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id="toc-Cruck_frame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aisled_frame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aisled_frame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aisled frame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aisled_frame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Half-timbering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Half-timbering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Half-timbering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Half-timbering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Half-timbering subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Half-timbering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infill_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infill_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Infill materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infill_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>History of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldest_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Oldest examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_meanings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_meanings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Alternative meanings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_meanings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jetties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jetties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Jetties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jetties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Timbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_construction_and_frame_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_construction_and_frame_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Post construction and frame construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_construction_and_frame_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_timber_connector_method_(1930s–1950s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_timber_connector_method_(1930s–1950s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Modern timber connector method (1930s–1950s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_timber_connector_method_(1930s–1950s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Modern features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineered_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineered_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Engineered structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineered_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History and traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topping_out_ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topping_out_ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Topping out ceremony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topping_out_ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carpenters'_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carpenters'_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Carpenters' marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carpenters'_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>British tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>English styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>French tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_tradition_(Fachwerkhäuser)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_tradition_(Fachwerkhäuser)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>German tradition (<i>Fachwerkhäuser</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_tradition_(Fachwerkhäuser)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.16</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.17</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.18</span> <span>Baltic states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.19</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.19.1</span> <span>New France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Netherland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Netherland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.19.2</span> <span>New Netherland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Netherland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.19.3</span> <span>New England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.20</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_styles_in_later_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_styles_in_later_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.21</span> <span>Revival styles in later centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_styles_in_later_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disadvantages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_or_historic_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_or_historic_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Traditional or historic structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_or_historic_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="هيكل خشبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيكل خشبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%99%D3%A9%D2%AF" title="Ағастан йорттар төҙөү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ағастан йорттар төҙөү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Прускі мур – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прускі мур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Прускі мур – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прускі мур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Фахверк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фахверк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entramat" title="Entramat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Entramat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%A1zd%C4%9Bn%C3%A9_zdivo" title="Hrázděné zdivo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hrázděné zdivo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindingsv%C3%A6rk" title="Bindingsværk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bindingsværk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holzfachwerk" title="Holzfachwerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Holzfachwerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puitkarkass" title="Puitkarkass – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Puitkarkass" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%BE%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Οικοδόμηση με ξύλινο πλαίσιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικοδόμηση με ξύλινο πλαίσιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entramado_de_madera" title="Entramado de madera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Entramado de madera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabfaka%C4%B5o" title="Trabfakaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trabfakaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbadura" title="Bilbadura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bilbadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="خانه نیمه چوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خانه نیمه چوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_de_bois" title="Pan de bois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pan de bois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A9%EA%B3%A8%EC%A1%B0" title="목골조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="목골조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%A5_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փայտե կոնստրուկցիաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փայտե կոնստրուկցիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletna_gradnja" title="Skeletna gradnja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Skeletna gradnja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costruzione_a_graticcio" title="Costruzione a graticcio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costruzione a graticcio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ფახვერკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფახვერკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C4%85zarka" title="Wiązarka – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wiązarka" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Фахверк – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фахверк" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pildre%C5%BE%C4%A3is" title="Pildrežģis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pildrežģis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachverkas" title="Fachverkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fachverkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerendav%C3%A1zas-kit%C3%B6lt%C5%91falas_st%C3%ADlus" title="Gerendavázas-kitöltőfalas stílus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gerendavázas-kitöltőfalas stílus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Фахверк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фахверк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakwerk_(wandconstructie)" title="Vakwerk (wandconstructie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vakwerk (wandconstructie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%AA%A8%E9%80%A0" title="木骨造 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="木骨造" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindingsverk" title="Bindingsverk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bindingsverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindingsverk" title="Bindingsverk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bindingsverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachwark" title="Fachwark – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fachwark" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_pruski" title="Mur pruski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mur pruski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enxaimel" title="Enxaimel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Enxaimel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas%C4%83_cu_cadre_de_lemn" title="Casă cu cadre de lemn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Casă cu cadre de lemn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Фахверк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фахверк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="ලී රාමු කිරීම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලී රාමු කිරීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Timber framing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Фахверк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фахверк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahverk" title="Fahverk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fahverk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristikkotalo" title="Ristikkotalo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ristikkotalo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsvirke" title="Korsvirke – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Korsvirke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%B7%D2%AF" title="Агачтан йортлар төзү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Агачтан йортлар төзү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah%C5%9Fap_karkas" title="Ahşap karkas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahşap karkas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Фахверк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фахверк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_khung_g%E1%BB%97" title="Nhà khung gỗ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà khung gỗ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6" title="木骨架 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="木骨架" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q629000#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Timber_framing" title="Special:EditPage/Timber framing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Timber+framing%22">"Timber framing"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Timber+framing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Timber+framing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Timber+framing%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Timber+framing%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Timber+framing%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dornstetten-p01_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dornstetten-p01_crop.JPG/220px-Dornstetten-p01_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dornstetten-p01_crop.JPG/330px-Dornstetten-p01_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dornstetten-p01_crop.JPG/440px-Dornstetten-p01_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5722" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>The market square of <a href="/wiki/Dornstetten" title="Dornstetten">Dornstetten</a>, Germany, showing an ensemble of half-timbered buildings</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eur14218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Eur14218.jpg/220px-Eur14218.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Eur14218.jpg/330px-Eur14218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Eur14218.jpg/440px-Eur14218.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Gros-Horloge" title="Rue du Gros-Horloge">Rue du Gros-Horloge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, France, a city renowned for its half-timbered buildings</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mittelstr05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Timbered houses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mittelstr05.jpg/220px-Mittelstr05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mittelstr05.jpg/330px-Mittelstr05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mittelstr05.jpg/440px-Mittelstr05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1730" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lemgo" title="Lemgo">Lemgo</a>, Germany, downtown</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Timber framing</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Fachwerkbauweise</i>) and <b>"post-and-beam" construction</b> are traditional methods of building with heavy <a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">timbers</a>, creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and <a href="/wiki/Woodworking_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodworking joints">joined</a> timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs. If the <a href="/wiki/Structural_system" title="Structural system">structural frame</a> of <a href="/wiki/Load-bearing_wall" title="Load-bearing wall">load-bearing</a> timber is left exposed on the exterior of the building it may be referred to as <b>half-timbered</b>, and in many cases the infill between timbers will be used for decorative effect. The country most known for this kind of architecture is Germany, where timber-framed houses are spread all over the country.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The method comes from working directly from logs and trees rather than pre-cut <a href="/wiki/Lumber#Dimensional_lumber" title="Lumber">dimensional lumber</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a> this with <a href="/wiki/Broadaxe" title="Broadaxe">broadaxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adzes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Draw_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Draw knife">draw knives</a> and using hand-powered <a href="/wiki/Brace_(tool)" title="Brace (tool)">braces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auger_(drill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auger (drill)">augers</a> (brace and bit) and other <a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">woodworking</a> tools, artisans or framers could gradually assemble a building. </p><p>Since this building method has been used for thousands of years in many parts of the world, many styles of historic framing have developed. These styles are often categorized by the type of foundation, walls, how and where the beams intersect, the use of curved timbers, and the roof framing details. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Box_frame">Box frame</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Box frame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A simple timber frame made of straight vertical and horizontal pieces with a common rafter roof without <a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">purlins</a>. The term <i>box frame</i> is not well defined and has been used for any kind of framing (with the usual exception of <a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">cruck</a> framing). The distinction presented here is that the roof load is carried by the exterior walls. Purlins are also found even in plain timber frames. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cruck_frame">Cruck frame</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cruck frame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruck_Building,_Weobley,_Herefordshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12580.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cruck_Building%2C_Weobley%2C_Herefordshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12580.jpg/220px-Cruck_Building%2C_Weobley%2C_Herefordshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12580.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cruck_Building%2C_Weobley%2C_Herefordshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12580.jpg/330px-Cruck_Building%2C_Weobley%2C_Herefordshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12580.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cruck_Building%2C_Weobley%2C_Herefordshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12580.jpg/440px-Cruck_Building%2C_Weobley%2C_Herefordshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12580.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A "true" or "full" <a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">cruck</a> half-timbered building in <a href="/wiki/Weobley" title="Weobley">Weobley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>, England: The cruck blades are the tall, curved timbers which extend from near the ground to the ridge.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">cruck</a> is a pair of crooked or curved timbers<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which form a <a href="/wiki/Bent_(structural)" title="Bent (structural)">bent</a> (U.S.) or crossframe (UK); the individual timbers are each called a blade. More than 4,000 cruck frame buildings have been recorded in the UK. Several types of cruck frames are used; more information follows in English style below and at the main article <a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck</a>. </p> <ul><li>True cruck or full cruck: blades, straight or curved, extend from ground or foundation to the ridge acting as the principal rafters. A full cruck does not need a tie beam.</li> <li>Base cruck: tops of the blades are truncated by the first transverse member such as by a tie beam.</li> <li>Raised cruck: blades land on masonry wall, and extend to the ridge.</li> <li>Middle cruck: blades land on masonry wall, and are truncated by a collar.</li> <li>Upper cruck: blades land on a tie beam, similar to <a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">knee rafters</a>.</li> <li>Jointed cruck: blades are made from pieces joined near <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">eaves</a> in a number of ways. See also: <a href="/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof" title="Hammerbeam roof">hammerbeam roof</a></li> <li>End cruck is not a style, but on the gable end of a building.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weihnachtsmarkt_Backnang_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Half-timbered houses, Backnang, Germany"><img alt="Half-timbered houses, Backnang, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Weihnachtsmarkt_Backnang_2010.jpg/270px-Weihnachtsmarkt_Backnang_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Weihnachtsmarkt_Backnang_2010.jpg/405px-Weihnachtsmarkt_Backnang_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Weihnachtsmarkt_Backnang_2010.jpg/540px-Weihnachtsmarkt_Backnang_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Half-timbered houses, <a href="/wiki/Backnang" title="Backnang">Backnang</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Viel_Fachwerk_am_historische_Marktplatz_in_Miltenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Half-timbered houses, Miltenberg im Odenwald, Germany"><img alt="Half-timbered houses, Miltenberg im Odenwald, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Viel_Fachwerk_am_historische_Marktplatz_in_Miltenberg.jpg/283px-Viel_Fachwerk_am_historische_Marktplatz_in_Miltenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Viel_Fachwerk_am_historische_Marktplatz_in_Miltenberg.jpg/424px-Viel_Fachwerk_am_historische_Marktplatz_in_Miltenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Viel_Fachwerk_am_historische_Marktplatz_in_Miltenberg.jpg/566px-Viel_Fachwerk_am_historische_Marktplatz_in_Miltenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3969" data-file-height="2527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Half-timbered houses, <a href="/wiki/Miltenberg" title="Miltenberg">Miltenberg</a> im Odenwald, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rural_railway_station_built_timber_framing_style.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rural old railway station timber framing style in Metelen, Germany"><img alt="Rural old railway station timber framing style in Metelen, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rural_railway_station_built_timber_framing_style.jpg/240px-Rural_railway_station_built_timber_framing_style.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rural_railway_station_built_timber_framing_style.jpg/360px-Rural_railway_station_built_timber_framing_style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rural_railway_station_built_timber_framing_style.jpg/480px-Rural_railway_station_built_timber_framing_style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rural old railway station timber framing style in <a href="/wiki/Metelen" title="Metelen">Metelen</a>, Germany</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aisled_frame">Aisled frame</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aisled frame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Market_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_966178.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Interior_of_Market_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_966178.jpg/220px-Interior_of_Market_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_966178.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Interior_of_Market_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_966178.jpg/330px-Interior_of_Market_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_966178.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Interior_of_Market_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_966178.jpg/440px-Interior_of_Market_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_966178.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Interior of a two-aisled market hall, <a href="/wiki/Chipping_Campden" title="Chipping Campden">Chipping Campden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, England</figcaption></figure><p> Aisled frames have one or more rows of interior posts. These interior posts typically carry more <a href="/wiki/Structural_load" title="Structural load">structural load</a> than the posts in the exterior walls. This is the same concept of the aisle in church buildings, sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Hall_church" title="Hall church">hall church</a>, where the center aisle is technically called a <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>. However, a nave is often called an aisle, and three-aisled <a href="/wiki/Barn" title="Barn">barns</a> are common in the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and Germany. Aisled buildings are wider than the simpler box-framed or cruck-framed buildings, and typically have purlins supporting the rafters. In northern Germany, this construction is known as variations of a<i> Ständerhaus</i>. </p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Half-timbering">Half-timbering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Half-timbering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachwerk-Konstruktion-2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fachwerk-Konstruktion-2004.jpg/220px-Fachwerk-Konstruktion-2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fachwerk-Konstruktion-2004.jpg/330px-Fachwerk-Konstruktion-2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fachwerk-Konstruktion-2004.jpg/440px-Fachwerk-Konstruktion-2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>Half-timbered wall with three kinds of infill: <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a>, brick, and stone. The plaster coating which originally covered the infill and timbers is mostly gone. This building is in the central German city of <a href="/wiki/Bad_Langensalza" title="Bad Langensalza">Bad Langensalza</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timbered_houses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Timbered houses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Timbered_houses.jpg/220px-Timbered_houses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Timbered_houses.jpg/330px-Timbered_houses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Timbered_houses.jpg/440px-Timbered_houses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke" title="Krämerbrücke">Krämerbrücke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Germany, with half-timbered buildings dating from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1480</span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Half-timbering</b> refers to a structure with a frame of <a href="/wiki/Load-bearing_wall" title="Load-bearing wall">load-bearing</a> timber, creating spaces between the timbers called panels (in German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gefach</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fächer</i></span> = partitions), which are then filled-in with some kind of nonstructural material known as <a href="/wiki/Infill_wall" title="Infill wall">infill</a>. The frame is often left exposed on the exterior of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infill_materials">Infill materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Infill materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gallery of infill types: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otterndorf_Eulenloch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorative fired-brick infill with owl holes"><img alt="Decorative fired-brick infill with owl holes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Otterndorf_Eulenloch.jpg/135px-Otterndorf_Eulenloch.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Otterndorf_Eulenloch.jpg/202px-Otterndorf_Eulenloch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Otterndorf_Eulenloch.jpg/270px-Otterndorf_Eulenloch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorative fired-brick infill with <a href="/wiki/Owl_hole" title="Owl hole">owl holes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachwerk_9814.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ordinary brick infill left exposed"><img alt="Ordinary brick infill left exposed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fachwerk_9814.jpg/193px-Fachwerk_9814.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fachwerk_9814.jpg/289px-Fachwerk_9814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fachwerk_9814.jpg/385px-Fachwerk_9814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ordinary brick infill left exposed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_a_Graticcio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone infill called opus incertum by the Romans, The House of opus craticum, Herculaneum, Italy"><img alt="Stone infill called opus incertum by the Romans, The House of opus craticum, Herculaneum, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Casa_a_Graticcio.jpg/271px-Casa_a_Graticcio.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Casa_a_Graticcio.jpg/407px-Casa_a_Graticcio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Casa_a_Graticcio.jpg/543px-Casa_a_Graticcio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone infill called <i>opus incertum</i> by the Romans, <i>The House of <a href="/wiki/Opus_craticum" title="Opus craticum">opus craticum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, Italy</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachwerk_Dorfstra%C3%9Fe16_in_der_Kircher_Bauerschaft_(Isernhagen)_IMG_4826.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Some stone infill left visible"><img alt="Some stone infill left visible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fachwerk_Dorfstra%C3%9Fe16_in_der_Kircher_Bauerschaft_%28Isernhagen%29_IMG_4826.jpg/270px-Fachwerk_Dorfstra%C3%9Fe16_in_der_Kircher_Bauerschaft_%28Isernhagen%29_IMG_4826.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fachwerk_Dorfstra%C3%9Fe16_in_der_Kircher_Bauerschaft_%28Isernhagen%29_IMG_4826.jpg/405px-Fachwerk_Dorfstra%C3%9Fe16_in_der_Kircher_Bauerschaft_%28Isernhagen%29_IMG_4826.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fachwerk_Dorfstra%C3%9Fe16_in_der_Kircher_Bauerschaft_%28Isernhagen%29_IMG_4826.jpg/540px-Fachwerk_Dorfstra%C3%9Fe16_in_der_Kircher_Bauerschaft_%28Isernhagen%29_IMG_4826.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4125" data-file-height="2750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Some stone infill left visible</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirchhain-Niederwald_20110925_Emha_3508.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The wattle and daub was covered with a decorated layer of plaster."><img alt="The wattle and daub was covered with a decorated layer of plaster." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kirchhain-Niederwald_20110925_Emha_3508.jpg/270px-Kirchhain-Niederwald_20110925_Emha_3508.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kirchhain-Niederwald_20110925_Emha_3508.jpg/405px-Kirchhain-Niederwald_20110925_Emha_3508.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kirchhain-Niederwald_20110925_Emha_3508.jpg/540px-Kirchhain-Niederwald_20110925_Emha_3508.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The wattle and daub was covered with a decorated layer of plaster.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-08_lehmhauswand.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Like wattle and daub, but with horizontal stakes"><img alt="Like wattle and daub, but with horizontal stakes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/2008-08_lehmhauswand.JPG/253px-2008-08_lehmhauswand.JPG" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/2008-08_lehmhauswand.JPG/379px-2008-08_lehmhauswand.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/2008-08_lehmhauswand.JPG/505px-2008-08_lehmhauswand.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="1427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Like wattle and daub, but with horizontal stakes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachwerkgiebel_aus_dem_Jahre_1856_in_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Here, the plaster infill itself is sculpted and decorated."><img alt="Here, the plaster infill itself is sculpted and decorated." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fachwerkgiebel_aus_dem_Jahre_1856_in_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg/240px-Fachwerkgiebel_aus_dem_Jahre_1856_in_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fachwerkgiebel_aus_dem_Jahre_1856_in_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg/360px-Fachwerkgiebel_aus_dem_Jahre_1856_in_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fachwerkgiebel_aus_dem_Jahre_1856_in_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg/480px-Fachwerkgiebel_aus_dem_Jahre_1856_in_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Here, the plaster infill itself is sculpted and decorated.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Timber_frame_infills.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Top: wattle and daub, bottom: rubblestone"><img alt="Top: wattle and daub, bottom: rubblestone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Timber_frame_infills.jpg/180px-Timber_frame_infills.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Timber_frame_infills.jpg/270px-Timber_frame_infills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Timber_frame_infills.jpg/360px-Timber_frame_infills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Top: wattle and daub, bottom: rubblestone</div> </li> </ul> <p>The earliest known type of infill, called <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_craticum" title="Opus craticum">opus craticum</a></i> by the Romans, was a <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a> type construction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Opus craticum</i> is now confusingly applied to a Roman stone/mortar infill as well. Similar methods to wattle and daub were also used and known by various names, such as clam staff and daub, cat-and-clay, or <i>torchis</i> (French), to name only three. </p><p>Wattle and daub was the most common infill in ancient times. The sticks were not always technically wattlework (woven), but also individual sticks installed vertically, horizontally, or at an angle into holes or grooves in the framing. The coating of daub has many recipes, but generally was a mixture of clay and chalk with a binder such as grass or straw and water or <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the manufacturing of bricks increased, brick infill replaced the less durable infills and became more common. Stone laid in mortar as an infill was used in areas where stone rubble and mortar were available. </p><p>Other infills include <i><a href="/wiki/Bousillage" title="Bousillage">bousillage</a></i>, fired <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>, unfired brick such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a>, stones sometimes called <i><a href="/wiki/Pierrotage" title="Pierrotage">pierrotage</a></i>, planks as in the German <i><a href="/wiki/Post-and-plank" title="Post-and-plank">ständerbohlenbau</a></i>, timbers as in <i>ständerblockbau</i>, or rarely <a href="/wiki/Cob_(material)" title="Cob (material)">cob</a> without any wooden support.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wall surfaces on the interior were often "ceiled" with <a href="/wiki/Wainscoting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wainscoting">wainscoting</a> and plastered for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">warmth</a> and appearance. </p><p>Brick infill sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Brick_nog" title="Brick nog">nogging</a> became the standard infill after the manufacturing of bricks made them more available and less expensive. Half-timbered walls may be covered by siding materials including <a href="/wiki/Plaster#Cement_plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weatherboarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Weatherboarding">weatherboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a>, or slate shingles.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard_2006_710–711_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard_2006_710–711-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The infill may be covered by other materials, including <a href="/wiki/Weatherboarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Weatherboarding">weatherboarding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard_2006_710–711_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard_2006_710–711-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or left exposed. When left exposed, both the framing and infill were sometimes done in a decorative manner. Germany is famous for its decorative half-timbering and the figures sometimes have names and meanings. The decorative manner of half-timbering is promoted in Germany by the <a href="/wiki/German_Timber-Frame_Road" title="German Timber-Frame Road">German Timber-Frame Road</a>, several planned routes people can drive to see notable examples of <i>Fachwerk</i> buildings. </p><p>Gallery of some named figures and decorations: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelau_Fachwerkdetail.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple saltires or St. Andrews crosses in Germany"><img alt="Simple saltires or St. Andrews crosses in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Michelau_Fachwerkdetail.JPG/135px-Michelau_Fachwerkdetail.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Michelau_Fachwerkdetail.JPG/202px-Michelau_Fachwerkdetail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Michelau_Fachwerkdetail.JPG/270px-Michelau_Fachwerkdetail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple saltires or St. Andrews crosses in Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AndreasX0X.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Two curved saltires also called St. Andrews crosses during repairs to a building in Germany: The infill has been removed."><img alt="Two curved saltires also called St. Andrews crosses during repairs to a building in Germany: The infill has been removed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AndreasX0X.JPG/240px-AndreasX0X.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AndreasX0X.JPG/360px-AndreasX0X.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AndreasX0X.JPG/480px-AndreasX0X.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two curved saltires also called St. Andrews crosses during repairs to a building in Germany: The infill has been removed.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilder_Mann_Figur.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Several forms of 'man' figures are found in Germany; this one is called a 'wild man'."><img alt="Several forms of 'man' figures are found in Germany; this one is called a 'wild man'." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wilder_Mann_Figur.JPG/163px-Wilder_Mann_Figur.JPG" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wilder_Mann_Figur.JPG/244px-Wilder_Mann_Figur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wilder_Mann_Figur.JPG/326px-Wilder_Mann_Figur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1631" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Several forms of 'man' figures are found in Germany; this one is called a 'wild man'.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epp-alemann-weibl.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A figure called an Alemannic woman"><img alt="A figure called an Alemannic woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Epp-alemann-weibl.jpg/119px-Epp-alemann-weibl.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Epp-alemann-weibl.jpg/179px-Epp-alemann-weibl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Epp-alemann-weibl.jpg/239px-Epp-alemann-weibl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A figure called an Alemannic woman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AB_Steingasse_9.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wild man (center), half-man (at the corners)"><img alt="Wild man (center), half-man (at the corners)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/AB_Steingasse_9.JPG/135px-AB_Steingasse_9.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/AB_Steingasse_9.JPG/202px-AB_Steingasse_9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/AB_Steingasse_9.JPG/270px-AB_Steingasse_9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wild man (center), half-man (at the corners)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek-df_ge_0000106-Figuren_am_Rathaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief carvings adorn some half-timbered buildings."><img alt="Relief carvings adorn some half-timbered buildings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fotothek-df_ge_0000106-Figuren_am_Rathaus.jpg/119px-Fotothek-df_ge_0000106-Figuren_am_Rathaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fotothek-df_ge_0000106-Figuren_am_Rathaus.jpg/179px-Fotothek-df_ge_0000106-Figuren_am_Rathaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fotothek-df_ge_0000106-Figuren_am_Rathaus.jpg/239px-Fotothek-df_ge_0000106-Figuren_am_Rathaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief carvings adorn some half-timbered buildings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quedlinburg_-_Fachwerkh%C3%A4user_am_Marktplatz_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The foot braces are carved with sun discs (Sonnenscheiben), a typical design of the North-German Weser-Renaissance."><img alt="The foot braces are carved with sun discs (Sonnenscheiben), a typical design of the North-German Weser-Renaissance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Quedlinburg_-_Fachwerkh%C3%A4user_am_Marktplatz_02.jpg/248px-Quedlinburg_-_Fachwerkh%C3%A4user_am_Marktplatz_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Quedlinburg_-_Fachwerkh%C3%A4user_am_Marktplatz_02.jpg/372px-Quedlinburg_-_Fachwerkh%C3%A4user_am_Marktplatz_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Quedlinburg_-_Fachwerkh%C3%A4user_am_Marktplatz_02.jpg/496px-Quedlinburg_-_Fachwerkh%C3%A4user_am_Marktplatz_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="2271" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The foot braces are carved with sun discs (<i>Sonnenscheiben</i>), a typical design of the North-German <i>Weser-Renaissance</i>.</div> </li> </ul> <p>The collection of elements in half timbering are sometimes given specific names: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eppingen-baumannsches-haus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upper German Fachwerk (from 1582/83 in Eppingen BW)"><img alt="Upper German Fachwerk (from 1582/83 in Eppingen BW)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Eppingen-baumannsches-haus.jpg/135px-Eppingen-baumannsches-haus.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Eppingen-baumannsches-haus.jpg/202px-Eppingen-baumannsches-haus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Eppingen-baumannsches-haus.jpg/270px-Eppingen-baumannsches-haus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Upper German Fachwerk (<i>from 1582/83 in Eppingen BW</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Fachwerk_R%C3%B6ttingen.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of Fachwerk in Franconia (Fränkisches Fachwerk). Image:I, Metzner"><img alt="An example of Fachwerk in Franconia (Fränkisches Fachwerk). Image:I, Metzner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Fachwerk_R%C3%B6ttingen.JPG/140px-Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Fachwerk_R%C3%B6ttingen.JPG" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Fachwerk_R%C3%B6ttingen.JPG/210px-Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Fachwerk_R%C3%B6ttingen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Fachwerk_R%C3%B6ttingen.JPG/280px-Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Fachwerk_R%C3%B6ttingen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="2562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of Fachwerk in Franconia (<i>Fränkisches Fachwerk</i>). Image:I, Metzner</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muersbach_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fachwerk in Upper Franconia often used to be detailed."><img alt="Fachwerk in Upper Franconia often used to be detailed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Muersbach_7.jpg/260px-Muersbach_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Muersbach_7.jpg/389px-Muersbach_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Muersbach_7.jpg/519px-Muersbach_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="555" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fachwerk in Upper Franconia often used to be detailed.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quai_des_arts_7230.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close studding is found in England, Spain and France."><img alt="Close studding is found in England, Spain and France." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Quai_des_arts_7230.jpg/270px-Quai_des_arts_7230.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Quai_des_arts_7230.jpg/405px-Quai_des_arts_7230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Quai_des_arts_7230.jpg/540px-Quai_des_arts_7230.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2442" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Close_studding" title="Close studding">Close studding</a> is found in England, Spain and France.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachwerkhaus_in_Brelingen_IMG_7657.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Square-panel half-timbering with fired brick infill: Square paneling is typical of the Low German house, and is found in England."><img alt="Square-panel half-timbering with fired brick infill: Square paneling is typical of the Low German house, and is found in England." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fachwerkhaus_in_Brelingen_IMG_7657.jpg/270px-Fachwerkhaus_in_Brelingen_IMG_7657.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fachwerkhaus_in_Brelingen_IMG_7657.jpg/405px-Fachwerkhaus_in_Brelingen_IMG_7657.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fachwerkhaus_in_Brelingen_IMG_7657.jpg/540px-Fachwerkhaus_in_Brelingen_IMG_7657.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Square-panel half-timbering with fired brick infill: Square paneling is typical of the <a href="/wiki/Low_German_house" title="Low German house">Low German house</a>, and is found in England.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruck-frame,_Ryedale_Folk_Museum,_Hutton-le-Hole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_244444.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cruck framing can be built with half-timber walls. This house is in the Ryedale Folk Museum in England."><img alt="Cruck framing can be built with half-timber walls. This house is in the Ryedale Folk Museum in England." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cruck-frame%2C_Ryedale_Folk_Museum%2C_Hutton-le-Hole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_244444.jpg/135px-Cruck-frame%2C_Ryedale_Folk_Museum%2C_Hutton-le-Hole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_244444.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cruck-frame%2C_Ryedale_Folk_Museum%2C_Hutton-le-Hole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_244444.jpg/202px-Cruck-frame%2C_Ryedale_Folk_Museum%2C_Hutton-le-Hole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_244444.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cruck-frame%2C_Ryedale_Folk_Museum%2C_Hutton-le-Hole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_244444.jpg/270px-Cruck-frame%2C_Ryedale_Folk_Museum%2C_Hutton-le-Hole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_244444.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cruck_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruck frame">Cruck framing</a> can be built with half-timber walls. This house is in the Ryedale Folk Museum in England.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_term">History of the term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Craven (2019),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term: </p> <blockquote><p>was used informally to mean timber-framed construction in the Middle Ages. For economy, cylindrical logs were cut in half, so one log could be used for two (or more) posts. The shaved side was traditionally on the exterior and everyone knew it to be half the timber.</p></blockquote> <p>The term half-timbering is not as old as the German name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fachwerk</i></span> or the French name <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">colombage</i></span>, but it is the standard English name for this style. One of the first people to publish the term "half-timbered" was <a href="/wiki/Mary_Martha_Sherwood" title="Mary Martha Sherwood">Mary Martha Sherwood</a> (1775–1851), who employed it in her book, <i>The Lady of the Manor</i>, published in several volumes from 1823 to 1829. She uses the term picturesquely: "...passing through a gate in a quickset hedge, we arrived at the porch of an old half-timbered cottage, where an aged man and woman received us."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1842, half-timbered had found its way into <i>The Encyclopedia of Architecture</i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gwilt" title="Joseph Gwilt">Joseph Gwilt</a> (1784–1863). This <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/juxtaposition" class="extiw" title="wikt:juxtaposition">juxtaposition</a> of exposed timbered beams and infilled spaces created the distinctive "half-timbered", or occasionally termed, "<a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a>" style, or "black-and-white". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oldest_examples">Oldest examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oldest examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most ancient known half-timbered building is called the House of <i>opus craticum</i>. It was buried by the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> in 79 AD in Herculaneum, Italy. <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_craticum" title="Opus craticum">Opus craticum</a></i> was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> in his books on architecture as a timber frame with wattlework infill.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the same term is used to describe timber frames with an infill of stone rubble laid in mortar the Romans called <i>opus incertum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_meanings">Alternative meanings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternative meanings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kluge_2012_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kluge_2012_01.jpg/220px-Kluge_2012_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kluge_2012_01.jpg/330px-Kluge_2012_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kluge_2012_01.jpg/440px-Kluge_2012_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>A variation of the second meaning of half-timbered: the ground floor is log and the upper floor is framed (half-timbered in the first sense). <a href="/wiki/Kluge_House" title="Kluge House">Kluge House</a>, Montana, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>A less common meaning of the term "half-timbered" is found in the fourth edition of John Henry Parker's <i>Classic Dictionary of Architecture</i> (1873) which distinguishes full-timbered houses from half-timbered, with half-timber houses having a ground floor in stone<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">logs</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Kluge_House" title="Kluge House">Kluge House</a> which was a log cabin with a timber-framed second floor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chevilles_en_bois_dans_une_charpente_ancienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chevilles_en_bois_dans_une_charpente_ancienne.jpg/220px-Chevilles_en_bois_dans_une_charpente_ancienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chevilles_en_bois_dans_une_charpente_ancienne.jpg/330px-Chevilles_en_bois_dans_une_charpente_ancienne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chevilles_en_bois_dans_une_charpente_ancienne.jpg/440px-Chevilles_en_bois_dans_une_charpente_ancienne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Joints in a pre-modern French roof; the wooden pegs hold the <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise and tenon</a> joinery together.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DoubleJettiedBuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/DoubleJettiedBuilding.jpg/220px-DoubleJettiedBuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/DoubleJettiedBuilding.jpg/330px-DoubleJettiedBuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/DoubleJettiedBuilding.jpg/440px-DoubleJettiedBuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption>Projecting ("<a href="/wiki/Jettying" title="Jettying">jettied"</a>) upper storeys of an English half-timbered village terraced house, the jetties plainly visible</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timber_Frame_before_peging.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Timber_Frame_before_peging.JPG/220px-Timber_Frame_before_peging.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Timber_Frame_before_peging.JPG/330px-Timber_Frame_before_peging.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Timber_Frame_before_peging.JPG/440px-Timber_Frame_before_peging.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>This is a part of a timber frame, before pegs are inserted.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional timber framing is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with various joints, commonly and originally with <a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">lap jointing</a>, and then later pegged <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise and tenon</a> joints. <a href="/wiki/Cross_bracing" title="Cross bracing">Diagonal bracing</a> is used to prevent "racking", or movement of structural vertical beams or posts.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortrud_G._Schrammel-Schäl_1987_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortrud_G._Schrammel-Schäl_1987-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, German (and other) master <a href="/wiki/Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter">carpenters</a> would <a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">peg</a> the joints with allowance of about 1 inch (25 mm), enough room for the wood to move as it '<a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">seasoned</a>', then cut the pegs, and drive the beam home fully into its socket.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To cope with variable sizes and shapes of hewn (by <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adze</a> or axe) and sawn timbers, two main carpentry methods were employed: scribe carpentry and square rule carpentry. </p><p>Scribing or <a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">coping</a> was used throughout Europe, especially from the 12th century to the 19th century, and subsequently imported to North America, where it was common into the early 19th century. In a scribe frame, timber sockets are fashioned or "tailor-made" to fit their corresponding timbers; thus, each timber piece must be numbered (or "scribed"). </p><p>Square-rule carpentry was developed in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> in the 18th century. It used housed joints in main timbers to allow for interchangeable braces and girts. Today, standardized timber sizing means that timber framing can be incorporated into mass-production methods as per the joinery industry, especially where timber is cut by precision <a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">computer numerical control</a> machinery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jetties">Jetties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jetties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jettying" title="Jettying">Jettying</a></div> <p>A jetty is an upper floor which sometimes historically used a structural horizontal beam, supported on cantilevers, called a <a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">bressummer</a> or 'jetty bressummer' to bear the weight of the new wall, projecting outward from the preceding floor or storey. </p><p>In the city of <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> in the United Kingdom, the famous street known as <a href="/wiki/The_Shambles" title="The Shambles">The Shambles</a> exemplifies this, where jettied houses seem to almost touch above the street. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timbers">Timbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Timbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timber_frame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Timber_frame.jpg/220px-Timber_frame.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Timber_frame.jpg/330px-Timber_frame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Timber_frame.jpg/440px-Timber_frame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>The completed frame of a modern timber-frame house</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A4nderbauR%C3%A4hmbau.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/St%C3%A4nderbauR%C3%A4hmbau.png/220px-St%C3%A4nderbauR%C3%A4hmbau.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/St%C3%A4nderbauR%C3%A4hmbau.png/330px-St%C3%A4nderbauR%C3%A4hmbau.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/St%C3%A4nderbauR%C3%A4hmbau.png/440px-St%C3%A4nderbauR%C3%A4hmbau.png 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ridge-post_framing" title="Ridge-post framing">Ridge-post framing</a> (left) and <a href="#Story_framing">story framing</a> (right, with jetties)</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, the timbers would have been hewn square using a felling axe and then surface-finished with a <a href="/wiki/Broadaxe" title="Broadaxe">broadaxe</a>. If required, smaller timbers were ripsawn from the hewn baulks using pitsaws or frame saws. Today, timbers are more commonly bandsawn, and the timbers may sometimes be machine-<a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">planed</a> on all four sides. </p><p>The vertical timbers include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">posts</a> (main supports at corners and other major uprights),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">wall studs</a> (subsidiary upright limbs in framed walls), for example, <a href="/wiki/Close_studding" title="Close studding">close studding</a>.</li></ul> <p>The horizontal timbers include: </p> <ul><li>sill-beams (also called ground-sills or sole-pieces, at the bottom of a wall into which posts and studs are fitted using tenons),</li> <li>noggin-pieces (the horizontal timbers forming the tops and bottoms of the frames of infill panels),</li> <li>wall-plates (at the top of timber-framed walls that support the <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">trusses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">joists</a> of the roof).</li></ul> <p>When jettying, horizontal elements can include: </p> <ul><li>The jetty bressummer (or breastsummer), where the main <a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">sill</a> (horizontal piece) on which the projecting wall above rests, stretches across the whole width of the jetty wall. The bressummer is itself cantilevered forward, beyond the wall below it.</li> <li>The dragon-beam which runs diagonally from one corner to another, and supports the corner posts above and supported by the corner posts below</li> <li>The jetty beams or <a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">joists</a> conform t floor dimensions above, but are at right angles to the jetty-plates that conform to the shorter dimensions of "roof" of the floor below. Jetty beams are mortised at 45° into the sides of the dragon beams. They are the main constituents of the cantilever system, and determine how far the jetty projects.</li> <li>The jetty-plates are designed to carry the jetty beams. The jetty plates themselves are supported by the corner posts of the recessed floor below.</li></ul> <p>The sloping timbers include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Trusses</a> (the slanting timbers forming the triangular framework at <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">roof</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brace (architecture)">Braces</a> (slanting beams giving extra support between horizontal or vertical members of the timber frame)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herringbone_strutting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herringbone strutting (page does not exist)">Herringbone</a> bracing (a decorative and supporting style of frame, usually at 45° to the upright and horizontal directions of the frame)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_construction_and_frame_construction"><span class="anchor" id="Post_construction"></span><span class="anchor" id="Post_framing"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ridge-post_framing"></span><span class="anchor" id="Frame_construction"></span><span class="anchor" id="Story_construction"></span><span class="anchor" id="Story_framing"></span>Post construction and frame construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post construction and frame construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically were two different systems of the position of posts and studs: </p> <ul><li>In the older (medieval) manner, called post construction, the vertical elements continue from the groundwork to the roof. This post construction in German is called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geschossbauweise</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ständerbauweise</i></span>. It is somewhat similar to <a href="/wiki/Balloon_framing" class="mw-redirect" title="Balloon framing">balloon framing</a> method common in North America until the middle of the 20th century.</li> <li>In the advanced manner, called frame construction, each story is constructed like a case, and the whole building is constructed like a pile of such cases. This frame construction in German is called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rähmbauweise</i></span> or <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stockwerksbauweise</i></span></i> and allows <a href="#Jetties">jettying</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Ridge-post_framing" title="Ridge-post framing">Ridge-post framing</a> is a structurally simple and ancient <a href="/wiki/Post_and_lintel" title="Post and lintel">post and lintel</a> framing where the posts extend all the way to the ridge beams. Germans call this <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firsts%C3%A4ule" class="extiw" title="de:Firstsäule">Firstsäule</a></i> or <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hochstud</i></span></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_timber_connector_method_(1930s–1950s)"><span id="Modern_timber_connector_method_.281930s.E2.80.931950s.29"></span>Modern timber connector method (1930s–1950s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern timber connector method (1930s–1950s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circular_grooves_at_previous_split-ring_connector_locations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Circular_grooves_at_previous_split-ring_connector_locations.jpg/220px-Circular_grooves_at_previous_split-ring_connector_locations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Circular_grooves_at_previous_split-ring_connector_locations.jpg/330px-Circular_grooves_at_previous_split-ring_connector_locations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Circular_grooves_at_previous_split-ring_connector_locations.jpg/440px-Circular_grooves_at_previous_split-ring_connector_locations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Typical lapped joint assemblies of split-ring connectors</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1930s a system of timber framing referred to as the "modern timber connector method"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was developed. It was characterized by the use of timber members assembled into trusses and other framing systems and fastened using various types of metal timber connectors. This type of timber construction was used for various building types including warehouses, factories, garages, barns, stores/markets, recreational buildings, barracks, bridges, and trestles.<sup id="cite_ref-TECO_Timber_Engineering_Company_1950_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TECO_Timber_Engineering_Company_1950-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of these structures was promoted because of their low construction costs, easy adaptability, and performance in fire as compared to unprotected steel truss construction. </p><p>During World War II, the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Canadian Military Engineers undertook to construct airplane hangars using this timber construction system in order to conserve steel. Wood hangars were constructed throughout North America and employed various technologies including <a href="/wiki/Bowstring_arch_truss" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowstring arch truss">bowstring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_truss" title="Warren truss">Warren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pratt_truss" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt truss">Pratt</a> trusses, <a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">glued laminated</a> arches, and lamella roof systems. Unique to this building type is the interlocking of the timber members of the roof trusses and supporting columns and their connection points. The timber members are held apart by "fillers" (blocks of timber). This leaves air spaces between the timber members which improves air circulation and drying around the members which improves resistance to moisture borne decay. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shear_plate_timber_connector.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shear_plate_timber_connector.jpg/220px-Shear_plate_timber_connector.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shear_plate_timber_connector.jpg/330px-Shear_plate_timber_connector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shear_plate_timber_connector.jpg/440px-Shear_plate_timber_connector.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Shear plate timber connector</figcaption></figure> <p>Timber members in this type of framing system were connected with ferrous timber connectors of various types. Loads between timber members were transmitted using split-rings (larger loads), toothed rings (lighter loads), or spiked grid connectors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Split-ring connectors were metal rings sandwiched between adjacent timber members to connect them together. The rings were fit into circular grooves on in both timber members then the assembly was held together with through-bolts. The through-bolts only held the assembly together but were not load-carrying.<sup id="cite_ref-TECO_Timber_Engineering_Company_1950_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TECO_Timber_Engineering_Company_1950-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shear plate connectors were used to transfer loads between timber members and metal. Shear plate connectors resembled large washers, deformed on the side facing the timber in order to grip it, and were through-fastened with long bolts or lengths of threaded rod. A leading manufacturer of these types of timber connectors was the Timber Engineering Company, or TECO, of Washington, DC. The proprietary name of their split-ring connectors was the "TECO Wedge-Fit". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_features">Modern features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timber_frame_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Timber_frame_detail.jpg/220px-Timber_frame_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Timber_frame_detail.jpg/330px-Timber_frame_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Timber_frame_detail.jpg/440px-Timber_frame_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Porch of a modern timber-framed house</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huf_Haus_in_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Huf_Haus_in_Scotland.jpg/220px-Huf_Haus_in_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Huf_Haus_in_Scotland.jpg/330px-Huf_Haus_in_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Huf_Haus_in_Scotland.jpg/440px-Huf_Haus_in_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A modern <a href="/wiki/Prefabricated_building" title="Prefabricated building">prefabricated building</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Huf_Haus" title="Huf Haus">Huf Haus</a>, often sold as "Fachwerk", near <a href="/wiki/West_Linton" title="West Linton">West Linton</a>, Scotland</figcaption></figure> <p>Timber-framed structures differ from conventional wood-framed buildings in several ways. Timber framing uses fewer, larger wooden members, commonly timbers in the range of 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in), while common wood framing uses many more timbers with dimensions usually in the 5- to 25-cm (2- to 10-in) range. The methods of fastening the frame members also differ. In conventional framing, the members are joined using <a href="/wiki/Nail_(fastener)" title="Nail (fastener)">nails</a> or other mechanical fasteners, whereas timber framing uses the traditional mortise and tenon or more complex joints that are usually fastened using only wooden pegs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Modern complex structures and timber trusses often incorporate steel joinery such as gusset plates, for both structural and architectural purposes. </p><p>Recently, it has become common practice to enclose the timber structure entirely in manufactured panels such as <a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">structural insulated panels</a> (SIPs). Although the timbers can only be seen from inside the building when so enclosed, construction is less complex and insulation is greater than in traditional timber building. SIPs are "an insulating foam core sandwiched between two structural facings, typically oriented strand board" according to the Structural Insulated Panel Association.<sup id="cite_ref-Structural_Insulated_Panel_Association_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structural_Insulated_Panel_Association-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SIPs reduce dependency on bracing and auxiliary members, because the panels span considerable distances and add rigidity to the basic timber frame. </p><p>An alternate construction method is with concrete flooring with extensive use of glass. This allows a solid construction combined with open architecture. Some firms have specialized in industrial prefabrication of such residential and light commercial structures such as <a href="/wiki/Huf_Haus" title="Huf Haus">Huf Haus</a> as <a href="/wiki/Low-energy_house" title="Low-energy house">low-energy houses</a> or – dependent on location – <a href="/wiki/Zero-energy_building" title="Zero-energy building">zero-energy buildings</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Straw-bale_construction" title="Straw-bale construction">Straw-bale construction</a> is another alternative where straw bales are stacked for nonload-bearing infill with various finishes applied to the interior and exterior such as stucco and plaster. This appeals to the traditionalist and the environmentalist as this is using "found" materials to build. </p><p>Mudbricks also called adobe are sometimes used to fill in timber-frame structures. They can be made on site and offer exceptional fire resistance. Such buildings must be designed to accommodate the poor thermal insulating properties of mudbrick, however, and usually have deep eaves or a veranda on four sides for weather protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineered_structures">Engineered structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Engineered structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Timber design or wood design is a subcategory of <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural engineering</a> that focuses on the engineering of wood structures. Timber is classified by tree species (e.g., southern pine, douglas fir, etc.) and its strength is graded using numerous coefficients that correspond to the number of knots, the moisture content, the temperature, the grain direction, the number of holes, and other factors. There are design specifications for sawn lumber, <a href="/wiki/Glulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Glulam">glulam</a> members, prefabricated <a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">composite lumber</a>, and various connection types. In the United States, structural frames are then designed according to the <a href="/wiki/Allowable_Stress_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Allowable Stress Design">Allowable Stress Design</a> method or the Load Reduced Factor Design method (the latter being preferred).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_traditions">History and traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History and traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_Hvides_Gaard_Svendborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Anne_Hvides_Gaard_Svendborg.jpg/220px-Anne_Hvides_Gaard_Svendborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Anne_Hvides_Gaard_Svendborg.jpg/330px-Anne_Hvides_Gaard_Svendborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Anne_Hvides_Gaard_Svendborg.jpg/440px-Anne_Hvides_Gaard_Svendborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hvides_Gaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Hvides Gaard">Anne Hvides Gaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svendborg" title="Svendborg">Svendborg</a>, Denmark, from 1560</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_Hathaways_Cottage_1_(5662418953).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anne_Hathaways_Cottage_1_%285662418953%29.jpg/220px-Anne_Hathaways_Cottage_1_%285662418953%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anne_Hathaways_Cottage_1_%285662418953%29.jpg/330px-Anne_Hathaways_Cottage_1_%285662418953%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anne_Hathaways_Cottage_1_%285662418953%29.jpg/440px-Anne_Hathaways_Cottage_1_%285662418953%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="3020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway%27s_Cottage" title="Anne Hathaway's Cottage">Anne Hathaway's Cottage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>, England: Its timber framing is typical of vernacular <a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor architecture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The techniques used in timber framing date back to <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> times, and have been used in many parts of the world during various periods such as ancient Japan, continental Europe, and Neolithic Denmark, England, France, Germany, Spain, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The timber-framing technique has historically been popular in climate zones which favour deciduous <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> trees, such as <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>. Its northernmost areas are <a href="/wiki/Baltic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic countries">Baltic countries</a> and southern Sweden. Timber framing is rare in Russia, Finland, northern Sweden, and Norway, where tall and straight lumber, such as pine and spruce, is readily available and <a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">log houses</a> were favored, instead. </p><p>Half-timbered construction in the Northern European vernacular building style is characteristic of medieval and early modern Denmark, England, Germany, and parts of France and Switzerland, where timber was in good supply yet stone and associated skills to dress the stonework were in short supply. In half-timbered construction, timbers that were <a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">riven</a> (split) in half provided the complete skeletal framing of the building. </p><p>Europe is full of timber-framed structures dating back hundreds of years, including manors, castles, homes, and inns, whose architecture and techniques of construction have evolved over the centuries. In Asia, timber-framed structures are found, many of them temples. </p><p>Some Roman carpentry preserved in <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">anoxic</a> layers of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> at <a href="/wiki/Romano-British" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-British">Romano-British</a> <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villa</a> sites demonstrate that sophisticated Roman <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpentry</a> had all the necessary techniques for this construction. The earliest surviving (French) half-timbered buildings date from the 12th century. </p><p>Important resources for the study and appreciation of historic building methods are <a href="/wiki/Open-air_museum" title="Open-air museum">open-air museums</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topping_out_ceremony">Topping out ceremony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Topping out ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Topping_out" title="Topping out">topping out</a> ceremony is a <a href="/wiki/Builders%27_rites" title="Builders' rites">builders' rite</a>, an ancient tradition thought to have originated in Scandinavia by 700 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., a bough or small tree is attached to the peak of the timber frame after the frame is complete as a celebration. Historically, it was common for the master carpenter to give a speech, make a toast, and then break the glass. In Northern Europe, a wreath made for the occasion is more commonly used rather than a bough. In Japan, the "ridge raising" is a religious ceremony called the <i>jotoshiki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany, it is called the <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richtfest" class="extiw" title="de:Richtfest">Richtfest</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carpenters'_marks"><span id="Carpenters.27_marks"></span>Carpenters' marks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Carpenters' marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carpenters_marks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carpenters marks">Carpenters marks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p>Carpenters' marks are markings left on the timbers of wooden buildings during construction. </p> <ul><li>Assembly or marriage marks were used to identify the individual timbers. Assembly marks include numbering to identify the pieces of the frame. The numbering can be similar to Roman numerals except the number four is IIII and nine is VIIII. These marks are chiseled, cut with a <a href="/wiki/Race_knife" title="Race knife">race knife</a> (a tool to cut lines and circles in wood), or saw cuts. The numbering can also be in Arabic numerals which are often written with a red grease pencil or crayon. German and French carpenters made some unique marks. (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbundzeichen" class="extiw" title="de:Abbundzeichen">Abbundzeichen (German assembly marks)</a>).</li> <li>Layout marks left over from <a href="/wiki/Marking_out" title="Marking out">marking out</a> identify the place where to cut joints and bore peg holes; carpenters also marked the location on a timber where they had levelled it, as part of the building process, and called these "level lines"; sometimes they made a mark two feet from a critical location, which was then called the "two-foot mark". These marks are typically scratched on the timber with an awl-like tool until later in the 19th century, when they started using pencils.</li> <li>Occasionally, carpenters or owners marked a date and/or their initials in the wood, but not like masons left <a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mark" title="Mason's mark">masons' marks</a>.</li> <li>Boards on the building may have "<a href="/wiki/Tally_marks" title="Tally marks">tally marks</a>" cut into them which were numbers used to keep track of quantities of lumber (timber).</li> <li>Other markings in old buildings are called "ritual marks", which were often signs the occupants felt would protect them from harm.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zimmermann_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Zimmermann_1880.jpg/300px-Zimmermann_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Zimmermann_1880.jpg/450px-Zimmermann_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Zimmermann_1880.jpg/600px-Zimmermann_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>German carpenters in 1880: The tools, from left to right, are: a cart loaded with timbers, rough <a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">hewing</a> with felling axes; in the green coat is the master carpenter carrying his tools including a <a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">frame saw</a>; on the ground, a ring dog (precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Cant_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant dog">cant dog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peavey_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peavey (tool)">peavey</a>); in the background sawyers <a href="/wiki/Pit_saw" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit saw">pit sawing</a> on trestles; on right carpenters striking a mortising chisel with a mallet and boring a hole with a T-auger; lower right on ground a two-man <a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">crosscut saw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">steel square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadaxe" title="Broadaxe">broadaxe</a>, and (hard to see) a <a href="/wiki/Froe" title="Froe">froe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many historic hand tools used by timber framers for thousands of years have similarities, but vary in shape. Electrically powered tools first became available in the 1920s in the U.S. and continue to evolve. See the <a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">list of timber framing tools</a> for basic descriptions and images of unusual tools (The list is incomplete at this time). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_tradition">British tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: British tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Half-timbered_tudor_buildings,_High_Holborn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Half-timbered_tudor_buildings%2C_High_Holborn.JPG/220px-Half-timbered_tudor_buildings%2C_High_Holborn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Half-timbered_tudor_buildings%2C_High_Holborn.JPG/330px-Half-timbered_tudor_buildings%2C_High_Holborn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Half-timbered_tudor_buildings%2C_High_Holborn.JPG/440px-Half-timbered_tudor_buildings%2C_High_Holborn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>The timber-framed <a href="/wiki/Staple_Inn" title="Staple Inn">Staple Inn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holborn" title="Holborn">Holborn</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the earliest known timber houses in Europe have been found in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, dating to <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> times; <a href="/wiki/Balbridie" title="Balbridie">Balbridie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_Fen" title="Flag Fen">Fengate</a> are some of the rare examples of these constructions. </p><p>Molded plaster ornamentation, pargetting<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further enriched some English <a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor architecture</a> houses. Half-timbering is characteristic of English <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a> in East Anglia,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warwickshire,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worcestershire,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herefordshire,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shropshire,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cheshire,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where one of the most elaborate surviving English examples of half-timbered construction is <a href="/wiki/Little_Moreton_Hall" title="Little Moreton Hall">Little Moreton Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a>, the oldest timber house in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_House,_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops' House, Sheffield">Bishops' House</a>" (c. 1500), shows traditional half-timbered construction. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> and Sussex,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the half-timbered structure of the <a href="/wiki/Wealden_hall_house" title="Wealden hall house">Wealden hall house</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisted of an open <a href="/wiki/Hall" title="Hall">hall</a> with bays on either side and often <a href="/wiki/Jettied" class="mw-redirect" title="Jettied">jettied</a> upper floors. </p><p>Half-timbered construction traveled with <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonists to North America</a> in the early 17th century but was soon abandoned in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and the mid-Atlantic colonies for clapboard facings (an <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> tradition). The original English colonial settlements, such as <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a> had timber-framed buildings, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">log cabins</a> often associated with the American frontier. <a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">Living history</a> programs demonstrating the building technique are available at both these locations. </p><p>One of the surviving streets lined with almost-touching houses is known as <a href="/wiki/The_Shambles" title="The Shambles">The Shambles</a>, <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, and is a popular tourist attraction. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwood_Farmhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Farmhouse in Wormshill, Kent, England"><img alt="Farmhouse in Wormshill, Kent, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Norwood_Farmhouse.jpg/240px-Norwood_Farmhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Norwood_Farmhouse.jpg/360px-Norwood_Farmhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Norwood_Farmhouse.jpg/480px-Norwood_Farmhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Farmhouse in <a href="/wiki/Wormshill" title="Wormshill">Wormshill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mill_Street,_Warwick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historic timber-framed houses in Warwick, England"><img alt="Historic timber-framed houses in Warwick, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mill_Street%2C_Warwick.jpg/240px-Mill_Street%2C_Warwick.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mill_Street%2C_Warwick.jpg/360px-Mill_Street%2C_Warwick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mill_Street%2C_Warwick.jpg/480px-Mill_Street%2C_Warwick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Historic timber-framed houses in <a href="/wiki/Warwick" title="Warwick">Warwick</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Intersection of Shambles and Little Shambles streets, York, England"><img alt="Intersection of Shambles and Little Shambles streets, York, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg/270px-Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg/405px-Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg/540px-Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Shambles" title="The Shambles">Intersection of Shambles and Little Shambles streets</a>, <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_upon_Tyne,_Bessie_Surtee%27s_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bessie Surtees House, Quayside, Newcastle upon Tyne, England"><img alt="Bessie Surtees House, Quayside, Newcastle upon Tyne, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_Bessie_Surtee%27s_house.jpg/161px-Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_Bessie_Surtee%27s_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_Bessie_Surtee%27s_house.jpg/242px-Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_Bessie_Surtee%27s_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_Bessie_Surtee%27s_house.jpg/322px-Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_Bessie_Surtee%27s_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Surtees_House" title="Bessie Surtees House">Bessie Surtees House</a>, Quayside, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidents_Lodge,_Queens%27_College,_Cambridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The President's Lodge, Queens' College, Cambridge, England"><img alt="The President's Lodge, Queens' College, Cambridge, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidents_Lodge%2C_Queens%27_College%2C_Cambridge.JPG/240px-Presidents_Lodge%2C_Queens%27_College%2C_Cambridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidents_Lodge%2C_Queens%27_College%2C_Cambridge.JPG/360px-Presidents_Lodge%2C_Queens%27_College%2C_Cambridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidents_Lodge%2C_Queens%27_College%2C_Cambridge.JPG/480px-Presidents_Lodge%2C_Queens%27_College%2C_Cambridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The President's Lodge, <a href="/wiki/Queens%27_College,_Cambridge" title="Queens' College, Cambridge">Queens' College, Cambridge</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LittleMoretonHall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The south range of Little Moreton Hall, Cheshire, England"><img alt="The south range of Little Moreton Hall, Cheshire, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/LittleMoretonHall.jpg/264px-LittleMoretonHall.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/LittleMoretonHall.jpg/396px-LittleMoretonHall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/LittleMoretonHall.jpg/528px-LittleMoretonHall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3442" data-file-height="2346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The south range of Little Moreton Hall, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bignor_cottage.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Yeoman's House, Bignor, West Sussex, England, a three-bay Wealden hall house"><img alt="The Yeoman's House, Bignor, West Sussex, England, a three-bay Wealden hall house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bignor_cottage.JPG/240px-Bignor_cottage.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bignor_cottage.JPG/360px-Bignor_cottage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bignor_cottage.JPG/480px-Bignor_cottage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Yeoman's House, <a href="/wiki/Bignor" title="Bignor">Bignor</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a>, England, a three-bay Wealden hall house</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavenham_-_The_Crooked_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_234909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Crooked House, Lavenham, Suffolk, England"><img alt="The Crooked House, Lavenham, Suffolk, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lavenham_-_The_Crooked_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_234909.jpg/135px-Lavenham_-_The_Crooked_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_234909.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lavenham_-_The_Crooked_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_234909.jpg/202px-Lavenham_-_The_Crooked_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_234909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lavenham_-_The_Crooked_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_234909.jpg/270px-Lavenham_-_The_Crooked_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_234909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Crooked_House" title="The Crooked House">The Crooked House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavenham" title="Lavenham">Lavenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, England</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_styles">English styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: English styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>For Timber-framed houses in Wales see:</i> <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Wales" title="Architecture of Wales">Architecture of Wales</a> </p><p>Historic timber-frame construction in England (and the rest of the United Kingdom) showed regional variation<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been divided into the "eastern school", the "western school", and the "northern school", although the characteristic types of framing in these schools can be found in the other regions (except the northern school).<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A characteristic of the eastern school is <a href="/wiki/Close_studding" title="Close studding">close studding</a> which is a half-timbering style of many studs spaced about the width of the studs apart (for example six-inch studs spaced six inches apart) until the middle of the 16th century and sometimes wider spacing after that time. Close studding was an elite style found mostly on expensive buildings. A principal style of the western school is the use of square panels of roughly equal size and decorative framing utilizing many shapes such as <a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenges</a>, stars, crosses, <a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">quatrefoils</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cusp" class="extiw" title="wikt:cusp">cusps</a>, and many other shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern school sometimes used posts which landed on the foundation rather than on a sill beam, the sill joining to the sides of the posts and called an interrupted sill. Another northern style was to use close studding but in a herring-bone or chevron pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Barley_Barn_Roof_Structure.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Barley_Barn_Roof_Structure.JPG/220px-The_Barley_Barn_Roof_Structure.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Barley_Barn_Roof_Structure.JPG/330px-The_Barley_Barn_Roof_Structure.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Barley_Barn_Roof_Structure.JPG/440px-The_Barley_Barn_Roof_Structure.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Roof structure of the Barley Barn, Cressing Temple, Essex</figcaption></figure><p>As houses were modified to cope with changing demands there sometimes were a combination of styles within a single timber-frame construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Vince_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vince-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major types of historic framing in England are <a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">'cruck frame'</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Vince_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vince-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> box frame,<sup id="cite_ref-Vince_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vince-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aisled construction. From the box frame, more complex framed buildings such as the Wealden House and Jettied house developed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The cruck frame design is among the earliest, and was<sup id="cite_ref-Vince_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vince-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in use by the early 13th century, with its use continuing to the present day, although rarely after the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Vince_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vince-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 18th century however, many existing cruck structures have been modified, with the original cruck framework becoming hidden.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Aisled barns are of two or three aisled types, the oldest surviving aisled barn being the barley barn at <a href="/wiki/Cressing_Temple" title="Cressing Temple">Cressing Temple</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dated to 1205–1235.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jettying" title="Jettying">Jettying</a> was introduced in the 13th century and continued to be used through the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally speaking, the size of timbers used in construction, and the quality of the workmanship reflect the wealth and status of their owners. Small cottages often used quite small cross-section timbers which would have been deemed unsuitable by others. Some of these small cottages also have a 'home-made' – even temporary – appearance. Many such example can be found in the English shires. Equally, some relatively small buildings can be seen to incorporate substantial timbers and excellent craftsmanship, reflecting the relative wealth and status of their original owners. Important resources for the study of historic building methods in the UK are <a href="/wiki/Open-air_museum#United_Kingdom" title="Open-air museum">open-air museums</a>. </p><p>It is often claimed that timber-framed buildings in Britain contain reused ships' timbers. This belief is dismissed by experts, who point out that curved timbers are rarely suitable, that salt is destructive to cellulose in the wood, and that ships' timbers are generally slight compared to cruck trusses.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_tradition">French tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: French tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupesarte-14-manoir-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coupesarte-14-manoir-1.JPG/220px-Coupesarte-14-manoir-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coupesarte-14-manoir-1.JPG/330px-Coupesarte-14-manoir-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coupesarte-14-manoir-1.JPG/440px-Coupesarte-14-manoir-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Coupesarte Manor (Normandy, France)</figcaption></figure> <p>Elaborately half-timbered houses of the 13th through 18th centuries still remain in <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiers,_Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" title="Thiers, Puy-de-Dôme">Thiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinan" title="Dinan">Dinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, and many other cities, except in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. Timber framing in French is known colloquially as <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pan de bois</i></span></i> and half-timbering as <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">colombage</i></span></i>. Alsace is the region with the most timbered houses in France. </p><p>The <i>Normandy tradition</i> features two techniques: frameworks were built of four evenly spaced regularly hewn timbers set into the ground (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">poteau en terre</i></span></i>) or into a continuous wooden sill (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">poteau de sole</i></span></i>) and mortised at the top into the plate. The openings were filled with many materials including mud and straw, wattle and daub, or horsehair and gypsum.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_Van_Ravenswaay_2006_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_Van_Ravenswaay_2006-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:37_-_Tours_Place_Plumereau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Half-timbered houses in Tours (Centre, France)"><img alt="Half-timbered houses in Tours (Centre, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/37_-_Tours_Place_Plumereau.jpg/270px-37_-_Tours_Place_Plumereau.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/37_-_Tours_Place_Plumereau.jpg/405px-37_-_Tours_Place_Plumereau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/37_-_Tours_Place_Plumereau.jpg/540px-37_-_Tours_Place_Plumereau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Half-timbered houses in <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> (Centre, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TroyesColombages.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Old houses in Troyes (Champagne, France)"><img alt="Old houses in Troyes (Champagne, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/TroyesColombages.JPG/135px-TroyesColombages.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/TroyesColombages.JPG/202px-TroyesColombages.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/TroyesColombages.JPG/270px-TroyesColombages.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old houses in <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> (Champagne, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne_maisons_%C3%A0_colombage_R01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Half-timbered houses in Châlons-en-Champagne (Champagne, France)"><img alt="Half-timbered houses in Châlons-en-Champagne (Champagne, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne_maisons_%C3%A0_colombage_R01.jpg/256px-Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne_maisons_%C3%A0_colombage_R01.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne_maisons_%C3%A0_colombage_R01.jpg/383px-Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne_maisons_%C3%A0_colombage_R01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne_maisons_%C3%A0_colombage_R01.jpg/511px-Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne_maisons_%C3%A0_colombage_R01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4460" data-file-height="3144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Half-timbered houses in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne" title="Châlons-en-Champagne">Châlons-en-Champagne</a> (Champagne, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Drosnay_(Marne,_Fr).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Drosnay (Champagne, France)"><img alt="Church of Drosnay (Champagne, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Church_of_Drosnay_%28Marne%2C_Fr%29.JPG/240px-Church_of_Drosnay_%28Marne%2C_Fr%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Church_of_Drosnay_%28Marne%2C_Fr%29.JPG/360px-Church_of_Drosnay_%28Marne%2C_Fr%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Church_of_Drosnay_%28Marne%2C_Fr%29.JPG/480px-Church_of_Drosnay_%28Marne%2C_Fr%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of <a href="/wiki/Drosnay" title="Drosnay">Drosnay</a> (Champagne, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rennes_pl_Ch-Jacquet_DSCN1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old houses in Rennes (Brittany, France)"><img alt="Old houses in Rennes (Brittany, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rennes_pl_Ch-Jacquet_DSCN1770.jpg/240px-Rennes_pl_Ch-Jacquet_DSCN1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rennes_pl_Ch-Jacquet_DSCN1770.jpg/360px-Rennes_pl_Ch-Jacquet_DSCN1770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rennes_pl_Ch-Jacquet_DSCN1770.jpg/480px-Rennes_pl_Ch-Jacquet_DSCN1770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="1485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old houses in <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> (Brittany, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encorbellement-primitif.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="14th-century early corbelled house, Rouen (Normandy, France)"><img alt="14th-century early corbelled house, Rouen (Normandy, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Encorbellement-primitif.JPG/148px-Encorbellement-primitif.JPG" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Encorbellement-primitif.JPG/222px-Encorbellement-primitif.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Encorbellement-primitif.JPG/297px-Encorbellement-primitif.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">14th-century early corbelled house, <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> (Normandy, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Sulpice_de_Grimbouville.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="15th-century manor, Saint-Sulpice-de-Grimbouville (Normandy, France)"><img alt="15th-century manor, Saint-Sulpice-de-Grimbouville (Normandy, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/St_Sulpice_de_Grimbouville.jpg/240px-St_Sulpice_de_Grimbouville.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/St_Sulpice_de_Grimbouville.jpg/360px-St_Sulpice_de_Grimbouville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/St_Sulpice_de_Grimbouville.jpg/480px-St_Sulpice_de_Grimbouville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">15th-century manor, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sulpice-de-Grimbouville" title="Saint-Sulpice-de-Grimbouville">Saint-Sulpice-de-Grimbouville</a> (Normandy, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Albi)_Maison_Enjalbert_Albi_XVI%C2%B0_si%C3%A8cle_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9ePA00095478.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16th-century house in Albi (Occitanie, France)"><img alt="16th-century house in Albi (Occitanie, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%28Albi%29_Maison_Enjalbert_Albi_XVI%C2%B0_si%C3%A8cle_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9ePA00095478.jpg/180px-%28Albi%29_Maison_Enjalbert_Albi_XVI%C2%B0_si%C3%A8cle_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9ePA00095478.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%28Albi%29_Maison_Enjalbert_Albi_XVI%C2%B0_si%C3%A8cle_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9ePA00095478.jpg/271px-%28Albi%29_Maison_Enjalbert_Albi_XVI%C2%B0_si%C3%A8cle_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9ePA00095478.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%28Albi%29_Maison_Enjalbert_Albi_XVI%C2%B0_si%C3%A8cle_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9ePA00095478.jpg/361px-%28Albi%29_Maison_Enjalbert_Albi_XVI%C2%B0_si%C3%A8cle_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9ePA00095478.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6666" data-file-height="6650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th-century house in <a href="/wiki/Albi" title="Albi">Albi</a> (Occitanie, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charpente.Notre.Dame.Paris.3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Framing of the roof, Notre-Dame, Paris. Illustration by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc"><img alt="Framing of the roof, Notre-Dame, Paris. Illustration by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charpente.Notre.Dame.Paris.3.png/179px-Charpente.Notre.Dame.Paris.3.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charpente.Notre.Dame.Paris.3.png/269px-Charpente.Notre.Dame.Paris.3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charpente.Notre.Dame.Paris.3.png/359px-Charpente.Notre.Dame.Paris.3.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Framing of the roof, <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Trinit%C3%A9-Langonnet_(56)_%C3%89glise_17.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Trinity Church of Langonnet (Brittany, France)"><img alt="Trinity Church of Langonnet (Brittany, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/La_Trinit%C3%A9-Langonnet_%2856%29_%C3%89glise_17.JPG/240px-La_Trinit%C3%A9-Langonnet_%2856%29_%C3%89glise_17.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/La_Trinit%C3%A9-Langonnet_%2856%29_%C3%89glise_17.JPG/360px-La_Trinit%C3%A9-Langonnet_%2856%29_%C3%89glise_17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/La_Trinit%C3%A9-Langonnet_%2856%29_%C3%89glise_17.JPG/480px-La_Trinit%C3%A9-Langonnet_%2856%29_%C3%89glise_17.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="893" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trinity Church of <a href="/wiki/Langonnet" title="Langonnet">Langonnet</a> (Brittany, France)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_tradition_(Fachwerkhäuser)"><span id="German_tradition_.28Fachwerkh.C3.A4user.29"></span>German tradition (<i>Fachwerkhäuser</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: German tradition (Fachwerkhäuser)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Timber_framing_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Timber framing in Germany">Timber framing in Germany</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p>Germany has several styles of timber framing, but probably the greatest number of half-timbered buildings in the world are to be found in Germany and in Alsace (France). There are many small towns which escaped both war damage and modernisation and consist mainly, or even entirely, of half-timbered houses. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idstein_K%C3%B6nig-Adolf-Platz_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Idstein_K%C3%B6nig-Adolf-Platz_2.jpg/220px-Idstein_K%C3%B6nig-Adolf-Platz_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Idstein_K%C3%B6nig-Adolf-Platz_2.jpg/330px-Idstein_K%C3%B6nig-Adolf-Platz_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Idstein_K%C3%B6nig-Adolf-Platz_2.jpg/440px-Idstein_K%C3%B6nig-Adolf-Platz_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Idstein" title="Idstein">Idstein</a>, Hesse, on the <a href="/wiki/German_Timber-Frame_Road" title="German Timber-Frame Road">German Timber-Frame Road</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernkastel_BW_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bernkastel_BW_1.JPG/170px-Bernkastel_BW_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bernkastel_BW_1.JPG/255px-Bernkastel_BW_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bernkastel_BW_1.JPG/340px-Bernkastel_BW_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="3084" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Spitzhäuschen</i>, a narrow, timber-frame house in <a href="/wiki/Bernkastel-Kues" title="Bernkastel-Kues">Bernkastel</a> at the river <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle (river)">Moselle</a>, built in 1417</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Timber-Frame_Road" title="German Timber-Frame Road">German Timber-Frame Road</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Fachwerkstraße</i></span></i>) is a tourist route that connects towns with remarkable <i>fachwerk</i>. It is more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi) long, crossing Germany through the states of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortrud_G._Schrammel-Schäl_1987_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortrud_G._Schrammel-Schäl_1987-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the more prominent towns (among many) include: <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg" title="Quedlinburg">Quedlinburg</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>-listed town, which has over 1200 half-timbered houses spanning five centuries; <a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a>, another UNESCO-listed town; <a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau-Steinheim</a> (home of the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a>); <a href="/wiki/Bad_Urach" title="Bad Urach">Bad Urach</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eppingen" title="Eppingen">Eppingen</a> ("Romance city" with a half-timbered church dating from 1320); <a href="/wiki/Mosbach" title="Mosbach">Mosbach</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vaihingen_an_der_Enz" title="Vaihingen an der Enz">Vaihingen an der Enz</a> and nearby UNESCO-listed <a href="/wiki/Maulbronn_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulbronn Abbey">Maulbronn Abbey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Schorndorf" title="Schorndorf">Schorndorf</a> (birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a>); <a href="/wiki/Calw" title="Calw">Calw</a>; <a href="/wiki/Celle" title="Celle">Celle</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Biberach_an_der_Riss" class="mw-redirect" title="Biberach an der Riss">Biberach an der Riß</a> with both the largest medieval complex, the <i>Holy Spirit Hospital</i> and one of Southern Germany's oldest buildings, now the <a href="/wiki/Braith-Mali-Museum" title="Braith-Mali-Museum">Braith-Mali-Museum</a>, dated to 1318. </p><p>German <i>fachwerk</i> building styles are extremely varied with a huge number of carpentry techniques which are highly regionalized. German planning laws for the preservation of buildings and regional architecture preservation dictate that a half-timbered house must be authentic to regional or even city-specific designs before being accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilhelm_Süvern_1971_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilhelm_Süvern_1971-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heinrich_Stiewe_2007_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinrich_Stiewe_2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A brief overview of styles follows, as a full inclusion of all styles is impossible. </p><p>In general the northern states have <i>fachwerk</i> similar to that of the nearby Netherlands and England while the more southerly states (most notably <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and Switzerland) have more decoration using timber because of greater forest reserves in those areas. During the 19th century, a form of decorative timber-framing called <i><a href="/wiki/Bundwerk" title="Bundwerk">bundwerk</a></i> became popular in Bavaria, Austria and <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>. </p><p>The German <i>fachwerkhaus</i> usually has a foundation of stone, or sometimes brick, perhaps up to several feet (a couple of metres) high, which the timber framework is mortised into or, more rarely, supports an irregular wooden sill. </p><p>The three main forms may be divided geographically: </p> <ul><li>West Central Germany and <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>: <ul><li>In West Central German and Franconian timber-work houses (particularly in the Central Rhine and Moselle): the windows most commonly lie between the rails of the <a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">sills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintels</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Northern Germany, Central Germany and East German: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and around the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> foothills, angle braces often form fully extended triangles.</li> <li>Lower Saxon houses have a <a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">joist</a> for every post.</li> <li>Holstein fachwerk houses are famed for their massive 12-inch (30 cm) beams.</li></ul></li> <li>Southern Germany including the Black and Bohemian Forests <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, and Switzerland, the use of the <a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">lap-joint</a> is thought to be the earliest method of connecting the wall plates and tie beams and is particularly identified with Swabia. A later innovation (also pioneered in Swabia) was the use of <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">tenons</a> – builders left timbers to season which were held in place by wooden pegs (<i>i.e.,</i> tenons). The timbers were initially placed with the tenons left an inch or two out of intended position and later driven home after becoming fully seasoned.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The most characteristic feature is the spacing between the posts and the high placement of windows. Panels are enclosed by a <a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">sill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">posts</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">plate</a>, and are crossed by two rails between which the windows are placed—like "two eyes peering out".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilhelm_Süvern_1971_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilhelm_Süvern_1971-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heinrich_Stiewe_2007_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinrich_Stiewe_2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition there is a myriad of regional scrollwork and fretwork designs of the non-loadbearing large timbers (braces) peculiar to particularly wealthy towns or cities. </p><p>A unique type of timber-frame house can be found in the region where the borders of Germany, the Czech Republic, and Poland meet – it is called the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lusatian_house" title="Upper Lusatian house">Upper Lusatian house</a> (Umgebindehaus, translates as <i>round-framed house</i>). This type has a timber frame surrounding a log structure on part of the ground floor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quedlinburg_St%C3%A4nderbau.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ständerbau in Quedlinburg (Germany), Wordgasse 3, built in 1346; in the past suggested as the oldest timber-frame house in Germany; nowadays 3 older houses are known only in Quedlinburg."><img alt="Ständerbau in Quedlinburg (Germany), Wordgasse 3, built in 1346; in the past suggested as the oldest timber-frame house in Germany; nowadays 3 older houses are known only in Quedlinburg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Quedlinburg_St%C3%A4nderbau.JPG/148px-Quedlinburg_St%C3%A4nderbau.JPG" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Quedlinburg_St%C3%A4nderbau.JPG/222px-Quedlinburg_St%C3%A4nderbau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Quedlinburg_St%C3%A4nderbau.JPG/296px-Quedlinburg_St%C3%A4nderbau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ständerbau in <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg" title="Quedlinburg">Quedlinburg</a> (Germany), <i>Wordgasse 3</i>, built in 1346; in the past suggested as the oldest timber-frame house in Germany; nowadays 3 older houses are known only in Quedlinburg.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rathaus_Wernigerode.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Timber frame town hall of Wernigerode"><img alt="Timber frame town hall of Wernigerode" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rathaus_Wernigerode.JPG/187px-Rathaus_Wernigerode.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rathaus_Wernigerode.JPG/281px-Rathaus_Wernigerode.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rathaus_Wernigerode.JPG/375px-Rathaus_Wernigerode.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1721" data-file-height="1653" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Timber frame town hall of <a href="/wiki/Wernigerode" title="Wernigerode">Wernigerode</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_house_near_the_city_walls_of_Rothenburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House in Rothenburg (Bavaria)"><img alt="House in Rothenburg (Bavaria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/A_house_near_the_city_walls_of_Rothenburg.jpg/135px-A_house_near_the_city_walls_of_Rothenburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/A_house_near_the_city_walls_of_Rothenburg.jpg/202px-A_house_near_the_city_walls_of_Rothenburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/A_house_near_the_city_walls_of_Rothenburg.jpg/270px-A_house_near_the_city_walls_of_Rothenburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">House in <a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg</a> (Bavaria)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_Kobolzeller_Steige.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Plönlein (i.e. little place), the worldwide known timber frame ensemble, as the southern end of the Old town in Rothenburg"><img alt="The Plönlein (i.e. little place), the worldwide known timber frame ensemble, as the southern end of the Old town in Rothenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rothenburg_Kobolzeller_Steige.jpg/120px-Rothenburg_Kobolzeller_Steige.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rothenburg_Kobolzeller_Steige.jpg/181px-Rothenburg_Kobolzeller_Steige.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rothenburg_Kobolzeller_Steige.jpg/241px-Rothenburg_Kobolzeller_Steige.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Plönlein</i> (i.e. little place), the worldwide known timber frame ensemble, as the southern end of the Old town in <a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hornburg_Fachwerk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buildings in Hornburg"><img alt="Buildings in Hornburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hornburg_Fachwerk.jpg/247px-Hornburg_Fachwerk.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hornburg_Fachwerk.jpg/371px-Hornburg_Fachwerk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hornburg_Fachwerk.jpg/495px-Hornburg_Fachwerk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="1473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buildings in <a href="/wiki/Hornburg" title="Hornburg">Hornburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braubach_-_Schlankes_Fachwerkhaus_in_engen_Gassen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buildings in Braubach, 16th century first half"><img alt="Buildings in Braubach, 16th century first half" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braubach_-_Schlankes_Fachwerkhaus_in_engen_Gassen.jpg/139px-Braubach_-_Schlankes_Fachwerkhaus_in_engen_Gassen.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braubach_-_Schlankes_Fachwerkhaus_in_engen_Gassen.jpg/209px-Braubach_-_Schlankes_Fachwerkhaus_in_engen_Gassen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braubach_-_Schlankes_Fachwerkhaus_in_engen_Gassen.jpg/279px-Braubach_-_Schlankes_Fachwerkhaus_in_engen_Gassen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2929" data-file-height="3779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buildings in <a href="/wiki/Braubach" title="Braubach">Braubach</a>, 16th century first half</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunstdrechslerei_Zettler_(Schwerin)_cleaned.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House in Schwerin, built in 1698"><img alt="House in Schwerin, built in 1698" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kunstdrechslerei_Zettler_%28Schwerin%29_cleaned.jpg/138px-Kunstdrechslerei_Zettler_%28Schwerin%29_cleaned.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kunstdrechslerei_Zettler_%28Schwerin%29_cleaned.jpg/206px-Kunstdrechslerei_Zettler_%28Schwerin%29_cleaned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kunstdrechslerei_Zettler_%28Schwerin%29_cleaned.jpg/275px-Kunstdrechslerei_Zettler_%28Schwerin%29_cleaned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="2499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">House in <a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a>, built in 1698</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelbensande3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gelbensande Castle, a hunting lodge built in 1887 near Rostock"><img alt="Gelbensande Castle, a hunting lodge built in 1887 near Rostock" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gelbensande3.jpg/275px-Gelbensande3.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gelbensande3.jpg/413px-Gelbensande3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gelbensande3.jpg/550px-Gelbensande3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1178" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gelbensande" title="Gelbensande">Gelbensande</a> Castle, a hunting lodge built in 1887 near <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinkelsbuehl-Elsasser_Gasse-Ost.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The half-timbered houses in Dinkelsbühl mostly have plastered and painted facades."><img alt="The half-timbered houses in Dinkelsbühl mostly have plastered and painted facades." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Dinkelsbuehl-Elsasser_Gasse-Ost.jpg/258px-Dinkelsbuehl-Elsasser_Gasse-Ost.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Dinkelsbuehl-Elsasser_Gasse-Ost.jpg/387px-Dinkelsbuehl-Elsasser_Gasse-Ost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Dinkelsbuehl-Elsasser_Gasse-Ost.jpg/516px-Dinkelsbuehl-Elsasser_Gasse-Ost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The half-timbered houses in <a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a> mostly have plastered and painted facades.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Umgebindehaus_in_Oybin_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An Umgebindehaus in Oybin (Saxony). The timber frame is outside a log wall on the ground floor."><img alt="An Umgebindehaus in Oybin (Saxony). The timber frame is outside a log wall on the ground floor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Umgebindehaus_in_Oybin_2.JPG/283px-Umgebindehaus_in_Oybin_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="189" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Umgebindehaus_in_Oybin_2.JPG/425px-Umgebindehaus_in_Oybin_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Umgebindehaus_in_Oybin_2.JPG/567px-Umgebindehaus_in_Oybin_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Umgebindehaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Umgebindehaus">Umgebindehaus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oybin" title="Oybin">Oybin</a> (Saxony). The timber frame is outside a log wall on the ground floor.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribnitz_Fischergasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="20th-century timber framing in Ribnitz (Mecklenburg)"><img alt="20th-century timber framing in Ribnitz (Mecklenburg)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ribnitz_Fischergasse.jpg/240px-Ribnitz_Fischergasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ribnitz_Fischergasse.jpg/360px-Ribnitz_Fischergasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ribnitz_Fischergasse.jpg/480px-Ribnitz_Fischergasse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">20th-century timber framing in <a href="/wiki/Ribnitz-Damgarten" title="Ribnitz-Damgarten">Ribnitz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachwerkhaus_Rohbau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fachwerk (timber framing) under construction in 2013, Tirschenreuth"><img alt="Fachwerk (timber framing) under construction in 2013, Tirschenreuth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Fachwerkhaus_Rohbau.jpg/240px-Fachwerkhaus_Rohbau.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Fachwerkhaus_Rohbau.jpg/360px-Fachwerkhaus_Rohbau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Fachwerkhaus_Rohbau.jpg/480px-Fachwerkhaus_Rohbau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fachwerk (timber framing) under construction in 2013, <a href="/wiki/Tirschenreuth_(district)" title="Tirschenreuth (district)">Tirschenreuth</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Half-timbered_mansion,_Zirkel,_East_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Half-timbered mansion of the former Zirkelmühle in Mellenbach-Glasbach (Thuringia)"><img alt="Half-timbered mansion of the former Zirkelmühle in Mellenbach-Glasbach (Thuringia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Half-timbered_mansion%2C_Zirkel%2C_East_view.jpg/274px-Half-timbered_mansion%2C_Zirkel%2C_East_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Half-timbered_mansion%2C_Zirkel%2C_East_view.jpg/410px-Half-timbered_mansion%2C_Zirkel%2C_East_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Half-timbered_mansion%2C_Zirkel%2C_East_view.jpg/547px-Half-timbered_mansion%2C_Zirkel%2C_East_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5566" data-file-height="3664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Half-timbered mansion of the former <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Zirkel_(Mellenbach-Glasbach)" class="extiw" title="c:category:Zirkel (Mellenbach-Glasbach)">Zirkel</a>mühle in <a href="/wiki/Mellenbach-Glasbach" title="Mellenbach-Glasbach">Mellenbach</a>-Glasbach (Thuringia)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walsrode_Heidemuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Low German house in Walsrode (Lower Saxony)"><img alt="Low German house in Walsrode (Lower Saxony)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Walsrode_Heidemuseum.jpg/222px-Walsrode_Heidemuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Walsrode_Heidemuseum.jpg/333px-Walsrode_Heidemuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Walsrode_Heidemuseum.jpg/444px-Walsrode_Heidemuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low German house in <a href="/wiki/Walsrode" title="Walsrode">Walsrode</a> (Lower Saxony)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several half-timbered houses can be found in Northern Italy, especially in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, in the city of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Barbagia" title="Barbagia">Barbagia</a> region and in the Iglesiente mining region. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_a_graticcio_Ozzano_Monferrato.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Half-timbered house in Ozzano Monferrato, Piedmont"><img alt="Half-timbered house in Ozzano Monferrato, Piedmont" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Casa_a_graticcio_Ozzano_Monferrato.jpg/239px-Casa_a_graticcio_Ozzano_Monferrato.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Casa_a_graticcio_Ozzano_Monferrato.jpg/359px-Casa_a_graticcio_Ozzano_Monferrato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Casa_a_graticcio_Ozzano_Monferrato.jpg/478px-Casa_a_graticcio_Ozzano_Monferrato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Half-timbered house in <a href="/wiki/Ozzano_Monferrato" title="Ozzano Monferrato">Ozzano Monferrato</a>, Piedmont</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_a_graticcio_Biella.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Half-timbered house in Biella, Piedmont"><img alt="Half-timbered house in Biella, Piedmont" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Casa_a_graticcio_Biella.jpg/239px-Casa_a_graticcio_Biella.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Casa_a_graticcio_Biella.jpg/359px-Casa_a_graticcio_Biella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Casa_a_graticcio_Biella.jpg/478px-Casa_a_graticcio_Biella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Half-timbered house in <a href="/wiki/Biella" title="Biella">Biella</a>, Piedmont</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CasaGoticaArquataScrivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Half-timbered house in Arquata Scrivia, Piedmont"><img alt="Half-timbered house in Arquata Scrivia, Piedmont" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/CasaGoticaArquataScrivia.jpg/135px-CasaGoticaArquataScrivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/CasaGoticaArquataScrivia.jpg/203px-CasaGoticaArquataScrivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/CasaGoticaArquataScrivia.jpg/271px-CasaGoticaArquataScrivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Half-timbered house in <a href="/wiki/Arquata_Scrivia" title="Arquata Scrivia">Arquata Scrivia</a>, Piedmont</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_a_graticcio_Monza3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Half-timbered house in Monza, Lombardy"><img alt="Half-timbered house in Monza, Lombardy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Casa_a_graticcio_Monza3.jpg/239px-Casa_a_graticcio_Monza3.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Casa_a_graticcio_Monza3.jpg/359px-Casa_a_graticcio_Monza3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Casa_a_graticcio_Monza3.jpg/478px-Casa_a_graticcio_Monza3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Half-timbered house in <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a>, Lombardy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_a_graticcio_Susa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Half-timbered house in Susa, Piedmont"><img alt="Half-timbered house in Susa, Piedmont" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Casa_a_graticcio_Susa.JPG/240px-Casa_a_graticcio_Susa.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Casa_a_graticcio_Susa.JPG/360px-Casa_a_graticcio_Susa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Casa_a_graticcio_Susa.JPG/480px-Casa_a_graticcio_Susa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Half-timbered house in <a href="/wiki/Susa,_Piedmont" title="Susa, Piedmont">Susa</a>, Piedmont</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_graticcio_Spoleto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rare example of a half-timbered house in Central Italy, in Spoleto, Umbria"><img alt="A rare example of a half-timbered house in Central Italy, in Spoleto, Umbria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Casa_graticcio_Spoleto.jpg/120px-Casa_graticcio_Spoleto.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Casa_graticcio_Spoleto.jpg/180px-Casa_graticcio_Spoleto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Casa_graticcio_Spoleto.jpg/240px-Casa_graticcio_Spoleto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rare example of a half-timbered house in <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a>, Umbria</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wierzbiecice_20_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wierzbiecice_20_%286%29.jpg/220px-Wierzbiecice_20_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wierzbiecice_20_%286%29.jpg/330px-Wierzbiecice_20_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wierzbiecice_20_%286%29.jpg/440px-Wierzbiecice_20_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>Timber-frame house in central <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SM_%C5%9Awidnica_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Pokoju_ID_597647.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SM_%C5%9Awidnica_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Pokoju_ID_597647.jpg/220px-SM_%C5%9Awidnica_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Pokoju_ID_597647.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SM_%C5%9Awidnica_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Pokoju_ID_597647.jpg/330px-SM_%C5%9Awidnica_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Pokoju_ID_597647.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SM_%C5%9Awidnica_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Pokoju_ID_597647.jpg/440px-SM_%C5%9Awidnica_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Pokoju_ID_597647.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3831" data-file-height="2554" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Peace" title="Churches of Peace">Churches of Peace</a> in southwestern Poland are the largest religious timberframed structures in Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, the majority of Polish cities as well as their central marketplaces possessed timber-framed dwellings and housing.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> it was customary in Poland to use either bare brick or <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">szachulec</i>) as filling in-between the timber frame.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the half-timbered houses which can be observed nowadays have been built in regions that were historically German or had significant German cultural influence. As these regions were at some point parts of German <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, half-timbered walls are often called <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">mur pruski</i></span> (lit. Prussian wall) in Polish. A distinctive type of house associated with mostly <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> immigrant groups from <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> and the Netherlands, known as the <a href="/wiki/Ol%C4%99drzy" class="mw-redirect" title="Olędrzy">Olędrzy</a>, is called an "arcade house" (<i><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">dom podcieniowy</i></span></i>). The biggest timber-framed religious buildings in Europe are the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Peace" title="Churches of Peace">Churches of Peace</a> in southwestern Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also numerous examples of timber-framed secular structures such as the <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granaries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Umgebindehaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Umgebindehaus">Umgebindehaus</a> rural housing tradition of south <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> (Germany) is also found in the neighboring areas of Poland, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesian</a> region. </p><p>Another world-class type of wooden building Poland shares with some neighboring countries are its <a href="/wiki/Wooden_churches_of_Southern_Lesser_Poland" title="Wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland">wooden church buildings</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bdg_KarczmaMlynska_16_07-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Timber frame architecture, Mill Island, Bydgoszcz"><img alt="Timber frame architecture, Mill Island, Bydgoszcz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bdg_KarczmaMlynska_16_07-2013.jpg/241px-Bdg_KarczmaMlynska_16_07-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bdg_KarczmaMlynska_16_07-2013.jpg/362px-Bdg_KarczmaMlynska_16_07-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bdg_KarczmaMlynska_16_07-2013.jpg/482px-Bdg_KarczmaMlynska_16_07-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Timber frame architecture, Mill Island, <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zgorzelec_Dom_Kolodzieja.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wheelwright croft in Zgorzelec"><img alt="Wheelwright croft in Zgorzelec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Zgorzelec_Dom_Kolodzieja.jpg/235px-Zgorzelec_Dom_Kolodzieja.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Zgorzelec_Dom_Kolodzieja.jpg/353px-Zgorzelec_Dom_Kolodzieja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Zgorzelec_Dom_Kolodzieja.jpg/471px-Zgorzelec_Dom_Kolodzieja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wheelwright croft in <a href="/wiki/Zgorzelec" title="Zgorzelec">Zgorzelec</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoni%C3%B3w_84_Dom_przys%C5%82upowo-zr%C4%99bowy_DSC_0120.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Antoniów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship"><img alt="Antoniów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Antoni%C3%B3w_84_Dom_przys%C5%82upowo-zr%C4%99bowy_DSC_0120.JPG/269px-Antoni%C3%B3w_84_Dom_przys%C5%82upowo-zr%C4%99bowy_DSC_0120.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Antoni%C3%B3w_84_Dom_przys%C5%82upowo-zr%C4%99bowy_DSC_0120.JPG/404px-Antoni%C3%B3w_84_Dom_przys%C5%82upowo-zr%C4%99bowy_DSC_0120.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Antoni%C3%B3w_84_Dom_przys%C5%82upowo-zr%C4%99bowy_DSC_0120.JPG/538px-Antoni%C3%B3w_84_Dom_przys%C5%82upowo-zr%C4%99bowy_DSC_0120.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Antoni%C3%B3w,_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Antoniów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Antoniów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian Voivodeship</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spichrz-ul_Mennica_2_2204.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Granary in Bydgoszcz, built in 1795 upon 15th-century gothic cellar"><img alt="Granary in Bydgoszcz, built in 1795 upon 15th-century gothic cellar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Spichrz-ul_Mennica_2_2204.jpg/221px-Spichrz-ul_Mennica_2_2204.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Spichrz-ul_Mennica_2_2204.jpg/332px-Spichrz-ul_Mennica_2_2204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Spichrz-ul_Mennica_2_2204.jpg/442px-Spichrz-ul_Mennica_2_2204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1806" data-file-height="1470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Granary in Bydgoszcz, built in 1795 upon 15th-century gothic cellar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SM_Su%C5%82%C3%B3w_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_2017_(1)_ID_596258.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sts. Peter & Paul Church in Sułów"><img alt="Sts. Peter & Paul Church in Sułów" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/SM_Su%C5%82%C3%B3w_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_2017_%281%29_ID_596258.jpg/270px-SM_Su%C5%82%C3%B3w_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_2017_%281%29_ID_596258.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/SM_Su%C5%82%C3%B3w_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_2017_%281%29_ID_596258.jpg/405px-SM_Su%C5%82%C3%B3w_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_2017_%281%29_ID_596258.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/SM_Su%C5%82%C3%B3w_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_2017_%281%29_ID_596258.jpg/540px-SM_Su%C5%82%C3%B3w_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Piotra_i_Paw%C5%82a_2017_%281%29_ID_596258.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4484" data-file-height="2989" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sts. Peter & Paul Church in <a href="/wiki/Su%C5%82%C3%B3w,_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Sułów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Sułów</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trutnowy_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trutnowy Mennonite arcade house"><img alt="Trutnowy Mennonite arcade house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trutnowy_005.jpg/271px-Trutnowy_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trutnowy_005.jpg/406px-Trutnowy_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trutnowy_005.jpg/541px-Trutnowy_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Trutnowy" title="Trutnowy">Trutnowy</a> <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> arcade house</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zabytkowy_budynek_ul_Bydgoska.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th-century timber frame manor house in Toruń"><img alt="19th-century timber frame manor house in Toruń" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Zabytkowy_budynek_ul_Bydgoska.jpg/265px-Zabytkowy_budynek_ul_Bydgoska.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Zabytkowy_budynek_ul_Bydgoska.jpg/397px-Zabytkowy_budynek_ul_Bydgoska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Zabytkowy_budynek_ul_Bydgoska.jpg/530px-Zabytkowy_budynek_ul_Bydgoska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3460" data-file-height="2353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th-century timber frame manor house in <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish generally follow the Mediterranean forms of architecture with stone walls and shallow roof pitch. Timber framing is often of the <a href="/wiki/Post_and_lintel" title="Post and lintel">post and lintel</a> style. <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a>, par example <a href="/wiki/La_Alberca" title="La Alberca">La Alberca</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> have the most representative examples of the use of timber framing in the Iberian Peninsula. </p><p>Most traditional Basque buildings with <a href="/wiki/Half-timbered" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-timbered">half-timbering</a> elements are detached farm houses (in Basque: <a href="/wiki/Baserri" title="Baserri">baserriak</a>). Their upper floors were built with <a href="/wiki/Jettying" title="Jettying">jettied</a> box frames in <a href="/wiki/Close_studding" title="Close studding">close studding</a>. In the oldest farmsteads and, if existing, in the third floor the walls were sometimes covered with vertical <a href="/wiki/Weatherboarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Weatherboarding">weatherboards</a>. Big holes were left in the gable of the main façade for ventilation. The wooden beams were painted over, mostly in dark red. The vacancies were filled in with <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a> or rubble laid in a clay mortar and then plastered over with white chalk or nogged with bricks. Although the entire supporting structure is made of wood, the timbering is only visible on the main façade, which is generally oriented to the southeast. </p><p>Although the typical Basque house is now mostly associated with half-timbering, the outer walls and the fire-walls were built in masonry (rubble stone, bricks or, ideally, <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlars</a>) whenever it could be afforded. Timber was a sign of poverty. Oak-wood was cheaper than masonry: that is why, when the money was running out, the upper floor walls were mostly built timbered. Extant baserriak with half-timbered upper-floor façades were built from the 15th to 19th centuries and are found in all Basque regions with <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>, except in <a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Zuberoa</a> (Soule), but are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Labourd" title="Labourd">Lapurdi</a> (Labourd). </p><p>Some medieval Basque <a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">tower houses</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorretxe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorretxe (page does not exist)">Dorretxe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorretxe" class="extiw" title="eu:Dorretxe">eu</a>]</span>) feature an overhanged upper floor in half-timbering. </p><p>To a lesser extent timbered houses are also found in villages and towns as <a href="/wiki/Row_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Row house">row houses</a>, as the photo from the <a href="/wiki/Ustaritz" title="Ustaritz">Uztaritz</a> village shows. </p><p>Currently, it has again become popular to build <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A9obasque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Néobasque (page does not exist)">Néobasque</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9obasque" class="extiw" title="fr:Néobasque">fr</a>]</span> houses resembling old Basque farmsteads, with more or less respect for the principles of traditional half-timbered building. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inharria_Ibarron.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inharri baserri in Ibarron (Lapurdi)"><img alt="Inharri baserri in Ibarron (Lapurdi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Inharria_Ibarron.jpg/236px-Inharria_Ibarron.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Inharria_Ibarron.jpg/354px-Inharria_Ibarron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Inharria_Ibarron.jpg/472px-Inharria_Ibarron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inharri baserri in Ibarron (Lapurdi)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aranguren_dorretxea_Orozko.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aranguren dorretxea (Orozko, Bizkaia)"><img alt="Aranguren dorretxea (Orozko, Bizkaia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Aranguren_dorretxea_Orozko.jpg/277px-Aranguren_dorretxea_Orozko.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Aranguren_dorretxea_Orozko.jpg/416px-Aranguren_dorretxea_Orozko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Aranguren_dorretxea_Orozko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aranguren dorretxea (Orozko, Bizkaia)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ustaritz_Fa%C3%A7ades_basques.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Half-timbered houses from Uztarritz (Lapurdi)"><img alt="Half-timbered houses from Uztarritz (Lapurdi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ustaritz_Fa%C3%A7ades_basques.jpg/240px-Ustaritz_Fa%C3%A7ades_basques.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ustaritz_Fa%C3%A7ades_basques.jpg/360px-Ustaritz_Fa%C3%A7ades_basques.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ustaritz_Fa%C3%A7ades_basques.jpg/480px-Ustaritz_Fa%C3%A7ades_basques.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Half-timbered houses from Uztarritz (Lapurdi)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa-con-entramado-guadilla-de-villamar-2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Timbered house from Guadilla de Villamar (Spain). Popular style."><img alt="Timbered house from Guadilla de Villamar (Spain). Popular style." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Casa-con-entramado-guadilla-de-villamar-2018.jpg/272px-Casa-con-entramado-guadilla-de-villamar-2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Casa-con-entramado-guadilla-de-villamar-2018.jpg/408px-Casa-con-entramado-guadilla-de-villamar-2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Casa-con-entramado-guadilla-de-villamar-2018.jpg/544px-Casa-con-entramado-guadilla-de-villamar-2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="994" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Timbered house from Guadilla de Villamar (Spain). Popular style.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hombrechtikon_-_Sogenanntes_Eglihaus,_Lutikon_1-3_2011-08-30_15-29-48_ShiftN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hombrechtikon_-_Sogenanntes_Eglihaus%2C_Lutikon_1-3_2011-08-30_15-29-48_ShiftN.jpg/220px-Hombrechtikon_-_Sogenanntes_Eglihaus%2C_Lutikon_1-3_2011-08-30_15-29-48_ShiftN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hombrechtikon_-_Sogenanntes_Eglihaus%2C_Lutikon_1-3_2011-08-30_15-29-48_ShiftN.jpg/330px-Hombrechtikon_-_Sogenanntes_Eglihaus%2C_Lutikon_1-3_2011-08-30_15-29-48_ShiftN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hombrechtikon_-_Sogenanntes_Eglihaus%2C_Lutikon_1-3_2011-08-30_15-29-48_ShiftN.jpg/440px-Hombrechtikon_-_Sogenanntes_Eglihaus%2C_Lutikon_1-3_2011-08-30_15-29-48_ShiftN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="3461" /></a><figcaption>An exceptional fachwerk house called Eglihaus in <a href="/wiki/Hombrechtikon" title="Hombrechtikon">Hombrechtikon</a>, Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <p>Switzerland has many styles of timber framing which overlap with its neighboring countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nowadays, timber framing is primarily found in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium" title="Provinces of Belgium">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Limburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liège (province)">Liège</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">Luxembourg</a>. In urban areas, the ground floor was formerly built in stone and the upper floors in timber framing. Also, as timber framing was seen as a cheaper way of building, often the visible structures of noble houses were in stone and bricks, and the invisible or lateral walls in timber framing. The open-air museums of <a href="/wiki/Bokrijk" title="Bokrijk">Bokrijk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Hubert,_Belgium" title="Saint-Hubert, Belgium">Saint-Hubert</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourneau_Saint-Michel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourneau Saint-Michel (page does not exist)">Fourneau Saint-Michel</a>) show many examples of Belgian timber framing. Many post-and-beam houses can be found in cities and villages, but, unlike France, the United Kingdom, and Germany, there are few fully timber framed cityscapes. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 74px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 72px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gretry_-_Casa_natal_(retocado).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The house where André Grétry was born in Liège"><img alt="The house where André Grétry was born in Liège" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gretry_-_Casa_natal_%28retocado%29.jpg/108px-Gretry_-_Casa_natal_%28retocado%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gretry_-_Casa_natal_%28retocado%29.jpg/162px-Gretry_-_Casa_natal_%28retocado%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gretry_-_Casa_natal_%28retocado%29.jpg/216px-Gretry_-_Casa_natal_%28retocado%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The house where <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gr%C3%A9try" title="André Grétry">André Grétry</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_(32).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sugny House (18th century), in the Fourneau Saint-Michel Museum"><img alt="The Sugny House (18th century), in the Fourneau Saint-Michel Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_%2832%29.JPG/240px-Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_%2832%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_%2832%29.JPG/360px-Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_%2832%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_%2832%29.JPG/480px-Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_%2832%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sugny" title="Sugny">Sugny</a> House (18th century), in the Fourneau Saint-Michel Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 87.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 85.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theux_JPG06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A House in Theux (17th century)"><img alt="A House in Theux (17th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Theux_JPG06.jpg/128px-Theux_JPG06.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Theux_JPG06.jpg/193px-Theux_JPG06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Theux_JPG06.jpg/257px-Theux_JPG06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="2180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A House in <a href="/wiki/Theux" title="Theux">Theux</a> (17th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lierneux_Mou1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The former water mill of Lierneux"><img alt="The former water mill of Lierneux" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lierneux_Mou1a.jpg/240px-Lierneux_Mou1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lierneux_Mou1a.jpg/360px-Lierneux_Mou1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lierneux_Mou1a.jpg/480px-Lierneux_Mou1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The former water mill of <a href="/wiki/Lierneux" title="Lierneux">Lierneux</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bokrijk_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Small "chapel" (shrine) at the Bokrijk Open Air Museum"><img alt="Small "chapel" (shrine) at the Bokrijk Open Air Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bokrijk_02.jpg/120px-Bokrijk_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bokrijk_02.jpg/179px-Bokrijk_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bokrijk_02.jpg/239px-Bokrijk_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small "chapel" (shrine) at the <a href="/wiki/Bokrijk" title="Bokrijk">Bokrijk</a> Open Air Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_(29).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Unskilled worker's thatched cottage (Hingeon 19th century) transplanted and reconstituted in the open-air museum Fourneau Saint-Michel"><img alt="Unskilled worker's thatched cottage (Hingeon 19th century) transplanted and reconstituted in the open-air museum Fourneau Saint-Michel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_%2829%29.JPG/240px-Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_%2829%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_%2829%29.JPG/360px-Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_%2829%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_%2829%29.JPG/480px-Fourneau_St-Michel_050829_%2829%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unskilled worker's thatched cottage (Hingeon 19th century) transplanted and reconstituted in the open-air museum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourneau_Saint-Michel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourneau Saint-Michel (page does not exist)">Fourneau Saint-Michel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Timber_Frame_Structure.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Timber-frame structure in Bruges"><img alt="Timber-frame structure in Bruges" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Timber_Frame_Structure.JPG/240px-Timber_Frame_Structure.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Timber_Frame_Structure.JPG/360px-Timber_Frame_Structure.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Timber_Frame_Structure.JPG/480px-Timber_Frame_Structure.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Timber-frame structure in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Timber frame (<i>bindingsværk</i>, literally "binding work") is the traditional building style in almost all of Denmark, making it the only Nordic country where this style is prevalent in all regions. Along the west coast of Jutland, houses built entirely of bricks were traditionally more common due to lack of suitable wood. In the 19th and especially in the 20th century, bricks have been the preferred building material in all of Denmark, but traditional timber-frame houses remain common both in the towns and in the countryside. Different regions have different traditions as to whether the timber frame should be tarred and thus clearly visible or be limewashed or painted in the same colour as the infills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Swedish mostly built log houses but they do have traditions of several types of timber framing: Some of the following links are written in Swedish. Most of the half-timbered houses in Sweden were built during the Danish time and are located in what until 1658 used to be Danish territory in southern Sweden, primarily in the province <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne">Skåne</a> and secondarily in <a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a>. In Swedish half-timber is known as <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">korsvirke</i></span>. </p> <ul><li><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavverk" class="extiw" title="sv:Stavverk">Stave construction</a> is called <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">stavverk</i></span>. Scandinavia is famous for its ancient <a href="/wiki/Stave_church" title="Stave church">stave churches</a>. Stave construction is a traditional timber frame with walls of vertical planks, the posts and planks landing in a sill on a foundation. Similar construction with earthfast posts is called <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">stolpteknik</i></span>. and <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisade</a> construction where many vertical wall timbers or planks have their feet buried in the ground called <a href="/wiki/Post_in_ground" title="Post in ground">post in ground</a> or earthfast construction is called <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">palissadteknik</i></span>. (see also <a href="/wiki/Palisade_church" title="Palisade church">Palisade church</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiftesverk" class="extiw" title="sv:Skiftesverk">Swedish plank-frame</a> construction is called <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">skiftesverk</i></span>. This is a traditional timber frame with walls of horizontal planks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norway has at least two significant types of timber-framed structures: the <a href="/wiki/Stave_church" title="Stave church">stave church</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grindverk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grindverk (page does not exist)">Grindverk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindverk" class="extiw" title="no:Grindverk">no</a>]</span>. The term <i>stave</i> (a post or pole) indicates that a <i>stave church</i> essentially means a framed church, a distinction made in a region where <a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">log building</a> is common. All but one surviving stave churches are in Norway, one in Sweden. Replicas of stave churches and other Norwegian building types have been reproduced elsewhere, e.g. at the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Heritage_Park" title="Scandinavian Heritage Park">Scandinavian Heritage Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, United States. </p><p><i>Grindverk</i> translates as <i>trestle</i> construction, consisting of a series of transversal frames of two posts and a connecting beam, supporting two parallel <a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">wall plates</a> bearing the <a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">rafters</a>. Unlike other types of timber framing in Europe, the trestle frame construction uses no mortise and tenon joints. Archaeological excavations have uncovered similar wooden joints from more than 3,000 years ago, suggesting that this type of framing is an ancient unbroken tradition. Grindverk buildings are only found on part of the western coast of Norway, and most of them are boathouses and barns. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log building</a> was the common construction used for housing humans and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> in Norway from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> until the 18th century. Timber framing of the type used in large parts of Europe appeared occasionally in late medieval towns, but never became common, except for the capital <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a>. After a fire in 1624 in Oslo, King <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian IV">Christian IV</a> ordered the town to be relocated to a new site. He outlawed log building to prevent future conflagrations and required wealthy burghers to use <a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">brickwork</a> and the less affluent to use timber framing in the Danish manner. During the next two centuries, 50 per cent of the houses were timber framed. </p><p>All of these buildings disappeared as a consequence of this small provincial town of Christiania becoming the capital of independent Norway in 1814. This caused a rapid growth, with the population rising from 10 000 to 250 000 by 1900. Increasing prices caused a massive <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a>, which resulted in all wooden structures being replaced with office blocks. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borgund_stave_church_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Borgund stave church in Lærdal, Sogn og Fjordane country, Norway"><img alt="Borgund stave church in Lærdal, Sogn og Fjordane country, Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Borgund_stave_church_2009.JPG/120px-Borgund_stave_church_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Borgund_stave_church_2009.JPG/179px-Borgund_stave_church_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Borgund_stave_church_2009.JPG/239px-Borgund_stave_church_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Borgund_stave_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Borgund stave church">Borgund stave church</a> in Lærdal, Sogn og Fjordane country, Norway</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garmo_stave_church_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garmo Stave Church detail. Note how the sills lap and the post fits around the sills. The post is the stave from which these buildings are named."><img alt="Garmo Stave Church detail. Note how the sills lap and the post fits around the sills. The post is the stave from which these buildings are named." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Garmo_stave_church_detail.jpg/120px-Garmo_stave_church_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Garmo_stave_church_detail.jpg/180px-Garmo_stave_church_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Garmo_stave_church_detail.jpg/240px-Garmo_stave_church_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Garmo_Stave_Church" title="Garmo Stave Church">Garmo Stave Church</a> detail. Note how the sills lap and the post fits around the sills. The post is the stave from which these buildings are named.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaupanger_stave_church_-_posts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaupanger stave church interior, Kaupanger, Norway"><img alt="Kaupanger stave church interior, Kaupanger, Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kaupanger_stave_church_-_posts.jpg/271px-Kaupanger_stave_church_-_posts.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kaupanger_stave_church_-_posts.jpg/407px-Kaupanger_stave_church_-_posts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kaupanger_stave_church_-_posts.jpg/542px-Kaupanger_stave_church_-_posts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kaupanger_stave_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaupanger stave church">Kaupanger stave church</a> interior, <a href="/wiki/Kaupanger" title="Kaupanger">Kaupanger</a>, Norway</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2004-05-28-YtsteSkotet04B.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of grindverk framing. The tie beams are captured in slots in the post tops."><img alt="An example of grindverk framing. The tie beams are captured in slots in the post tops." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2004-05-28-YtsteSkotet04B.JPG/236px-2004-05-28-YtsteSkotet04B.JPG" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2004-05-28-YtsteSkotet04B.JPG/354px-2004-05-28-YtsteSkotet04B.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2004-05-28-YtsteSkotet04B.JPG/472px-2004-05-28-YtsteSkotet04B.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2567" data-file-height="1960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of grindverk framing. The tie beams are captured in slots in the post tops.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frogner_Hovedg%C3%A5rd_X1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Frogner Manor in Oslo, timber-framed building 1750, extended 1790"><img alt="Frogner Manor in Oslo, timber-framed building 1750, extended 1790" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Frogner_Hovedg%C3%A5rd_X1.JPG/240px-Frogner_Hovedg%C3%A5rd_X1.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Frogner_Hovedg%C3%A5rd_X1.JPG/360px-Frogner_Hovedg%C3%A5rd_X1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Frogner_Hovedg%C3%A5rd_X1.JPG/480px-Frogner_Hovedg%C3%A5rd_X1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frogner_Manor" title="Frogner Manor">Frogner Manor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, timber-framed building 1750, extended 1790</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:01Brugata_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Brugata 14, Oslo. Timber-framed building from around 1800."><img alt="Brugata 14, Oslo. Timber-framed building from around 1800." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/01Brugata_14.JPG/240px-01Brugata_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/01Brugata_14.JPG/360px-01Brugata_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/01Brugata_14.JPG/480px-01Brugata_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brugata 14, <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>. Timber-framed building from around 1800.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ikkelderhoessjtoolwkped07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ikkelderhoessjtoolwkped07.jpg/220px-Ikkelderhoessjtoolwkped07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ikkelderhoessjtoolwkped07.jpg/330px-Ikkelderhoessjtoolwkped07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ikkelderhoessjtoolwkped07.jpg/440px-Ikkelderhoessjtoolwkped07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>A half timbered building without the infill in <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>The Netherlands is often overlooked for its timbered houses, yet many exist, including windmills. It was in <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a> where the import of cheaper timber, combined with the Dutch innovation of <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmill</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmills</a>, allowed economically viable widespread use of protective wood covering over framework. In the late 17th century the Dutch introduced vertical <a href="/wiki/Cladding_(construction)" title="Cladding (construction)">cladding</a> also known in Eastern England as clasp board and in western England as weatherboard, then as more wood was available more cheaply, horizontal cladding in the 17th century. Perhaps owing to economic considerations, vertical cladding returned to fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-Timber_Engineering_1999._pages._317_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timber_Engineering_1999._pages._317-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch wall framing is virtually always built in bents and the three basic types of roof framing are the rafter roof, purlin roof, and ridge-post roof.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Half-timbered houses can be found in Romania mostly in areas once inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a>, in cities, towns and villages with Germanic influence such as <a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba" title="Bistrița">Bistrița</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media%C8%99" title="Mediaș">Mediaș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sighi%C8%99oara" title="Sighișoara">Sighișoara</a>. However the number of half-timbered houses is small. In <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> there are few examples of this type of architecture, most of those buildings being located in <a href="/wiki/Sinaia" title="Sinaia">Sinaia</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pele%C8%99_Castle" title="Peleș Castle">Peleș Castle</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelisor_Castle,_Sinaia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Pelișor Castle in Sinaia"><img alt="The Pelișor Castle in Sinaia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pelisor_Castle%2C_Sinaia.jpg/240px-Pelisor_Castle%2C_Sinaia.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pelisor_Castle%2C_Sinaia.jpg/360px-Pelisor_Castle%2C_Sinaia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pelisor_Castle%2C_Sinaia.jpg/480px-Pelisor_Castle%2C_Sinaia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Peli%C8%99or_Castle" title="Pelișor Castle">Pelișor Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sinaia" title="Sinaia">Sinaia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:01_Chateau_Peles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peleș Castle"><img alt="Peleș Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/01_Chateau_Peles.jpg/252px-01_Chateau_Peles.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/01_Chateau_Peles.jpg/378px-01_Chateau_Peles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/01_Chateau_Peles.jpg/504px-01_Chateau_Peles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3986" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pele%C8%99_Castle" title="Peleș Castle">Peleș Castle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OlimpiaBV.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Olimpia" Sports Complex, Brașov"><img alt=""Olimpia" Sports Complex, Brașov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/OlimpiaBV.jpg/290px-OlimpiaBV.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/OlimpiaBV.jpg/434px-OlimpiaBV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/OlimpiaBV.jpg/579px-OlimpiaBV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="622" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Olimpia" Sports Complex, Brașov</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinaia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A half-timbered building in Sinaia"><img alt="A half-timbered building in Sinaia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sinaia.jpg/203px-Sinaia.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sinaia.jpg/304px-Sinaia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sinaia.jpg/406px-Sinaia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A half-timbered building in Sinaia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baltic_states">Baltic states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Baltic states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the result of centuries of German settlement and cultural influence, towns in the Baltic states such as <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> also preserve German-style Fachwerkhäuser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_historic_carpentry" title="American historic carpentry">American historic carpentry</a></div> <p>Most "haft-timbered" houses existing in Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Texas were built by German settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_Van_Ravenswaay_2006_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_Van_Ravenswaay_2006-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_Salem" title="Old Salem">Old Salem</a> North Carolina has fine examples of German fachwerk buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-noble_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noble-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42–43">: 42–43 </span></sup> Many are still present in <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar" title="Colonia Tovar">Colonia Tovar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>), <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> (Brazil), where Germans settled. Later, they chose more suitable building materials for local conditions (most likely because of the great problem of tropical termites.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_France">New France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: New France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the historical region of North America known as <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, <b>colombage pierroté</b>, also called <i>maçonnerie entre poteaux</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Creole_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creole-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> half-timbered construction with the infill between the posts and studs of stone rubble and lime plaster or <a href="/wiki/Bousillage" title="Bousillage">bousillage</a><sup id="cite_ref-Creole_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creole-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and simply called <i>colombage</i> in France. Colombage was used from the earliest settlement until the 18th century but was known as <i>bousillage entre poteaus sur solle</i> in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Lower Louisiana</a>. The style had its origins in Normandy, and was brought to Canada by early Norman settlers. The Men's House at <a href="/wiki/Lower_Fort_Garry" title="Lower Fort Garry">Lower Fort Garry</a> is a good example. The exterior walls of such buildings were often covered over with clapboards to protect the infill from erosion. Naturally, this required frequent maintenance, and the style was abandoned as a building method in the 18th century in Québec. For the same reasons, half-timbering in New England, which was originally employed by the English settlers, fell out of favour soon after the colonies had become established. </p><p>Other variations of half-timbering are <i>colombage à teurques</i> (torchis), straw coated with mud and hung over horizontal staves (or otherwise held in place), colombage an eclisses, and colombage a lattes.<sup id="cite_ref-Creole_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creole-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Poteaux-en-terre" class="mw-redirect" title="Poteaux-en-terre">Poteaux-en-terre</a></b> (posts in ground) is a type of timber framing with the many vertical posts or studs buried in the ground called <a href="/wiki/Post_in_ground" title="Post in ground">post in ground</a> or "earthfast" construction. The tops of the posts are joined to a beam and the spaces between are filled in with natural materials called bousillage or <a href="/wiki/Pierrotage" title="Pierrotage">pierrotage</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Poteaux-sur-sol" title="Poteaux-sur-sol">Poteaux-sur-sol</a></b> (posts on a sill) is a general term for any kind of framing on a sill. However, sometimes it specifically refers to "vertical log construction" like poteaux-en-terre placed on sills with the spaces between the timbers infilled. </p><p><b>Piece-sur-piece</b> also known as <a href="/wiki/Post-and-plank" title="Post-and-plank">Post-and-plank</a> style or "corner post construction" (and many other names) in which wood is used both for the frame and horizontal infill; for this reason it may be incorrect to call it "half-timbering". It is sometimes a blend of framing and log building with two styles: the horizontal pieces fit into groves in the posts and can slide up and down or the horizontal pieces fit into individual mortises in the posts and are pegged and the gaps between the pieces chinked (filled in with stones or chips of wood covered with mud or moss briefly discussed in <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a>.) </p><p>This technique of a timber frame walls filled in with horizontal planks or logs proved better suited to the harsh climates of Québec and Acadia, which at the same time had abundant wood. It became popular throughout New France, as far afield as southern Louisiana. The <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> used this technique for many of its trading posts, and this style of framing becoming known as Hudson Bay style or Hudson Bay corners. Also used by the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> this style also became known as "Red River Framing". "The support of horizontal timbers by corner posts is an old form of construction in Europe. It was apparently carried across much of the continent from Silesia by the Lausitz urnfield culture in the late Bronze Age."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar building techniques are apparently not found in France<sup id="cite_ref-noble_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noble-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup> but exist in Germany and Switzerland known as <i>Bohlenstanderbau</i> when planks are used or <i>blockstanderbau</i> when beams are used as the infill. In Sweden the technique is known as <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">sleppvegg</i></span></i> or <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">skiftesverk</i></span> and in Denmark as <i>bulhus</i>. </p><p>A particularly interesting example in the U.S. is the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Plough_Tavern" title="Golden Plough Tavern">Golden Plough Tavern</a> (c. 1741), York, York County, Pennsylvania, which has the ground level of corner-post construction with the second floor of fachwerk (half timbered) and was built for a German with other Germanic features.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Settlers in New France also built horizontal log, brick, and stone buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Netherland">New Netherland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: New Netherland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Characteristics of traditional timber framing in the parts of the U.S. formerly known as <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> are H-framing also known as dropped-tie framing in the U.S. and the similar anchor beam framing as found in the New World <a href="/wiki/Dutch_barn" title="Dutch barn">Dutch barn</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_England">New England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: New England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some time periods/regions within <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> contain certain framing elements such as common <a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">purlin</a> roofs, five sided ridge beams, plank-frame construction and plank-wall construction. The <a href="/wiki/English_barn" title="English barn">English barn</a> always contains an "English tying joint" and the later <a href="/wiki/New_England_barn" title="New England barn">New England style barn</a> were built using <a href="/wiki/Bent_(structural)" title="Bent (structural)">bents</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V28_D663_Side_framing_of_a_japanese_house_under_construction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PSM_V28_D663_Side_framing_of_a_japanese_house_under_construction.jpg/220px-PSM_V28_D663_Side_framing_of_a_japanese_house_under_construction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PSM_V28_D663_Side_framing_of_a_japanese_house_under_construction.jpg/330px-PSM_V28_D663_Side_framing_of_a_japanese_house_under_construction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PSM_V28_D663_Side_framing_of_a_japanese_house_under_construction.jpg/440px-PSM_V28_D663_Side_framing_of_a_japanese_house_under_construction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>Wall framing of a Japanese house under construction</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese timber framing</a> is believed to be descended from Chinese framing (see <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_wooden_architecture" title="Ancient Chinese wooden architecture">Ancient Chinese wooden architecture</a>). Asian framing is significantly different from western framing, with its predominant use of <a href="/wiki/Post_and_lintel" title="Post and lintel">post and lintel</a> framing and an almost complete lack of diagonal bracing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_styles_in_later_centuries">Revival styles in later centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Revival styles in later centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG/170px-Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG/255px-Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG/340px-Saitta_House_Dyker_Heights.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saitta_House" title="Saitta House">Saitta House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyker_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Dyker Heights, Brooklyn">Dyker Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, built in 1899, has half-timber decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vie%C5%A1butis_%E2%80%9ESenasis_mal%C5%ABnas%E2%80%9C_2013_m.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vie%C5%A1butis_%E2%80%9ESenasis_mal%C5%ABnas%E2%80%9C_2013_m.JPG/170px-Vie%C5%A1butis_%E2%80%9ESenasis_mal%C5%ABnas%E2%80%9C_2013_m.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vie%C5%A1butis_%E2%80%9ESenasis_mal%C5%ABnas%E2%80%9C_2013_m.JPG/255px-Vie%C5%A1butis_%E2%80%9ESenasis_mal%C5%ABnas%E2%80%9C_2013_m.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vie%C5%A1butis_%E2%80%9ESenasis_mal%C5%ABnas%E2%80%9C_2013_m.JPG/340px-Vie%C5%A1butis_%E2%80%9ESenasis_mal%C5%ABnas%E2%80%9C_2013_m.JPG 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The Old Mill Hotel, <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a>, built in 2008, has glass <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(architecture)" title="Curtain wall (architecture)">curtain wall</a> combined half-timber framing.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>When half-timbering regained popularity in Britain after 1860 in the various revival styles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne style</a> houses by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Norman_Shaw" title="Richard Norman Shaw">Richard Norman Shaw</a> and others, it was often used to evoke a "Tudor" atmosphere (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Tudorbethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudorbethan">Tudorbethan</a></i>), though in Tudor times half-timbering had begun to look rustic and was increasingly limited to village houses (<i>illustration, above left</i>). </p><p>In 1912, Allen W. Jackson published <i>The Half-Timber House: Its Origin, Design, Modern Plan, and Construction,</i> and rambling half-timbered beach houses appeared on dune-front properties in <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> or under palm-lined drives of <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills">Beverly Hills</a>. During the 1920s increasingly minimal gestures towards some half-timbering in commercial speculative housebuilding saw the fashion diminish. </p><p>In the revival styles, such as <a href="/wiki/Tudorbethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudorbethan">Tudorbethan</a> (Mock Tudor), the half-timbered appearance is superimposed on the brickwork or other material as an outside decorative <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">façade</a> rather than forming the main frame that supports the structure. </p><p>The style was used in many of the homes built in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mohawk,_New_Jersey" title="Lake Mohawk, New Jersey">Lake Mohawk, New Jersey</a>, as well as all of the clubhouse, shops, and marina. </p><p>For information about "roundwood framing" see the book <i>Roundwood Timber Framing: Building Naturally Using Local Resources</i> by Ben Law (East Meon, Hampshire: Permanent Publications; 2010. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1856230414" title="Special:BookSources/1856230414">1856230414</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of timber framing in buildings offers various aesthetic and structural benefits, as the timber frame lends itself to open plan designs and allows for complete enclosure in effective insulation for energy efficiency. In modern construction, a timber-frame structure offers many benefits: </p> <ul><li>It is rapidly erected. A moderately sized timber-frame home can be erected within 2 to 3 days.</li> <li>It is well suited to prefabrication, modular construction, and mass-production. Timbers can be pre-fit within <a href="/wiki/Bent_(structural)" title="Bent (structural)">bents</a> or wall-sections and aligned with a <a href="/wiki/Jig_(tool)" title="Jig (tool)">jig</a> in a shop, without the need for a machine or hand-cut production line. This allows faster erection on site and more precise alignments. Valley and hip timbers are not typically pre-fitted.</li> <li>As an alternative to the traditional infill methods, the frame can be encased with <a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">SIPs</a>. This stage of preparing the assembled frame for the installation of windows, mechanical systems, and roofing is known as <i>drying in</i>.</li> <li>it can be customized with carvings or incorporate heirloom structures such as barns etc.</li> <li>it can use recycled or otherwise discarded timbers.</li> <li>it offers some structural benefits as the timber frame, if properly engineered, lends itself to better <i>seismic survivability</i><sup id="cite_ref-Timber_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timber-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, there are many half-timbered houses which still stand despite the foundation having partially caved in over the centuries.</li> <li>The generally larger spaces between the frames enable greater flexibility in the placement, at construction or afterwards, of windows and doors with less resulting weakening of the structural integrity and the need for heavy lintels.</li></ul> <p>In North America, heavy timber construction is classified Building Code Type IV: a special class reserved for timber framing which recognizes the inherent fire resistance of large timber and its ability to retain structural capacity in fire situations. In many cases this classification can eliminate the need and expense of fire sprinklers in public buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_or_historic_structures">Traditional or historic structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Traditional or historic structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of the traditional half-timber or <i>fachwerkhaus</i> there are maybe more disadvantages than advantages today. Such houses are notoriously expensive to maintain let alone renovate and restore, most commonly owing to local regulations that do not allow divergence from the original, modification or incorporation of modern materials. Additionally, in such nations as Germany, where energy efficiency is highly regulated, the renovated building may be required to meet modern energy efficiencies, if it is to be used as a residential or commercial structure (museums and significant historic buildings have no semi-permanent habitade exempt). Many framework houses of significance are treated merely to preserve, rather than render inhabitable – most especially as the required heavy insecticidal fumigation is highly poisonous. </p><p>In some cases, it is more economical to build anew using authentic techniques and correct period materials than restore. One major problem with older structures is the phenomenon known as <i>mechano-sorptive creep</i> or slanting: where wood beams absorb moisture whilst under <a href="/wiki/Physical_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical compression">compression</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tension</a> strains and deform, shift position or both. This is a major structural issue as the house may deviate several degrees from perpendicular to its foundations (in the x-axis, y-axis, and even z-axis) and thus be unsafe and unstable or so out of square it is extremely costly to remedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlotte_Bengtsson_1999._pages._317_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlotte_Bengtsson_1999._pages._317-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A summary of problems with <i>Fachwerkhäuser</i> or half-timbered houses includes the following, though many can be avoided by thoughtful design and application of suitable paints and surface treatments and routine maintenance. Often, though when dealing with a structure of a century or more old, it is too late.<sup id="cite_ref-Timber_Engineering_1999._pages._317_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timber_Engineering_1999._pages._317-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"slanting"- <i>thermo-mechanical</i> (weather-seasonally induced) and mechano-sorptive (moisture induced) creep of wood in tension and compression.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlotte_Bengtsson_1999._pages._317_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlotte_Bengtsson_1999._pages._317-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>poor prevention of capillary movement of water within any exposed timber, leading to afore-described creep, or rot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">eaves</a> that are too narrow or non-existent (thus allowing total exposure to rain and snow)</li> <li>too much exterior detailing that does not allow adequate rainwater run-off</li> <li>timber ends, joints, and corners poorly protected through coatings, shape or position</li> <li>non-beveled vertical beams (posts and clapboards) allow water absorption and retention through capillary action.</li> <li>surface point or coatings allowed to deteriorate</li> <li>traditional gypsum, or wattle and daub containing organic materials (animal hair, straw, manure) which then decompose.</li> <li>in both <a href="/wiki/Post_in_ground" title="Post in ground"><i>poteaux-en-terre</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Poteaux-sur-sol" title="Poteaux-sur-sol">poteaux-sur-sol</a></i>, insect, fungus or bacterial decomposition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">rot</a> including <a href="/wiki/Dry_rot" title="Dry rot">dry rot</a>.</li> <li>infestation of <a href="/wiki/Xylophagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Xylophagous">xylophagous</a> pest organisms such as (common in Europe) the <i><a href="/wiki/Ptinidae" title="Ptinidae">Ptinidae</a></i> family, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Common_furniture_beetle" title="Common furniture beetle">common furniture beetle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powderpost_beetle" title="Powderpost beetle">powderpost beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> (quite famously so in many children's stories).</li> <li>Noise from footsteps in adjacent rooms above, below, and on the same floor in such buildings can be quite audible. This is often resolved with built-up floor systems involving clever sound-isolation and absorption techniques and at the same time providing passage space for plumbing, wiring, and even heating and cooling equipment.</li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> that are non-destructive to the wood but are harmful to humans, such as <a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_niger" title="Aspergillus niger">black mold</a>. These fungi may also thrive on many "modern" building materials.</li> <li>Wood <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">burns</a> more readily than some other materials, making timber-frame buildings somewhat more susceptible to fire damage, although this idea is not universally accepted: Since the cross-sectional dimensions of many structural members exceed 15 cm × 15 cm (6" × 6"), timber-frame structures benefit from the unique properties of large timbers, which char on the outside, forming an insulated layer that protects the rest of the beam from burning.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>prior <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> or soil <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> damage</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_historic_carpentry" title="American historic carpentry">American historic carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg_house" title="Berg house">Berg house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">Framing (construction)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_framing#Balloon_framing" class="mw-redirect" title="Balloon framing">Balloon framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_framing" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform framing">Platform framing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Timber-Frame_Road" title="German Timber-Frame Road">German Timber-Frame Road</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodworking joints">Woodworking joints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_museum" title="Open-air museum">Open-air museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherboarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Weatherboarding">Weatherboarding</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/ru/%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA/t-17510090">"Немецкий фахверк | DW | 14 July 2021"</a>. <i>DW.COM</i> (in Russian). Deutsche Welle<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA+%7C+DW+%7C+14+July+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fru%2F%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9-%25D1%2584%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%2Ft-17510090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wallswithstories.com/uncategorized/timber-framing-a-rediscovered-technique-for-building-a-home.html">"Timber framing – A rediscovered technique for building a home"</a>. <i>Walls with Stories</i>. 17 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Walls+with+Stories&rft.atitle=Timber+framing+%E2%80%93+A+rediscovered+technique+for+building+a+home&rft.date=2017-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wallswithstories.com%2Funcategorized%2Ftimber-framing-a-rediscovered-technique-for-building-a-home.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesJokiniemi2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Nikolas; Jokiniemi, Erkki (2008). <i>Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction</i>. Architectural Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8502-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8502-3"><bdi>978-0-7506-8502-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Architecture+and+Building+Construction&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Architectural+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-8502-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Nikolas&rft.au=Jokiniemi%2C+Erkki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vitruviusonarchi00vitruoft/page/128/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater">Vitruvious On Architecture (translated in 1931 from the eighth century Latin), Book II, Chapter 8, paragraph 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunshine2006" class="citation book cs1">Sunshine, Paula (2006). <i>Wattle and Daub</i>. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0747806527" title="Special:BookSources/0747806527"><bdi>0747806527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wattle+and+Daub&rft.place=Princes+Risborough&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Shire+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0747806527&rft.aulast=Sunshine&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlickLiveseyWallis2005" class="citation book cs1">Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005). <i>Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415969301" title="Special:BookSources/0415969301"><bdi>0415969301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0415969301&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft.au=Livesey%2C+Steven+John&rft.au=Wallis%2C+Faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollard_2006_710–711-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pollard_2006_710–711_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollard_2006_710–711_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollardPevsner2006" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Richard; <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a> (2006). <i>The Buildings of England: Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West</i>. New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 710–711. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10910-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10910-5"><bdi>0-300-10910-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buildings+of+England%3A+Lancashire%3A+Liverpool+and+the+South-West&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=710-711&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-300-10910-5&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Pevsner%2C+Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraven2019" class="citation web cs1">Craven, Jackie (3 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-half-timbered-construction-177664">"The Look of Medieval Half-Timbered Construction"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Look+of+Medieval+Half-Timbered+Construction&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft.aulast=Craven&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fwhat-is-half-timbered-construction-177664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood1827" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sherwood, Mary Martha (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=teYKAAAAYAAJ"><i>The lady of the manor being a series of conversations on the subject of confirmation. 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London: Routledge. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415973341" title="Special:BookSources/0415973341"><bdi>0415973341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=London&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0415973341&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Nigel+Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1986" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Joyn Henry (1986) [1875]. <i>Classic Dictionary of Architecture</i> (4th ed.). Poole, Dorset: New Orchard Editions. pp. 178–179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+Dictionary+of+Architecture&rft.place=Poole%2C+Dorset&rft.pages=178-179&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=New+Orchard+Editions&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Joyn+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nortrud_G._Schrammel-Schäl_1987-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nortrud_G._Schrammel-Schäl_1987_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nortrud_G._Schrammel-Schäl_1987_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesslerCustodisLangLandschaftsmuseum_Westerwald1987" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, Karl; Custodis, Paul-Georg; Lang, Helmut R.; Landschaftsmuseum Westerwald; Elenz, Reinhold; Schrammel-Schäl, Nortrud G.; Kreisverwaltung des Westerwaldkreises; Schumacher, Angela; Weinert, Peter P. (1987). <i>Fachwerk im Westerwald: Landschaftsmuseum Westerwald, Hachenburg, Ausstellung vom 11. September 1987 bis 30 April 1988</i>. Landschaftsmuseum Westerwald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-921548-37-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-921548-37-0"><bdi>978-3-921548-37-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fachwerk+im+Westerwald%3A+Landschaftsmuseum+Westerwald%2C+Hachenburg%2C+Ausstellung+vom+11.+September+1987+bis+30+April+1988&rft.pub=Landschaftsmuseum+Westerwald&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3-921548-37-0&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Custodis%2C+Paul-Georg&rft.au=Lang%2C+Helmut+R.&rft.au=Landschaftsmuseum+Westerwald&rft.au=Elenz%2C+Reinhold&rft.au=Schrammel-Sch%C3%A4l%2C+Nortrud+G.&rft.au=Kreisverwaltung+des+Westerwaldkreises&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+Angela&rft.au=Weinert%2C+Peter+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Lumber Manufacturer's Association. 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Tennessee Aquarium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811050255/http://www.tnaqua.org/newsroom/Topping_out_History.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tnaqua.org&rft.atitle=History+of+%22topping+out%22+during+building+construction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnaqua.org%2Fnewsroom%2FTopping_out_History.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/100208">"Pargetting on the White Horse, Pleshey (C) Colin Smith"</a>. <i>geograph.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805065954/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/100208">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geograph.org.uk&rft.atitle=Pargetting+on+the+White+Horse%2C+Pleshey+%28C%29+Colin+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F100208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/14382">"Half-timbered house in Laxfield (C) Toby Speight"</a>. <i>geograph.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805094340/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/14382">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geograph.org.uk&rft.atitle=Half-timbered+house+in+Laxfield+%28C%29+Toby+Speight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F14382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/10482">"Shakespeare's Birthplace in Stratford... (C) Frederick Blake"</a>. <i>geograph.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501203302/https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/10482">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geograph.org.uk&rft.atitle=Shakespeare%27s+Birthplace+in+Stratford...+%28C%29+Frederick+Blake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F10482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/120727">"The Shakespeare Hotel- Stratford Upon Avon:: OS grid SP2054: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!"</a>. Geograph.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120707201556/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/120727">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shakespeare+Hotel-+Stratford+Upon+Avon%3A%3A+OS+grid+SP2054%3A+Geograph+Britain+and+Ireland+%E2%80%93+photograph+every+grid+square%21&rft.pub=Geograph.org.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F120727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/9068">"Huddington Court (C) Richard Dunn"</a>. <i>geograph.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805080651/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/9068">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geograph.org.uk&rft.atitle=Huddington+Court+%28C%29+Richard+Dunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F9068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/11236">"West End Farm, Pembridge, Herefordshire (C) Doug Elliot"</a>. <i>geograph.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805063231/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/11236">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geograph.org.uk&rft.atitle=West+End+Farm%2C+Pembridge%2C+Herefordshire+%28C%29+Doug+Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F11236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/149878">"Pembridge, Market Hall and New Inn:: OS grid SO3958: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!"</a>. Geograph.org.uk. 10 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708041834/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/149878">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pembridge%2C+Market+Hall+and+New+Inn%3A%3A+OS+grid+SO3958%3A+Geograph+Britain+and+Ireland+%E2%80%93+photograph+every+grid+square%21&rft.pub=Geograph.org.uk&rft.date=2006-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F149878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/101605">"The Feathers Hotel, Ludlow (C) Humphrey Bolton"</a>. <i>geograph.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805071059/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/101605">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geograph.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Feathers+Hotel%2C+Ludlow+%28C%29+Humphrey+Bolton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F101605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/346586">"Historic buildings in Ludlow:: OS grid SO5174: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!"</a>. Geograph.org.uk. 24 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708083643/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/346586">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+buildings+in+Ludlow%3A%3A+OS+grid+SO5174%3A+Geograph+Britain+and+Ireland+%E2%80%93+photograph+every+grid+square%21&rft.pub=Geograph.org.uk&rft.date=2007-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F346586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/826">"Half timbered building (C) Andy and Hilary"</a>. <i>geograph.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805084948/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/826">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geograph.org.uk&rft.atitle=Half+timbered+building+%28C%29+Andy+and+Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1524">"Little Moreton Hall: Cheshire (C) Pam Brophy"</a>. <i>geograph.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805101819/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1524">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geograph.org.uk&rft.atitle=Little+Moreton+Hall%3A+Cheshire+%28C%29+Pam+Brophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F1524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/11210">"Spreadeagle Hotel 1430: Midhurst (C) Pam Brophy"</a>. <i>geograph.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061357/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/11210">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geograph.org.uk&rft.atitle=Spreadeagle+Hotel+1430%3A+Midhurst+%28C%29+Pam+Brophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F11210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/333134">"Wealden house"</a>. Geograph.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715220745/http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/333134">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wealden+house&rft.pub=Geograph.org.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F333134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruck Construction: an introduction and catalogue (CBA Research Report 42), pp. 61–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1">Brown, R. J. (1997). <i>Timber-framed buildings of England</i>. London: R. Hale Ltd. pp. 46–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709060920" title="Special:BookSources/0709060920"><bdi>0709060920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timber-framed+buildings+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46-48&rft.pub=R.+Hale+Ltd&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0709060920&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vince-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vince_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vince_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vince_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vince_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vince_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVince1994" class="citation book cs1">Vince, J. (1994). <i>The Timbered House</i>. Sorbus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874329-75-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-874329-75-3"><bdi>1-874329-75-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Timbered+House&rft.pub=Sorbus&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-874329-75-3&rft.aulast=Vince&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettleyPevsner2007" class="citation book cs1">Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2007). <i>The Buildings of England: Essex</i>. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300116144" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300116144"><bdi>978-0300116144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buildings+of+England%3A+Essex&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0300116144&rft.aulast=Bettley&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Pevsner%2C+Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna1994" class="citation book cs1">McKenna, Laurie (1994). <i>Timber Framed Buildings in Cheshire</i>. Cheshire County Council. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0906765161" title="Special:BookSources/0906765161"><bdi>0906765161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timber+Framed+Buildings+in+Cheshire&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cheshire+County+Council&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0906765161&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles_Van_Ravenswaay_2006-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Van_Ravenswaay_2006_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Van_Ravenswaay_2006_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Ravenswaay2006" class="citation book cs1">Van Ravenswaay, Charles (2006). <i>The arts and architecture of German settlements in Missouri: a survey of a vanishing culture</i>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1700-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1700-4"><bdi>978-0-8262-1700-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+arts+and+architecture+of+German+settlements+in+Missouri%3A+a+survey+of+a+vanishing+culture&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1700-4&rft.aulast=Van+Ravenswaay&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdel1928" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Edel, Heinrich (1928). <i>Die Fachwerkhäuser der Stadt Braunschweig: ein kunst und kulturhistorisches Bild</i> (in German). Druckerei Appelhaus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Fachwerkh%C3%A4user+der+Stadt+Braunschweig%3A+ein+kunst+und+kulturhistorisches+Bild&rft.pub=Druckerei+Appelhaus&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Edel&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilhelm_Süvern_1971-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilhelm_Süvern_1971_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilhelm_Süvern_1971_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSüvern1971" class="citation book cs1">Süvern, Wilhelm (1971). <i>Torbögen und Inschriften lippischer Fachwerkhäuser</i>. Heimatland Lippe: Zeitschrift d. Lippischen Heimatbundes. Vol. 7. Lippischer Heimatbund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torb%C3%B6gen+und+Inschriften+lippischer+Fachwerkh%C3%A4user&rft.series=Heimatland+Lippe%3A+Zeitschrift+d.+Lippischen+Heimatbundes&rft.pub=Lippischer+Heimatbund&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=S%C3%BCvern&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heinrich_Stiewe_2007-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heinrich_Stiewe_2007_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heinrich_Stiewe_2007_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiewe2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stiewe, Heinrich (2007). <i>Fachwerkhäuser in Deutschland: Konstruktion, Gestalt und Nutzung vom Mittelalter bis heute</i> (in German). Primus Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89678-589-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89678-589-3"><bdi>978-3-89678-589-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fachwerkh%C3%A4user+in+Deutschland%3A+Konstruktion%2C+Gestalt+und+Nutzung+vom+Mittelalter+bis+heute&rft.pub=Primus+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-89678-589-3&rft.aulast=Stiewe&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.eura7.com" class="citation web cs1">www.eura7.com, Agencja interaktywna EURA7-. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foveotech.pl/zainspiruj-sie/trendy-na-swiecie/domy-z-szachulca-czyli-co-laczy-sudety-i-pomorze-gdanskie">"Domy z szachulca, czyli co łączy Sudety i Pomorze Gdańskie?"</a>. <i>www.foveotech.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.foveotech.pl&rft.atitle=Domy+z+szachulca%2C+czyli+co+%C5%82%C4%85czy+Sudety+i+Pomorze+Gda%C5%84skie%3F&rft.aulast=www.eura7.com&rft.aufirst=Agencja+interaktywna+EURA7-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foveotech.pl%2Fzainspiruj-sie%2Ftrendy-na-swiecie%2Fdomy-z-szachulca-czyli-co-laczy-sudety-i-pomorze-gdanskie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palacjugowice.com/palac-jugowice-pl/okolice-palacu-jugowice/wykaz-atrakcji/swiatynia-pokoju-swidnica/#:~:text=Powierzchnia%20%C5%9Bwi%C4%85tyni%20to%20prawie%201090,szachulcowe%20budynki%20religijne%20w%20Europie.">"Pałac Jugowice"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pa%C5%82ac+Jugowice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palacjugowice.com%2Fpalac-jugowice-pl%2Fokolice-palacu-jugowice%2Fwykaz-atrakcji%2Fswiatynia-pokoju-swidnica%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPowierzchnia%2520%25C5%259Bwi%25C4%2585tyni%2520to%2520prawie%25201090%2Cszachulcowe%2520budynki%2520religijne%2520w%2520Europie.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timber_Engineering_1999._pages._317-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timber_Engineering_1999._pages._317_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timber_Engineering_1999._pages._317_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoström1999" class="citation book cs1">Boström, Lars, ed. (1999). <i>1st International RILEM Symposium on Timber Engineering: Stockholm, Sweden, 13–14 September 1999</i>. RILEM proceedings. Vol. 8. RILEM Publications. pp. 317–327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-912143-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-912143-10-5"><bdi>978-2-912143-10-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1st+International+RILEM+Symposium+on+Timber+Engineering%3A+Stockholm%2C+Sweden%2C+13%E2%80%9314+September+1999&rft.series=RILEM+proceedings&rft.pages=317-327&rft.pub=RILEM+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-912143-10-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanse1989" class="citation book cs1">Janse, Herman (1989). <i>Houten kappen in Nederland 1000–1940</i>. Delftse Universitaire Pers, Delft / Rijksdienst voor de Monumentenzorg, Zeist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houten+kappen+in+Nederland+1000%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Delftse+Universitaire+Pers%2C+Delft+%2F+Rijksdienst+voor+de+Monumentenzorg%2C+Zeist&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Janse&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noble-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noble_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noble_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobleGeib1984" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Allen George; Geib, M. Margaret (1984). <i>Wood, brick, and stone: the North American settlement landscape</i>. 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"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"colombage pierroté" def. 1.". <i>A Creole Lexicon: Architecture, Landscape, People</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22colombage+pierrot%C3%A9%22+def.+1.&rft.btitle=A+Creole+Lexicon%3A+Architecture%2C+Landscape%2C+People&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Jay+Dearborn&rft.au=Verton%2C+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUptonVllach1930" class="citation book cs1">Upton, Dell; Vllach, John Michael (1930). <i>Common places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, referencing V. Gordon Childe, The Bronze Age</i>. NY: Macmillan. pp. 206–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+places%3A+Readings+in+American+Vernacular+Architecture%2C+referencing+V.+Gordon+Childe%2C+The+Bronze+Age&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=206-8&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Dell&rft.au=Vllach%2C+John+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShedd1986" class="citation web cs1">Shedd, Nancy S. (10 March 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925103016/http://www.huntingdonhistoryresearchnetwork.net/?page_id=236">"Corner-Post Log Construction: Description, Analysis, and Sources – A Report to Early American Industries Association"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huntingdonhistoryresearchnetwork.net/?page_id=236">the original</a> on 25 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2023</span> – via Huntingdon History Research Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corner-Post+Log+Construction%3A+Description%2C+Analysis%2C+and+Sources+%E2%80%93+A+Report+to+Early+American+Industries+Association&rft.date=1986-03-10&rft.aulast=Shedd&rft.aufirst=Nancy+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huntingdonhistoryresearchnetwork.net%2F%3Fpage_id%3D236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216233832/http://www.dykerheightscivicassociation.com/saittareport.pdf">"Saitta House – Report Part 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dyker Heights Civic Association. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dykerheightscivicassociation.com/saittareport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saitta+House+%E2%80%93+Report+Part+1&rft.pub=Dyker+Heights+Civic+Association&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dykerheightscivicassociation.com%2Fsaittareport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldmillhotel.lt/en/about-us/">"About us – Palangos Vėtra"</a>. <i>Old Mill Hotel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Old+Mill+Hotel&rft.atitle=About+us+%E2%80%93+Palangos+V%C4%97tra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldmillhotel.lt%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timber-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Timber_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGotz1989" class="citation book cs1">Gotz, Karl-Heinz; et al. (1989). <i>Timber Design & Construction Sourcebook</i>. McGraw-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-023851-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-023851-0"><bdi>0-07-023851-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timber+Design+%26+Construction+Sourcebook&rft.pub=McGraw-Hall&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-07-023851-0&rft.aulast=Gotz&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsib.org/pdf/technical/10-101_Building_Codes.pdf">"IBC Building Type"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Orange, CA: Technical Services Information Bureau. September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728131638/http://www.tsib.org/pdf/technical/10-101_Building_Codes.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBC+Building+Type&rft.place=Orange%2C+CA&rft.pub=Technical+Services+Information+Bureau&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsib.org%2Fpdf%2Ftechnical%2F10-101_Building_Codes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charlotte_Bengtsson_1999._pages._317-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charlotte_Bengtsson_1999._pages._317_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlotte_Bengtsson_1999._pages._317_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengtsson1999" class="citation book cs1">Bengtsson, Charlotte (1999). "Mechano-sorptive creep of wood in tension and compression". In Boström, Lars (ed.). <i>1st International RILEM Symposium on Timber Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, 13–14 September 1999</i>. RILEM proceedings. Vol. 8. RILEM Publications. pp. 317–327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-912143-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-912143-10-5"><bdi>978-2-912143-10-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mechano-sorptive+creep+of+wood+in+tension+and+compression&rft.btitle=1st+International+RILEM+Symposium+on+Timber+Engineering%2C+Stockholm%2C+Sweden%2C+13%E2%80%9314+September+1999&rft.series=RILEM+proceedings&rft.pages=317-327&rft.pub=RILEM+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-912143-10-5&rft.aulast=Bengtsson&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530101217/http://www.cwc.ca/NR/rdonlyres/B80A05FF-77D5-4A7D-B229-4D6434316755/0/BP_2firesafetye.pdf">"Fire Safety"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canadian Wood Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwc.ca/NR/rdonlyres/B80A05FF-77D5-4A7D-B229-4D6434316755/0/BP_2firesafetye.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire+Safety&rft.pub=Canadian+Wood+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwc.ca%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FB80A05FF-77D5-4A7D-B229-4D6434316755%2F0%2FBP_2firesafetye.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mace.manchester.ac.uk/project/research/structures/strucfire/materialInFire/Timber/">"Timber"</a>. <i>Structural Material Behavior in Fire</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123058/http://www.mace.manchester.ac.uk/project/research/structures/strucfire/materialInFire/Timber/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Structural+Material+Behavior+in+Fire&rft.atitle=Timber&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mace.manchester.ac.uk%2Fproject%2Fresearch%2Fstructures%2Fstrucfire%2FmaterialInFire%2FTimber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Richard Harris, <i>Discovering Timber-framed Buildings</i> (3rd rev. ed.), Shire Publications, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7478-0215-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7478-0215-7">0-7478-0215-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Vince1994" class="citation book cs1">John Vince (1994). <i>The Timbered House</i>. Sorbus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874329-75-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-874329-75-3"><bdi>1-874329-75-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Timbered+House&rft.pub=Sorbus&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-874329-75-3&rft.au=John+Vince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>English tradition</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Brunskill1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Brunskill" title="Ronald Brunskill">Ronald Brunskill</a> (1992) [1981]. <i>Traditional Buildings of England</i>. Gollancz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-05299-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-575-05299-6"><bdi>0-575-05299-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Buildings+of+England&rft.pub=Gollancz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-575-05299-6&rft.au=Ronald+Brunskill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>A good introductory book on carpentry and joinery from 1898 in London, England is titled Carpentry & Joinery by Frederick G. Webber and is a free ebook in the public domain: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carpentryjoinery00webb">Carpentry & joinery</a> or reprint <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781236011923" title="Special:BookSources/9781236011923">9781236011923</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781246034189" title="Special:BookSources/9781246034189">9781246034189</a>.</li> <li>Timber Buildings. Low-energy constructions. Cristina Benedetti, Bolzano 2010, Bozen-Bolzano University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6046-033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6046-033-2">978-88-6046-033-2</a></li> <li>For an English summary of important points presented in the Dutch language book Houten kappen in Nederland 1000–1940 (Wooden Roofs in the Netherlands: 1000–1940) use this link <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/jans353hout01_01/jans353hout01_01_0037.php">Herman Janse, Houten kappen in Nederland 1000–1940 · dbnl</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_framing&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Timber_framing" class="extiw" title="commons:Timber framing"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Timber framing</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reconstruction_of_medieval_buildings" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Reconstruction of medieval buildings">Reconstruction of medieval buildings</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Half-timber Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Half-timber_Work">"Half-timber Work" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 836.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Half-timber+Work&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=836&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_Allen_W.1912" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Allen W. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000643777"><i>The half-timber house</i></a>. The country house library. NY: McBride, Nast & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+half-timber+house&rft.place=NY&rft.series=The+country+house+library&rft.pub=McBride%2C+Nast+%26+Co.&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Allen+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F000643777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+framing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking" title="Category:Woodworking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Woodworking" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Woodworking">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Woodworking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Woodworking">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wood_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wood_products" title="Template:Wood products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wood_products" title="Template talk:Wood products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wood_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wood products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wood_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a>/<br />timber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batten" title="Batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lumber_Standard" title="Canadian Lumber Standard">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitch_beam" title="Flitch beam">Flitch beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flooring" title="Wood flooring">Flooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">Lath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">Panelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie#Wooden" title="Railroad tie">Railroad ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)#Wood_siding" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Timber truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">Treenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered<br />wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glued laminated timber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">LVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallam">parallel strand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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