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বলবিজ্ঞানের সময়রেখা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hronologija_klasi%C4%8Dne_mehanike" title="Hronologija klasične mehanike – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hronologija klasične mehanike" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_de_la_mec%C3%A0nica_cl%C3%A0ssica" title="Cronologia de la mecànica clàssica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cronologia de la mecànica clàssica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Cronolog%C3%ADa_de_la_mec%C3%A1nica_cl%C3%A1sica" title="Anexo:Cronología de la mecánica clásica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Cronología de la mecánica clásica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_klasikoaren_kronologia" title="Mekanika klasikoaren kronologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mekanika klasikoaren kronologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="گاه‌شمار مکانیک کلاسیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاه‌شمار مکانیک کلاسیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_de_la_m%C3%A9canique_classique" title="Chronologie de la mécanique classique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chronologie de la mécanique classique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81" title="Դասական մեխանիկայի ժամանակացույց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դասական մեխանիկայի ժամանակացույց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="चिरसम्मत यांत्रिकी की समयरेखा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चिरसम्मत यांत्रिकी की समयरेखा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronologija_klasi%C4%8Dne_mehanike" title="Kronologija klasične mehanike – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kronologija klasične mehanike" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" 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nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-left:0.9em;padding-right:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">F</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2ad0a6d6780c3abc5247abd82bd8a2249d56ff3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.318ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding:0.6em 0;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Second law of motion">Second law of motion</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: bold; display:block;margin-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_mechanics" title="History of classical mechanics">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_classical_mechanics_and_quantum_mechanics" title="List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics">Textbooks</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_mechanics" title="Applied mechanics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_field_theory" title="Classical field theory">Field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetics_(physics)" title="Kinetics (physics)">Kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">Statics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">Statistical mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">Acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">Angular momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couple_(mechanics)" title="Couple (mechanics)">Couple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s_principle" title="D'Alembert's principle">D'Alembert's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy#Newtonian_kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">Frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">Inertial frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_(physics)" title="Impulse (physics)">Impulse</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">Inertia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia" title="Moment of inertia">Moment of inertia</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_power_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical power (physics)">Mechanical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">Mechanical work</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Moment_(physics)" title="Moment (physics)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">Momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">Torque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">Velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_work" title="Virtual work">Virtual work</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Formulations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a></b></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Analytical_mechanics" title="Analytical mechanics">Analytical mechanics</a></b> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics" title="Lagrangian mechanics">Lagrangian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics" title="Hamiltonian mechanics">Hamiltonian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Routhian_mechanics" title="Routhian mechanics">Routhian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi equation">Hamilton–Jacobi equation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appell%27s_equation_of_motion" title="Appell's equation of motion">Appell's equation of motion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Koopman%E2%80%93von_Neumann_classical_mechanics" title="Koopman–von Neumann classical mechanics">Koopman–von Neumann mechanics</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damping" title="Damping">Damping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_(geometry)" title="Displacement (geometry)">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equations_of_motion" title="Equations of motion">Equations of motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Euler's laws of motion"><span class="wrap">Euler's laws of motion</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_force" title="Fictitious force">Fictitious force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">Friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator" title="Harmonic oscillator">Harmonic oscillator</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">Inertial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-inertial_reference_frame" title="Non-inertial reference frame">Non-inertial reference frame</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linear_motion" title="Linear motion">linear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation"><span class="wrap">Newton's law of universal gravitation</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_velocity" title="Relative velocity">Relative velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_body" title="Rigid body">Rigid body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_body_dynamics" title="Rigid body dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler%27s_equations_(rigid_body_dynamics)" title="Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics)">Euler's equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion" title="Simple harmonic motion">Simple harmonic motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">Vibration</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rotation_around_a_fixed_axis" title="Rotation around a fixed axis">Rotation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_motion" title="Circular motion">Circular motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_reference_frame" title="Rotating reference frame">Rotating reference frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centripetal_force" title="Centripetal force">Centripetal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">Centrifugal force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_centrifugal_force" title="Reactive centrifugal force">reactive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum_(mechanics)" title="Pendulum (mechanics)">Pendulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangential_speed" title="Tangential speed">Tangential speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_frequency" title="Rotational frequency">Rotational frequency</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angular_acceleration" title="Angular acceleration">Angular acceleration</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_displacement" title="Angular displacement">displacement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_frequency" title="Angular frequency">frequency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_velocity" title="Angular velocity">velocity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Horrocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis">Maupertuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Clairaut" title="Alexis Clairaut">Clairaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi">Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Cauchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Routh" title="Edward Routh">Routh</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_mechanics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical mechanics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following is a <b>timeline of <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a></b>: </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_classical_mechanics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>4th century BC - <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> invents the system of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Aristotelian physics</a>, which is later largely disproved</li> <li>4th century BC - <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomers</a> calculate Jupiter's position using the <a href="/wiki/Trapezoidal_rule" title="Trapezoidal rule">Trapezoidal rule</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>260 BC - <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> works out the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">lever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_principle" title="Archimedes' principle">connects buoyancy to weight</a></li> <li>60 - <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a> writes <i>Metrica, Mechanics</i> (on means to lift heavy objects), and <i>Pneumatics</i> (on machines working on pressure)</li> <li>350 - <a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a> states, that <a href="/wiki/Static_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Static friction">static friction</a> is larger than <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic friction">kinetic friction</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_mechanics">Early mechanics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_classical_mechanics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>6th century - <a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a> introduces the concept of <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_impetus" title="Theory of impetus">impetus</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and The theory was modified by <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> in the 11th century and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Malka_al-Baghdadi" title="Ibn Malka al-Baghdadi">Ibn Malka al-Baghdadi</a> in the 12th century</li> <li>6th century - <a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a> says that by observation, two balls of very different weights will fall at nearly the same speed. He therefore tests the <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">equivalence principle</a></li> <li>1021 - <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> uses three <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal">orthogonal</a> coordinates to describe point in space<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1100-1138 - <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bajjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Bajjah">Avempace</a> develops the concept of a fatigue, which according to Shlomo Pines is precursor to Leibnizian idea of force<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1100-1165 - <a href="/wiki/Hibat_Allah_Abu%27l-Barakat_al-Baghdaadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi">Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi</a> discovers that <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> is proportional to acceleration rather than speed, a fundamental law in classical mechanics<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>1340-1358 - <a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a> develops the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_impetus" title="Theory of impetus">theory of impetus</a></li> <li>14th century - <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Calculators" title="Oxford Calculators">Oxford Calculators</a> and French collaborators prove the <a href="/wiki/Mean_speed_theorem" title="Mean speed theorem">mean speed theorem</a></li> <li>14th century - <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a> derives the times-squared law for uniformly accelerated change.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oresme, however, regarded this discovery as a purely intellectual exercise having no relevance to the description of any natural phenomena, and consequently failed to recognise any connection with the motion of accelerating bodies<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1500-1528 - <a href="/wiki/Al-Birjandi" title="Al-Birjandi">Al-Birjandi</a> develops the theory of "circular <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertia</a>" to explain <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ragep_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ragep-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>16th century - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Beato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Beato (page does not exist)">Francesco Beato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luca_Ghini" title="Luca Ghini">Luca Ghini</a> experimentally contradict Aristotelian view on free fall.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>16th century - <a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Domingo de Soto</a> suggests that bodies falling through a homogeneous medium are uniformly accelerated.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would fall with a strictly uniform acceleration only in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity</li> <li>1581 - <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> notices the timekeeping property of the <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">pendulum</a></li> <li>1589 - Galileo Galilei uses balls rolling on inclined planes to show that different weights fall with the same acceleration</li> <li>1638 - Galileo Galilei publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Two_New_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences">Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences</a></i> (which were <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a>) where he develops, amongst other things, <a href="/wiki/Galilean_transformation" title="Galilean transformation">Galilean transformation</a></li> <li>1644 - <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> suggests an early form of the law of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of momentum">conservation of momentum</a></li> <li>1645 - <a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%ABl_Bullialdus" title="Ismaël Bullialdus">Ismaël Bullialdus</a> argues that "gravity" weakens as the inverse square of the distance<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1651 - <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Riccioli" title="Giovanni Battista Riccioli">Giovanni Battista Riccioli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Grimaldi" title="Francesco Maria Grimaldi">Francesco Maria Grimaldi</a> discover the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis effect</a></li> <li>1658 - <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> experimentally discovers that balls placed anywhere inside an inverted <a href="/wiki/Cycloid" title="Cycloid">cycloid</a> reach the lowest point of the cycloid in the same time and thereby experimentally shows that the cycloid is the <a href="/wiki/Tautochrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tautochrone">tautochrone</a></li> <li>1668 - <a href="/wiki/John_Wallis" title="John Wallis">John Wallis</a> suggests the law of conservation of momentum</li> <li>1673 - <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> publishes his <i><a href="/wiki/Horologium_Oscillatorium" title="Horologium Oscillatorium">Horologium Oscillatorium</a></i>. Huygens describes in this work the first two <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">laws of motion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is also the first modern treatise in which a physical problem (the accelerated motion of a falling body) is idealized by a set of parameters and then analyzed mathematically.</li> <li>1676-1689 - <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a> develops the concept of <a href="/wiki/Vis_viva" title="Vis viva">vis viva</a>, a limited theory of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy">conservation of energy</a></li> <li>1677 - <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> puts forward a primitive notion of <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_First_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's First Law">Newton's first law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newtonian_mechanics">Newtonian mechanics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_classical_mechanics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Newtonian mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1687 - <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> publishes his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i>, in which he formulates <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a></li> <li>1690 - <a href="/wiki/James_Bernoulli" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bernoulli">James Bernoulli</a> shows that the <a href="/wiki/Cycloid" title="Cycloid">cycloid</a> is the solution to the tautochrone problem</li> <li>1691 - <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann Bernoulli</a> shows that a chain freely suspended from two points will form a <a href="/wiki/Catenary" title="Catenary">catenary</a></li> <li>1691 - James Bernoulli shows that the catenary curve has the lowest <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a> of any chain hung from two fixed points</li> <li>1696 - Johann Bernoulli shows that the cycloid is the solution to the <a href="/wiki/Brachistochrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachistochrone">brachistochrone</a> problem</li> <li>1710 - <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hermann" title="Jakob Hermann">Jakob Hermann</a> shows that <a href="/wiki/Laplace%E2%80%93Runge%E2%80%93Lenz_vector" title="Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector">Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector</a> is conserved for a case of the inverse-square <a href="/wiki/Central_force" title="Central force">central force</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1714 - <a href="/wiki/Brook_Taylor" title="Brook Taylor">Brook Taylor</a> derives the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">fundamental frequency</a> of a stretched vibrating string in terms of its tension and mass per unit length by solving an ordinary <a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equation</a></li> <li>1733 - <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a> derives the fundamental frequency and <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonics</a> of a hanging chain by solving an ordinary differential equation</li> <li>1734 - Daniel Bernoulli solves the ordinary differential equation for the vibrations of an elastic bar clamped at one end</li> <li>1739 - <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> solves the ordinary differential equation for a <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator#Driven_harmonic_oscillators" title="Harmonic oscillator">forced harmonic oscillator</a> and notices the <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a></li> <li>1742 - <a href="/wiki/Colin_Maclaurin" title="Colin Maclaurin">Colin Maclaurin</a> discovers his <a href="/wiki/Maclaurin_spheroid" title="Maclaurin spheroid">uniformly rotating self-gravitating spheroids</a></li> <li>1743 - <a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">Jean le Rond d'Alembert</a> publishes his <i>Traite de Dynamique</i>, in which he introduces the concept of <a href="/wiki/Generalized_forces" title="Generalized forces">generalized forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s_principle" title="D'Alembert's principle">D'Alembert's principle</a></li> <li>1747 - D'Alembert and <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Clairaut" title="Alexis Clairaut">Alexis Clairaut</a> publish first approximate solutions to the <a href="/wiki/Three-body_problem" title="Three-body problem">three-body problem</a></li> <li>1749 - <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> derives equation for <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_acceleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis acceleration">Coriolis acceleration</a></li> <li>1759 - Leonhard Euler solves the partial differential equation for the vibration of a rectangular drum</li> <li>1764 - Leonhard Euler examines the partial differential equation for the vibration of a circular drum and finds one of the <a href="/wiki/Bessel_function" title="Bessel function">Bessel function</a> solutions</li> <li>1776 - <a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a> publishes a paper on experiments relating <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical work">work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a>, and supporting the conservation of energy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analytical_mechanics">Analytical mechanics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_classical_mechanics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Analytical mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1788 - <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a> presents <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics" title="Lagrangian mechanics">Lagrange's equations of motion</a> in the <i>Méchanique Analytique</i></li> <li>1798 - <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a> publishes his <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_m%C3%A9canique_c%C3%A9leste" title="Traité de mécanique céleste">Traité de mécanique céleste</a> vol.1 and lasts vol.5 in 1825. In this, he summarized and extended the work of his predecessors</li> <li>1803 - <a href="/wiki/Louis_Poinsot" title="Louis Poinsot">Louis Poinsot</a> develops idea of <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum#Conservation_of_angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum conservation</a> (this result was previously known only in the case of conservation of <a href="/wiki/Areal_velocity" title="Areal velocity">areal velocity</a>)</li> <li>1813 - <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ewart" title="Peter Ewart">Peter Ewart</a> supports the idea of the conservation of energy in his paper "On the measure of moving force"</li> <li>1821 - <a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">William Hamilton</a> begins his analysis of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton%27s_characteristic_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton's characteristic function">Hamilton's characteristic function</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi equation">Hamilton–Jacobi equation</a></li> <li>1829 - <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> introduces <a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_principle_of_least_constraint" title="Gauss's principle of least constraint">Gauss's principle of least constraint</a></li> <li>1834 - <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi">Carl Jacobi</a> discovers his <a href="/wiki/Jacobi_ellipsoid" title="Jacobi ellipsoid">uniformly rotating self-gravitating ellipsoids</a></li> <li>1834 - <a href="/wiki/Louis_Poinsot" title="Louis Poinsot">Louis Poinsot</a> notes an instance of the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_axis_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate axis theorem">intermediate axis theorem</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1835 - William Hamilton states <a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics" title="Hamiltonian mechanics">Hamilton's canonical equations of motion</a></li> <li>1838 - Liouville begins work on <a href="/wiki/Liouville%27s_theorem_(Hamiltonian)" title="Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian)">Liouville's theorem</a></li> <li>1841 - <a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer">Julius von Mayer</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">amateur</a> scientist, writes a paper on the conservation of energy but his lack of academic training leads to a <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">priority dispute</a>.</li> <li>1847 - <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> formally states the law of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy">conservation of energy</a></li> <li>first half of the 19th century - <a href="/wiki/Cauchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cauchy">Cauchy</a> develops <a href="/wiki/Cauchy_momentum_equation" title="Cauchy momentum equation">his momentum equation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cauchy_stress_tensor" title="Cauchy stress tensor">his stress tensor</a></li> <li>1851 - <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> shows the Earth's rotation with a huge <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">pendulum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foucault_pendulum" title="Foucault pendulum">Foucault pendulum</a>)</li> <li>1870 - <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> deduces <a href="/wiki/Virial_theorem" title="Virial theorem">virial theorem</a></li> <li>1890 - <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> discovers the sensibility of initial conditions in the <a href="/wiki/Three-body_problem" title="Three-body problem">three-body problem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1898 - <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Hadamard" title="Jacques Hadamard">Jacques Hadamard</a> discusses the <a href="/wiki/Hadamard_billiards" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadamard billiards">Hadamard billiards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moderns_developments">Moderns developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_classical_mechanics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Moderns developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1900 - <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> introduces the idea of <a href="/wiki/Quantum" title="Quantum">quanta</a>, introducing <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a></li> <li>1902 - <a href="/wiki/James_Jeans" title="James Jeans">James Jeans</a> finds the length scale required for gravitational perturbations to grow in a static nearly homogeneous medium</li> <li>1905 - <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> first mathematically describes <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a> and introduces <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_mechanics" title="Relativistic mechanics">relativistic mechanics</a></li> <li>1915 - <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Emmy Noether</a> proves <a href="/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem" title="Noether's theorem">Noether's theorem</a>, from which conservation laws are deduced</li> <li>1915 - <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> introduces <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a></li> <li>1952 - Parker develops a <a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">tensor</a> form of the virial theorem<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1954 - <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kolmogorov" title="Andrey Kolmogorov">Andrey Kolmogorov</a> publishes the first version of the <a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov%E2%80%93Arnold%E2%80%93Moser_theorem" title="Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem">Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1961 - <a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a> discovers <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_system" title="Lorenz system">Lorenz systems</a> and establishes the field of <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaos theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1978 - <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Arnold" title="Vladimir Arnold">Vladimir Arnold</a> states precise form of <a href="/wiki/Liouville%E2%80%93Arnold_theorem" title="Liouville–Arnold theorem">Liouville–Arnold theorem</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1983 - <a href="/wiki/Mordehai_Milgrom" title="Mordehai Milgrom">Mordehai Milgrom</a> proposes <a href="/wiki/Modified_Newtonian_dynamics" title="Modified Newtonian dynamics">modified Newtonian dynamics</a> as an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> hypothesis</li> <li>1992 - Udwadia and Kalaba create <a href="/wiki/Udwadia%E2%80%93Kalaba_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Udwadia–Kalaba equation">Udwadia–Kalaba equation</a></li> <li>2003 - <a href="/wiki/John_D._Norton" title="John D. Norton">John D. Norton</a> introduces <a href="/wiki/Norton%27s_dome" title="Norton's dome">Norton's dome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_classical_mechanics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOssendrijver2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ossendrijver, Mathieu (29 Jan 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aad8085">"Ancient Babylonian astronomers calculated Jupiter's position from the area under a time-velocity graph"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>351</b> (6272): 482–484. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...351..482O">2016Sci...351..482O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aad8085">10.1126/science.aad8085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26823423">26823423</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206644971">206644971</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+Babylonian+astronomers+calculated+Jupiter%27s+position+from+the+area+under+a+time-velocity+graph&rft.volume=351&rft.issue=6272&rft.pages=482-484&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aad8085&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206644971%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26823423&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Sci...351..482O&rft.aulast=Ossendrijver&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aad8085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+classical+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSambursky2014" class="citation book cs1">Sambursky, Samuel (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvz_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65"><i>The Physical World of Late Antiquity</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400858989" title="Special:BookSources/9781400858989"><bdi>9781400858989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physical+World+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781400858989&rft.aulast=Sambursky&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvz_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+classical+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorabji2010" class="citation book cs1">Sorabji, Richard (2010). "John Philoponus". <i>Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science</i> (2nd ed.). Institute of Classical Studies, University of London. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905-67018-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905-67018-5"><bdi>978-1-905-67018-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44216227">44216227</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878730683">878730683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Philoponus&rft.btitle=Philoponus+and+the+Rejection+of+Aristotelian+Science&rft.pages=47&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Institute+of+Classical+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878730683&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44216227%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-905-67018-5&rft.aulast=Sorabji&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+classical+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacTutor-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Biruni.html">"Al-Biruni"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Al-Biruni&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FAl-Biruni.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+classical+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"One of the most important of al-Biruni's many texts is <i>Shadows</i> which he is thought to have written around 1021. [...] <i>Shadows</i> is an extremely important source for our knowledge of the history of mathematics, astronomy, and physics. It also contains important ideas such as the idea that acceleration is connected with non-uniform motion, using three rectangular coordinates to define a point in 3-space, and ideas that some see as anticipating the introduction of polar coordinates."</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Pines" title="Shlomo Pines">Shlomo Pines</a> (1964), "La dynamique d’Ibn Bajja", in <i>Mélanges Alexandre Koyré</i>, I, 442-468 [462, 468], Paris. <br />(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> <b>64</b> (4), p. 521-546 [543]: "<i>Pines has also seen Avempace's idea of fatigue as a precursor to the Leibnizian idea of force which, according to him, underlies Newton's third law of motion and the concept of the "reaction" of forces.</i>")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPines1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pines, Shlomo (1970). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī, Hibat Allah". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 26–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9"><bdi>0-684-10114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t+al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB%2C+Hibat+Allah&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26-28&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-684-10114-9&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+classical+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span>: <br />(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> <b>64</b> (4), p. 521-546 [528]: <i> Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Bagdadi (c.1080- after 1164/65) extrapolated the theory for the case of falling bodies in an original way in his Kitab al-Mu'tabar (The Book of that Which is Established through Personal Reflection). [...] This idea is, according to Pines, "the oldest negation of Aristotle's fundamental dynamic law [namely, that a constant force produces a uniform motion]," and is thus an "anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of classical mechanics [namely, that a force applied continuously produces acceleration]."</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clagett (1968, p. 561), Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-04880-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-04880-2">0-299-04880-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, 1996, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YyvmEyX6rZgC&pg=PA103">p.103</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ragep-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ragep_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Jamil Ragep (2001), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context", <i>Science in Context</i> <b>14</b> (1-2), p. 145–163. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientus.org/timeline/classical-mechanics.html">"Timeline of Classical Mechanics and Free Fall"</a>. <i>www.scientus.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scientus.org&rft.atitle=Timeline+of+Classical+Mechanics+and+Free+Fall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientus.org%2Ftimeline%2Fclassical-mechanics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+classical+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharratt, Michael (1994). Galileo: Decisive Innovator. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56671-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56671-1">0-521-56671-1</a>, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace, William A. (2004). Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-964-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-964-0">0-86078-964-0</a> (pp. II 384, II 400, III 272)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ismail Bullialdus, <i>Astronomia Philolaica</i> … (Paris, France: Piget, 1645), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diglib.hab.de/drucke/2-1-4-astron-2f-1/start.htm?image=00005">page 23.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRob_Iliffe_&_George_E._Smith2016" class="citation book cs1">Rob Iliffe & George E. Smith (2016). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Newton</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107015463" title="Special:BookSources/9781107015463"><bdi>9781107015463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Newton&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107015463&rft.au=Rob+Iliffe+%26+George+E.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+classical+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann1710" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hermann" title="Jakob Hermann">Hermann, J</a> (1710). "Unknown title". <i>Giornale de Letterati d'Italia</i>. <b>2</b>: 447–467.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Giornale+de+Letterati+d%27Italia&rft.atitle=Unknown+title&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=447-467&rft.date=1710&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+classical+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann1710" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hermann" title="Jakob Hermann">Hermann, J</a> (1710). "Extrait d'une lettre de M. Herman à M. Bernoulli datée de Padoüe le 12. Juillet 1710". <i>Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences</i>. <b>1732</b>: 519–521.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Royale+des+Sciences&rft.atitle=Extrait+d%27une+lettre+de+M.+Herman+%C3%A0+M.+Bernoulli+dat%C3%A9e+de+Pado%C3%BCe+le+12.+Juillet+1710&rft.volume=1732&rft.pages=519-521&rft.date=1710&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+classical+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poinsot (1834) <i>Theorie Nouvelle de la Rotation des Corps</i>, Bachelier, Paris</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoincaré1900" class="citation journal cs1">Poincaré, H. (January 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projecteuclid.org/journals/acta-mathematica/volume-13/issue-1-2/Introduction/10.1007/BF02392506.full">"Introduction"</a>. <i>Acta Mathematica</i>. <b>13</b> (1–2): 5–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02392506">10.1007/BF02392506</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-5962">0001-5962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Mathematica&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=5-7&rft.date=1900-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02392506&rft.issn=0001-5962&rft.aulast=Poincar%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojecteuclid.org%2Fjournals%2Facta-mathematica%2Fvolume-13%2Fissue-1-2%2FIntroduction%2F10.1007%2FBF02392506.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+classical+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOestreicher2007" class="citation journal cs1">Oestreicher, Christian (2007-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.31887/DCNS.2007.9.3/coestreicher">"A history of chaos theory"</a>. <i>Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 279–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31887%2FDCNS.2007.9.3%2Fcoestreicher">10.31887/DCNS.2007.9.3/coestreicher</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1958-5969">1958-5969</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202497">3202497</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17969865">17969865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+in+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=A+history+of+chaos+theory&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-289&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3202497%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1958-5969&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17969865&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31887%2FDCNS.2007.9.3%2Fcoestreicher&rft.aulast=Oestreicher&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.31887%2FDCNS.2007.9.3%2Fcoestreicher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+classical+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1954" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, E.N. (1954). "Tensor Virial Equations". <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>96</b> (6): 1686–1689. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PhRv...96.1686P">1954PhRv...96.1686P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.96.1686">10.1103/PhysRev.96.1686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Tensor+Virial+Equations&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1686-1689&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.96.1686&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954PhRv...96.1686P&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=E.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+classical+mechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. I. Arnold, Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics, Graduate Texts in Mathematics (Springer, New York, 1978), Vol. 60.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:History of physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_physics" title="Template talk:History of physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_physics_(timeline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_fundamental_physics_discoveries" title="Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries">timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">Classical physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">Astronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_astronomy" title="Timeline of astronomy">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electromagnetic_theory" title="History of electromagnetic theory">Electromagnetism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_electromagnetism_and_classical_optics" title="Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electrical_engineering" title="History of electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maxwell%27s_equations" title="History of Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fluid_mechanics" title="History of fluid mechanics">Fluid mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_fluid_and_continuum_mechanics" title="Timeline of fluid and continuum mechanics">timeline</a></li> <li><a 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