-INDECOPI: "These are ornamental elements that lack originality, since the same or similar ones are being used by different people and companies to identify"."><img alt="Resolución N° 4301-2015/TPI-INDECOPI: "These are ornamental elements that lack originality, since the same or similar ones are being used by different people and companies to identify"." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sangucher%C3%ADa_Pura_Gula.png/120px-Sangucher%C3%ADa_Pura_Gula.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sangucher%C3%ADa_Pura_Gula.png/180px-Sangucher%C3%ADa_Pura_Gula.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sangucher%C3%ADa_Pura_Gula.png/240px-Sangucher%C3%ADa_Pura_Gula.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="176"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resolución N° 4301-2015/TPI-INDECOPI: "These are ornamental elements that lack originality, since the same or similar ones are being used by different people and companies to identify".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5as_e_8as_diretas_permitidas_nas_partes_intermedi%C3%A1rias_-_quinta_em_parte_extrema.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Empresas Luc-Chetti S.A. v Molinoitalia S.A. y Pragma DePublicidad S.A. (Resolución Nº 074-2000/TPI-INDECOPI): "[...] although musical works comprise melody, harmony and rhythm; exclusive rights to the melody can only be acquired".[79]"><img alt="Empresas Luc-Chetti S.A. v Molinoitalia S.A. y Pragma DePublicidad S.A. (Resolución Nº 074-2000/TPI-INDECOPI): "[...] although musical works comprise melody, harmony and rhythm; exclusive rights to the melody can only be acquired".[79]" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/5as_e_8as_diretas_permitidas_nas_partes_intermedi%C3%A1rias_-_quinta_em_parte_extrema.png/120px-5as_e_8as_diretas_permitidas_nas_partes_intermedi%C3%A1rias_-_quinta_em_parte_extrema.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/5as_e_8as_diretas_permitidas_nas_partes_intermedi%C3%A1rias_-_quinta_em_parte_extrema.png/180px-5as_e_8as_diretas_permitidas_nas_partes_intermedi%C3%A1rias_-_quinta_em_parte_extrema.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/5as_e_8as_diretas_permitidas_nas_partes_intermedi%C3%A1rias_-_quinta_em_parte_extrema.png/240px-5as_e_8as_diretas_permitidas_nas_partes_intermedi%C3%A1rias_-_quinta_em_parte_extrema.png 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="409"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Empresas Luc-Chetti S.A. v Molinoitalia S.A. y Pragma DePublicidad S.A.</i> (Resolución Nº 074-2000/TPI-INDECOPI): "[...] although musical works comprise melody, harmony and rhythm; exclusive rights to the melody can only be acquired".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Annuaire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución Nº 211-94-DA-INDECOPI: "la protección [...] no abarca la ordenación alfabética de usuarios que contiene [la guía telefónica]""><img alt="Resolución Nº 211-94-DA-INDECOPI: "la protección [...] no abarca la ordenación alfabética de usuarios que contiene [la guía telefónica]"" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Annuaire.jpg/120px-Annuaire.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Annuaire.jpg/180px-Annuaire.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Annuaire.jpg/240px-Annuaire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resolución Nº 211-94-DA-INDECOPI: "la protección [...] no abarca la ordenación alfabética de usuarios que contiene [la guía telefónica]"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Simpsons_Duff_Beer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Far from fiction, Duff is an element that individually lacks the protection of a work of art. Subsequently, Fox managed to obtain identification characteristics to be registered as beer trademark (Resolución Nº 1508-2009/TPI-INDECOPI).[80]"><img alt="Far from fiction, Duff is an element that individually lacks the protection of a work of art. Subsequently, Fox managed to obtain identification characteristics to be registered as beer trademark (Resolución Nº 1508-2009/TPI-INDECOPI).[80]" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Simpsons_Duff_Beer.jpg/120px-The_Simpsons_Duff_Beer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Simpsons_Duff_Beer.jpg/180px-The_Simpsons_Duff_Beer.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Simpsons_Duff_Beer.jpg/240px-The_Simpsons_Duff_Beer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Far from fiction, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duff_beer" class="extiw" title="w:Duff beer">Duff</a> is an element that individually lacks the protection of a work of art. Subsequently, Fox managed to obtain identification characteristics to be registered as beer trademark (Resolución Nº 1508-2009/TPI-INDECOPI).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cucharadita_de_t%C3%A9_(in_Resolution_2418-2009).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución N° 2418-2009/TPI-INDECOPI: While the angle of the handle to the horizontal line or the depth of the concave part of the teaspoon [is slightly different] from the standard shape [...] the object is not an original work, due to the common form of others teaspoons.[81]"><img alt="Resolución N° 2418-2009/TPI-INDECOPI: While the angle of the handle to the horizontal line or the depth of the concave part of the teaspoon [is slightly different] from the standard shape [...] the object is not an original work, due to the common form of others teaspoons.[81]" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cucharadita_de_t%C3%A9_%28in_Resolution_2418-2009%29.png/107px-Cucharadita_de_t%C3%A9_%28in_Resolution_2418-2009%29.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cucharadita_de_t%C3%A9_%28in_Resolution_2418-2009%29.png/161px-Cucharadita_de_t%C3%A9_%28in_Resolution_2418-2009%29.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cucharadita_de_t%C3%A9_%28in_Resolution_2418-2009%29.png/214px-Cucharadita_de_t%C3%A9_%28in_Resolution_2418-2009%29.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="508"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resolución N° 2418-2009/TPI-INDECOPI: While the angle of the handle to the horizontal line or the depth of the concave part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/teaspoon" class="extiw" title="w:teaspoon">teaspoon</a> [is slightly different] from the standard shape [...] the object is not an original work, due to the common form of others teaspoons.<sup id="cite_ref-AA2013_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA2013-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución N° 0184-2008/TPI-INDECOPI: The miniature representation of Machu Picchu in plastic material cannot be granted as an original work, because its registration would prohibit people create other miniature versions of the citadel.[81]"><img alt="Resolución N° 0184-2008/TPI-INDECOPI: The miniature representation of Machu Picchu in plastic material cannot be granted as an original work, because its registration would prohibit people create other miniature versions of the citadel.[81]" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Machu_Picchu%2C_Peru.jpg/120px-Machu_Picchu%2C_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Machu_Picchu%2C_Peru.jpg/180px-Machu_Picchu%2C_Peru.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Machu_Picchu%2C_Peru.jpg/240px-Machu_Picchu%2C_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resolución N° 0184-2008/TPI-INDECOPI: The miniature representation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu_Picchu" class="extiw" title="w:Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a> in plastic material cannot be granted as an original work, because its registration would prohibit people create other miniature versions of the citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-AA2013_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA2013-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Screen_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución Nº 1645-2007/TPI-INDECOPI: "The elaboration of a [portable stage] (similar to this image) may have meant an intellectual effort on the part of its creator, but it does not have enough characteristics to be considered a work of [3D] art, since it consists of a simple arrangement of removable panels in the form of a screen"."><img alt="Resolución Nº 1645-2007/TPI-INDECOPI: "The elaboration of a [portable stage] (similar to this image) may have meant an intellectual effort on the part of its creator, but it does not have enough characteristics to be considered a work of [3D] art, since it consists of a simple arrangement of removable panels in the form of a screen"." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Screen_%28PSF%29.png/120px-Screen_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Screen_%28PSF%29.png/180px-Screen_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Screen_%28PSF%29.png/240px-Screen_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1567"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resolución <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerlalc.org/wp-content/uploads/dar/jurisprudencia/1482.pdf">Nº 1645-2007/TPI-INDECOPI</a>: "The elaboration of a [portable stage] (similar to this image) may have meant an intellectual effort on the part of its creator, but it does not have enough characteristics to be considered a work of [3D] art, since it consists of a simple arrangement of removable panels in the form of a screen".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_Regi%C3%B3n_Puno.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución Nº 0148-2008/TPI-INDECOPI: "However, the Court considers that allowing protection to a design composed exclusively of figures or designs in the public domain, such as the Inca chakana, would mean for no other person to be able to use such designs belonging to the common cultural heritage"."><img alt="Resolución Nº 0148-2008/TPI-INDECOPI: "However, the Court considers that allowing protection to a design composed exclusively of figures or designs in the public domain, such as the Inca chakana, would mean for no other person to be able to use such designs belonging to the common cultural heritage"." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bandera_Regi%C3%B3n_Puno.png/120px-Bandera_Regi%C3%B3n_Puno.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bandera_Regi%C3%B3n_Puno.png/180px-Bandera_Regi%C3%B3n_Puno.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bandera_Regi%C3%B3n_Puno.png/240px-Bandera_Regi%C3%B3n_Puno.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="788"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resolución <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerlalc.org/wp-content/uploads/dar/jurisprudencia/1181.pdf">Nº 0148-2008/TPI-INDECOPI</a>: "However, the Court considers that allowing protection to a design composed exclusively of figures or designs in the public domain, such as the Inca chakana, would mean for no other person to be able to use such designs belonging to the common cultural heritage".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumi_sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución Nº 0083-2011/DDA-INDECOPI does not consider protection to use of Tumi with common text."><img alt="Resolución Nº 0083-2011/DDA-INDECOPI does not consider protection to use of Tumi with common text." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tumi_sm.jpg/90px-Tumi_sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tumi_sm.jpg/135px-Tumi_sm.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tumi_sm.jpg/180px-Tumi_sm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="704"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resolución <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indecopi.gob.pe/documents/20182/143803/BoletinDDAJUN12.pdf">Nº 0083-2011/DDA-INDECOPI</a> does not consider protection to use of Tumi with common text.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Infidelidad_en_una_intro_de_Latina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A newsline that is not subject to copyright protection but the image, also not considered a work of authorship, is subject to related protection for 70 years post-creation."><img alt="A newsline that is not subject to copyright protection but the image, also not considered a work of authorship, is subject to related protection for 70 years post-creation." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Infidelidad_en_una_intro_de_Latina.svg/120px-Infidelidad_en_una_intro_de_Latina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Infidelidad_en_una_intro_de_Latina.svg/180px-Infidelidad_en_una_intro_de_Latina.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Infidelidad_en_una_intro_de_Latina.svg/240px-Infidelidad_en_una_intro_de_Latina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A newsline that is not subject to copyright protection but the image, also not considered a work of authorship, is subject to related protection for 70 years post-creation.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WeTalk_Live.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resolución N° 0082-2023/TPI-INDECOPI: "The additional elements that appear on the images (e.g. rectangles containing phrases or expressions) also do not present particular features that denote a minimum of originality, so they cannot be protected by copyright""><img alt="Resolución N° 0082-2023/TPI-INDECOPI: "The additional elements that appear on the images (e.g. rectangles containing phrases or expressions) also do not present particular features that denote a minimum of originality, so they cannot be protected by copyright"" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WeTalk_Live.png/120px-WeTalk_Live.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WeTalk_Live.png/180px-WeTalk_Live.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/WeTalk_Live.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="225"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Resolución N° 0082-2023/TPI-INDECOPI: "The additional elements that appear on the images (e.g. rectangles containing phrases or expressions) also do not present particular features that denote a minimum of originality, so they cannot be protected by copyright"</div> </li> </ul> <p>Note: Some creations are above the threshold of originality and <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>are not valid</b> for upload to Commons: </p> <ul><li>Logo of Tres Olivas: a leaf with three olives with tonalities, use of brightness and sensation of movement. See Resolution No 1774-2012/TPI-INDECOPI, <i>Olivos del Sur S.A.C. vs Antonio Moncayo Cortés</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tresolivas_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tresolivas-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104231544/https://laprimera.pe/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/logo_laprimera-300x255-1.jpeg">Emblema La Primera</a>. See Resolution No 2361-2016/TPI-INDECOPI.</li> <li>A fictional character in Superman: <i>Krisis of the Krimson Kryptonite</i>. See Resolution No 1164-2014/TPI-INDECOPI.</li> <li>A logo with a people with torch to the letter E, above the letter T. <i>Triunfo Empresarial</i>. See Resolution No 0319-2018/TPI-INDECOPI.</li></ul> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Philippines#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Philippines">COM:TOO Philippines</a></div> <h4 id="Philippines" id="Philippines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Philippines-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Philippines-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Philippines" class="extiw" title="w:en:Philippines"><span title="archipelagic country in Southeast Asia">Philippines</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Philippines-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> The concept of threshold of originality probably does not exist in the Philippines. It is possible that the <i>sweat of the brow</i> concept applies. In this concept, "a work can be eligible for copyright protection if there is a substantial amount of labor, effort, or investment involved, even if it lacks a significant level of creativity. This standard places emphasis on the effort put into creating the work rather than the level of originality or creativity." (Reference: <a href="/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Copyright/Archive/2023/07#Probable_low_Philippines_TOO" title="Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2023/07">Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2023/07#Probable low Philippines TOO</a>) </p><p>For this reason, some logos that may be simple for <a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:TOO_US" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:TOO US">the American jurisprudence</a> may be eligible for copyright in the Philippines. Two examples are logos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/photosikwate">of Photo Sikwate</a> (2022-00957-G) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.facebook.com/GeomaxInnovationandSolution">of Geomax Solutions and Innovations</a> (2022-01698-G), both of which were afforded copyright registration as proven by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipophil.gov.ph/copyright/copyright-registration-search-2022/">2022 copyright registry of Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines</a>. </p><p>However, in the midst of controversy surrounding the most popular noontime variety show of the Philippines in mid-2023 (refer to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Eat_Bulaga!#Copyright_infringement_case" class="extiw" title="w:en:Eat Bulaga!">w:en:Eat Bulaga!#Copyright infringement case</a> for the background information), Atty. Maggie Garduque who represents the show's producer (TAPE, Inc.) claims the design of the logo of the show "is a trademark and not subject of copyright."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Poland#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Poland">COM:TOO Poland</a></div> <h4 id="Poland" id="Poland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Poland-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Poland-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Poland" class="extiw" title="w:en:Poland"><span title="country in Central Europe">Poland</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Poland-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> Per Tomasz Targosz (Institute of Intellectual Property Law, Jagiellonian University Kraków): </p><blockquote><p>Polish copyright law has quite a long tradition of setting the threshold rather low, which may encourage frivolous lawsuits forcing courts to ponder whether simple graphic designs, short lines of text or even names should or should not be protected by copyright law.<sup id="cite_ref-Kluwer_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kluwer-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Portugal#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Portugal">COM:TOO Portugal</a></div> <h4 id="Portugal" id="Portugal" data-mw-thread-id="h-Portugal-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Portugal-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Portugal" class="extiw" title="w:en:Portugal"><span title="country in Southwestern Europe">Portugal</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Portugal-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juventude_Socialista_Portugal.png" class="extiw" title="w:File:Juventude Socialista Portugal.png">w:File:Juventude Socialista Portugal.png</a> was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_uploaded_by_Ribeiro2002rafael" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by Ribeiro2002rafael">deleted</a> as it was considered to be above the threshold of originality. </p><dl><dt>Photographs</dt></dl> <p>In Portugal photographs have been consistently specifically required to have a significant degree of creativity in order to be copyrighted. Article §164 of the current 2017 copyright law states that "the choice of a photograph's subject and the conditions of its creation must be deemed to be a personal artistic creation by the author before a photograph may qualify for protection". </p> <dl><dt>Court cases</dt></dl> <ul><li>Landscape photograph: Ruled as without originality. In 2009 the Tribunal da Relação de Lisboa ruled as void of copyright for lack of artistic creativity a landscape photograph the author was claiming copyright on due to his choice of the setting, light and other conditions. It was considered by the court "a vulgar photograph resultant from the mere choice of an object, such as a city council building and part of a group of trees, without a minimum of creativity".<sup id="cite_ref-TRL0TJLSB-8_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRL0TJLSB-8-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject is discussed in a 2017 article published by the Instituto Portugues de Fotografia.<sup id="cite_ref-IPF2017_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPF2017-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Heart reproduction commissioned to a laboratory in order to be presented in an exposition: Ruled as without originality.<sup id="cite_ref-TRL0TJLSB-8_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRL0TJLSB-8-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Clothing/Fashion: Ruled as without originality.<sup id="cite_ref-TRL2YHLSBL1-7_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRL2YHLSBL1-7-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Puppets wearing Madeira national costumes (generally tourist souvenirs) following old and common models were considered without copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Russia#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Russia">COM:TOO Russia</a></div> <h4 id="Russia" id="Russia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Russia-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Russia-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Russia" class="extiw" title="w:en:Russia"><span title="country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia">Russia</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Russia-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div> <dl><dt>Automatic camera works</dt></dl> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Public domain"><img alt="Public domain" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/25px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/38px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/50px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"/></span></span> use {{<a href="/wiki/Template:PD-RU-exempt-autocam" title="Template:PD-RU-exempt-autocam">PD-RU-exempt-autocam</a>}} </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b> A photowork or a videowork made by <b>automatic</b> camera (Russian: <i>автоматическая камера</i>, not to be confused with automated camera: <i>автоматизированная камера</i>) is not the subject of copyright, because such work is made by technical tool without creative human activity. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Part 80 of Session Resolution No. 10 of April 23, 2019 on Application of Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation </p><p><b>Examples</b> </p> <ul><li>Any photowork or videowork made by <b>automatic</b> camera for administrative violation record (for example, by <b>automatic</b> camera for driving offense record<sup id="cite_ref-FineCamera_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FineCamera-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Part 80 of Session Resolution No. 10 of April 23, 2019 on Application of Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation</li></ul> <dl><dt>Simple creative works</dt></dl> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> Simple result of creative work (creative human activity) is copyrightable. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Part 80 of Session Resolution No. 10 of April 23, 2019 on Application of Part IV of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation </p><p><b>Examples</b> </p> <ul><li>Simple black square as geometric shape is uncopyrightable as itself. However <a href="/wiki/Category:Black_Square_(Malevich)" title="Category:Black Square (Malevich)"><i>Black Square</i></a> by <i>Kazimir Malevich</i> was copyrightable because this painting was the result of creative work in recognized art style - <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/suprematism" class="extiw" title="en:suprematism">suprematism</a></i>, and it is in Public Domain because of copyright term expiry, not because of result simplicity.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Logos</dt></dl> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_neutral_vote.svg/15px-Symbol_neutral_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_neutral_vote.svg/23px-Symbol_neutral_vote.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_neutral_vote.svg/30px-Symbol_neutral_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></span></span> <b><bdi>In doubt</bdi></b> There is no clear precedent in Russian courts for the threshold of originality for simple logos. </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Senegal#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Senegal">COM:TOO Senegal</a></div> <h4 id="Senegal" id="Senegal" data-mw-thread-id="h-Senegal-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Senegal-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Senegal" class="extiw" title="w:en:Senegal"><span title="country on the coast of West Africa">Senegal</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Senegal-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> Works of the mind may enjoy protection only if they are original. "Originality" means the work bears the stamp of the author's personality.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[2008-09 Article 7]</sup></span> </p><div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Slovenia#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Slovenia">COM:TOO Slovenia</a></div> <h4 id="Slovenia" id="Slovenia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Slovenia-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Slovenia-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Slovenia" class="extiw" title="w:en:Slovenia"><span title="country in Central Europe">Slovenia</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Slovenia-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> The threshold of originality in Slovenia depends on the field of creativity. If the maneuvering space of the possible creativity is narrower, it requires more creativity for a work to be copyrighted.<sup id="cite_ref-VSL0069492_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VSL0069492-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this regard, the following court cases are relevant: </p><p>Applied arts: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sodisce.si/vsrs/odlocitve/2012032113042606/">VSL0069492</a> - the design of a couch set has been found to be below the threshold.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sodnapraksa.si/?q=id:1100&database%5BSOVS%5D=SOVS&database%5BIESP%5D=IESP&database%5BVDSS%5D=VDSS&database%5BUPRS%5D=UPRS&_submit=i%C5%A1%C4%8Di&page=0&id=1100">VS0011606</a> – the design of a sales stand has been found to be above the threshold.</li></ul> <p>Architecture: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sodisce.si/vislj/odlocitve/45944/">VSL00432</a> – only the works that constitute an original artwork are copyrighted; the renovation plan of Ljubljana Castle as well as the newly built and (at least some of) the renovated parts of the castle count as such.</li></ul> <p>Logo: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sodnapraksa.si/?q=id:2015081111421027&database%5BSOVS%5D=SOVS&database%5BIESP%5D=IESP&database%5BVDSS%5D=VDSS&database%5BUPRS%5D=UPRS&_submit=i%C5%A1%C4%8Di&page=0&id=2015081111421027">VSL00013281</a> – the logo with inscription "I Feel Slovenia" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.gov.si/assets/vladne-sluzbe/UKOM/Promocija-Slovenije/Znamka-I-feel-Slovenia/LOGO-zelena-pozitiv-obrezan__FitWzk4MCw5ODAsImMzZDVhYzg2MzkiXQ.jpg">[7]</a> was found to constitute a copyrighted work.</li></ul> <dl><dd>The court opined: "The slogan and the logo, which contains both verbal and graphic elements, do not allow them to be separated. Only the synergy of the verbal and graphic elements allows the observer to identify the overall message of the author's work."<br/></dd></dl> <p>Titles: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sodnapraksa.si/?q=*:*&database%5BSOVS%5D=SOVS&database%5BIESP%5D=IESP&database%5BVDSS%5D=VDSS&database%5BUPRS%5D=UPRS&_submit=i%C5%A1%C4%8Di&id=9034">VS07924</a> – the title "Brez zavor" (meaning "Without inhibitions") has been found to be below the threshold.</li></ul> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/South_Korea#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Korea">COM:TOO South Korea</a></div> <h4 id="South_Korea" id="South_Korea" data-mw-thread-id="h-South_Korea-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-South_Korea-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:South_Korea" class="extiw" title="w:en:South Korea"><span title="country in East Asia">South Korea</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-South_Korea-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> According to a machine translation of the <i>Copyright Act as amended up to Act No. 14634 of March 21, 2017</i>, </p><ul><li>"Work" refers to a creation that expresses human thoughts or feelings.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[432/1957–2017 Article 2.2]</sup></span></li></ul> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Korea" class="extiw" title="w:Supreme Court of South Korea">The Supreme Court of South Korea</a> declared that it is sufficient to be work if:<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>it is not just an imitation,</li> <li>it has own characteristics as a product of mental efforts, and</li> <li>it can be distinguished from existing ones.</li></ul> <p>Seoul High Court judged the seagull pattern and the figure of Ebisu of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Evisu" class="extiw" title="w:en:Evisu">EVISU Japan</a> is not copyrighted because they cannot be recognized for originality.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, The Supreme Court of South Korea has ruled that typefaces are not copyrighted. (See also <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/South_Korea#Signatures" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Korea">Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Korea § Signatures</a>) </p><p>However, the Supreme Court of South Korea judged the logo of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Fox_Racing" class="extiw" title="w:en:Fox Racing">Fox Racing</a> is copyrighted.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Spain#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Spain">COM:TOO Spain</a></div> <h4 id="Spain" id="Spain" data-mw-thread-id="h-Spain-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Spain-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Spain" class="extiw" title="w:en:Spain"><span title="country in southwestern Europe with territories in Africa">Spain</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Spain-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> STS 4443/2004 notes that a work must have the characteristics of "uniqueness, individuality and distinguishability" to qualify for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>STS 1644/2017 concerns architecture and states "The terms in which an architectural project is drawn up largely respond to the technical or functional requirements and compliance with urban regulations. When this is the case, the project or the architectural buildings are not protected by copyright in the part imposed by those technical, functional or normative requirements"; and more generally, "the factor of recognizability or differentiation of the work with respect to the pre-existing ones [is] essential to grant an exclusive right with moral and patrimonial aspects".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sweden#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sweden">COM:TOO Sweden</a></div> <h4 id="Sweden" id="Sweden" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sweden-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sweden-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Sweden" class="extiw" title="w:en:Sweden"><span title="country in Northern Europe">Sweden</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sweden-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> "A simple general rule is that if it is unlikely that two persons would create, for example, a text identically or similarly, the text is probably sufficiently original to qualify as a protected work. (..) Often, the requirements for copyright protection are considered to be relatively low."<sup id="cite_ref-PRVprotected_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRVprotected-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the court cases below it can be concluded that the threshold of originality in Sweden is significantly higher then the ditto in the United Kingdom even though it might be considered low compared to the one in the United States. </p><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:5em;">Status</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IXXI_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/IXXI_logo.jpg/230px-IXXI_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/IXXI_logo.jpg/345px-IXXI_logo.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/IXXI_logo.jpg/460px-IXXI_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="223"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>The text itself can't be considered to fulfill the general threshold of originality considered for copyright protection. This same interpretation is made whether one sees it as Roman numerals or Latin letters. The logo itself does have some figurative design. The font must however, despite some inconsistancies along the edges, be considered as ordinary and the black rectangle in the background does not contribute to any distinctive character. – <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent-_och_registreringsverket" class="extiw" title="sv:Patent- och registreringsverket">Patent- och registreringsverket</a> (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) Invändningsärende nr 2017/00120/01, Registrering nr 540495 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A6_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/A6_logo.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="116" data-file-height="122"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>The logo consists of an <i>a</i> and a <i>6</i>. The round part of each character is not closed, however the characters are, besides that, made in a fairly ordinary font without any distinctive character. Between the characters is a simple, sun-feather resembelling, figure with a pointy tip which goes down between the characters. Above this figure there are four points, two to the left and two to the right. The logo is way too simple to be granted such copyright protection which can constitute an impediment for others' trademark registration. – <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent-_och_registreringsverket" class="extiw" title="sv:Patent- och registreringsverket">Patent- och registreringsverket</a> (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) Invändningsärende nr 2005/0006/0001, Registrering nr 369154. <p>This ruling was appealed to <i><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patentbesv%C3%A4rsr%C3%A4tten" class="extiw" title="sv:Patentbesvärsrätten">Patentbesvärsrätten</a></i> (Patent court of appeals) which settled the original ruling (Mål nr 06-304, vm.reg. 369.154), albeit with one member of the court with a dissenting opinion. Unfortunately, they did not elaborate as to why they settled the original ruling. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upphovsr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_teknisk_ritning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Upphovsr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_teknisk_ritning.png/80px-Upphovsr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_teknisk_ritning.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Upphovsr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_teknisk_ritning.png/120px-Upphovsr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_teknisk_ritning.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Upphovsr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_teknisk_ritning.png/160px-Upphovsr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_teknisk_ritning.png 2x" data-file-width="1863" data-file-height="2908"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>Technical drawing. According to decision by the Swedish Supreme Court.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lagen.nu/dom/nja/2004s149">NJA 2004 s. 149</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://shop.textalk.se/shop/4541/files/entombed/ENT_logo_web.png">https://shop.textalk.se/shop/4541/files/entombed/ENT_logo_web.png</a></td> <td>The logo has been created using a Gothic font in a way which is frequently used among bands in the genre in question [death metal]. The logotype can thus not be considered to fulfill the demands of originality and distinctive character needed for copyright protection. – <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent-_och_registreringsverket" class="extiw" title="sv:Patent- och registreringsverket">Patent- och registreringsverket</a> (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) Invändningsärende 2013/0133/0001, Registrering nr 514059. <p>According to the court, after a comprehensive assessment, the wordmark shows such level of indivudual, distinctive character that it must be considered to possess copyright protection. The court especially values the font of choice, the individual design of the first and last letter and the fact that the first and last letter has been written in caps. – <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent-_och_marknadsdomstolen" class="extiw" title="sv:Patent- och marknadsdomstolen">Patent- och marknadsdomstolen</a> (Patent and Market Court) PMÄ 10796-16 </p><p>This ruling was appealed to <i><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent-_och_marknads%C3%B6verdomstolen" class="extiw" title="sv:Patent- och marknadsöverdomstolen">Patent- och marknadsöverdomstolen</a></i> (Patent and Market Court of Appeals) which settled the previous ruling (Mål nr PMÖÄ 5441-17). Unfortunately, they did not elaborate as to why they settled the previous ruling. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b></td> <td>A black-and-white version of <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunderklumpen_Logo.png" class="extiw" title="fr:File:Dunderklumpen Logo.png">fr:File:Dunderklumpen Logo.png</a></td> <td>Ruled above the TOO by <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent-_och_registreringsverket" class="extiw" title="sv:Patent- och registreringsverket">Patent- och registreringsverket</a> (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) (Varumärkesansökan nr 2014/00870), another part of the same ruling was appealed to the <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent-_och_marknadsdomstolen" class="extiw" title="sv:Patent- och marknadsdomstolen">Patent- och marknadsdomstolen</a> (Patent and Market Court) which settled the original ruling (Mål nr PMÄ 10748-16). Neither instance elaborated further as why the logo was ruled above the TOO but one can speculate that it was because it was a very obvious case. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://a.1stdibscdn.com/mid-century-modern-white-vintage-plastic-bibendum-michelin-man-lamp-1960s-france-for-sale/1121189/f_149696721559958587148/14969672_master.jpg">Michelin man lamp</a></td> <td>Ruled above the TOO by <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent-_och_registreringsverket" class="extiw" title="sv:Patent- och registreringsverket">Patent- och registreringsverket</a> (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) (Varumärkesansökan nr 2015/03538). The office did not elaborate further as why the logo was ruled above the TOO but one can speculate that it was because it was a very obvious case. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4xcolor_mini_maglite_20050614.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/4xcolor_mini_maglite_20050614.jpg/100px-4xcolor_mini_maglite_20050614.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/4xcolor_mini_maglite_20050614.jpg/150px-4xcolor_mini_maglite_20050614.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/4xcolor_mini_maglite_20050614.jpg/200px-4xcolor_mini_maglite_20050614.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Mini Maglite torch (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.domstol.se/hogsta-domstolen/avgoranden/2009/38501/">Mål: T 1421-07, Högsta domstolen</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b></td> <td>Porcelain <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://lagen.nu/dom/nja/1995s631">[8]</a></td> <td>"Sundborn", made by <a href="/wiki/Category:R%C3%B6rstrand" title="Category:Rörstrand">Rörstrand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b></td> <td>Photo illustrating <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article10498707.ab">a newspaper article</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lagen.nu/dom/rh/2009:18">RH 2009:18</a> (removed from the website in 2004 because of copyright infringement, protected as a photographic work for 70 years after author's death) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> </td> <td>Knitted tunic</td> <td>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lagen.nu/dom/nja/1995s164">NJA 1995 s. 164</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b></td> <td>Technical drawings</td> <td>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lagen.nu/dom/nja/1998s563">NJA 1998 s. 563</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Switzerland#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Switzerland">COM:TOO Switzerland</a></div> <h4 id="Switzerland" id="Switzerland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Switzerland-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Switzerland-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Switzerland" class="extiw" title="w:en:Switzerland"><span title="country in Central Europe">Switzerland</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Switzerland-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Switzerland" class="extiw" title="w:Copyright law of Switzerland">Swiss copyright law</a> defines works as "literary and artistic intellectual creations with individual character, irrespective of their value or purpose".<sup id="cite_ref-swiss-law_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swiss-law-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such works are protected by copyright: "Up to 70 years after the death of the author (50 years for computer programs); 50 years from the taking of a photograph without individual character; 70 years from the performance/publication of a phonogram or audio-visual fixation; 50 years from the transmission of a broadcast."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This section discusses some types of subject matter. </p><p><b>Photographs:</b> Photographs may be protected as works on the basis of their individual character (individual photographs). Some photographs that lack individual character may also enjoy protection (non-individual photographs). </p> <ul><li><i><b>Individual photographs:</b></i> The individual character may manifest itself in a variety of ways, such as the choice of the depicted object, the decision on when the picture is taken, or the editing work done after the picture has been taken.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2003 decision, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" class="extiw" title="w:Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland</a> held that a photo of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley" class="extiw" title="w:Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a> taken at a concert by a spectator with a handheld camera was eligible for protection as a photographic work because it had the required individual character by virtue of the aesthetic appeal of the picture, combined with the orientation of the picture's components and the distribution of light and shadow. It also found that the photograph was a "creation of the mind" by being shot at a specific time during the singer's movement on the stage.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, in the 2004 case <i>Blau Guggenheim v. British Broadcasting Corporation</i>, the Court found that a photo (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christoph_Meili_1997-nonfree.jpg" class="extiw" title="en:File:Christoph Meili 1997-nonfree.jpg">en:File:Christoph Meili 1997-nonfree.jpg</a>), shot by a reporter to document <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Meili" class="extiw" title="w:Christoph Meili">Christoph Meili</a> with the files he had taken from his employer, lacked individual character. It found that the scope of conceptual and technical possibilities was not exploited, and that the photograph did not distinguish itself in any way from what was common use.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The copyright in an individual photograph lasts for 70 years from the end of the calendar year in which the author died.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><i><b>Non-individual photographs:</b></i> Effective 1 April 2020, Swiss law also protects certain non-individual photographs. Article 2(3<sup>bis</sup>) URG provides that "photographic depictions and depictions of three-dimensional objects produced by a process similar to that of photography are considered works, even if they do not have individual character". While no individuality is required, according to the official motives accompanying the (eventually adopted) revision draft, these photographs are still required to be "based on human actions", and thus "automatically created photographs such as radar pictures, pictures from surveillance cameras or camera traps" are ineligible for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should be noted that the new right also applies to photographs created before 1 April 2020 that had previously not been protected for failing the individuality test; however, if a particular use of a non-individual photograph was "begun prior to the commencement" of the new law, it "may be completed".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the official motives, this has the effect that "if non-individual photographs are used on a web page, the web page may be maintained after the entry into force of the protection of non-individual photographs. If, on the other hand, such photographs are included into an existing or a new web page after the entry into force of this protection, permission is required from the owner of the rights in the non-individual photographs."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The copyright in a non-individual photograph lasts for 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the photo was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Taiwan#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Taiwan">COM:TOO Taiwan</a></div> <h4 id="Taiwan" id="Taiwan" data-mw-thread-id="h-Taiwan-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Taiwan-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Taiwan" class="extiw" title="w:en:Taiwan"><span title="country in East Asia">Taiwan</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Taiwan-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> The level required for copyright is low. Independently created works with "minimal creativity" are eligible, according to Taiwan's Intellectual Property Office.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following examples are <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b>: </p> <ul><li>These two artworks with traditional design elements are unprotected, according to court decisions that they do not meet the originality threshold for copyright protection:<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_zu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ma_zu.png/120px-Ma_zu.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Ma_zu.png 1.5x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="168"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B0%B8%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%B7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%E6%B0%B8%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%B7.png/120px-%E6%B0%B8%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%B7.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/%E6%B0%B8%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%B7.png 1.5x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="173"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>Simple typeface, such as the typeface of Sunshow company logo:</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanghai-Sunshow-Mechanical-and-Electrical-Co-Ltd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shanghai-Sunshow-Mechanical-and-Electrical-Co-Ltd.jpg/120px-Shanghai-Sunshow-Mechanical-and-Electrical-Co-Ltd.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shanghai-Sunshow-Mechanical-and-Electrical-Co-Ltd.jpg/180px-Shanghai-Sunshow-Mechanical-and-Electrical-Co-Ltd.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shanghai-Sunshow-Mechanical-and-Electrical-Co-Ltd.jpg/240px-Shanghai-Sunshow-Mechanical-and-Electrical-Co-Ltd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="88"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <p>The following examples are <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b>: </p> <ul><li>Calligraphy works, including: <ul><li>"燒烤飯糰" on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cc.tvbs.com.tw/news2.0/img/200603/15/aj1009-20060315125953.jpg">this photo</a>, is copyright protected ruled by a court.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"風月堂" (see the last page of the PDF document for the work in question).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.is/bQlv7">The graphic part of Sunshow company's logo</a>. The court ruled that the graphic part of the logo: two hands clasped together, one over the other, is copyrightable, but the typeface "SUNSHOW" is not.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vuitton" class="extiw" title="en:Louis Vuitton">Louis Vuitton</a> Monogram Multicolor pattern <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.is/kR0lC">[9]</a><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Turkey#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Turkey">COM:TOO Turkey</a></div> <h4 id="Turkey" id="Turkey" data-mw-thread-id="h-Turkey-Civil_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Turkey-Civil_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Turkey" class="extiw" title="w:en:Turkey"><span title="country straddling Southeast Europe and West Asia">Turkey</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Turkey-Civil_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> Might be <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> </p><p>The Turkish copyright laws depend on the work bearing the characteristics of its creator while deciding whether the work is original, and considered on a case-by-case basis.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Common_law_countries" data-mw-thread-id="h-Common_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Common_law_countries"></span>Common law countries<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Common_law_countries"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r916284754">.mw-parser-output .see-also{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:1em 0;border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);padding:2px;color:var(--color-base,#202122);clear:left;overflow:hidden}</style><div role="note" class="see-also"><span class="mw-default-size mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/25px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/38px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/50px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></span></span>See also: <a href="/wiki/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-signature_tag#Common_law_countries" title="Commons:When to use the PD-signature tag">Commons:When to use the PD-signature tag#Common law countries</a> and <a href="#Lower_threshold_in_United_Kingdom_etc.">#Lower threshold in United Kingdom etc.</a>. </div> <p>Common law countries typically use a "skill and labour" test to determine the minimum level of originality capable of attracting copyright protection. The required level is extremely low in some countries such as Australia and the United Kingdom. However, Canada and India are major two exceptions. Without some research into individual laws, it cannot be assumed that a text logo from a Common law country is necessarily allowed on Commons. If there is real doubt about the position a local court would take, then the image must be deleted under the <a href="/wiki/Commons:Project_scope/Precautionary_principle" title="Commons:Project scope/Precautionary principle">precautionary principle</a>. </p><p>If the logo is extremely simple (e.g. in a standard font), it will not be eligible for copyright even in Common law countries. </p><p>If you are aware of specific case law or legal advice on this issue in any country, please add a "Threshold of originality" section to the appropriate Commons:Copyright rules by territory country subpage, and add a link to it with an entry below. </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Australia#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Australia">COM:TOO Australia</a></div> <h4 id="Australia" id="Australia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Australia-Common_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Australia-Common_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Australia" class="extiw" title="w:en:Australia"><span title="country in Oceania">Australia</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Australia-Common_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> No information available </p><div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Canada#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Canada">COM:TOO Canada</a></div> <h4 id="Canada" id="Canada" data-mw-thread-id="h-Canada-Common_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Canada-Common_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Canada" class="extiw" title="w:en:Canada"><span title="country in North America">Canada</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Canada-Common_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> Unlike other common law countries, Canada's threshold of originality veers closer to that of the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scc.lexum.org/decisia-scc-csc/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2125/index.do"><i>CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada</i></a> explicitly rejected the "sweat of the brow" doctrine for being too low of a standard, but at the same time, stated that the creativity standards for originality were too high: </p><blockquote><p>A creativity standard implies that something must be novel or non-obvious — concepts more properly associated with patent law than copyright law. And for these reasons, I conclude that an “original” work under the Copyright Act is one that originates from an author and is not copied from another work. That alone, however, is not sufficient to find that something is original. In addition, an original work must be the product of an author’s exercise of skill and judgment. The exercise of skill and judgment required to produce the work must not be so trivial that it could be characterized as a purely mechanical exercise."</p></blockquote> <p>The same case also stated: </p> <blockquote><p>For a work to be “original” within the meaning of the Copyright Act, it must be more than a mere copy of another work. At the same time, it need not be creative, in the sense of being novel or unique. What is required to attract copyright protection in the expression of an idea is an exercise of skill and judgment. By skill, I mean the use of one’s knowledge, developed aptitude or practised ability in producing the work. By judgment, I mean the use of one’s capacity for discernment or ability to form an opinion or evaluation by comparing different possible options in producing the work. This exercise of skill and judgment will necessarily involve intellectual effort.</p></blockquote> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Hong_Kong#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Hong Kong">COM:TOO Hong Kong</a></div> <h4 id="Hong_Kong" id="Hong_Kong" data-mw-thread-id="h-Hong_Kong-Common_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Hong_Kong-Common_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Hong_Kong" class="extiw" title="w:en:Hong Kong"><span title="city and special administrative region of China">Hong Kong</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Hong_Kong-Common_law_countries"></span></h4></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> for most logos. The level of originality required for copyright protection is presumably very low. </p><p>Because Hong Kong was a territory of the United Kingdom until 1997, Hong Kong law is modeled on UK law, and in the absence of any specific case law to the contrary it is reasonable to assume that the rules will be similar. See <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Kingdom#TOO" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a> for more details. </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/India#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/India">COM:TOO India</a></div> <h4 id="India" id="India" data-mw-thread-id="h-India-Common_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-India-Common_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:India" class="extiw" title="w:en:India"><span title="country in South Asia">India</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-India-Common_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> India seems to have a similar threshold of originality as the US Courts, called <i>Modicum of Creativity</i>. Older cases may have similar thresholds of originality to the UK Courts called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Sweat_of_the_brow" class="extiw" title="w:en:Sweat of the brow">Sweat of the brow</a> but this is no longer applied. </p><p>Robbin Singh has written an essay on the subject that may be useful.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ireland#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ireland">COM:TOO Ireland</a></div> <h4 id="Ireland" id="Ireland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ireland-Common_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ireland-Common_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Republic_of_Ireland" class="extiw" title="w:en:Republic of Ireland"><span title="country in Northwestern Europe">Ireland</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ireland-Common_law_countries"></span></h4></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pictogram-voting_question.svg/15px-Pictogram-voting_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pictogram-voting_question.svg/23px-Pictogram-voting_question.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pictogram-voting_question.svg/30px-Pictogram-voting_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250"/></span></span> <b><bdi>Unknown</bdi></b> </p><p>Despite uncertainty on the required level of originality needed to qualify for copyright protection, images that have been retained on Commons include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Discussion </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISPCA_official_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ISPCA_official_logo.png/220px-ISPCA_official_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ISPCA_official_logo.png/330px-ISPCA_official_logo.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/ISPCA_official_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="155"/></a></span> </td> <td>ISPCA official logo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:ISPCA_official_logo.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:ISPCA official logo.png">Commons:Deletion requests/File:ISPCA official logo.png</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Israel#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Israel">COM:TOO Israel</a></div> <h4 id="Israel" id="Israel" data-mw-thread-id="h-Israel-Common_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Israel-Common_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Israel" class="extiw" title="w:en:Israel"><span title="country in the Middle East">Israel</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Israel-Common_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> Although Israel historically used a "skill and labour" test similar to that used by the UK, since the 1989 Israeli Supreme Court's ruling in <i>Interlego A/S v. Exin-Lines Bros. SA</i> they have tended fairly close to a US-style requirement equating originality with human creativity.<sup id="cite_ref-Pessach_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pessach-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Israel, the Supreme Court in the <i>Interlego A/S v. Exin-Lines Bros. SA</i> decision adopted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feist_v._Rural" class="extiw" title="en:Feist v. Rural">the <i>Feist</i> ruling</a> with regards to both the interpretation of the originality requirement and the general rejection of the ‘sweat of the brow’ doctrine and the labour theory as a legitimate interest for establishing a copyright claim. </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Malaysia#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Malaysia">COM:TOO Malaysia</a></div> <h4 id="Malaysia" id="Malaysia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Malaysia-Common_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Malaysia-Common_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Malaysia" class="extiw" title="w:en:Malaysia"><span title="country in Southeast Asia">Malaysia</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Malaysia-Common_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> The threshold of originality situation in Malaysia remains <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Purple_question_mark.svg/18px-Purple_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Purple_question_mark.svg/27px-Purple_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Purple_question_mark.svg/36px-Purple_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450"/></span></span> <b>Unsure</b>. Some previous discussions: </p><ol><li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Hcc.png&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Hcc.png (page does not exist)">File:Hcc.png</a> was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Hcc.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Hcc.png">deleted</a> probably based on calligraphic Chinese words, and cited that <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Kingdom#TOO" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Kingdom">COM:TOO UK</a> may also applied for deletion;</li> <li>But the <a href="/wiki/File:Petronas_Logo.svg" title="File:Petronas Logo.svg">File:Petronas Logo.svg</a> was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Petronas_Logo.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Petronas Logo.svg">nominated</a> and decided to keep twice, despite that this may also beyond <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Kingdom#TOO" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Kingdom">COM:TOO UK</a>. Note that this logo is used before June 2013, and since that, the Petronas modified their logo to be more modern and fairly complex, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petronas_2013_logo.svg" class="extiw" title="en:File:Petronas 2013 logo.svg">current Petronas logo</a> is located at English Wikipedia for Fair use, though some users oppose that.</li></ol> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Nigeria#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Nigeria">COM:TOO Nigeria</a></div> <h4 id="Nigeria" id="Nigeria" data-mw-thread-id="h-Nigeria-Common_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Nigeria-Common_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Nigeria" class="extiw" title="w:en:Nigeria"><span title="sovereign state in West Africa">Nigeria</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Nigeria-Common_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> Under the <i>Copyright Act of 1988 (Chapter C.28, as codified 2004)</i>, A literary, musical or artistic work shall not be eligible for copyright unless (a) sufficient effort has been expended on making the work to give it an original character;...<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[C28/2004 Section 1(2)]</sup></span> </p><div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/New_Zealand#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/New Zealand">COM:TOO New Zealand</a></div> <h4 id="New_Zealand" id="New_Zealand" data-mw-thread-id="h-New_Zealand-Common_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-New_Zealand-Common_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:New_Zealand" class="extiw" title="w:en:New Zealand"><span title="island country in the southwest Pacific Ocean">New Zealand</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-New_Zealand-Common_law_countries"></span></h4></div><p> As stated in the New Zealand government's <i>NZGOAL copyright guide (January 2015)</i>, </p><ul><li>As the Court of Appeal has stated, the “threshold test for originality is not high”, the determining factor being “whether sufficient time, skill, labour, or judgment has been expended in producing the work”. The Court has also reiterated the axiom, or principle, that copyright is not concerned with the originality of ideas but with the form of their expression. A work is not original, however, if (a) it is, or to the extent that it is, a copy of another work; or (b) it infringes the copyright in, or to the extent that it infringes the copyright in, another work.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Singapore#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Singapore">COM:TOO Singapore</a></div> <h4 id="Singapore" id="Singapore" data-mw-thread-id="h-Singapore-Common_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Singapore-Common_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Singapore" class="extiw" title="w:en:Singapore"><span title="sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia">Singapore</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Singapore-Common_law_countries"></span></h4></div> <dl><dt>For logos</dt></dl> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Likely not OK</b> for most logos. The level of originality required for copyright protection is presumably very low. </p><p>Because Singapore was a territory of the United Kingdom until 1963, Singapore law is modeled on UK law, and in the absence of any specific case law to the contrary it is reasonable to assume that the rules will be similar. See <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Kingdom#TOO" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a> for more details. </p> <dl><dt>For buildings</dt></dl> <p>Assume all Singaporean buildings as copyrighted, regardless of design or artistry involved. <i>Copyright Act 2021 (Act 22 of 2021)</i> explicitly considers all buildings as artistic works: <i>a building or a model of a building (whether the building or model is of artistic quality or not)</i>.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[22/2021 Section 20(1)(a)(ii)]</sup></span> Please use {{<a href="/wiki/Template:FoP-Singapore" title="Template:FoP-Singapore">FoP-Singapore</a>}} even to plain-looking Singaporean buildings instead of {{<a href="/wiki/Template:PD-structure" title="Template:PD-structure">PD-structure</a>|SGP}}. </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Kingdom#Threshold_of_originality" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Kingdom">COM:TOO United Kingdom</a></div> <h4 id="United_Kingdom" id="United_Kingdom" data-mw-thread-id="h-United_Kingdom-Common_law_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-United_Kingdom-Common_law_countries"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="w:en:United Kingdom"><span title="country in north-west Europe (1920s-)">United Kingdom</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-United_Kingdom-Common_law_countries"></span></h4></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>OK</b> for Lego bricks (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlego_v_Tyco_Industries" class="extiw" title="w:Interlego v Tyco Industries">w:Interlego v Tyco Industries</a>). </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b>Not OK</b> for most logos. The level of originality required for copyright protection in the United Kingdom is very low. </p><p>In determining whether a work is protected, <a href="#Typographical_copyright">typographical copyright</a>, <a href="#Publication_right">publication rights</a> and <a href="#Database_right">database rights</a> need to be considered. </p><p>These images are eligible for copyright protection: </p> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EDGE_magazine_(logo).svg" class="extiw" title="en:File:EDGE magazine (logo).svg">en:File:EDGE magazine (logo).svg</a> (uploaded as free in the US only on en.wikipedia.org): <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Two_British_logos" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Two British logos">British courts have ruled it eligible for copyright protection</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Borghi_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghi-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the judge finding:</li></ul> <blockquote class="templatequote language"><p>[The defendants] submitted that the claimant can have no copyright in its EDGE logo because it is not original over the Franklin Gothic typeface. I do not accept this submission. The stretching of the font was combined with the distinctive slash and projection on the middle bar of the "E". What is required for artistic originality is the expenditure of more than negligible or trivial effort or relevant skill in the creation of the work: see Copinger and Skone James on Copyright 16th Ed at 3-130 and Ladbroke v. William Hill [1964] 1 WLR 273 at 287. The claimant's logo is original within this test.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Proudman" class="extiw" title="en:Sonia Proudman">Mrs Justice Proudman</a>, in: <cite>Future Publishing Ltd v The Edge Interactive Media Inc & Ors [2011] EWHC 1489 (Ch) at [10]<sup id="cite_ref-Future-Edge_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Future-Edge-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Digital_copies_of_images" data-mw-thread-id="h-Digital_copies_of_images-United_Kingdom"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Digital_copies_of_images-United_Kingdom"></span> Digital copies of images<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Digital_copies_of_images-United_Kingdom"></span></h5></div> <p>In 2014 (updated 2015) the UK's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)" class="extiw" title="w:en:Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)">Intellectual Property Office</a> issued an advice notice, which said, in part:<sup id="cite_ref-IPO-2014/1_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPO-2014/1-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote language"><p>... according to established case law, the courts have said that copyright can only subsist in subject matter that is original in the sense that it is the author's own 'intellectual creation'. Given this criterion, it seems unlikely that what is merely a retouched, digitised image of an older work can be considered as 'original'. This is because there will generally be minimal scope for a creator to exercise free and creative choices if their aim is simply to make a faithful reproduction of an existing work. </p></blockquote> <p>Under section 6 of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, this decision remains generally binding on UK courts. </p><p>This was restated in a November 2023 Appeal Court judgement (<i>THJ v Sheridan</i>, 2023) which confirmed that no new copyright is created in making a photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional public domain artwork, and that this has been the case since 2009. According to the judgement, the previously used "skill and labour" test had been replaced by the "author’s own intellectual creation" test.<sup id="cite_ref-THJvSheridan_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THJvSheridan-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grosvenor-2023_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grosvenor-2023-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Logos_and_flags" data-mw-thread-id="h-Logos_and_flags"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Logos_and_flags"></span>Logos and flags<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Logos_and_flags"></span></h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">The logos in these images may *not* be eligible for copyright protection</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbolbild_Glasentfernung_Waggon_Deutsche_Bahn.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="claimed not to reach the threshold"><img alt="claimed not to reach the threshold" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Symbolbild_Glasentfernung_Waggon_Deutsche_Bahn.JPG/120px-Symbolbild_Glasentfernung_Waggon_Deutsche_Bahn.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Symbolbild_Glasentfernung_Waggon_Deutsche_Bahn.JPG/180px-Symbolbild_Glasentfernung_Waggon_Deutsche_Bahn.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Symbolbild_Glasentfernung_Waggon_Deutsche_Bahn.JPG/240px-Symbolbild_Glasentfernung_Waggon_Deutsche_Bahn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1028"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">claimed not to reach the threshold</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jungstahlhelm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="claimed not to reach the threshold"><img alt="claimed not to reach the threshold" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jungstahlhelm.jpg/120px-Jungstahlhelm.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jungstahlhelm.jpg/180px-Jungstahlhelm.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jungstahlhelm.jpg/240px-Jungstahlhelm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="390"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">claimed not to reach the threshold</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WDW_New_Fantasyland_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DR"><img alt="DR" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WDW_New_Fantasyland_logo.jpg/120px-WDW_New_Fantasyland_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WDW_New_Fantasyland_logo.jpg/180px-WDW_New_Fantasyland_logo.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WDW_New_Fantasyland_logo.jpg/240px-WDW_New_Fantasyland_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="412"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:WDW_New_Fantasyland_logo.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:WDW New Fantasyland logo.jpg">DR</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Ford_Fiesta_X100_-_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DR"><img alt="DR" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Black_Ford_Fiesta_X100_-_008.jpg/120px-Black_Ford_Fiesta_X100_-_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Black_Ford_Fiesta_X100_-_008.jpg/180px-Black_Ford_Fiesta_X100_-_008.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Black_Ford_Fiesta_X100_-_008.jpg/240px-Black_Ford_Fiesta_X100_-_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="634"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Black_Ford_Fiesta_X100_-_008.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Black Ford Fiesta X100 - 008.jpg">DR</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dow_Wolff_Cellulosics_(DOW).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(DR)"><img alt="(DR)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Dow_Wolff_Cellulosics_%28DOW%29.svg/120px-Dow_Wolff_Cellulosics_%28DOW%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Dow_Wolff_Cellulosics_%28DOW%29.svg/180px-Dow_Wolff_Cellulosics_%28DOW%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Dow_Wolff_Cellulosics_%28DOW%29.svg/240px-Dow_Wolff_Cellulosics_%28DOW%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="180"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Dow_Wolff_Cellulosics_(DOW).svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Dow Wolff Cellulosics (DOW).svg">DR</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonic-Generations-transparent-bg.png" class="mw-file-description" title="(DR) "PD text logo -- no question""><img alt="(DR) "PD text logo -- no question"" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sonic-Generations-transparent-bg.png/120px-Sonic-Generations-transparent-bg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sonic-Generations-transparent-bg.png/180px-Sonic-Generations-transparent-bg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sonic-Generations-transparent-bg.png/240px-Sonic-Generations-transparent-bg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1170"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Sonic-Generations-transparent-bg.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Sonic-Generations-transparent-bg.png">DR</a>) "PD text logo -- no question"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbywinters_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Australian company logo DR) "PD-textlogo""><img alt="(Australian company logo DR) "PD-textlogo"" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Abbywinters_logo.jpg/120px-Abbywinters_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Abbywinters_logo.jpg/180px-Abbywinters_logo.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Abbywinters_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="31"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Abbywinters_logo.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Abbywinters logo.jpg">Australian company logo DR</a>) "PD-textlogo"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accessible_Media_Inc.png" class="mw-file-description" title="(Canada company logo DR) "PD-textlogo""><img alt="(Canada company logo DR) "PD-textlogo"" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Accessible_Media_Inc.png/120px-Accessible_Media_Inc.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Accessible_Media_Inc.png/180px-Accessible_Media_Inc.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Accessible_Media_Inc.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="65"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Accessible_Media_Inc.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Accessible Media Inc.png">Canada company logo DR</a>) "PD-textlogo"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walmart_Canada_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(DR)"><img alt="(DR)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Walmart_Canada_Logo.svg/120px-Walmart_Canada_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Walmart_Canada_Logo.svg/180px-Walmart_Canada_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Walmart_Canada_Logo.svg/240px-Walmart_Canada_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="92"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Walmart_Canada_Logo.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Walmart Canada Logo.svg">DR</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:24_title.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(DR)"><img alt="(DR)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/24_title.jpg/120px-24_title.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/24_title.jpg/180px-24_title.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/24_title.jpg/240px-24_title.jpg 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="164"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:24_title.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:24 title.jpg">DR</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comic_Party_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="(DR)"><img alt="(DR)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Comic_Party_logo.png/120px-Comic_Party_logo.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Comic_Party_logo.png/180px-Comic_Party_logo.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Comic_Party_logo.png/240px-Comic_Party_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="102"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Comic_Party_logo.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Comic Party logo.png">DR</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Chrome_icon_and_wordmark_(2011).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(DR)"><img alt="(DR)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Google_Chrome_icon_and_wordmark_%282011%29.svg/120px-Google_Chrome_icon_and_wordmark_%282011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Google_Chrome_icon_and_wordmark_%282011%29.svg/180px-Google_Chrome_icon_and_wordmark_%282011%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Google_Chrome_icon_and_wordmark_%282011%29.svg/240px-Google_Chrome_icon_and_wordmark_%282011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="171"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Google_Chrome_2011_Logo.svg_(2nd_nomination)" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Google Chrome 2011 Logo.svg (2nd nomination)">DR</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_LG_Corporation_(1995-2014).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(South Korean company logo DR)"><img alt="(South Korean company logo DR)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Logo_of_the_LG_Corporation_%281995-2014%29.svg/120px-Logo_of_the_LG_Corporation_%281995-2014%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Logo_of_the_LG_Corporation_%281995-2014%29.svg/180px-Logo_of_the_LG_Corporation_%281995-2014%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Logo_of_the_LG_Corporation_%281995-2014%29.svg/240px-Logo_of_the_LG_Corporation_%281995-2014%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="237"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:LG_Logo.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:LG Logo.svg">South Korean company logo DR</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Hercules_1998_Intertitle.png&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Hercules 1998 Intertitle.png (page does not exist)">File:Hercules 1998 Intertitle.png</a> originally "background isn't elaborate or eligible for any type of copyright" (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Hercules_1998_Intertitle.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Hercules 1998 Intertitle.png">decided here in 2010</a>), deleted in 2012 as "shows artistry beyond the TOO".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flags" data-mw-thread-id="h-Flags-Logos_and_flags"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Flags-Logos_and_flags"></span>Flags<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Flags-Logos_and_flags"></span></h3></div> <p>Whether a flag is eligible for copyright protection depends on the country it was made in, and whether it was made by (or for) an official government. While some governments release their intellectual creations as public domain, this is not universally the case. Note that municipal-level governments often follow different rules from national/state governments with regard to intellectual property. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_flags" data-mw-thread-id="h-Governmental_flags-Flags"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Governmental_flags-Flags"></span>Governmental flags<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Governmental_flags-Flags"></span></h4></div> <p>Some governments, <a href="/wiki/Template:PD-USGov" title="Template:PD-USGov">like the United States</a>, do not claim copyright over their official flags. Note this is <b>not</b> universal. For example, in Canada, official flags made or commissioned by federal/provincial governments would fall under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_copyright" class="extiw" title="w:Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a> and enter the public domain after 50 years<sup id="cite_ref-ubccopyright_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ubccopyright-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Note that flags created or commissioned by municipal governments <b>do not</b> necessarily follow the same rules as state, provincial, national, or federal governments. Continuing with Canada as an example: municipalities are not eligible for Crown copyright, and municipal flags are treated like flags made by private organizations/individuals<sup id="cite_ref-ubccopyright_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ubccopyright-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Examples of municipal flags which have been deleted from Commons as copyright violations include: </p> <ul><li>USA: The city of Pocatello, Idaho successfully copyrighted their 2001 flag; see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Pocatello,_Idaho" class="extiw" title="w:Flag of Pocatello, Idaho">w:Flag of Pocatello, Idaho</a>.</li> <li>USA: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chapmanville,_West_Virginia.png" class="extiw" title="w:File:Flag of Chapmanville, West Virginia.png">Chapmanville, West Virginia</a> holds copyright over their flag, <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Flag_of_Chapmanville,_West_Virginia.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Flag of Chapmanville, West Virginia.png">and was deleted from Commons as a result</a>.</li> <li>USA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us-wa-se.html">Seattle, Washington</a> holds <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Seattle-Flag.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Seattle-Flag.png">copyright over their flag and was also deleted from Commons</a>.</li> <li>Canada: Although it has a fairly simple design, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Calgary_(1983).svg" class="extiw" title="w:File:Flag of Calgary (1983).svg">flag of Calgary, Alberta</a> is considered copyrighted and was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Flag_of_Calgary,_Alberta.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Flag of Calgary, Alberta.svg">deleted from Commons</a> <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_in_Category:SVG_flags_of_cities_of_Canada" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:SVG flags of cities of Canada">twice</a>. The stylized stetson hat is considered copyrightable.</li> <li>Slovenia: numerous <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_in_Category:Flags_of_municipalities_of_Slovenia" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Flags of municipalities of Slovenia">municipal flags from Slovenia have been deleted from Commons</a> as they are copyrighted.</li></ul> <p>Examples of official flags which Commons discussions have deemed ineligible for copyright protection include: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sri Lankan flag was kept after being nominated for deletion, as the lion design was not new and everything else was basic shapes."><img alt="The Sri Lankan flag was kept after being nominated for deletion, as the lion design was not new and everything else was basic shapes." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/240px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/360px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/480px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The Sri Lankan flag was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg">kept after being nominated for deletion</a>, as the lion design was not new and everything else was basic shapes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Algerian flag was kept on basis of Threshold of Originality (TOO)."><img alt="The Algerian flag was kept on basis of Threshold of Originality (TOO)." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/180px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/270px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/360px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The Algerian flag was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Image:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Image:Flag of Algeria.svg">kept on basis of Threshold of Originality (TOO)</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mesa,_Arizona.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flag of Mesa, Arizona was kept on basis of TOO."><img alt="The flag of Mesa, Arizona was kept on basis of TOO." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_Mesa%2C_Arizona.svg/200px-Flag_of_Mesa%2C_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_Mesa%2C_Arizona.svg/300px-Flag_of_Mesa%2C_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_Mesa%2C_Arizona.svg/400px-Flag_of_Mesa%2C_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The flag of Mesa, Arizona was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Flag_of_Mesa,_Arizona.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Flag of Mesa, Arizona.svg">kept on basis of TOO</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The personal flag of Queen Elizabeth II was kept as the blazon is not copyrighted. For more on coats of arms see Commons:Coats of arms."><img alt="The personal flag of Queen Elizabeth II was kept as the blazon is not copyrighted. For more on coats of arms see Commons:Coats of arms." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg/120px-Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg/180px-Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg/240px-Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The personal flag of Queen Elizabeth II was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Personal_flag_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Personal flag of Queen Elizabeth II.svg">kept as the blazon is not copyrighted</a>. For more on coats of arms see <a href="/wiki/Commons:Coats_of_arms" title="Commons:Coats of arms">Commons:Coats of arms</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flags_by_Private_Individuals/Organizations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Flags_by_Private_Individuals/Organizations-Flags"><span id="Flags_by_Private_Individuals.2FOrganizations"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Flags_by_Private_Individuals/Organizations-Flags"></span>Flags by Private Individuals/Organizations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Flags_by_Private_Individuals/Organizations-Flags"></span></h4></div> <p>Flags which are created by non-governmental entities (e.g. private individuals, advocacy organizations, corporations) can be thought of as logos in terms of copyright. Whether such flags are copyright eligible will thus follow the standards for Threshold of Originality of the country it was made in. A clear example of a widely-adopted flag that is too visually complex to be understood as "simple geometry" is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nctr.ca/exhibits/survivors-flag/">The Survivors' Flag</a> by the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation (Canada). </p><p>A famous example of a copyrighted flag is the <a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg" title="File:Australian Aboriginal Flag.svg">Australian Aboriginal flag</a> created in Australia by Harold Thomas in 1971<sup id="cite_ref-lexology_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lexology-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian government acquired the copyright to the flag in 2022, allowing for free usage (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_flag#Copyright" class="extiw" title="w:Australian Aboriginal flag">w:Australian_Aboriginal_flag#Copyright</a>). </p><p>Examples of flags deleted from Commons as copyright violations include: </p> <ul><li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asean.org/asean-flag/">ASEAN flag</a> <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Flag of ASEAN.svg">was deleted</a> for being copyrighted. It had been uploaded as "simple geometry" but determined to be copyrightable in Indonesia.</li> <li>This <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/vexillology/comments/nshq7t/the_coptic_flag_created_in_2005_by_coptic/">2005 Coptic Flag</a> was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Coptic_flag.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Coptic flag.svg">deleted from Commons</a> for being copyrighted. Its centre element is visually complex.</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/a-flag-thread.29233/">"Mexican Deseret" flag on the second page of this linked forum thread</a> was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Mexican_Deseret_flag.GIF" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Mexican Deseret flag.GIF">deleted from Commons</a> as a copyright violation. The eagle design is too complex to be "simple geometry".</li> <li>This <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/sj-arms.html">Proposed Svalbard Flag</a> was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Image:Svalbard_Flag.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Image:Svalbard Flag.svg">deleted</a>; its artwork is also considered complex.</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cascadianflag.com/">Cascadian Flag</a> was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Flag_of_Cascadia.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Flag of Cascadia.svg">deleted for being copyrighted</a>: the tree design is considered complex.</li> <li>The <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hezbollah.svg">Hezbollah flag</a> was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Flag_of_Hezbollah.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Flag of Hezbollah.svg">deleted</a> on the grounds it is too complex and thus copyrightable.</li> <li>This <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/vexillology/comments/ejzq4s/flag_of_the_iraqi_popular_mobilization_forces_the/">Flag of Popular Mobilization Forces</a> was <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Flag_of_Popular_Mobilization_Forces.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Flag of Popular Mobilization Forces.svg">deleted</a> for being copyrighted.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Australian Aboriginal Flag, created by a private Australian citizen, was deleted from Commons because of how it was copyrighted at the time. (A similar design in the United States would likely not have been eligible for copyright protection, for being simple geometry.)"><img alt="The Australian Aboriginal Flag, created by a private Australian citizen, was deleted from Commons because of how it was copyrighted at the time. (A similar design in the United States would likely not have been eligible for copyright protection, for being simple geometry.)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg/200px-Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg/301px-Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg/401px-Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The Australian Aboriginal Flag, created by a private Australian citizen, <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/627782913#File:Flag_of_the_Australian_Aborigines.svg" title="Special:PermanentLink/627782913">was deleted from Commons</a> because of how it was copyrighted at the time. (A similar design in the United States would likely not have been eligible for copyright protection, for being simple geometry.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_and_Pink_Lesbian_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="This lesbian flag, previously nominated for deletion, was determined to be too simple for copyright protection (USA jurisdiction)."><img alt="This lesbian flag, previously nominated for deletion, was determined to be too simple for copyright protection (USA jurisdiction)." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Orange_and_Pink_Lesbian_flag.svg/180px-Orange_and_Pink_Lesbian_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Orange_and_Pink_Lesbian_flag.svg/270px-Orange_and_Pink_Lesbian_flag.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Orange_and_Pink_Lesbian_flag.svg/360px-Orange_and_Pink_Lesbian_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> This lesbian flag, <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Orange_and_Pink_Lesbian_flag.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Orange and Pink Lesbian flag.svg">previously nominated for deletion</a>, was determined to be too simple for copyright protection (USA jurisdiction).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_09-F9_protest_art,_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Free Speech Flag was kept as copyright ineligible (USA jurisdiction)."><img alt="The Free Speech Flag was kept as copyright ineligible (USA jurisdiction)." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/200px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/300px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/400px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="288"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The Free Speech Flag <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Free-speech-flag.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Free-speech-flag.svg">was kept as copyright ineligible</a> (USA jurisdiction).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Palmyra_Atoll_(local).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="This unofficial Palmyra Atoll flag was deemed simple geometry (USA jurisdiction)."><img alt="This unofficial Palmyra Atoll flag was deemed simple geometry (USA jurisdiction)." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Palmyra_Atoll_%28local%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Palmyra_Atoll_%28local%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Palmyra_Atoll_%28local%29.svg/271px-Flag_of_Palmyra_Atoll_%28local%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Palmyra_Atoll_%28local%29.svg/361px-Flag_of_Palmyra_Atoll_%28local%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="532"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> This unofficial Palmyra Atoll flag <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Flag_of_Palmyra_Atoll_(local).svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Flag of Palmyra Atoll (local).svg">was deemed simple geometry</a> (USA jurisdiction).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tino_Rangatiratanga_Maori_sovereignty_movement_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag was kept on the basis of basic geometry (New Zealand jurisdiction)."><img alt="The Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag was kept on the basis of basic geometry (New Zealand jurisdiction)." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tino_Rangatiratanga_Maori_sovereignty_movement_flag.svg/216px-Tino_Rangatiratanga_Maori_sovereignty_movement_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="216" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tino_Rangatiratanga_Maori_sovereignty_movement_flag.svg/324px-Tino_Rangatiratanga_Maori_sovereignty_movement_flag.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tino_Rangatiratanga_Maori_sovereignty_movement_flag.svg/432px-Tino_Rangatiratanga_Maori_sovereignty_movement_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Tino_Rangatiratanga_Maori_sovereignty_movement_flag.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag.svg">was kept on the basis of basic geometry</a> (New Zealand jurisdiction).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryukyu_independence_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ryukyu independence flag was kept on the grounds it is simple geometry (Japanese jurisdiction)."><img alt="The Ryukyu independence flag was kept on the grounds it is simple geometry (Japanese jurisdiction)." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ryukyu_independence_flag.svg/172px-Ryukyu_independence_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ryukyu_independence_flag.svg/258px-Ryukyu_independence_flag.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ryukyu_independence_flag.svg/344px-Ryukyu_independence_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="187"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The Ryukyu independence flag <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Ryukyu_independence_flag.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Ryukyu independence flag.svg">was kept on the grounds it is simple geometry</a> (Japanese jurisdiction).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ireland_hockey_team.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="This Irish hockey team flag, previously nominated for deletion, was kept on the grounds it had "no real copyrightable creativity". All of the elements in the flag are public domain (Irish jurisdiction)."><img alt="This Irish hockey team flag, previously nominated for deletion, was kept on the grounds it had "no real copyrightable creativity". All of the elements in the flag are public domain (Irish jurisdiction)." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Ireland_hockey_team.svg/180px-Flag_of_Ireland_hockey_team.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Ireland_hockey_team.svg/270px-Flag_of_Ireland_hockey_team.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Ireland_hockey_team.svg/360px-Flag_of_Ireland_hockey_team.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> This Irish hockey team flag, <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Flag_of_Ireland_hockey_team.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Flag of Ireland hockey team.svg">previously nominated for deletion</a>, was kept on the grounds it had "no real copyrightable creativity". All of the elements in the flag are public domain (Irish jurisdiction).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cricket_Ireland_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="This Irish cricket flag was kept on the grounds the shamrock cannot be copyrighted (Irish jurisdiction)."><img alt="This Irish cricket flag was kept on the grounds the shamrock cannot be copyrighted (Irish jurisdiction)." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cricket_Ireland_flag.svg/180px-Cricket_Ireland_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cricket_Ireland_flag.svg/270px-Cricket_Ireland_flag.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cricket_Ireland_flag.svg/360px-Cricket_Ireland_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> This Irish cricket flag <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Cricket_Ireland_flag.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Cricket Ireland flag.svg">was kept on the grounds the shamrock cannot be copyrighted</a> (Irish jurisdiction).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Architecture" data-mw-thread-id="h-Architecture"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Architecture"></span>Architecture<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Architecture"></span></h2></div><p> Images which have been kept because of lack of originality or <a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis" title="Commons:De minimis"><i>de minimis</i></a>:</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Larouvieremarseille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Larouvieremarseille.jpg/120px-Larouvieremarseille.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Larouvieremarseille.jpg/180px-Larouvieremarseille.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Larouvieremarseille.jpg/240px-Larouvieremarseille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CSG_Ariane_4_Launch_Site.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/CSG_Ariane_4_Launch_Site.JPG/120px-CSG_Ariane_4_Launch_Site.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/CSG_Ariane_4_Launch_Site.JPG/180px-CSG_Ariane_4_Launch_Site.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/CSG_Ariane_4_Launch_Site.JPG/240px-CSG_Ariane_4_Launch_Site.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CSG_-_BIF.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CSG_-_BIF.JPG/90px-CSG_-_BIF.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CSG_-_BIF.JPG/135px-CSG_-_BIF.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CSG_-_BIF.JPG/180px-CSG_-_BIF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris-Parc-des-Princes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Paris-Parc-des-Princes.jpg/120px-Paris-Parc-des-Princes.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Paris-Parc-des-Princes.jpg/180px-Paris-Parc-des-Princes.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Paris-Parc-des-Princes.jpg/240px-Paris-Parc-des-Princes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gare_du_Stade-de-France-St-Denis_CRW_0777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gare_du_Stade-de-France-St-Denis_CRW_0777.jpg/120px-Gare_du_Stade-de-France-St-Denis_CRW_0777.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gare_du_Stade-de-France-St-Denis_CRW_0777.jpg/180px-Gare_du_Stade-de-France-St-Denis_CRW_0777.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gare_du_Stade-de-France-St-Denis_CRW_0777.jpg/240px-Gare_du_Stade-de-France-St-Denis_CRW_0777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronchamp_Notre_dame_du_Haut_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ronchamp_Notre_dame_du_Haut_1954.jpg/120px-Ronchamp_Notre_dame_du_Haut_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ronchamp_Notre_dame_du_Haut_1954.jpg/180px-Ronchamp_Notre_dame_du_Haut_1954.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ronchamp_Notre_dame_du_Haut_1954.jpg/240px-Ronchamp_Notre_dame_du_Haut_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stade-Gerland-RWC2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Stade-Gerland-RWC2007.JPG/120px-Stade-Gerland-RWC2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Stade-Gerland-RWC2007.JPG/180px-Stade-Gerland-RWC2007.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Stade-Gerland-RWC2007.JPG/240px-Stade-Gerland-RWC2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1480"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CJBd080211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CJBd080211.jpg/99px-CJBd080211.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CJBd080211.jpg/149px-CJBd080211.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/CJBd080211.jpg/199px-CJBd080211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="2238"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Termoelektrarna_Trbovlje_in_Sava_IMG_2581.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Termoelektrarna_Trbovlje_in_Sava_IMG_2581.jpg/120px-Termoelektrarna_Trbovlje_in_Sava_IMG_2581.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Termoelektrarna_Trbovlje_in_Sava_IMG_2581.jpg/180px-Termoelektrarna_Trbovlje_in_Sava_IMG_2581.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Termoelektrarna_Trbovlje_in_Sava_IMG_2581.jpg/240px-Termoelektrarna_Trbovlje_in_Sava_IMG_2581.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1166"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%AD%D0%A12_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%AD%D0%A12_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7.JPG/120px-%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%AD%D0%A12_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%AD%D0%A12_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7.JPG/180px-%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%AD%D0%A12_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%AD%D0%A12_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7.JPG/240px-%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%AD%D0%A12_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <p>Note that some of these decisions were controversial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Photographs" data-mw-thread-id="h-Photographs"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Photographs"></span>Photographs<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Photographs"></span></h2></div> <p>Photographs which have been deemed ineligible for copyright protection: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PinkStar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(DR) Photograph of a three-dimensional object (drawer pull) with bevels and cast shadows"><img alt="(DR) Photograph of a three-dimensional object (drawer pull) with bevels and cast shadows" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/PinkStar.jpg/117px-PinkStar.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/PinkStar.jpg/176px-PinkStar.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/PinkStar.jpg/234px-PinkStar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="998"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:PinkStar.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:PinkStar.jpg">DR</a>) Photograph of a three-dimensional object (drawer pull) with bevels and cast shadows</div> </li> </ul> <p><span id="CHARTS"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Maps" data-mw-thread-id="h-Maps"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Maps"></span>Maps<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Maps"></span></h2></div> <p>Maps which have been deemed ineligible for copyright protection: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appraisers.com_-_Map_of_the_United_States_-_May_2002.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Appraisers.com_-_Map_of_the_United_States_-_May_2002.gif/220px-Appraisers.com_-_Map_of_the_United_States_-_May_2002.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Appraisers.com_-_Map_of_the_United_States_-_May_2002.gif/330px-Appraisers.com_-_Map_of_the_United_States_-_May_2002.gif 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Appraisers.com_-_Map_of_the_United_States_-_May_2002.gif/440px-Appraisers.com_-_Map_of_the_United_States_-_May_2002.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="303"/></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Darden_v._Peters" class="extiw" title="s:Darden v. Peters">Darden v. Peters</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Darden_v._Peters" class="extiw" title="s:Darden v. Peters">Darden v. Peters</a>: the addition of "font and color selection; visual effects such as relief, shadowing, and shading; labeling; call-outs" and anti-aliasing to a preexisting map is below the threshold of originality </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p>Use: <b><a href="/wiki/Template:PD-map" title="Template:PD-map"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-map}}</span></a>.</b> See the section farther down on partial copying or cropping of uncopyrightable elements from copyrighted works. See also: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Commons:Map_resources" title="Commons:Map resources">Commons:Map resources</a></b> and its sections on public domain maps on the web.</li> <li><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801211652/https://open.umich.edu/wiki/Casebook#Maps">Open.Michigan Wiki. Casebook archive on "whether or not the content object is protected by US Copyright law."</a>.</b> Opening in the maps section. Data-driven maps in particular are in the public domain. The map represents data. All choices made in the creation of the map being based upon utilitarian and informational considerations. See also: <a href="/wiki/Commons_talk:Threshold_of_originality/Archive_2#Casebook._More_locations" title="Commons talk:Threshold of originality/Archive 2">Commons talk:Threshold of originality/Archive 2#Casebook. More locations</a>. See this University of Michigan Casebook archive <b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webservices.itcs.umich.edu/mediawiki/openmichigan/index.php/Casebook">here</a>.</b> It loads much faster than the Casebook at archive.org.</li> <li><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicdomainsherpa.com/public-domain-maps.html">Public domain maps</a>.</b> From: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicdomainsherpa.com/about.html">Public Domain Sherpa</a>. A copyright and trademark lawyer.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:PD_map" title="Category:PD map">Category:PD map</a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Charts" data-mw-thread-id="h-Charts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Charts"></span>Charts<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Charts"></span></h2></div> <p>Charts which have been deemed ineligible for copyright protection. Use: <b><a href="/wiki/Template:PD-chart" title="Template:PD-chart"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{PD-chart}}</span></a>.</b> See the section farther down on partial copying or cropping of uncopyrightable elements from copyrighted works. See also: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Commons:Chart_and_graph_resources" title="Commons:Chart and graph resources">Commons:Chart and graph resources</a></b> and its section on public domain charts on the web.</li> <li><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801211652/https://open.umich.edu/wiki/Casebook#Charts">Open.Michigan Wiki. Casebook archive on "whether or not the content object is protected by US Copyright law."</a>.</b> Opening in the charts section. See also: <a href="/wiki/Commons_talk:Threshold_of_originality/Archive_2#Casebook._More_locations" title="Commons talk:Threshold of originality/Archive 2">Commons talk:Threshold of originality/Archive 2#Casebook. More locations</a>. See this University of Michigan Casebook archive <b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webservices.itcs.umich.edu/mediawiki/openmichigan/index.php/Casebook">here</a>.</b> It loads much faster than the Casebook at archive.org.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:PD_chart" title="Category:PD chart">Category:PD chart</a></b></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1974-2018._Women_running_for_US_House_and_Senate._And_results.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="See discussion."><img alt="See discussion." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1974-2018._Women_running_for_US_House_and_Senate._And_results.gif/120px-1974-2018._Women_running_for_US_House_and_Senate._And_results.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1974-2018._Women_running_for_US_House_and_Senate._And_results.gif/180px-1974-2018._Women_running_for_US_House_and_Senate._And_results.gif 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1974-2018._Women_running_for_US_House_and_Senate._And_results.gif/240px-1974-2018._Women_running_for_US_House_and_Senate._And_results.gif 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1142"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">See <b><a href="/wiki/Commons_talk:Threshold_of_originality/Archive_1#Does_this_chart_pass_the_threshold_of_originality?" title="Commons talk:Threshold of originality/Archive 1">discussion</a>.</b></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OECD_incarceration_rates_by_country.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="See the info in the author section of the file description."><img alt="See the info in the author section of the file description." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/OECD_incarceration_rates_by_country.gif/45px-OECD_incarceration_rates_by_country.gif" decoding="async" width="45" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/OECD_incarceration_rates_by_country.gif/68px-OECD_incarceration_rates_by_country.gif 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/OECD_incarceration_rates_by_country.gif/90px-OECD_incarceration_rates_by_country.gif 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="2045"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">See the info in the author section of the <b><a href="/wiki/File:OECD_incarceration_rates_by_country.gif#Summary" title="File:OECD incarceration rates by country.gif">file description</a>.</b></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNODC_definition_of_homicide.png" class="mw-file-description" title="See the deletion discussion, and this discussion."><img alt="See the deletion discussion, and this discussion." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UNODC_definition_of_homicide.png/120px-UNODC_definition_of_homicide.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UNODC_definition_of_homicide.png/180px-UNODC_definition_of_homicide.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UNODC_definition_of_homicide.png/240px-UNODC_definition_of_homicide.png 2x" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="281"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">See the <b><a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:UNODC_definition_of_homicide.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:UNODC definition of homicide.png">deletion discussion</a>,</b> and <b><a href="/wiki/User_talk:Elcobbola/Archive_11#Re:_Commons:Deletion_requests/File:UNODC_definition_of_homicide.png" title="User talk:Elcobbola/Archive 11">this discussion</a>.</b></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Funds_Rate_and_interest_rates.png" class="mw-file-description" title="See the deletion discussion."><img alt="See the deletion discussion." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Federal_Funds_Rate_and_interest_rates.png/120px-Federal_Funds_Rate_and_interest_rates.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Federal_Funds_Rate_and_interest_rates.png/180px-Federal_Funds_Rate_and_interest_rates.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Federal_Funds_Rate_and_interest_rates.png/240px-Federal_Funds_Rate_and_interest_rates.png 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="736"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">See the <b><a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Federal_Funds_Rate_and_interest_rates.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Federal Funds Rate and interest rates.png">deletion discussion</a>.</b></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_incarceration_rates_by_country_and_US_state.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="See the deletion discussion."><img alt="See the deletion discussion." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Female_incarceration_rates_by_country_and_US_state.gif/27px-Female_incarceration_rates_by_country_and_US_state.gif" decoding="async" width="27" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Female_incarceration_rates_by_country_and_US_state.gif/41px-Female_incarceration_rates_by_country_and_US_state.gif 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Female_incarceration_rates_by_country_and_US_state.gif/54px-Female_incarceration_rates_by_country_and_US_state.gif 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="5257"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">See the <b><a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Female_incarceration_rates_by_country_and_US_state.gif" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Female incarceration rates by country and US state.gif">deletion discussion</a>.</b></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Partial_copying_or_cropping_of_copyrighted_works" data-mw-thread-id="h-Partial_copying_or_cropping_of_copyrighted_works"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Partial_copying_or_cropping_of_copyrighted_works"></span>Partial copying or cropping of copyrighted works<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Partial_copying_or_cropping_of_copyrighted_works"></span></h2></div> <p>When a file copies only part of a copyrighted work, that file's copyright status is determined only by what it has copied. If it only copied uncopyrightable elements, then the file is also uncopyrightable. In other words, we judge the copyright status of a file only by what the file itself contains, not by the status of other content the original source contained that was not copied by the file. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burr_by_Gore_Vidal_-_first_edition_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Burr_by_Gore_Vidal_-_first_edition_cover.jpg/100px-Burr_by_Gore_Vidal_-_first_edition_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Burr_by_Gore_Vidal_-_first_edition_cover.jpg/150px-Burr_by_Gore_Vidal_-_first_edition_cover.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Burr_by_Gore_Vidal_-_first_edition_cover.jpg/200px-Burr_by_Gore_Vidal_-_first_edition_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="475"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>This image of the front cover of a novel is public domain in the USA because it only copies uncopyrightable text, not copyrightable contents of the book itself or possibly-copyrightable contents of the back cover. (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Burr_by_Gore_Vidal_-_first_edition_cover.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Burr by Gore Vidal - first edition cover.jpg">DR</a>) It would probably not be PD in UK because of the UK's publisher's 25 year copyright on typography, except for the fact that this typographical arrangement was published over 25 years ago. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Lower_threshold_in_United_Kingdom_etc." data-mw-thread-id="h-Lower_threshold_in_United_Kingdom_etc."><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Lower_threshold_in_United_Kingdom_etc."></span>Lower threshold in United Kingdom etc.<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Lower_threshold_in_United_Kingdom_etc."></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:BBC.svg" class="mw-redirect" title="File:BBC.svg">File:BBC.svg</a> and many associated variants for BBC divisions were kept, because they <i>only</i> contain Gill Sans, which is an old, standard font.<br/>See <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:BBC.svg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:BBC.svg">Commons:Deletion requests/File:BBC.svg</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Clerical_Medical.png&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Clerical Medical.png (page does not exist)">File:Clerical Medical.png</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clerical_Medical_logo.svg" class="extiw" title="en:File:Clerical Medical logo.svg">uploaded as PD-ineligible-USonly on en.wikipedia.org</a>)<br/>See <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Clerical_Medical.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Clerical Medical.png">Commons:Deletion requests/File:Clerical Medical.png</a> (with reasoning of the EDGE logo).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Licensed-TOO" title="Template:Licensed-TOO"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{Licensed-TOO}}</span></a> template for formatting and internationalization of licenses of TOO images</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_subject_matter" title="Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter">Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Threshold_of_originality_related_deletion_requests" title="Category:Threshold of originality related deletion requests">Category:Threshold of originality related deletion requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-scan_tag" title="Commons:When to use the PD-scan tag">Commons:When to use the PD-scan tag</a> - on the level of originality needed for a scan of a work to generate a copyright independent of the work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-Art_tag" title="Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag">Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag</a> - on the level of originality needed for a photo of a work to generate a copyright independent of the work</li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikilegal/Copyright_threshold_of_originality_for_logos" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikilegal/Copyright threshold of originality for logos">meta:Wikilegal/Copyright threshold of originality for logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:PD-ineligible_license_tags" title="Category:PD-ineligible license tags">Category: PD-ineligible license tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:PD_ineligible" title="Category:PD ineligible">Category: PD ineligible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Chart_and_graph_resources" title="Commons:Chart and graph resources">Commons:Chart and graph resources</a>. Including other public domain resources.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Map_resources" title="Commons:Map resources">Commons:Map resources</a>. Including other public domain resources.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r950053299">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background: {{{bg}}}; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Some citation text may not have been transcluded</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_S.A._v._Costco_Wholesale_Corp." class="extiw" title="w:Omega S.A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp.">Omega S.A., v. Costco Wholesale Corp.</a></i>, 541 F.3d 982, 983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Fishman, Stephen (2014) <i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ay5nAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA199&dq=&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Public Domain: How to Find & Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolo_(publisher)" class="extiw" title="w:Nolo (publisher)">Nolo</a>, p. 183 Retrieved on 29 August 2014. <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" class="extiw" title="en:ISBN"><span lang="en" dir="ltr">ISBN</span></a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1413320287" title="Special:BookSources/1413320287">1413320287</a>. </small></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/intel-spiral.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cerlalc (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-07-25">25 July 2007</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerlalc.org/wp-content/uploads/dar/jurisprudencia/1403.pdf">La obra. Originalidad. Marco conceptual Existencia del derecho</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Spanish)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-10-22">2021-10-22</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internet4jurists.at/entscheidungen/images/pfeilgraphik.jpg">Bauer logo</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Justiz&Dokumentnummer=JJT_19950711_OGH0002_0040OB00058_9500000_000">Oberster Gerichtshof statement</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060208141232/http://zimmermannfitness.com/images/zimmermannlogo1transy.gif">Zimmermann Fitness logo</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Justiz&Dokumentnummer=JJT_19990622_OGH0002_0040OB00159_99G0000_000">Oberster Gerichtshof statement</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Borges Barbosa (dezembro de 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denisbarbosa.addr.com/arquivos/200/propriedade/requisito_autoral_originalidade.pdf">Como o requisito autoral de originalidade vai se radicando nos precedentes judiciais</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Portuguese)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-12">2019-03-12</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jusbrasil.com.br/diarios/28768086/pg-417-judicial-1-instancia-capital-diario-de-justica-do-estado-de-sao-paulo-djsp-de-26-07-2011">Página 417 da Judicial - 1ª Instância - Capital do Diário de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo (DJSP) de 26 de Julho de 2011</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Portuguese)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-12">2019-03-12</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">STJ AI 604.956 - MG (2004/0059338-6), Ministro Carlos Alberto Menezes Direito, 30 de setembro de 2004; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplicacoes1.trtsp.jus.br/vdoc/TrtApp.action?viewPdf=&id=5897880">PROCESSO TRT/SP Nº 0001174-81.2012.5.02.0086</a> (2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jfrs.jus.br/jfrs-indefere-pedido-de-direito-autoral-do-conceito-guerra-de-moedas/">Guerra das Moedas court case</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stj.jus.br/sites/STJ/default/pt_BR/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o/noticias/Not%C3%ADcias/Quarta-Turma-n%C3%A3o-reconhece-viola%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-direito-autoral-em-t%C3%ADtulo-de-novela-da-Globo">Quarta Turma não reconhece violação de direito autoral em título de novela da Globo</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Portuguese)</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2017-05-18">18 May 2017</span>). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-12">2019-03-12</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tj-sc.jusbrasil.com.br/jurisprudencia/5402887/apelacao-civel-ac-111630-sc-2002011163-0">Tribunal de Justiça de Santa Catarina TJ-SC - Apelacao Civel : AC 111630 SC 2002.011163-0</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Portuguese)</span>. "não se considera criação artística as fotografias tiradas por profissional do ramo que retratam de forma manifestamente singela, sem o emprego de qualquer técnica diferenciada, o frontispício de um edifício residencial e a vista parcial da cidade, em observância a contrato de prestação de serviços entabulado com empresa do ramo imobiliário e com destino publicitário previamente ajustado entre as partes"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tj-sc.jusbrasil.com.br/jurisprudencia/5402887/apelacao-civel-ac-111630-sc-2002011163-0">Tribunal de Justiça de Santa Catarina TJ-SC - Apelacao Civel : AC 111630 SC 2002.011163-0</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Portuguese)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-11">2019-03-11</span>. "mera documentação fotográfica, sem caráter artístico, afasta a incidência do direito de autor, "... tornando possível o uso de terceiro sem menção do nome do fotógrafo, pois, conforme lei brasileira, somente a fotografia artística (pela escolha do objeto e condiçõe de execução) se inscreve dentre as obras protegidas." (...) [segue exemplo ilustrativo] fotografias documentárias de reuniões sociais - Autor que na época estava do desempenho de funções junto ao réu - Inexigível a referência ao nome do fotógrafo por não se tratar de trabalho artístico - Falta de originalidade, criatividade, valor estético ou de furo de documentação"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tj-pr.jusbrasil.com.br/jurisprudencia/4371292/apelacao-civel-ac-946589">Tribunal de Justiça do Paraná TJ-PR - Apelação Cível : AC 946589 PR Apelação Cível - 0094658-9</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Portuguese)</span> (2000). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-12">2019-03-12</span>. "As fotografias destinadas a documentos de identidade, produzidas por máquinas automáticas, não são obras artísticas. (...) Também não devem alcançar a proteção do direito de autor as fotografias meramente técnicas, em que se procura uma reprodução tal qual de certo objetivo, sem a menor preocupação artística."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tj-mg.jusbrasil.com.br/jurisprudencia/4146325/2933464">Tribunal de Justiça de Minas Gerais TJ-MG : 2933464 MG 2.0000.00.293346-4/000(1)</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Portuguese)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-12">2019-03-12</span>. "as fotos [...] denotam caráter artístico, caracterizando-se pela originalidade, criatividade e técnica da sua autora, elementos que dela não se podem excluir como reveladores, a princípio, de uma obra de arte. Não são elas, como pretende o apelante, meras constatações ou reproduções de imagens para fins publicitários, ou instantâneos comuns"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlex.cl/vid/567626366">Sentencia nº C-2470-2009, de 17º Juzgado Civil de Santiago, 28 de Octubre de 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-V7401-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-V7401_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domstol.fe1.tangora.com/media/-300011/files/v007401.pdf">V-74-01 Jydsk Vindueskompagni mod Bering Byg</a> (pdf). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-04-17">17 April 2020</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domstol300011-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Domstol300011_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">3 February 2004 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domstol.fe1.tangora.com/media/-300011/files/v-0098-01.pdf">V 98/01</a>))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sø- og Handelsretten (The Maritime and Commercial Court) in March 1998, U 1998:946 S and NIR 69:3, p. 413-418 [2000]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SC187-2008-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SC187-2008_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009020624/http://www.hoejesteret.dk/hoejesteret/nyheder/Afgorelser/Pages/KrnkelseafophavsrettentilGlobal-knivserien.aspx">Violation of the copyright of the Global Knife Series</a>. Supreme Court (19-09-2011). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoejesteret.dk/hoejesteret/nyheder/Afgorelser/Pages/KrnkelseafophavsrettentilGlobal-knivserien.aspx">the original</a> on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2015-10-09">October 9, 2015</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-24">2019-03-24</span>. "Det var for Højesteret ubestridt, at Global-knivene er ophavsretligt beskyttet i medfør af ophavsretslovens § 1. Højesteret udtalte, at Global-knivene som brugskunst er beskyttet mod meget nærgående efterligninger. Højesteret fandt, at Royal-knivenes design ikke indebar en tilstrækkelig frigørelse fra det særegne ved Global-knivenes udformning, men måtte anses som en meget nærgående efterligning. (It was undisputed to the Supreme Court that the Global blades are protected by copyright under section 1 of the Copyright Act. The Supreme Court stated that the Global blades as a utility art are protected from very close imitations. The Supreme Court found that the design of the Royal blades did not sufficiently differ from the distinctive nature of the design of the Global blades, and had to be regarded as a very close imitation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SC306-2009-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SC306-2009_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoejesteret.dk/hoejesteret/nyheder/Afgorelser/Pages/Krnkelseafophavsretsloven.aspx">Infringement of the Copyright Act Case 306/2009</a>. Supreme Court (28-06-2011). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-24">2019-03-24</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TN20117-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-TN20117_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN20117_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minedu.fi/documents/1410845/3916185/Lausunto+2011-07+Tekij%C3%A4noikeus+liiketunnukseen">TN 2011:7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minedu.fi/documents/1410845/3901388/Lausunto+2014-13+Tekij%C3%A4noikeus+graafiseen+kuvioon">TN 2014:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minedu.fi/documents/1410845/3937443/Lausunto+2001-12+Oikeus+Puhdas+El%C3%A4m%C3%A4+Lapselle+-tunnukseen">TN 2001:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paradis-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Paradis_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Paradis</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Pavis-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pavis_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Pavis</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Verbrugge2011-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Verbrugge2011_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Verbrugge2011</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 12 May 2011, case I ZR 53/10 <i>Seilzirkus</i>, (2012) 114 GRUR 58 [17].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See, in particular, Bundesgerichtshof 27 November 1956, case I ZR 57/55 <i>Morgenpost</i>, 22 BGHZ 209, 215ff; Bundesgerichtshof 22 June 1995, case I ZR 119/93 <i>Silberdistel</i>, (1995) 97 GRUR 581, 582. See further A Ohly, "Where is the Birthday Train Heading? The Copyright-Design Interface in German Law" in G Karnell and others (eds), <i>Liber Amicorum Jan Rosén</i> (eddy.se ab 2016) 593ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 13 November 2013, case I ZR 143/12 <i>Geburtstagszug</i>, 199 BGHZ 52 [26].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 13 November 2013, case I ZR 143/12 <i>Geburtstagszug</i>, 199 BGHZ 52 [41].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 12 May 2011, case I ZR 53/10 <i>Seilzirkus</i>, (2012) 114 GRUR 58 [19].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 12 May 2011, case I ZR 53/10 <i>Seilzirkus</i>, (2012) 114 GRUR 58 [20].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 12 May 2011, case I ZR 53/10 <i>Seilzirkus</i>, (2012) 114 GRUR 58 [20].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Appeals court level or higher. Omitted here are cases where copyright protection was denied based on the now-abandoned "two-tier theory".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 12 May 2011, case I ZR 53/10 <i>Seilzirkus</i>, (2012) 114 GRUR 58 [30].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberlandesgericht Schleswig 11 September 2014, case 6 U 74/10 <i>Geburtstagszug II</i>, (2015) 15 GRUR-RR 1 [17]–[23].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt am Main 12 June 2019, case 11 U 51/18, (2019) 63 ZUM 787, 788f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 27 April 2017, case I ZR 247/15 <i>AIDA Kussmund</i>, (2017) 119 GRUR 798 [11].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberlandesgericht Schleswig 11 September 2014, case 6 U 74/10 <i>Geburtstagszug II</i>, (2015) 15 GRUR-RR 1 [29]–[31]. Finding of copyright protection not challenged on appeal: Bundesgerichtshof 16 June 2016, case I ZR 122/14 <i>Geburtstagskarawane</i>, (2016) 118 GRUR 1291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberlandesgericht Köln 20 February 2015, case 6 U 131/14 <i>Airbrush-Urnen</i>, (2015) 15 GRUR-RR 275 [14]–[16].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberlandesgericht Hamburg 14 October 2021, case 5 W 40/21 <i>Grand Step Shoes</i>, (2022) 124 GRUR 565 [22]–[26].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 7 April 2022, case I ZR 222/20 <i>Porsche 911</i>, (2022) 124 GRUR 899 [26]–[32].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberlandesgericht Hamburg 30 March 2023, case 5 U 84/21, (2023) 27 ZUM-RD 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S Zentek, "Acht Jahrzehnte verkanntes Design im deutschen Urheberrecht: Die Geschichte des Schutzes von Gebrauchsgestaltungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Nationalsozialismus" (doctoral thesis, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 2015) 276. See also L Mezger, <i>Die Schutzschwelle für Werke der angewandten Kunst nach deutschem und europäischem Recht</i> (V&R unipress 2017) 60f ("hardly possible" in particular to keep track of the jurisprudence on designer furniture).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberlandesgericht Hamburg 27 April 2011, case 5 U 26/09; affirmed in pertinent part on appeal: Bundesgerichtshof 5 November 2015, case I ZR 91/11 <i>Marcel-Breuer-Möbel II</i>, (2016) 69 NJW 2335 [26]–[28].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberlandesgericht Hamburg 30 March 2011, case 5 U 207/08; affirmed in pertinent part on appeal: Bundesgerichtshof 5 November 2015, case I ZR 76/11 <i>Wagenfeld-Leuchte II</i>, (2016) 69 NJW 2338 [20]–[22].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf 30 May 2000, case 20 U 4/99 <i>Spannring</i>, (2001) 1 GRUR-RR 294, 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EAO-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EAO_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>EAO</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-greeklawdigest-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-greeklawdigest_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>greeklawdigest</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sztnh.gov.hu/sites/default/files/SZJSZT_szakvelemenyek_pdf/szjszt_szakv_2012_17.pdf">Logó szerzői jogi védelme Ügyszám: SZJSZT – 17/12</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Hungarian)</span>. Copyright Expert Panel (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2013-02-20">20 February 2013</span>). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-26">2019-03-26</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sztnh.gov.hu/testuletek/szjszt/SZJSZT_szakvelemenyek/2005/2005PDF/szjszt_szakv_2005_001.pdf">SZJSZT 1/2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IndTOO-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IndTOO_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>IndTOO</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lovells-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lovells_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Lovells</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/File:Parma_AC_logo.png">Logo on external site</a> <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Logo_Parma_AC_2000-01.png" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Logo Parma AC 2000-01.png">DR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law1980-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Law1980_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Law1980</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Tokyo1470-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tokyo1470_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Tokyo1470</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Tokyo14233-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tokyo14233_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Tokyo14233</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Tokyo5594-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tokyo5594_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Tokyo5594</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sendai2009-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sendai2009_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Sendai2009</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Luc PUTZ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innovation.public.lu/fr/brochures-rapports/d/droits-auteur-introduction/introduction-droits-auteur-de.pdf">das luxemburgische Urheberrecht: eine Einführung</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in German)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-01-29">2019-01-29</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van-Dale/Romme-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Van-Dale/Romme_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Van-Dale/Romme</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Endstra-tapes-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Endstra-tapes_65-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Endstra-tapes</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Stokke-Fikszo-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stokke-Fikszo_66-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Stokke-Fikszo</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Høyesteretts2007-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Høyesteretts2007_67-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Høyesteretts2007</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-JuliBlåfjelllogo-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-JuliBlåfjelllogo_68-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>JuliBlåfjelllogo</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-originalidadforsetti-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-originalidadforsetti_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Enrique, Cavero Safra (july 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.up.edu.pe/index.php/forseti/article/view/1145">El concepto de originalidad en el derecho de autor peruano</a>". <i>Forsetti</i> (5): 113-127. <span lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN" class="extiw" title="en:ISSN"><span lang="en" dir="ltr">ISSN</span></a></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2312-3583">2312-3583</a>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-08-20">2021-08-20</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law1961-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Law1961_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Law1961_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Law1961</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Skandalo-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Skandalo_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skandalo_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Indecopi (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2002-04-24">24 April 2002</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerlalc.org/wp-content/uploads/dar/jurisprudencia/399.pdf">Fotografía: Alcance de la protección</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Spanish)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-12-25">2020-12-25</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Chávez Gutierrez, Wendy Elizabeth (september 2014). "<a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/El_concepto_de_originalidad_para_protecci%C3%B3n_de_autor_en_fotograf%C3%ADas.pdf">The absence of criteria in the peruvian legal system regarding the concept of «authenticity» applied to copyright law protection on photographic images</a>". <i>Derecho PUCP</i> (73): 587-623. <span lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN" class="extiw" title="en:ISSN"><span lang="en" dir="ltr">ISSN</span></a></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0251-3420">0251-3420</a>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-08-20">2021-08-20</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Indecopi (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2002-04-17">17 April 2002</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerlalc.org/wp-content/uploads/dar/jurisprudencia/619.pdf">Fotografías no creativas. Protección "sui generis"</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Spanish)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-10-22">2021-10-22</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Indecopi (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-07-03">3 July 2007</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerlalc.org/wp-content/uploads/dar/jurisprudencia/1085.pdf">Fotografía: Originalidad</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Spanish)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-09-26">2021-09-26</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indecopi2015-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Indecopi2015_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indecopi2015_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indecopi2015_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indecopi2015_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Indecopi2015</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Indecopi (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2013-06-04">4 June 2013</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historial.pe/pdf/FOTOGRAFIAS_EN_BUSCADOR.pdf">Resolution No 0384-2013/CDA-INDECOPI: Infraction in reuse of Peruvian Connection Spring 2010 photos</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Spanish)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-09-12">2021-09-12</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-del-decreto-legisl-decreto-supremo-n-007-2020-in-1865739-5/">Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento del Decreto Legislativo N° 1218, Decreto Legislativo que regula el uso de las cámaras de videovigilancia y de la Ley N° 30120, Ley de Apoyo a la Seguridad Ciudadana con Cámaras de Videovigilancia Públicas y Privadas, y dicta otras disposiciones</a>. El Peruano (2020). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-05-18">2021-05-18</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Murillo Chávez, Javier André (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enfoquederecho.com/2017/04/11/los-derechos-de-autor-yo-conexos-del-robot/">Los derechos de autor y/o conexos del ¿Robot?</a>. Enfoque de Derecho. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-05-17">2021-05-17</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Murillo Chávez, Javier André (febraury 2017). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://works.bepress.com/javier_murillo/45/download/">Fa - Sol - La. Completando conceptos sobre la obra musical y su originalidad en la jurisprudencia peruana</a>". <i>Diálogo como la jurisprudencia</i> (221): 229-254. <span lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN" class="extiw" title="en:ISSN"><span lang="en" dir="ltr">ISSN</span></a></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1812-9587">1812-9587</a>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-10-21">2020-10-21</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Murillo Chávez, Javier André (june 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/derechopucp/article/view/13593/14217">The incomplete puzzle. The missing rule and ruling about the protection by copyright of characters and objects of the work</a>". <i>Derecho PUCP</i> (74): 189-220. <span lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN" class="extiw" title="en:ISSN"><span lang="en" dir="ltr">ISSN</span></a></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0251-3420">0251-3420</a>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-10-21">2020-10-21</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AA2013-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-AA2013_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AA2013_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Maraví Contreras, Alfredo (2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anuarioandino.com/Anuarios/Anuario09/Art04/ANUARIO%20ANDINO%20ART04.pdf">Las creaciones gastronómicas como objeto de protección por el Derecho de Autor: Posibilidades y conveniencia</a>". <i>Anuario Andino de Derechos Intelectuales.</i> (9): 95, 103. <span lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN" class="extiw" title="en:ISSN"><span lang="en" dir="ltr">ISSN</span></a></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1993-0976">1993-0976</a>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-11-12">2020-11-12</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tresolivas-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tresolivas_82-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Murillo Chávez, Javier André (febraury 2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/biblioteca/Biblio_con.nsf/999a45849237d86c052577920082c0c3/381D891968245CB605257C930079151B/$FILE/ACTUALIDADJURIDICA231.PDF">Conviviendo con el enemigo. Sobre los conflictos entre el Derecho de Propiedad Industrial y el Derecho de Autor</a>". <i>Actualidad Jurídica</i> (221): 321-336. <span lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN" class="extiw" title="en:ISSN"><span lang="en" dir="ltr">ISSN</span></a></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1812-9552">1812-9552</a>. Retrieved on 2021-5-17.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blancaflor, MJ (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-07-13">2023-07-13</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metronewscentral.net/metro-entertainment/television/tape-inc-eat-bulaga-name-logo-not-subject-to-copyright">TAPE Inc: 'Eat Bulaga' name, logo not subject to copyright</a>. <i>Metro News Central</i>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-07-21">2023-07-21</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kluwer-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kluwer_84-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Kluwer</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-TRL0TJLSB-8-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-TRL0TJLSB-8_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRL0TJLSB-8_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>TRL0TJLSB-8</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-IPF2017-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IPF2017_86-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>IPF2017</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-TRL2YHLSBL1-7-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TRL2YHLSBL1-7_87-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>TRL2YHLSBL1-7</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dgsi.pt/jstj.nsf/954f0ce6ad9dd8b980256b5f003fa814/4c0c4837fcdd16b380258624002e0f0d?OpenDocument">167/17.9YHLSB.L2.S2</a>, 2020 (with photos of the puppets).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FineCamera-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FineCamera_89-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>FineCamera</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-VSL0069492-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-VSL0069492_90-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>VSL0069492</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glaw.scourt.go.kr/wsjo/panre/sjo100.do?contId=2170534">The Supreme Court of South Korea 2012다28745</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.or.kr/information-materials/trend/precedents/download.do?brdctsno=8015&brdctsfileno=6171">Seoul High Court 2009나122304</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.or.kr/information-materials/trend/precedents/download.do?brdctsno=16620&brdctsfileno=8090">The Supreme Court of South Korea 2012다76829</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.poderjudicial.es/search/TS/openDocument/d42c9049784c7c02/20040821">https://www.poderjudicial.es/search/TS/openDocument/d42c9049784c7c02/20040821</a> p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.poderjudicial.es/search/TS/openDocument/a95395d6789f5037/20170509">https://www.poderjudicial.es/search/TS/openDocument/a95395d6789f5037/20170509</a> p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRVprotected-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PRVprotected_96-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>PRVprotected</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-swiss-law-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-swiss-law_97-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Federal Act on Copyright and Related Rights, art 2(1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/19920251/index.html">SR 231.1 Bundesgesetz über das Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte</a>. Government of Switzerland. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-09-12">12 September 2020</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ige.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/kmu/e/Pocket_Guide_Gedacht_Gemacht_Geschuetzt_en_2020_bf.pdf">Envisioned. Created. Protected. – A Concise Guide to Trade Marks, Patents & Co.</a>. Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property (April 2020). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-08-22">22 August 2021</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf BGE 130 III 168, 173 – <i>Bob Marley</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>X. gegen Y. AG</i>, decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court of September 5, 2003; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://relevancy.bger.ch/php/clir/http/index.php?lang=de&type=highlight_simple_query&highlight_docid=atf%3A%2F%2F130-III-168%3Ade">BGE 130 III 168</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Blau Guggenheim gegen British Broadcasting Corporation BBC</i>, decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court of April 19, 2004; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://relevancy.bger.ch/php/clir/http/index.php?lang=de&type=highlight_simple_query&highlight_docid=atf%3A%2F%2F130-III-714%3Ade">BGE 130 III 714</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Art 29(2) lit b URG.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesrat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/federal-gazette/2018/591.pdf">"Botschaft zur Änderung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes sowie zur Genehmigung zweier Abkommen der Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum und zu deren Umsetzung"</a>, BBl 2018 591, 620. See also W Egloff in D Barrelet and W Egloff (eds), <i>Das neue Urheberrecht</i> (4th edn, Stämpfli 2020) art 2 para 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Art 80(2) URG. W Egloff in D Barrelet and W Egloff (eds), <i>Das neue Urheberrecht</i> (4th edn, Stämpfli 2020) art 2 para 38; P Mosimann and Y Hostettler, "Zur Revision des Urheberrechtsgesetzes" (2018) 36 recht 123, 126; Bundesrat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/federal-gazette/2018/591.pdf">"Botschaft zur Änderung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes sowie zur Genehmigung zweier Abkommen der Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum und zu deren Umsetzung"</a>, BBl 2018 591, 620 («In Verbindung mit Artikel 80 Absatz 1 URG führt die Erweiterung des Schutzumfangs auf Fotografien ohne individuellen Charakter dazu, dass der Urheberrechtsschutz solche Fotografien auch dann erfassen wird, wenn sie vor seinem Inkrafttreten dieser Teilrevision geschaffen wurden.»).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesrat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/federal-gazette/2018/591.pdf">"Botschaft zur Änderung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes sowie zur Genehmigung zweier Abkommen der Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum und zu deren Umsetzung"</a>, BBl 2018 591, 621.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Art 29(2) lit a<sup>bis</sup>, 29(4) URG.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topic.tipo.gov.tw/copyright-tw/cp-407-852426-802dd-301.html">智著字第09700078680號</a>. Intellectual Property Office.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://judgment.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/data.aspx?ty=JD&id=IPCV,107%2c%e6%b0%91%e8%91%97%e4%b8%8a%2c3%2c20190221%2c2">智慧財產法院107年民著上字第3號民事判決</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Chinese)</span>. Judicial Yuan of the Republic of China. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-09-27">2019-09-27</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">鄧玉瑩 (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-01-05">2007-01-05</span>). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/property/20070105/3156729/">盜用燒烤飯糰招牌判侵權</a>". <i>Apple Daily</i>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://judgment.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/data.aspx?ty=JD&id=TCHM,95%2c%e4%b8%8a%e6%98%93%2c1083%2c20060927%2c1">臺灣高等法院臺中分院95年上易字第1083號刑事判決</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2006-09-27">2006-09-27</span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629221735/https://judgment.judicial.gov.tw/FILES/IPCV/108,%E6%B0%91%E8%91%97%E8%A8%B4,89,20200113,1.pdf">智慧財產法院108年民著訴字第89號民事判決</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-01-13">2020-01-13</span>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://judgment.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/data.aspx?ty=JD&id=IPCV,108%2c%e6%b0%91%e8%91%97%e8%a8%b4%2c89%2c20200113%2c1">the original</a> on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-06-29">2020-06-29</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://judgment.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/data.aspx?ty=JD&id=IPCV,104%2c%e6%b0%91%e8%91%97%e4%b8%8a%e6%98%93%2c11%2c20160204%2c1">智慧財產法院104年民著上易字第11號民事判決</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2016-02-04">2016-02-04</span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://judgment.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/data.aspx?ty=JD&id=IPCV,108,%E6%B0%91%E5%95%86%E4%B8%8A,5,20200116,1">智慧財產法院108年民商上字第5號民事判決</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-01-16">2020-01-16</span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acikerisim.bahcesehir.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/910/084581C1.pdf">ECONOMIC AND MORAL RIGHTS IN TURKISH AND EUROPEAN UNION COPYRIGHT LAW</a> (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_115-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Singh</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Pessach-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pessach_116-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Pessach</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.data.govt.nz/manage-data/policies/nzgoal/nzgoal-copyright-guide-jan-2015/#low">NZGOAL copyright guide</a>. New Zealand Government (January 2015). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-16">2019-03-16</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borghi-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Borghi_118-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Borghi</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Future-Edge-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Future-Edge_119-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Future-Edge</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-IPO-2014/1-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IPO-2014/1_120-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>IPO-2014/1</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-THJvSheridan-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-THJvSheridan_121-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>THJvSheridan</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Grosvenor-2023-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Grosvenor-2023_122-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Grosvenor-2023</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ubccopyright-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ubccopyright_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ubccopyright_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Copyright at UBC: Public Domain. 2023. University of British Columbia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://copyright.ubc.ca/public-domain/">https://copyright.ubc.ca/public-domain/</a> Accessed 2024-11-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexology-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lexology_124-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A tale of two flags: who owns the right to use? 2019. World Trademark Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=d20ee995-9c08-4805-8f5a-398c3b72121d">https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=d20ee995-9c08-4805-8f5a-398c3b72121d</a> Accessed 2024-11-17.</span> </li> </ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>For more complete, working references see <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory">Commons:Copyright rules by territory</a> and the individual countries and territories: </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_rules_by_territory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CRT_list2" title="Template:CRT list2"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CRT_list2" title="Template talk:CRT list2"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:CRT_list2&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_rules_by_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory">Copyright rules by territory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px;text-align:start; font-size:88%; padding:0 5px; line-height:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Algeria" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ambazonia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ambazonia">Ambazonia</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Angola" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Azawad" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Azawad">Azawad</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Benin" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bir_Tawil" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bir Tawil">Bir Tawil</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Botswana" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Burkina_Faso" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Burundi" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cameroon" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Canary_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cape_Verde" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Central_African_Republic" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ceuta" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ceuta">Ceuta</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Chad" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Comoros" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Djibouti" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Egypt" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Eritrea" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Eswatini" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ethiopia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Gabon" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Gambia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ghana" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Guinea" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Guinea-Bissau" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ivory_Coast" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kenya" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Lesotho" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Liberia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Libya" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Madagascar" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Madeira" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Madeira">Madeira</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Malawi" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mali" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mauritania" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mauritius" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mayotte" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mayotte">Mayotte</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Melilla" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Melilla">Melilla</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Morocco" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mozambique" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Namibia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Niger" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Nigeria" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Puntland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Puntland">Puntland</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Rwanda" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/R%C3%A9union" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Réunion">Réunion</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Senegal" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Seychelles" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sierra_Leone" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Somalia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Somaliland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/South_Africa" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/South_Sudan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sudan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Tanzania" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Togo" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Tunisia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Uganda" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Western_Sahara" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Zambia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Zimbabwe" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px;text-align:start; font-size:88%; padding:0 5px; line-height:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Anguilla" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Argentina" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Aruba" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Aruba">Aruba</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bahamas" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Barbados" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Belize" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bermuda" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bolivia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Brazil" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/British_Virgin_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Canada" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cayman_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Chile" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Clipperton_Island" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Colombia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Costa_Rica" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cuba" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Curaçao">Curaçao</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Dominica" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Dominican_Republic" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ecuador" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/El_Salvador" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Falkland_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/French_Guiana" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/French Guiana">French Guiana</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Greenland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Greenland">Greenland</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Grenada" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Guadeloupe" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Guatemala" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Guyana" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Haiti" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Honduras" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Jamaica" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Martinique" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Martinique">Martinique</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mexico" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Montserrat" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Nicaragua" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Panama" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Paraguay" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Peru" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Puerto_Rico" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint_Lucia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint-Martin_(France)" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint-Martin (France)">Saint-Martin</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint-Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sint_Maarten" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Suriname" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_States" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United States">United States of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Uruguay" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Venezuela" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px;text-align:start; font-size:88%; padding:0 5px; line-height:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Afghanistan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Armenia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Azerbaijan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bahrain" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bangladesh" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bhutan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Brunei" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cambodia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/China" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/China">China</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cyprus" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/East_Timor" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Egypt" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Georgia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Hong_Kong" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/India" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Indonesia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Iran" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Iraq" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Iraqi Kurdistan">Kurdistan Region</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Israel" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Japan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Jordan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kazakhstan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kuwait" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kyrgyzstan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Laos" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Lebanon" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Macau" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Macau">Macau</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Malaysia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Maldives" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Mongolia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Myanmar" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Nepal" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/North_Korea" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Oman" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Pakistan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/State_of_Palestine" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Philippines" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Qatar" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Russia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saudi_Arabia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Singapore" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/South_Korea" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sri_Lanka" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Syria" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Taiwan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Taiwan">Taiwan</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Tajikistan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Thailand" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Turkey" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Turkmenistan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Arab_Emirates" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Uzbekistan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Vietnam" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Yemen" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px;text-align:start; font-size:88%; padding:0 5px; line-height:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Abkhazia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Albania" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Andorra" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Armenia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Austria" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Azerbaijan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Belarus" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Belgium" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bulgaria" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Croatia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cyprus" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Czech_Republic" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Denmark" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Estonia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Faroe_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Finland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Georgia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Germany" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Gibraltar" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Greece" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Hungary" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Iceland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ireland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Isle_of_Man" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Italy" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Jersey" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Jersey">Jersey</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kazakhstan" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kosovo" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kosovo">Kosovo</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Latvia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Liechtenstein" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Lithuania" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Luxembourg" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Malta" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Moldova" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Monaco" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Montenegro" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Netherlands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/North_Macedonia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Norway" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Poland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Portugal" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Romania" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Russia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/San_Marino" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Serbia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Slovakia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Slovenia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/South_Ossetia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Spain" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sweden" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Switzerland" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Transnistria" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Transnistria">Transnistria</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Turkey" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Northern_Cyprus" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i><a href="#b-limited"><sup>†</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ukraine" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Kingdom" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus">United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Vatican_City" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px;text-align:start; font-size:88%; padding:0 5px; line-height:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/American_Samoa" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Australia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Cook_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Fiji" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/French_Polynesia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Guam" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Guam">Guam</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Hawaii" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Hawaii">Hawaii</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Kiribati" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Marshall_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Nauru" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/New_Caledonia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/New_Zealand" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Niue" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Niue">Niue</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Norfolk_Island" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Palau" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Samoa" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Solomon_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Tokelau" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Tonga" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Tuvalu" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Vanuatu" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px;text-align:start; font-size:88%; padding:0 5px; line-height:normal;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Andean_Community" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Andean Community">Andean Community</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Antarctica" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Antarctica">Antarctica</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/British_Overseas_Territories" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/British Overseas Territories">British overseas territories</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Czechoslovakia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/European_Union" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/European Union">European Union</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Manchukuo" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ottoman_Empire" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Overseas_France" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Overseas France">Overseas France</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Soviet_Union" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Nations" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Nations">United Nations</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Yugoslavia" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></i><a href="#a-others">*</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span id="a-others" class="citation" style="padding:10px">*‌<span style="font-size:small;">Other region, e.g. dependency, union, former country</span></span><span id="b-limited" class="citation" style="padding:10px"><sup>†</sup>‌<span style="font-size:small;">Limited international recognition</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikimedia_Commons_policies_and_guidelines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commons_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Commons policies and guidelines"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commons_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Commons policies and guidelines"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Commons_policies_and_guidelines&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikimedia_Commons_policies_and_guidelines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wikimedia Commons <a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_policies" title="Category:Commons policies">Policies</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Project</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:General_disclaimer" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:General disclaimer">General disclaimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project_scope" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project scope">Project scope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project_scope/Allowable_file_types" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project scope/Allowable file types">Allowable file types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project_scope/Evidence" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project scope/Evidence">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project_scope/Neutral_point_of_view" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project scope/Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project_scope/Precautionary_principle" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project scope/Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project_scope/Pages,_galleries_and_categories" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project scope/Pages, galleries and categories">Pages, galleries and categories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Use_of_gender_neutral_language" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Use of gender neutral language">Use of gender neutral language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Licensing" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Licensing">Licensing policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:De_minimis" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:De minimis">De minimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Fair_use" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Fair use">Fair use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-Art_tag" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag">When to use the PD-Art tag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Deletion_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Deletion policy">Deletion policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Criteria for speedy deletion">Criteria for speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Revision_deletion" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Language_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Language policy">Language policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Categories" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Categories">Category policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Blocking_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Protection_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Protection policy">Page protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators/De-adminship" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators/De-adminship">De-adminship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Paid_contribution_disclosure_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Paid contribution disclosure policy">Paid contribution disclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Translation_administrators/Policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Translation administrators/Policy">Translation administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Signatures" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Signatures">Signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Username_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Username policy">Username policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_guidelines" title="Category:Commons guidelines">Guidelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:What_Commons_is_not" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:What Commons is not">What Commons is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Non-copyright_restrictions" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Non-copyright restrictions">Non-copyright restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Fan_art" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Fan art">Fan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Nudity" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Nudity">Nudity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Photographs_of_identifiable_people" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Photographs of identifiable people">Photographs of identifiable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Derivative_works" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Derivative works">Derivative works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-scan_tag" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:When to use the PD-scan tag">When to use the PD-scan tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Galleries" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Galleries">Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Image_annotations" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Image annotations">Using ImageAnnotator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:File_naming" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:File naming">File naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:File_renaming" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:File renaming">File renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Overwriting_existing_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Overwriting existing files">Overwriting existing files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Grandfathered_old_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Grandfathered old files">Grandfathered old files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:AI-generated_media" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:AI-generated media">AI-generated media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Assume_good_faith" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyleft_trolling" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyleft trolling">Copyleft trolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Ownership_of_pages_and_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Ownership of pages and files">Ownership of pages and files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:User-specific_galleries,_templates_and_categories" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:User-specific galleries, templates and categories">User-specific galleries, templates and categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Vandalism" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Rollback" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Patrol" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Patrol">Patrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_licensing_help" title="Category:Commons licensing help">Licensing help</a><br/>(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Copyright" title="Commons:Village pump/Copyright">Village pump</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Choosing_a_license" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Choosing a license">Choosing a license</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright_rules" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright rules">Copyright rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_subject_matter" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter">Copyright rules by subject matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright rules by territory">Copyright rules by territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright_tags" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright tags">Copyright tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:PD_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:PD files">PD files</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Copyright principles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Threshold_of_originality" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Threshold of originality">Threshold of originality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Derivative_works" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Derivative works">Derivative works</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:2D_copying" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:2D copying">2D copying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Screenshots" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Screenshots">Screenshots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Freedom_of_panorama" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:URAA-restored_copyrights" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:URAA-restored copyrights">URAA-restored copyrights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Using files</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Reusing_content_outside_Wikimedia" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Reusing content outside Wikimedia">Reusing content outside Wikimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Credit_line" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Credit line">Credit line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Reuse_of_PD-Art_photographs" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Reuse of PD-Art photographs">Reuse of PD-Art photographs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:How_to_detect_copyright_violations" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:How to detect copyright violations">How to detect<br/>copyright violations</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:License_laundering" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:License laundering">License laundering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Problematic_sources" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Problematic sources">Problematic sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Flickr_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Flickr files">Flickr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Bad_sources" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Bad sources">Bad sources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:License_review" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:License review">License review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wmf:">WMF</a> policies</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Office_actions" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Office actions">Office actions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Community_portal" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Community portal">Community portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents">Help contents</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:Threshold_of_originality&oldid=959039676">https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:Threshold_of_originality&oldid=959039676</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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