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navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">Christianity in the 17th century</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">Christianity in the 19th century</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Whitefield.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/George_Whitefield.png/250px-George_Whitefield.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="377" class="mw-file-element" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/60px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/120px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a 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height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Christianity in the 18th century</b> is marked by the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, along with the expansion of the Spanish and Portuguese empires around the world, which helped to spread <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protestant_Pietism,_evangelicalism"><span id="Protestant_Pietism.2C_evangelicalism"></span>Protestant Pietism, evangelicalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Protestant Pietism, evangelicalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1710.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1710.png/330px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1710.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1710.png/500px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1710.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1710.png/960px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_1710.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Global Protestantism, 1710</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Sydney_E._Ahlstrom" title="Sydney E. Ahlstrom">Sydney E. Ahlstrom</a> identified a "great international Protestant upheaval" that created <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> in Germany and Scandinavia, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Revival</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> in England, and the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> in the American colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This powerful grass-roots evangelical movement shifted the emphasis from formality to inner piety. In Germany it was partly a continuation of mysticism that had emerged in the Reformation era. The leader was <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">Philipp Spener</a> (1635–1705), They downplayed theological discourse and believed that all ministers should have a conversion experience; they wanted the laity to participate more actively in church affairs. Pietists emphasized the importance of Bible reading. <a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">August Hermann Francke</a> (1663–1727) was another important leader who made <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg">the University of Halle</a> the intellectual center.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pietism was strongest in the Lutheran churches, and also had a presence in the Dutch Reformed church. In Germany, however, reformed Reformed Church's work closely under the control of the government, which distrusted Pietism. Likewise in Sweden, the Lutheran Church of Sweden was so legalistic and intellectually oriented, that it brushed aside pietistic demands for change. Pietism continues to have its influence on European Protestantism, and extended its reach through missionary work across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same movement toward individual piety was called <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicalism</a> in Britain and its colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important leaders included Methodists <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a> and hymn writer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Movements occurred inside the established state churches, but there was also a centripetal force that led to partial independence, as in the case of the Methodist and <a href="/wiki/Wesleyanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyanism">Wesleyan</a> revivals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_American_Great_Awakening">The American Great Awakening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The American Great Awakening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants that swept the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">American colonies</a> in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American religion. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a>, perhaps most powerful intellectual in colonial America, was a key leader. George Whitefield came over from England and made many converts. The Great Awakening emphasized the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching, rudimentary liturgy, and a deep sense of personal guilt and redemption by Christ Jesus. It resulted from powerful preaching that deeply affected listeners with a deep sense of personal guilt and salvation by Christ. Pulling away from ritual and ceremony, the Great Awakening made religion personal to the average person.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It had a major impact in reshaping the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed</a>, and German Reformed denominations, and it strengthened the small <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> denominations. It brought Christianity to the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a> and was an apocalyptic event in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> that challenged established authority. It incited rancor and division between the new revivalists and the old traditionalists who insisted on ritual and doctrine. It had little impact on <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quakers</a>. </p><p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> that began about 1800 and which reached out to the unchurched, the First Great Awakening focused on people who were already church members. It changed their rituals, their piety, and their self-awareness. The new style of sermons and the way people practiced their faith breathed new life into <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">religion in America</a>. People became passionately and emotionally involved in their religion, rather than passively listening to intellectual discourse in a detached manner. Ministers who used this new style of preaching were generally called "new lights", while the preachers of old were called "old lights". People began to study the Bible at home, which effectively decentralized the means of informing the public on religious manners and was akin to the individualistic trends present in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Across Europe the Catholic Church was in a weak position. In the major countries, it was largely controlled by the government. The Jesuits were dissolved in Europe. Intellectually, the Enlightenment attacked and ridiculed Catholic Church, and the aristocracy was given very little support. In the Austrian Empire, the population was a heavily Catholic one, but the government seized control of all the Church lands. The peasant classes continue to be devout, but they had no voice. The French Revolution of the 1790s had a devastating impact in France, essentially shutting down the Catholic Church, seizing and selling its properties, closing its monasteries and schools and exiling most of its leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jesuits">Jesuits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jesuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Michel_van_Loo_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Louis-Michel_van_Loo_003.jpg/250px-Louis-Michel_van_Loo_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Louis-Michel_van_Loo_003.jpg/375px-Louis-Michel_van_Loo_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Louis-Michel_van_Loo_003.jpg/500px-Louis-Michel_van_Loo_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal, "The Expulsion of the Jesuits" by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_van_Loo" title="Louis-Michel van Loo">Louis-Michel van Loo</a>, 1766.</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">inculturation</a> controversy, the very existence of Jesuits were under attack in Portugal, Spain, France, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>. The inculturation controversy and the Jesuit support for the native Indians in South America added fuel to growing criticism of the order, which seemed to symbolize the strength and independence of the Church. Defending the rights of native peoples in South America, hindered the efforts of European powers, especially Spain and Portugal to maintain absolute rule over their domains.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy193_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy193-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal's <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_Marquis_of_Pombal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal">Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal</a> was the main enemy of the Jesuits. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Pope Clement XIII</a> attempted to keep the Jesuits in existence without any changes: <i>Sint ut sunt aut not sint</i> ("Leave them as they are or not at all.")<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1773, European rulers united to force <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Pope Clement XIV</a> to dissolve the order officially, although some chapters continued to operate. <a href="/wiki/Pius_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius VII">Pius VII</a> restored the Jesuits in the 1814 papal bull <a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_omnium_ecclesiarum" title="Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum">Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter295_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter295-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolution">French Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matters grew still worse with the violent anti-clericalism of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct attacks on the wealth of the Catholic Church and associated grievances led to the wholesale nationalisation of church property and attempts to establish a state-run church.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter285_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter285-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large numbers of priests refused to take an oath of compliance to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a>, leading to the Catholic Church being outlawed and replaced by a new religion of the worship of "<a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter285_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter285-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with a new <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">French Republican Calendar</a>. In this period, all monasteries were destroyed, 30,000 priests were exiled and hundreds more were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter285_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter285-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> sided against the revolution in the <a href="/wiki/First_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Coalition">First Coalition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> invaded Italy. The 82-year-old pope was taken prisoner to France in February 1799 and died in <a href="/wiki/Valence,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Valence, Drôme">Valence</a> August 29, 1799 after six months of captivity. To win popular support for his rule, Napoleon re-established the Catholic Church in France through the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins176_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins176-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All over Europe, the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a> signaled by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, brought Catholic revival, and renewed enthusiasm and respect for the papacy following the depredations of the previous era.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy216_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy216-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_colonies">Spanish colonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> with a significant role played by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Incas</a>. </p><p>In the Americas, the Roman Catholic Church expanded its missions but, until the 19th century, had to work under the Spain and Portuguese governments and military.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a>, the Franciscan priest in charge of this effort, founded a series of missions which became important economic, political, and religious institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman111_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman111-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bull of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> <i>Ex Quo Singulari</i> from July 11, 1742, repeated verbatim the bull of <a href="/wiki/Clement_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement XI">Clement XI</a> and stressed the purity of Christian teachings and traditions, which must be upheld against all heresies. Chinese missionaries were forbidden to take part in honors paid to ancestors, to <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, or to the emperors. This bull virtually destroyed the Jesuit goal to Christianize the influential upper classes in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen,_Papstgeschichte,_325_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen,_Papstgeschichte,_325-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vatican policy was the death of the missions in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_324_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_324-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards the Roman Catholic Church experienced missionary setbacks, and in 1721 the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> to outlaw Christian missions.<sup id="cite_ref-McManners328_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McManners328-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese emperor felt duped and refused to permit any alteration of the existing Christian practices. He told the visiting papal delegate: "You destroyed your religion. You put in misery all Europeans living here in China."<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_325_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_325-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar policy of persecution against Christians broke in the Siamese Kingdom after the 1731 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Ayutthaya_on_Missionary_Activities" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Ayutthaya on Missionary Activities">Edict of Ayutthaya on Missionary Activities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to most other nation, Catholicism was introduced into Korea in 1784 by Koreans themselves without assistance of foreign missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Silhak" title="Silhak">Silhak</a> scholars devoted themselves to an intensive study of various philosophical and scientific texts written by Chinese and European scholars. Among those texts were Catholic theological books published in China by Jesuits. They believed Catholicism complements what was lacking in Confucianism. These noble intellectuals became the first Christians in Korea. <a href="/wiki/Yi_Seung-hun" title="Yi Seung-hun">Yi Seung-hun</a>, the first Korean who was christened Peter in Beijing, on his return from China in September 1784, and formed a Christian community. The Christian community developed rapidly thanks to their ardent dedication to the mission. They translated books on Catholicism from Chinese into Korean for Koreans and constantly appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> to send priests for Korean people. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Pope Leo XII</a> established the Korea Apostolic Vicariate and to delegate the missionary work to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a> in 1828. Since then French missionaries came to Korea secretly.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1846, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kim_Taegon" title="Andrew Kim Taegon">Andrew Kim Taegon</a> was ordained and became the first Korean priest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbian_Church">Serbian Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Serbian Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Austro-Turkish war (1683–1699)</a> years, relations between Muslims and Christians in European provinces of the Turkish Empire were greatly radicalized. As a result of Turkish oppression, destruction of monasteries and violence against the non-Muslim civilian population, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian</a> Christians and their Church leaders headed by Serbian Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Arsenije_III_%C4%8Carnojevi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenije III Čarnojević">Arsenije III</a> sided with Austrians in 1689 and again in 1737 under Serbian Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Arsenije_IV_Jovanovi%C4%87_%C5%A0akabenta" title="Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta">Arsenije IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004144,_244_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004144,_244-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following punitive campaigns, Turkish armies conducted many atrocities against local Christian populations in Serbian regions, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Great_Migrations_of_the_Serbs" title="Great Migrations of the Serbs">Great Migrations of the Serbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200219–20_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200219–20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequent Serbian uprisings against the Turks and involvement of Serbian Patriarchs in anti-Ottoman activities, led to the political compromise of the Patriarchate in the eyes of the Turkish political elite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2011115-116_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2011115-116-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of Serbian bishops, Turkish authorities favored politically more reliable Greek bishops who were promoted to Serbian eparchies and even to the Patriarchal throne in Peć.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotić2008520_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotić2008520-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaskalovMarinov201330,_33_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaskalovMarinov201330,_33-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same time, after 1752 a series of internal conflicts arose among leading figures in the Serbian Patriarchate, resulting in constant fights between Serbian and Greek pretenders to the Patriarchal throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907307_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907307-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć collapsed in 1766, when it was abolished by the Turkish Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a> (1757–1774).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEПузовић200039_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEПузовић200039-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire territory of the Serbian Patriarchate under Ottoman rule was placed under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudometof200154_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudometof200154-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004177_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004177-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The throne of Peć was suppressed and eleven remaining Serbian eparchies were transferred to the throne of Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiminas200919,_24_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiminas200919,_24-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Church">Russian Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russian Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1721, Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> abolished completely the patriarchate and so the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> effectively became a department of the government, ruled by a Most Holy Synod composed of senior bishops and lay bureaucrats appointed by the Tsar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background-color:lavender;">18th century Timeline</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>1701 - <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel_in_Foreign_Parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts</a> officially organized<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1701 - <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church_of_the_Netherlands" title="Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands">Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands</a> splits with Roman Catholicism</li> <li>1702 - <a href="/wiki/George_Keith_(missionary)" title="George Keith (missionary)">George Keith</a>, returns to America as a missionary of the newly organized <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel_in_Foreign_Parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts</a></li> <li>1703 - The <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel_in_Foreign_Parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts</a> expands to the West Indies<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1704 - French missionary priests arrive to evangelize the <a href="/wiki/Chitimacha" title="Chitimacha">Chitimacha</a> living along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> in what is now the state of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li>1705 - <a href="/wiki/Danish-Halle_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish-Halle Mission">Danish-Halle Mission</a> to India begins with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartholomew_Ziegenbalg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartholomew Ziegenbalg (page does not exist)">Bartholomew Ziegenbalg</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Plutschau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Plutschau (page does not exist)">Henry Plutschau</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1706 - Irish-born <a href="/wiki/Francis_Makemie" title="Francis Makemie">Francis Makemie</a>, who has been an itinerant Presbyterian missionary among the colonists of America since 1683, is finally able to organize the first American presbytery</li> <li>1707 - Italian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a> missionaries reach <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maillard_de_Tournon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maillard de Tournon (page does not exist)">Maillard de Tournon</a> makes public, in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> decisions on rites, including the stipulations against the veneration of ancestors and of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>.</li> <li>1707 - <i>Examen theologicum acroamaticum</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Hollatz_(dogmatician)" title="David Hollatz (dogmatician)">David Hollatz</a>: the last great work of the Lutheran doctrine before the Age of Enlightenment</li> <li>1708 - Jesuit missionary <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Sidotti" title="Giovanni Battista Sidotti">Giovanni Battista Sidotti</a> is arrested in Japan. He is taken to <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> (now called Tokyo) to be interrogated by <a href="/wiki/Arai_Hakuseki" title="Arai Hakuseki">Arai Hakuseki</a></li> <li>1709 - Experience Mayhew, missionary to the <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> Indians, translates the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Massachusett" title="Massachusett">Massachusett</a> language. It will be a work considered second only to John Eliot's Indian Bible in terms of significant Indian-language translations in colonial <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li>1710 - First modern Bible Society founded in Germany by Count Canstein <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://clausenbooks.com/bible1800.htm">[1]</a></li> <li>1711 - Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a>, missionary explorer in southern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and northern Sonora, dies suddenly in northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. Kino, who has been called "the cowboy missionary", had fought against the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indians</a> in Mexican silver mines.</li> <li>1712 - Using a press sent by <a href="/wiki/SPCK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPCK">The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Danish-Halle_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish-Halle Mission">Tranquebar Mission</a> in India begins printing books in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a></li> <li>1713 - Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Desideri" title="Ippolito Desideri">Ippolito Desideri</a> goes to <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> as a missionary</li> <li>1714 - New Testament translated into <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (India);<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a missionary training college is established in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></li> <li>1715 - <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> missionary outreach is renewed in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and Northern China <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.antiochian-orthodox.co.uk/orthodox_christian_mission.htm">[2]</a></li> <li>1716 - The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Alamo_Mission_in_San_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamo Mission in San Antonio">Alamo Mission in San Antonio</a> is authorized by the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. The mission was to be an educational center for <a href="/wiki/North_American_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Indians">Native Americans</a> who converted to Christianity.</li> <li>1717 - Chen Mao writes to the Chinese Emperor about his concerns over <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic church">Catholic</a> missionaries and Western traders. He urgently requested an all-out prohibition of Catholic missionaries in the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing provinces</a>.</li> <li>1718 - <a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a> constructs a church building in India that is still in use today</li> <li>1718-22 - orthodox Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ernst_L%C3%B6scher" title="Valentin Ernst Löscher">Valentin Ernst Löscher</a> publishes <i>The Complete Timotheus Verinus</i> against Pietism</li> <li>1719 - <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts" title="Isaac Watts">Isaac Watts</a> writes missionary <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a> "Jesus Shall Reign Where'er the Sun"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1720 - Missionary Johann Ernst Gruendler dies in India. He had arrived there in 1709 with the sponsorship of the Danish Mission Society</li> <li>1721 - Mission San Juan Bautista Malibat in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> is abandoned due to the hostility of the Cochimi Indians, as well as to the decimation of the local population by epidemics and a water shortage. Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> bans Christian missionaries as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a>.</li> <li>1721 - <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a> substituted Moscow Patriarchate with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod" title="Holy Synod">Holy Synod</a></li> <li>1722 - <a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a> goes to <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1723 - <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millar" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Millar">Robert Millar</a> publishes <i>A History of the Propagation of Christianity and the Overthrow of Paganism</i> advocating prayer as the primary means of converting non-Christians<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1724 - <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng Emperor</a> bans missionary activities outside the <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> area</li> <li>1725 - Knud Leem arrives as a missionary to the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a> (Norwegian Arctic)</li> <li>1726 - John Wright, a <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quaker</a> missionary to the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, settles in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li>1728 - Institutum Judaicum founded in Halle as first <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> mission center for Jewish evangelism<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1728 - <a href="/wiki/The_Vicar_of_Bray_(song)" title="The Vicar of Bray (song)">The Vicar of Bray (song)</a></li> <li>1729 - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic church">Roman Catholic</a> missionary Du Poisson becomes the first victim in the Natchez massacre. On his way to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, he had been asked to stop and say Mass at the <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a> post. He was killed in front of the altar</li> <li>1730 - Lombard, French missionary, founds a Christian village with over 600 Indians at the mouth of Kuru river in <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>. A Jesuit, Lombard has been called the most successful of all missionaries in <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converting</a> the Indians of <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li>1730-1749 - <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> in U.S.</li> <li>1731 - A missionary movement is born when Count <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Ludwig_Zinzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf">Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf</a> attends the coronation of King <a href="/wiki/Christian_VI_of_Denmark" title="Christian VI of Denmark">Christian VI of Denmark</a>. By the following year, the movement with which Zinzendorf was associated, the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>, would launch missionary outreach in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1732 - <a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a> founds the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic religious order">Roman Catholic religious order</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer">Redemptorist Fathers</a> with the purpose of doing missionary work among rural people<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1733 - <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a> go to <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1734 - A missionary convinces a <a href="/wiki/Groton,_Connecticut" title="Groton, Connecticut">Groton, Connecticut</a> church to lend its building to the <a href="/wiki/Mashantucket_Pequot_Tribe" title="Mashantucket Pequot Tribe">Mashantucket Pequot Tribe</a> for Christian worship services.</li> <li>1735 - <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> goes to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> as missionary with the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel_in_Foreign_Parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1735 - <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li> <li>1736 - Anti-Christian edicts in China; <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> missionaries at work among <a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></li> <li>1737 - Rev. Pugh, a missionary in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> with The <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel_in_Foreign_Parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts</a>, writes home to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to say that he had begun ministering to blacks. He noted that the masters of the slaves were prejudiced against them becoming Christian.</li> <li>1738 - <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> missionary George Schmidt settles in Baviaan Kloof (Kloof of the Baboons) in the Riviersonderend valley of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. He begins working with the <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoikhoi</a> people, who were practically on the threshold of extinction.</li> <li>1738 - <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist movement</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> and his hymn-writing brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles</a>, begins</li> <li>1739 - The first missionary to the <a href="/wiki/Mahican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican">Mahican</a> (Mohegan) Indians, John Sergeant, builds a home in <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Stockbridge, Massachusetts">Stockbridge, Massachusetts</a> that is today a museum.</li> <li>1740 - <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Zeisberger" title="David Zeisberger">David Zeisberger</a> starts work among <a href="/wiki/Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creek people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1741 - Dutch missionaries start building Christ Church building in <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Town">Malacca Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. It will take 12 years to complete.</li> <li>1741 - <a href="/wiki/Sinners_in_the_Hands_of_an_Angry_God" title="Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God">Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God</a>, famous <a href="/wiki/Fire_and_brimstone" title="Fire and brimstone">Fire and brimstone</a> sermon</li> <li>1742 - <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> Leader Count <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Ludwig_Zinzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf">Zinzendorf</a> visits <a href="/wiki/Shekomeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekomeko">Shekomeko</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and baptizes six Indians</li> <li>1743 - <a href="/wiki/David_Brainerd" title="David Brainerd">David Brainerd</a> starts ministry to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North American Indians</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1744 - Thomas Thompson resigns his position as dean at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> to become a missionary. He was sent by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel_in_Foreign_Parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. Taking a special interest in the slave population there, he would later request to begin mission work in Africa. In 1751, Thompson would become the first S.P.G. missionary to the Gold Coast (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>)</li> <li>1745 - <a href="/wiki/David_Brainerd" title="David Brainerd">David Brainerd</a>, after preaching to Native Americans in December, wrote about the response: "They soon came in, one after another; with tears in their eyes, to know, what they should do to be saved. . . . It was an amazing season of power among them, and seemed as if God had bowed the heavens and come down ... and that God was about to convert the whole world."</li> <li>1746 - From <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a> a call is issued to the Christians of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> to enter into a seven-year "Concert of Prayer" for missionary work<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1747 - <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Edwards (theology)">Jonathan Edwards</a> appeals for prayer for world missions; birth of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(Bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Coke (Bishop)">Thomas Coke</a>, the "Father of Methodist Missions"</li> <li>1748 - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic church">Roman Catholic</a> Pedro Sanz and the four other missionaries are executed, together with 14 Chinese Christians. Prior to his death, Sanz reportedly converted some of his prison guards to Christianity.</li> <li>1749 - <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> Franciscan priest <a href="/wiki/Junipero_Serra" class="mw-redirect" title="Junipero Serra">Junipero Serra</a> (1713–1784) arrives in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> as a missionary. In 1767 he would go north to what is now <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, zealously <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converting</a> Native Americans.</li> <li>1750 - <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Edwards (theology)">Jonathan Edwards</a>, preacher of the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a>, having been banished from his church at <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton, Massachusetts</a> goes as a missionary to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockbridge Indians">Housatonic Indians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Frederic_Schwartz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Frederic Schwartz (page does not exist)">Christian Frederic Schwartz</a> goes to India with Danish-Halle Mission<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1751 - Samuel Cooke arrives in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> as a missionary for the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel_in_Foreign_Parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts</a></li> <li>1752 - Thomas Thompson, first <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> missionary to Africa, arrives in the Gold Coast (now <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1753 - Searchers in <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> looking for <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> Johann Christian Erhardt finds the body of one of his traveling companions. The disappearance of Erhardt and six companions had led to temporary abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> missionary initiatives in <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>.</li> <li>1754 - <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> John Ettwein arrives in America from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> as a missionary. Preaching to Native Americans and establishing missions, Ettwein will travel as far south as <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. Eventually, he will become head of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> in what is now the United States.</li> <li>1755 - The <a href="/wiki/Mahican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican">Mahican</a> Indian settlement at Gnadenhutten, Pa. is attacked and destroyed. <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> missionary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Jacob_Schmick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Jacob Schmick (page does not exist)">Johann Jacob Schmick</a> who pastors a group of Indian converts, will remain with the Mahicans through exile and captivity despite almost constant threats from white neighbors. Schmick will join his <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indian</a> congregation as they seek refuge in Bethlehem, follow them as captives to Philadelphia, and remain with them after they settle in <a href="/wiki/Wyalusing,_Pennsylvania" title="Wyalusing, Pennsylvania">Wyalusing, Pennsylvania</a>.</li> <li>1756 - Civil unrest forces <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon_Halley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gideon Halley (page does not exist)">Gideon Halley</a> away from his missionary work among the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Six Nations</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> where he has been working for four years under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Edwards (theology)">Jonathan Edwards</a> with an appointment from the Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians.</li> <li>1757 - <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> begin ministering to Blacks in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.rootsweb.com/~caribgw/tips.html">[3]</a></li> <li>1758 - <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> baptizes two <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> slaves, thus breaking the skin color barrier for Methodist societies <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gcah.org/UMC_timeline.htm">[4]</a></li> <li>1759 - Native American Samson Occom, direct descendant of the great <a href="/wiki/Mahican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican">Mahican</a> chief Uncas, is ordained by the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>. Despite poor eyesight, Occom became the first <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> to publish works in English. These included sermons, hymns and a short autobiography.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1760 - Adam Voelker and Christian Butler arrive in <a href="/wiki/Tranquebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquebar">Tranquebar</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> missionaries to India</li> <li>1761 - The first <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> missionary in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, Frederick Post, settles on the north side of the Muskingum in what is now Bethlehem township</li> <li>1762 - <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> Missionary <a href="/wiki/John_Heckewelder" title="John Heckewelder">John Heckewelder</a> confers with Koquethagacton ("<a href="/wiki/White_Eyes" title="White Eyes">White Eyes</a>") at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_River_(Pennsylvania)" title="Beaver River (Pennsylvania)">Beaver River (Pennsylvania)</a></li> <li>1763 - The Presbyterian Synod of New York orders that a collection for missions be taken. In 1767 the <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a> will ask that this collection be done annually.</li> <li>1764 - The <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a> make a decision to expand and begin publicizing their missionary activity, particularly in the British colonies; <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> Jens Haven makes the first of three exploratory missionary journeys to <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li>1765 - <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> Governor General Crommelin convinces three <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> missionaries to work near the head waters of the Gran Rio. They settle among the <a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a> near the Senthea Creek in Granman Abini's village where they are received with mixed feelings.</li> <li>1766 - Philip Quaque, a Fetu youth from the Cape Coast area of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> who spent twelve years studying in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, returns to Africa. Supported as a missionary by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel_in_Foreign_Parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts</a>, Quaque is first non-European ordained priest in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li>1767 - <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> expels the Jesuits from Spanish colonies in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li>1767-1815 - <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Jesuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of the Jesuits">Suppression of the Jesuits</a></li> <li>1768 - Five United Brethren missionaries from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, invited by the Danish Guinea Company, arrive in the Gold Coast (now <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>), to teach in the Cape Coast Castle schools</li> <li>1768 - <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Samuel_Reimarus" title="Hermann Samuel Reimarus">Reimarus</a> dies without publishing his radical critic work distinguishing Historical Jesus versus Christ of Faith</li> <li>1768 <a href="/wiki/New_Smyrna,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="New Smyrna, Florida">New Smyrna, Florida</a>, Greek Orthodox colony founded</li> <li>1769 - <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a> founds <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Diego_de_Alcal%C3%A1" title="Mission San Diego de Alcalá">Mission San Diego de Alcalá</a>, first of the 21 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Missions_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Missions of California">Alta California missions</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1769 - <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Diego_de_Alcala" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission San Diego de Alcala">Mission San Diego de Alcala</a>, first California mission</li> <li>1770 - John Marrant, a free black from New York City, begins ministering cross-culturally, preaching to the American Indians. By 1775 he had carried the gospel to the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creek</a> Indians as well as to groups he called the Catawar and Housaw peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Gailey,_p._82_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gailey,_p._82-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1771 - <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a> arrives in America; David Avery is ordained as missionary to the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneida tribe">Oneida tribe</a></li> <li>1771 - <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a>, published his "Universal Theology of the True Christian Religion" which would later be used by others to found <a href="/wiki/Swedenborgianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedenborgianism">Swedenborgianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1772 - After visiting Scilly Cove in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, Canada, missionary James Balfour describes it as a "most Barbarous Lawless Place"</li> <li>1773 - <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Pope Clement XIV</a> dissolves the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit Order</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two <a href="/wiki/Dominican_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican order">Dominican order</a> missionaries beheaded in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li>1774 - <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> missionaries Christoph Brasen and Gottfried Lehmann drown when their <a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">sloop</a> sinks in a storm off <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mun.ca/rels/morav/texts/brasen.html">[5]</a></li> <li>1774 - <a href="/wiki/Ann_Lee" title="Ann Lee">Ann Lee</a> leader of American <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li>1774 - <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a> starts publishing Reimarus works on historical Jesus as Anonymous Fragments, starting Liberal Theology Era (in <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>)</li> <li>1775 - John Crook is sent by Liverpool <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li>1776 - Cyril Vasilyevich Suchanov builds first church among <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transbaikal" title="Transbaikal">Transbaikal</a> (or Dauria) in (Siberia); The first <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a> by a Lutheran pastor takes place in <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>.</li> <li>1776 - <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Francisco_de_Asis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission San Francisco de Asis">Mission Dolores</a>, San Francisco</li> <li>1776-1788 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon's</a> <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>, critical of Christianity</li> <li>1777 - Portuguese missionaries build a church at Hashnabad, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li>1778 - Theodore Sladich is martyred while doing missionary work to counter Islamic influence in the western <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li>1779 - Charles Simeon is converted while a student at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>. Twenty years later he helped found what became the <a href="/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Missionary Society">Church Missionary Society</a>.</li> <li>1779 - <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a>, "Jesus never coerced anyone to follow him, and the imposition of a religion by government officials is impious"</li> <li>1780 - August Gottlieb Spangenberg writes <i>An Account of the Manner in Which the Protestant Church of the Unitas Fratrum, or United Brethren, Preach the Gospel, and Carry On Their Missions Among the Heathen</i>. Originally written in the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a>, the book will be translated into English in 1788.</li> <li>1780 - <a href="/wiki/Robert_Raikes" title="Robert Raikes">Robert Raikes</a> begins <a href="/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday schools</a> to reach poor and uneducated children in England</li> <li>1781 - In the midst of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the British so feared <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/David_Zeisberger" title="David Zeisberger">David Zeisberger</a> and his influence among the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> (also called Delaware) and other Native Americans that they arrested him and his assistant, John Heckewelder, charging them with treason,</li> <li>1782 - Freed <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Lisle_(Baptist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Lisle (Baptist)">George Lisle</a> goes to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> as missionary<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1783 - Moses Baker and George Gibbions, both former slaves, leave the U.S. to become missionaries in the West Indies</li> <li>1784 - <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Coke (Methodist)">Thomas Coke (Methodist)</a> submits his Plan for the Society for the Establishment of Missions Among the Heathen. Methodist missions among the "heathen" will begin in 1786 when Coke, destined for <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, is driven off course by a storm and lands at <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1784 - American Methodists form <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a> at so-called "Christmas Conference", led by bishops <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Coke (Methodist)">Thomas Coke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a></li> <li>1784 - Roman Catholicism is re-introduced in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and disseminates after almost 200 years since its first introduction in 1593.</li> <li>1785 - Joseph White's sermon titled "On the Duty of Attempting the Propagation of the Gospel among our Mahometan and Gentoo Subjects in India" is published in the second edition of his book <i>Sermons Containing a View of Christianity and Mahometanism, in their History, their Evidence, and their Effects.</i> The sermon was first preached at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.</li> <li>1786 - <a href="/wiki/John_Marrant" title="John Marrant">John Marrant</a>, a free black from <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York City</a>, writes in his journal that he preached to "a great number of Indians and white people" at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Green%27s_Harbor,_Newfoundland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green's Harbor, Newfoundland (page does not exist)">Green's Harbor, Newfoundland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/documents/diaries/journal/3-13.htm">[6]</a> Marrant's cross-cultural ministry led him to take the Gospel to the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creek_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek (people)">Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catawba_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catawba (tribe)">Catawba</a> (he called them the Catawar, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Housaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Housaw (page does not exist)">Housaw</a> Indians.</li> <li>1787 - <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a> is ordained in England by the <a href="/wiki/Strict_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Strict Baptist">Particular Baptists</a> and soon begins to urge that worldwide missions be undertaken.</li> <li>1788 - Dutch missionaries begin preaching the Gospel among fishermen in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li>1788 - <a href="/wiki/Richard_Johnson_(chaplain)" title="Richard Johnson (chaplain)">Richard Johnson</a> accompanies <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> as first Christian minister in Australia.</li> <li>1789 - The Jesuits establish <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> as the first US Catholic college<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1789-1801 - <a href="/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution</a></li> <li>1789-1815 - <a href="/wiki/John_Carroll_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carroll (priest)">John Carroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Baltimore" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore</a>, first Roman Catholic US bishop</li> <li>1790 - Prince Williams, a freed slave from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, goes to <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau, Bahamas</a>, where he will start Bethel Meeting House<sup id="cite_ref-Gailey,_p._82_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gailey,_p._82-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1791 - One hundred and twenty Korean Christians are tortured and killed for their faith. It began when Paul Yun Ji-Chung, a noble who had become a Christian, decided not to bury his mother according to traditional Confucian custom.</li> <li>1791 - <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li>1792 - <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a> writes <i>An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to use means for the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">heathen</a></i> and forms the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Missionary Society">Baptist Missionary Society</a> to support him in establishing missionary work in India<sup id="cite_ref-Kane,_p._85_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane,_p._85-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1792 - <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a> writes <i>An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to use means for the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">heathen</a></i> and forms the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Missionary Society">Baptist Missionary Society</a> to support him in establishing missionary work in India<sup id="cite_ref-Kane,_p._85_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane,_p._85-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1793 - <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Badin" title="Stephen Badin">Stephen Badin</a> ordained in U.S. Although much of Badin's ministry was pastoral work among his own countrymen, he did some outreach among the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> Indians <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.earlychicago.com/encyclopedia.php">[7]</a></li> <li>1793 <a href="/wiki/Herman_of_Alaska" title="Herman of Alaska">Herman of Alaska</a> brings Orthodoxy to Alaska</li> <li>1794 - Eight <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox church">Russian Orthodox</a> missionaries arrive on Kodiak Island in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. Within a few months several thousand people have been baptized<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1795 - The <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> is formed to send missionaries to <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1795 - <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a> written by Thomas Paine, advocated Deism</li> <li>1796 - Scottish and Glasgow Missionary Societies established;<sup id="cite_ref-Kane,_p._86_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane,_p._86-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, Johann Philipp Fabricius' translation of the Bible into <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> is revised and published <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.baldaeus.com/html/0065.html">[8]</a></li> <li>1796 - <a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tripoli_(1796)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty with Tripoli (1796)">Treaty with Tripoli (1796)</a>, article 11: "the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion"</li> <li>1797 - Netherlands Missionary Society formed;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Duff, carrying 36 lay and pastoral missionaries, sails to three islands of the South Pacific;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Christian missionary (from the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a>) visits Hiva on the Pacific island of <a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a>; he is not well received.</li> <li>1798 - The Missionary Society of Connecticut is organized by the Congregationalists to take the gospel to the "heathen lands" of Vermont and Ohio. Its missionaries evangelized both European settlers and Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1799 - The <a href="/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Missionary Society">Church Missionary Society</a> (Church of England) is formed;<sup id="cite_ref-Kane,_p._86_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane,_p._86-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vanderkemp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Vanderkemp (page does not exist)">John Vanderkemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> goes to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, Africa<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1800 - <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Missionary_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Missionary Society (page does not exist)">New York Missionary Society</a> formed; Johann Janicke founds a school in Berlin to train young people for missionary service<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1800 - <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a> publishes his first book, beginning <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal Christianity</a> movement</li> <li>1800 - <a href="/wiki/James_Dixon_(priest)" title="James Dixon (priest)">James Dixon</a> and two other Irish convicts the first Catholic priests in Australia.</li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity#18th_century" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline of Christianity#18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions#1700_to_1799" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Timeline of Christian missions#1700 to 1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Church#1600–1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church">Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church#1600–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_list_of_saints_and_blesseds_in_the_18th_century" title="Chronological list of saints and blesseds in the 18th century">Chronological list of saints and blesseds in the 18th century</a></li></ul> </div><div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sydney E. Ahlstrom, <i>A Religious History of the American People</i>. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1972) p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Ernest Stoeffler, <i>German Pietism During the Eighteenth Century</i> (Brill Archive, 1973)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard L. Gawthrop, <i>Pietism and the Making of Eighteenth-century Prussia</i> (Cambridge UP, 1993)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Scott Latourette, <i>Christianity in a Revolutionary Age. Vol. I: The 19th Century in Europe; Background and the Roman Catholic Phase</i> (1958) pp 74-89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark A. Noll, et al. eds. <i>Evangelicalism: Comparative studies of popular Protestantism in North America, the British Isles, and beyond 1700-1900</i> (Oxford University Press, 1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard P. Heitzenrater, <i>Wesley and the people called Methodists</i> (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Lambert, <i>"Pedlar in divinity": George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737–1770</i> (1993)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Temperley and Stephen Barfield, eds., <i>Music and the Wesleys</i> (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Howard Smith, <i>The First Great Awakening: Redefining Religion in British America, 1725–1775</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas S. Kidd, <i>The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America</i> (Yale University Press, 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Johnson, <i>A History of Christianity</i> (1976) pp 353 -54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy193-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy193_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Leslie_Cross_and_Elizabeth_A._Livingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Frank Leslie Cross and Elizabeth A. Livingstone (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA366"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a>. Oxford UP. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft.au=Frank+Leslie+Cross+and+Elizabeth+A.+Livingstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter295-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter295_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), p. 295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCross_and_Livingstoneand_Elizabeth_A._Livingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross and Livingstone; and Elizabeth A. Livingstone (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA366"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a>. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=366&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft.au=Cross+and+Livingstone&rft.au=and+Elizabeth+A.+Livingstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edward-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edward_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward, <i>The Cambridge Modern History</i> (1908), p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter285-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter285_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter285_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter285_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), pp.283-285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins176-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins176_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, <i>The Story of Christianity</i> (1999), p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy216-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy216_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), pp.214-216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen, 362</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman111-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norman111_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, <i>The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History</i> (2007), pp.111-112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen,_Papstgeschichte,_325-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franzen,_Papstgeschichte,_325_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen, Papstgeschichte, 325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen_324-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_324_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McManners328-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McManners328_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McManners, <i>Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity</i> (1990), p. 328, Chapter 9 The Expansion of Christianity by <a href="/wiki/John_McManners" title="John McManners">John McManners</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen_325-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_325_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen 325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement</i> (New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004144,_244-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004144,_244_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFĆirković2004">Ćirković 2004</a>, pp. 144, 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200219–20-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200219–20_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPavlowitch2002">Pavlowitch 2002</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2011115-116-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2011115-116_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2011">Kia 2011</a>, p. 115-116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotić2008520-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotić2008520_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFotić2008">Fotić 2008</a>, p. 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaskalovMarinov201330,_33-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaskalovMarinov201330,_33_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaskalovMarinov2013">Daskalov & Marinov 2013</a>, p. 30, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907307-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue1907307_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue1907">Fortescue 1907</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEПузовић200039-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEПузовић200039_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFПузовић2000">Пузовић 2000</a>, pp. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudometof200154-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudometof200154_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoudometof2001">Roudometof 2001</a>, pp. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004177-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004177_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFĆirković2004">Ćirković 2004</a>, pp. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiminas200919,_24-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiminas200919,_24_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiminas2009">Kiminas 2009</a>, pp. 19, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kane, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herzog, vol. XII, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kane, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neill, p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kane, p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neill, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kane, 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herzog, vol. IX, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glazier, p. 689</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kane, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moreau, p. 913</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thwaites, Reuben Gold. <i>The Revolution on the Upper Ohio, 1775-1777: Compiled from the Draper Manuscripts in the Library of the Wisconsin Historical Society</i>. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2002, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, 2004, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kane, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latourette, 1941, vol. III, p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Scott Latourette, <i>A History of the Expansion of Christianity</i> 1941, vol. V, p. 446</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herzog, vol. VIII, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Habermann, p. 370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gailey,_p._82-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gailey,_p._82_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gailey,_p._82_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gailey, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emanuelswedenborg.org/2006/10/18/the-works-of-emanuel-swedenborg-in-chronological-order/">The Works of Emanuel Swedenborg in Chronological Order </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latourette, 1941, vol. IV, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gailey, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Habermann, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kane,_p._85-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kane,_p._85_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kane,_p._85_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kane, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latourette, 1941, vol. IV, p. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kane, 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kane,_p._86-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kane,_p._86_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kane,_p._86_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kane, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kane, pp. 80, 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latourette, 1941, vol. V, p. 202-203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latourette, 1941, vol. IV, p. 90</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFĆirković2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Ćirković, Sima</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC"><i>The Serbs</i></a>. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915" title="Special:BookSources/9781405142915"><bdi>9781405142915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs&rft.place=Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781405142915&rft.aulast=%C4%86irkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Wc-DWRzoeIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaskalovMarinov2013" class="citation book cs1">Daskalov, Rumen; Marinov, Tchavdar, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FGmJqMflYgoC"><i>Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004250765" title="Special:BookSources/9789004250765"><bdi>9789004250765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entangled+Histories+of+the+Balkans%3A+Volume+One%3A+National+Ideologies+and+Language+Policies&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004250765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFGmJqMflYgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFotić2008" class="citation book cs1">Fotić, Aleksandar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC">"Serbian Orthodox Church"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i>. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">519–</span>520. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110257" title="Special:BookSources/9781438110257"><bdi>9781438110257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serbian+Orthodox+Church&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E519-%3C%2Fspan%3E520&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781438110257&rft.aulast=Foti%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1907" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, Adrian (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orthodoxeasternc00fort"><i>The Orthodox Eastern Church</i></a> (1 ed.). London: Catholic Truth Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Eastern+Church&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Catholic+Truth+Society&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forthodoxeasternc00fort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKia2011" class="citation book cs1">Kia, Mehrdad (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQKRtpZmX0EC"><i>Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313064029" title="Special:BookSources/9780313064029"><bdi>9780313064029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780313064029&rft.aulast=Kia&rft.aufirst=Mehrdad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaQKRtpZmX0EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKiminas2009" class="citation book cs1">Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QLWqXrW2X-8C"><i>The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs</i></a>. Wildside Press LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781434458766" title="Special:BookSources/9781434458766"><bdi>9781434458766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecumenical+Patriarchate%3A+A+History+of+Its+Metropolitanates+with+Annotated+Hierarch+Catalogs&rft.pub=Wildside+Press+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781434458766&rft.aulast=Kiminas&rft.aufirst=Demetrius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQLWqXrW2X-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPavlowitch2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stevan_K._Pavlowitch" title="Stevan K. Pavlowitch">Pavlowitch, Stevan K.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-RuLDaNwbMC"><i>Serbia: The History behind the Name</i></a>. London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850654773" title="Special:BookSources/9781850654773"><bdi>9781850654773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%3A+The+History+behind+the+Name&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781850654773&rft.aulast=Pavlowitch&rft.aufirst=Stevan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-RuLDaNwbMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFПузовић2000" class="citation book cs1">Пузовић, Предраг (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7YRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Кратка историја Српске православне цркве</i></a>. Крагујевац: Каленић.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.place=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%9B&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B&rft.aufirst=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7YRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoudometof2001" class="citation book cs1">Roudometof, Victor (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9p_m7oXQ00C"><i>Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans</i></a>. London: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313319495" title="Special:BookSources/9780313319495"><bdi>9780313319495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+Globalization%2C+and+Orthodoxy%3A+The+Social+Origins+of+Ethnic+Conflict+in+the+Balkans&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780313319495&rft.aulast=Roudometof&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9p_m7oXQ00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+18th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atkin, Nicholas, and Frank Tallett, eds. <i>Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750</i> (2003)</li> <li>Brown, Stewart J. and Timothy Tackett, eds. <i>The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 7, Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660-1815</i> (2007)</li> <li>Chadwick, Owen. <i>The Popes and European Revolution</i> (Oxford UP, 1981)</li> <li>Hastings, Adrian, ed. <i>A World History of Christianity</i> (1999) 608pp</li> <li>Hope, Nicholas. <i>German and Scandinavian Protestantism 1700-1918</i> (1999)</li> <li>Latourette, Kenneth Scott. <i>Christianity in a Revolutionary Age. Vol. I: The 19th Century in Europe; Background and the Roman Catholic Phase</i> (1958)</li> <li>MacCulloch, Diarmaid. <i>Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years</i> (2011) ch 21</li> <li>McLeod, Hugh and Werner Ustorf, eds. <i>The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, 1750-2000</i> (Cambridge UP, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/107349678/the-decline-of-christendom-in-western-europe-1750-2000">online</a></li> <li>McManners, John. <i>Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France</i> (2 vols. Oxford, 1998) 709–11.</li> <li>Rosman, Doreen. <i>The Evolution of the English Churches, 1500-2000</i> (2003) 400pp</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_18th_century&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.html">Schaff's <i>The Seven Ecumenical Councils</i></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th colspan="11"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a>: <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of modern Christianity">Modern Christianity</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="11" style="padding:0;"> <table style="margin:0; border-spacing:0; border-collapse:collapse;width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td>Preceded by:<br /><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">Christianity in<br />the 17th century</a> </td> <td style="border-left:#aaa 1px solid; border-right:#aaa 1px solid">18th<br />century </td> <td>Followed by:<br /><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">Christianity in<br />the 19th century</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">BC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">C1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">C2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_3rd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 3rd century">C3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">C4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">C5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">C6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">C7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">C8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">C9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">C10</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">C11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">C12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">C13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">C14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">C15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">C16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">C17</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C18</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">C19</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">C20</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">C21</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Truce_of_God" title="Peace and Truce of God">Peace and Truce of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a 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title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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