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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Forests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88" title="شعب الهو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب الهو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Хо (народ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хо (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_(%C3%A8tnia)" title="Ho (ètnia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ho (ètnia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_(Volk)" title="Ho (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ho (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood" title="Hood – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hos_(peuple)" title="Hos (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hos (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF)" title="हो (जनजाति) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हो (जनजाति)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B)" title="Хо (халық) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хо (халық)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الهوويين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الهوويين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF)" title="हो (जनजाति) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हो (जनजाति)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF" title="ହୋ ଜନ‌ଜାତି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହୋ ଜନ‌ଜାତି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xo" title="Xo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Хо (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хо (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱳ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱳ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_(narod)" title="Ho (narod) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ho (narod)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹோ மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹோ மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Хо (народ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хо (народ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2392686#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group of India, Nepal and Bangladesh</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Austroasiatic ethnic group of India. For the Tibeto-Burman people also known as Ho of China, Vietnam and Laos, see <a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani people</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ho</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ho_Tribal_Lady.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ho_Tribal_Lady.jpg/220px-Ho_Tribal_Lady.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ho_Tribal_Lady.jpg/330px-Ho_Tribal_Lady.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ho_Tribal_Lady.jpg/440px-Ho_Tribal_Lady.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ho tribe woman in traditional attire.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2.9 million</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2011)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">              </span><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">928,289<sup id="cite_ref-Cen2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cen2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">             </span> <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></th><td class="infobox-data">705,618<sup id="cite_ref-Cen2011_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cen2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">             </span> <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23,483<sup id="cite_ref-Cen2011_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cen2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">              </span><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">715<sup id="cite_ref-Cen2011_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cen2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Mundas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_people" title="Kharia people">Kharias</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Juang_people" title="Juang people">Juangs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Santal_people" title="Santal people">Santals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumijs</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr />Odisha population figures include <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Odisha" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha">Kol, Kolah</a></b> & <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Odisha" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha">Larko-Kol</a></b> who although listed as a separate Scheduled Tribe, are another name for the Hos.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ho</b> people are an <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic language">Austroasiatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Munda_peoples" title="Munda peoples">Munda</a> ethnic group of India. They are mostly concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Kolhan_division" title="Kolhan division">Kolhan region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> and northern Odisha where they constitute around 10.7% and 7.3% of the total <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">Scheduled Tribe</a> population respectively, as of 2011 .<sup id="cite_ref-CensusST2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusST2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a population of approximately 700,000 in the state in 2001, the Ho are the fourth most numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">Scheduled tribe</a> in Jharkhand after the <a href="/wiki/Santal_people" title="Santal people">Santals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Kurukhs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Mundas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JharkhandData_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JharkhandData-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ho also inhabit adjacent areas in the neighbouring states of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> bringing the total to 806,921 as of 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-CensusST2011_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusST2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tribal_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also live in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>, the total number of people speaking the <a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho language</a> was 1,040,000 as of 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-ethno_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to other Austroasiatic groups in the area, the Ho report varying degrees of multilingualism, also using <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 90% of the Ho practice the indigenous religion <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a>. The majority of the Ho are involved in agriculture, either as land owners or labourers, while others are engaged in mining. Compared to the rest of India, the Ho have a low literacy rate and a low rate of school enrolment. The government of Jharkhand has recently approved measures to help increase enrolment and literacy among children.<sup id="cite_ref-indiaex_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiaex-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elib_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elib-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ndtv_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndtv-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The term "Ho" originates from the <a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho language</a>, where "hō" translates to "human". The name encompasses both their ethnic identity and language, closely linked to <a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic language</a> family. In <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, certain <a href="/wiki/Segmentary_lineage" title="Segmentary lineage">segments</a> of the Ho tribe, such as Kol, Kolha, and Kolah are <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Odisha" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha">officially recognized</a> as distinct groups. Those names are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a> "<a href="/wiki/Kol_people" title="Kol people">Kol</a>" or combinations of both exonyms and <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonyms</a> such as <i>Ho, Horo,</i> and <i>Hodoko</i>, all signifying "human" and "human being" in their language.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Linguistic studies suggest that the Austroasiatic homeland was in Southeast Asia and <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a> arrived on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> about 4000–3500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austroasiatic speaker spread from Southeast Asia and mixed extensively with local Indian populations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ho_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ho_people.jpg/220px-Ho_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ho_people.jpg/330px-Ho_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ho_people.jpg/440px-Ho_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="1427" /></a><figcaption>Dalton's painting of Ho man and woman in 1872</figcaption></figure> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Ram_Sharan_Sharma" title="Ram Sharan Sharma">Ram Sharan Sharma</a> in his book India's Ancient Past mentioned that, many <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>, and non-Sanskrit terms occur in the Vedic texts ascribed to 1500-500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They indicate ideas, institutions, products, and settlements associated with peninsular and non-Vedic India. The people of this area spoke the proto-Munda language. Several terms in the Indo-Aryan languages that signify the use of cotton, navigation, digging, stick, etc. have been traced to the Munda languages by linguists. There are many Munda pockets in <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur Plateau</a>, in which the remnants of Munda culture are strong. It is held that changes in the phonetics and vocabulary of the Vedic language can be explained as much on the basis of the Dravidian influence as that of the Munda.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting from the period between the 9th and 12th centuries, copper was smelted in many parts of old Singhbhum district. It is believed that many immigrants entered <a href="/wiki/Singhbhum_district" title="Singhbhum district">Singhbhum</a> from <a href="/wiki/Manbhum" title="Manbhum">Manbhum</a> in the 14th century or earlier. When the Hos entered old Singhbhum, they overcame the <a href="/wiki/Bhuiya" title="Bhuiya">Bhuiyas</a>, who were then inhabitants of the forest country. In the latter half of the eighteenth century, the Hos fought several wars against the Rajas of the <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Tributary_States" title="Chota Nagpur Tributary States">Chota Nagpur States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayurbhanj_district" title="Mayurbhanj district">Mayurbhanj</a> to retain their independence. As far as is known, the Muslims left them alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Houlton_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houlton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the area was formally claimed to be a part of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, neither the Mughals nor the <a href="/wiki/Marathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathas">Marathas</a>, who were active in the surrounding areas during the decline of the Mughals, ventured into the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1765, Chota Nagpur was ceded to the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Province" title="Bihar Province">Bihar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orissa_Province" title="Orissa Province">Orissa Provinces</a>. The Raja of Singhbhum asked the British Resident at <a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a> for protection in 1767, but it was not until 1820 that he acknowledged himself as a feudatory of the British. The restless Hos broke the agreement soon and took part in a fierce rebellion of 1831–33, called the <a href="/wiki/Kol_uprising" title="Kol uprising">Kol uprising</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Mundas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immediate cause of the Kol uprising was the disposition of Mankis and extraction of taxes by <i>thikadars</i> (literally meaning contractors) or farmers of rent. The Hos and Mundas were joined by the <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Kurukh</a> and the houses of many thikedars, landlords were burnt and a number of people were killed. They also plundered, killed and destroyed villages Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-Houlton_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houlton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It compelled the British to recognise the need for a thorough subjugation of the Hos.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising was suppressed with a good deal of trouble by several hundred British troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Houlton_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houlton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While local troops quelled the uprising, another group under Colonel Richards entered Singhbhum in November 1836. Within three months all the ringleaders surrendered. In 1857, the Raja of <a href="/wiki/Porahat" title="Porahat">Porahat</a> rose in rebellion and a sizeable section of the Hos joined in the revolt. Troops were sent who put an end to the disturbances by 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho language</a></div> <p>Ho people speak the <a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho language</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic language</a> closely related to <a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a> and more distantly related to languages of Southeast Asia such as <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a>. The Austroasiatic languages of India, including Ho, are inflected <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional languages</a> unlike their distant relatives in Southeast Asia which are <a href="/wiki/Analytic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytic languages">analytic languages</a>. This difference in <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typology</a> is due to extensive language contact with the unrelated Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages. The phonology of Ho has also been influenced by the nearby unrelated languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are at least three dialects of Ho: Lohara, <a href="/wiki/Chaibasa" title="Chaibasa">Chaibasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thakurmunda" title="Thakurmunda">Thakurmunda</a>. All dialects are mutually intelligible with approximately 92% of all Ho speakers able to understand a narrative discourse in both Chaibasa and Thakurmunda dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-ethno_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most divergent dialects are in the extreme south and east of Ho territory. </p><p>While fewer than five per cent of Ho speakers are literate in the language, Ho is typically written in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, scripts. A native alphabet, called <a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a> and invented by <a href="/wiki/Lako_Bodra" title="Lako Bodra">Lako Bodra</a> in the 20th century, also exists.<sup id="cite_ref-ethno_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <p>Ho village life revolves around five main <i>parab</i> or festivals. The most important festival, <i><a href="/wiki/Mage_Parab" title="Mage Parab">Mage Parab</a></i>, takes place in the late winter month of <a href="/wiki/Magha_(month)" title="Magha (month)">Magha</a> and marks the completion of the agricultural cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebbar_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebbar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a week-long celebration held to honour Singbonga, the creator god. Other lesser <i>bonga</i> (spirits) are also honoured throughout the week. <i>Baa Parab</i>, the festival of flowers held in mid-spring, celebrates the yearly blossoming of the sacred Sal trees. <i><a href="/wiki/Sohrai" title="Sohrai">Sohrai</a></i> or <i>Gaumara</i> is the most important agricultural festival, the date of which usually coincides with the nationwide festivities in the fall. It is a village wide celebration with music and dancing held in honour of the cattle used in cultivation. During the ceremonies, the cows are painted with a flour and dye mix, anointed with oil and prayed over after a black chicken is sacrificed to an image of the cattle bonga. <i>Baba Hermutu</i> is the ceremonial first sowing. The date is set each year in the early spring by the deurior priest pahan who also officiates the three-day ceremony by praying and commencing his first sowing of the year. <i>Jomnama Parab</i> is held in late fall before the first harvest is eaten to thank the spirits for a trouble-free harvest.<i><sup id="cite_ref-Hebbar_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebbar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duary_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duary-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>Dance is important to Adivasi culture in general and for the Ho, it is more than simply a means of entertainment. Their songs are generally accompanied by dances which change with the seasons. Songs and distinctively choreographed dance are integral parts of Ho culture and art,<sup id="cite_ref-Houlton_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houlton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prasad2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as important parts of their traditional festivals, especially Mage Parab. Most villages have a dedicated dancing ground, called <i>akhra</i>, usually consisting of a cleared space of hard ground under a spreading tree. Dances are organised on a staggered basis in the villages so that other villagers can participate. Traditional Ho music incorporates native instruments including a <i>dama</i> (drum), <i><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">dholak</a></i>, <i>dumeng</i> (<a href="/wiki/Barrel_drum" title="Barrel drum">mandar</a>), and the <i>rutu</i> (flute).<sup id="cite_ref-Houlton_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houlton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ho people brew <a href="/wiki/Handia_(drink)" title="Handia (drink)">handia</a>, called by them <i>diyeng</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 6120.7994126577px; border-left-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3616.2362167392px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2696.3056020024px; border-left-color:dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:dodgerblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 927.14648646749px; border-left-color:maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:maroon"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:87.841706072666px 47.789482883196px 0 0; border-top-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion among 2.9 million Ho people, 2011 census<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (67.07%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:maroon; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a> (31.22%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:dodgerblue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (1.12%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (0.15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:pink; color:black;"> </span> <i>not stated</i> (0.18%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>In the 2001 national census, 91% of the Hos of Jharkhand declared that they professed "other religions and persuations", meaning that they do not consider themselves to belong to any of the major religious groups and follow their indigenous religious systems called "Sarna" or <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JharkhandData_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JharkhandData-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also known as <i>sarna dhorom</i> ("religion of the holy woods"), this religion plays an important part in the life of adivasi.<sup id="cite_ref-Pal_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pal-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their beliefs in gods, goddesses and spirits are ingrained in them from childhood. The religion of the Hos resembles, to a great extent that of <a href="/wiki/Santhal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal people">Santhals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Oraons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Mundas</a>, and other tribal people in the region. All religious rituals are performed by a village priest known as a <i>deuri</i>. However, he is not required to propitiate malevolent spirits or deities. The spirit doctor <i>deowa</i> takes care of this.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_of_women">Position of women</h3></div> <p>Houlton writes, "I do not want to give the impression, by mentioning occasional divergences from the straight and narrow path, that aboriginals are immoral. On the contrary, their standards of post-marital morality and fidelity are probably a good deal higher than in some races that claim to be more civilised. The status of women is high. Wives are partners and companions to their husbands. It is even whispered that hen-pecked husbands are not uncommon among the tribesmen."<sup id="cite_ref-Houlton_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houlton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a system of payment of bride-price amongst the Hos. The bride-price is often a status symbol and in modern times it remains not more than 101-1001 rupees. As a result, many Ho girls remain unmarried till advanced age.<sup id="cite_ref-Houlton_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houlton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the total Ho population, females outnumber the males.<sup id="cite_ref-JharkhandData_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JharkhandData-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <p>Almost half the population is engaged in cultivation and another one third also work as land-less agricultural labourers.<sup id="cite_ref-JharkhandData_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JharkhandData-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hos, along with Santals, Oraons and Mundas, are comparatively more advanced, and have taken to settled cultivation as their mode of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> in Ho territory opened the way for the first iron ore mine in India at Pansira Buru in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years iron ore mining spread out in the area. Many Hos are engaged in mining work but that does not add up to any sizeable percentage. However, small, well planned mining towns dotting the territory have brought the Ho people in close touch with the good and bad aspects of urbanisation. Some of the prominent mining towns in the area are <a href="/wiki/Chiria" title="Chiria">Chiria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gua,_Jharkhand" title="Gua, Jharkhand">Gua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noamundi" title="Noamundi">Noamundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiriburu" title="Kiriburu">Kiriburu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forests">Forests</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg/220px-Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg/330px-Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg/440px-Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Sal tree</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sal_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sal tree">Sal</a> (Shorea robusta) is the most important tree in the area and it seems to have a preference for the rocky soil there. Although sal is a deciduous tree and sheds its leaves in early summer, the forest undergrowth is generally evergreen, which has such trees as <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mangoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jambul" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambul">jamun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">piar</a>. Other important trees are <a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia" title="Madhuca longifolia">mahua</a>, kusum, <a href="/wiki/Wendlandia" title="Wendlandia">tilai</a>, harin hara (Armossa rohitulea), gular (Fiscus glomerata), <a href="/wiki/Terminalia_elliptica" title="Terminalia elliptica">asan</a>. The Singhbhum forests are best in the Kolhan area in the south-west of the district.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad2_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lives of Ho people have long been intertwined with sal forests and there is a strong resentment against the efforts of timber merchants to replace sal forests with teak plantations. </p><p>The reserved forests are the haunt of many animals. Wild <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a> are common in <a href="/wiki/Saranda_forest" title="Saranda forest">Saranda</a> (literally meaning seven hundred hills) and Porahat forests. Herds of <a href="/wiki/Sambar_Deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambar Deer">sambar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a> roam about the forests. <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a> is still found (locally extinct when a study was undertaken in 2005 by Kisor Chaudhuri FRGS). <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tigers</a> were never numerous but they are there (locally extinct when a study was undertaken in 2005 by Kisor Chaudhuri FRGS). <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopards</a> are more common. The Hos are keen hunters and have practically exterminated game in Kolhan. They organise great <i>battues</i>, in which thousands of people join. They beat their drums in a huge circle, and gradually close in over hills and across forests, driving the wild animals on to a central point, on to which lines of hunters converge until the animals are surrounded and slaughtered.<sup id="cite_ref-Houlton_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houlton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literacy">Literacy</h2></div> <p>As per the 2011 census, the literacy rate for the Ho population was around 44.7% for all and 33.1% for women, much lower than the Jharkhand averages of 66.4% for all and 55.4% for women.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to help increase the literacy rates, the government announced in 2016 that it had designed text books to teach Hindi and mathematics in Ho.<sup id="cite_ref-indiaex_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiaex-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 those textbooks were made available on the central government's e-library platform.<sup id="cite_ref-elib_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elib-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2016 effort to help promote tribal languages Tata Steel, a private company, began teaching the Ho language on weekends to drop-out schoolgirls at a "camp school" in Naomundi.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of November 2016, 100 girls were enrolled in the camp school. The company has also run private Ho language centres in East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Seraikela-Kharsawan districts since 2011. Approximately 6000 people have undergone Ho language and Warang Chiti script training in these centres.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 the government of Jharkhand announced it would soon begin teaching five- and six-year-old primary school students in their local language in order to help reduce the high drop-out rate.<sup id="cite_ref-ndtv_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndtv-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Hos, 19.7% have completed schooling and 3.1% are graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-JharkhandData_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JharkhandData-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The percentage of school-going children in the age group 5 –14 years was 37.6.<sup id="cite_ref-JharkhandData_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JharkhandData-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pradeep_Kumar_Balmuchu" title="Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu">Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu</a> - Indian politician and a former member of the 14th Lok Sabha<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Champia" title="Debendranath Champia">Debendranath Champia</a> - Indian politician and a former member of the Bihar constituency assembly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipika_Singh_Darai" title="Lipika Singh Darai">Lipika Singh Darai</a> - Indian filmmaker and film director<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxman_Giluwa" title="Laxman Giluwa">Laxman Giluwa</a> - Indian politician and the president of the Jharkhand unit of Bhartiya Janta Party<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Koda" title="Geeta Koda">Geeta Koda</a> - Indian politician and member of Indian National Congress<sup id="cite_ref-Thaker_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thaker-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhu_Koda" title="Madhu Koda">Madhu Koda</a> - former <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Jharkhand">Chief Minister of Jharkhand</a><sup id="cite_ref-Thaker_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thaker-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitrasen_Sinku" title="Chitrasen Sinku">Chitrasen Sinku</a> - Indian politician and a member of the Eleventh Lok Sabha.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janum_Singh_Soy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janum Singh Soy (page does not exist)">Janum Singh Soy</a> - Indian scholar and <a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a> awardee<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagun_Sumbrai" title="Bagun Sumbrai">Bagun Sumbrai</a> - Indian politician and a former member of the 14th Lok Sabha<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Jharkhand" title="Tribes of Jharkhand">Tribes of Jharkhand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The total population of Ho people in India is approximately 2.9 million (2,921,922), comprising 1,033,095 Ho individuals from Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha; 1,263,818 Kol individuals from Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh; and 625,009 Kolha individuals from Odisha.<sup id="cite_ref-Cen2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cen2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cen2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cen2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cen2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cen2011_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cen2011_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cen2011_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html">"ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community"</a>. <i>Census of India</i>. Ministry of Home Affairs, India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India&rft.atitle=ST-14+Scheduled+Tribe+Population+By+Religious+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FSCST-Series%2FST14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/73843/1/SCST_2018_handbook_0063.pdf"><i>Kolha</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute, Odisha. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80705-56-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80705-56-9"><bdi>978-93-80705-56-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921094725/https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/73843/1/SCST_2018_handbook_0063.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kolha&rft.pub=Scheduled+Castes+and+Scheduled+Tribes+Research+and+Training+Institute%2C+Odisha&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-93-80705-56-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.tribal.gov.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F73843%2F1%2FSCST_2018_handbook_0063.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CensusST2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CensusST2011_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CensusST2011_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html">"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+Website+%3A+Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FSCST-Series%2FST14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JharkhandData-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JharkhandData_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JharkhandData_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JharkhandData_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JharkhandData_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JharkhandData_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JharkhandData_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_jharkhand.pdf">"Jharkhand: Data Highlights the Scheduled Tribes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Census of India 2001</i>. Census Commission of India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India+2001&rft.atitle=Jharkhand%3A+Data+Highlights+the+Scheduled+Tribes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2FTables_Published%2FSCST%2Fdh_st_jharkhand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tribal-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tribal_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribal.nic.in/ST/Tribal%20Profile.pdf">"Scheduled Tribals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>tribal.nic.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=High+hopes+for+Ho&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fbhubaneswar%2FHigh-hopes-for-Ho%2Farticleshow%2F9275704.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mattersindia.com/2015/02/journeying-together-with-ho-tribes-in-odisha/">"Journeying together with Ho tribes in Odisha"</a>. 16 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journeying+together+with+Ho+tribes+in+Odisha&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmattersindia.com%2F2015%2F02%2Fjourneying-together-with-ho-tribes-in-odisha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethno-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethno_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethno_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethno_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hoc">"Ho: A Language of India"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. 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In Hashnain, Imtiaz; Bagga-Gupta, Sangeeta; Mohan, Shailendra (eds.). <i>Linguistic Identity and Language Preferences Among the Austro-Asiatic Language Speakers of Jharkhand</i>. United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 286–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443847162" title="Special:BookSources/9781443847162"><bdi>9781443847162</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iijhassr.com/Published%20Paper/Vol-I/Issue-I/Vol-I_Issue-I_P5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+International+Journal+of+Humanities%2C+Arts+and+Social+Science+Research&rft.atitle=Sacred+Grove+in+Jharkhand&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=I&rft.date=2016-12&rft.issn=2456-4389&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iijhassr.com%2FPublished%2520Paper%2FVol-I%2FIssue-I%2FVol-I_Issue-I_P5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Srinivasan, N.R., <i>History of The Indian Iron and Steel Company</i>, 1983, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html">"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India"</a>. <i>www.censusindia.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Deccan Chronicle. 13 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tribal+girl+Lipika+Singh+Darai+from+Odisha+wins+4+National+Awards+in+7+years&rft.pub=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fnation%2Fcurrent-affairs%2F130417%2Ftribal-girl-lipika-singh-darai-from-odisha-wins-4-national-awards-in-7-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/saraikela-kharsawan/1229312">"<i>हो</i> भाषा को संविधान की आठवीं अनुसूची में शामिल करने की मांग के साथ जंतर मंतर पर प्रदर्शन"</a>. <i>Prabhat Khabar</i> (in Hindi). 3 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prabhat+Khabar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8&rft.date=2018-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prabhatkhabar.com%2Fstate%2Fjharkhand%2Fsaraikela-kharsawan%2F1229312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thaker-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thaker_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thaker_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaker2014" class="citation news cs1">Thaker, Jayesh (28 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141128004020/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141128/jsp/jharkhand/story_19097253.jsp">"Poll Power Trips Geeta Koda means business"</a>. <i>The Telegraph India</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141128/jsp/jharkhand/story_19097253.jsp">the original</a> on 28 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph+India&rft.atitle=Poll+Power+Trips+Geeta+Koda+means+business&rft.date=2014-11-28&rft.aulast=Thaker&rft.aufirst=Jayesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1141128%2Fjsp%2Fjharkhand%2Fstory_19097253.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-ranchi/20140412/281706907663747">http://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-ranchi/20140412/281706907663747</a> – via PressReader.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Findia%2Fhindustan-times-ranchi%2F20140412%2F281706907663747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+people" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBiOG0DT74A">"Hamare Padma: Dr Janum Singh Soy gets Padma Shri Award for preserving Ho language"</a>. <i>YouTube</i> (in Hindi). <a href="/wiki/DD_News" title="DD News">DD News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>Ethnicity mentioned between 2:10 to 2:15</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Hamare+Padma%3A+Dr+Janum+Singh+Soy+gets+Padma+Shri+Award+for+preserving+Ho+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWBiOG0DT74A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jun/29/ranchi-diary-1835300.html">"Ranchi diary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranchi+diary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fnation%2F2018%2Fjun%2F29%2Franchi-diary-1835300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/Ho/">Ho Language webpage, by K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinlung.com">Sinlung Sinlung - Indian tribes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai">RWAAI | Projekt</a> RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://holanguageodishaedu.in/">http://holanguageodishaedu.in/</a></li> <li>[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8@view|<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8@view">http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8@view</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>]] Ho language in RWAAI Digital Archive</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Scheduled_tribes_of_India" title="Template:Scheduled tribes of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scheduled_tribes_of_India" title="Template talk:Scheduled tribes of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scheduled_tribes_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scheduled tribes of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scheduled_tribes_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">Scheduled tribes of</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asur_people" title="Asur people">Asur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiga_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Baiga tribe">Baiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharia_people" title="Bharia people">Bharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhil people">Bhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birhor_people" title="Birhor people">Birhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro_people" title="Boro people">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo-Kachari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo-Kachari people">Bodo-Kachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoksa_people" title="Bhoksa people">Boksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonda_people" title="Bonda people">Bonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_people" title="Chakma people">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenchu_people" title="Chenchu people">Chenchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanka" title="Dhanka">Dhanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people" title="Dimasa people">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_people" title="Garo people">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_people" title="Gondi people">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_people" title="Hajong people">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmar_people" title="Hmar people">Hmar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irula_people" title="Irula people">Irulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_people" title="Karbi people">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonds" title="Khonds">Khonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_people" title="Kol people">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korwa_people" title="Korwa people">Korwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki_people" title="Kuki people">Kuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodha_people" title="Lodha people">Lodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahli_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahli tribe">Mahli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_people" title="Mara people">Mara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mech_people" title="Mech people">Mech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_people" title="Mising people">Mishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_people" title="Mizo people">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mog people">Mog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudugar" title="Mudugar">Mudugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_people" title="Naga people">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Oraon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_people" title="Pnar people">Pnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabari" title="Rabari">Rabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabha tribe">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reang" title="Reang">Reang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santal_people" title="Santal people">Santal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_people" title="Sora people">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toda_people" title="Toda people">Toda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_people" title="Tripuri people">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tribes_of_Jharkhand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tribes_of_Jharkhand" title="Template:Tribes of Jharkhand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tribes_of_Jharkhand" title="Template talk:Tribes of Jharkhand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes_of_Jharkhand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes of Jharkhand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tribes_of_Jharkhand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Jharkhand" title="Tribes of Jharkhand">Tribes of Jharkhand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asur_people" title="Asur people">Asur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiga_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baiga (tribe)">Baiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birhor_people" title="Birhor people">Birhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chero" title="Chero">Chero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_people" title="Gondi people">Gond</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodaku">Kodaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_people" title="Kol people">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korwa_people" title="Korwa people">Korwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahli_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahli (tribe)">Mahli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_people" title="Mal Paharia people">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santal" class="mw-redirect" title="Santal">Santal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauria_Paharia_people" title="Sauria Paharia people">Sauria Paharia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2392686#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2392686#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2392686#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/958495/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85062212">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529263205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ho_people&oldid=1257910819">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ho_people&oldid=1257910819</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tribes_of_Jharkhand" title="Category:Tribes of Jharkhand">Tribes of Jharkhand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tribes_of_Assam" title="Category:Tribes of Assam">Tribes of Assam</a></li><li><a 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