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id="toc-Homosexuality_in_20th-century_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homosexuality_in_20th-century_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Homosexuality in 20th-century United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homosexuality_in_20th-century_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homophile_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homophile_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Homophile activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homophile_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earlier_resistance_and_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_resistance_and_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Earlier resistance and riots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_resistance_and_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenwich_Village" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenwich_Village"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Greenwich Village</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenwich_Village-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stonewall_Inn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonewall_Inn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Stonewall Inn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stonewall_Inn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Riots</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Riots-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Riots subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Police_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Police raid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_breaks_out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_breaks_out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Violence breaks out</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_breaks_out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Escalation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_night_of_rioting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_night_of_rioting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Second night of rioting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_night_of_rioting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaflets,_press_coverage,_and_more_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaflets,_press_coverage,_and_more_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Leaflets, press coverage, and more violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaflets,_press_coverage,_and_more_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gay_Liberation_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_Liberation_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gay Liberation Front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_Liberation_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_Activists_Alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_Activists_Alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Gay Activists Alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_Activists_Alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_Pride" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_Pride"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gay Pride</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_Pride-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Trans organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trans_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejection_of_prior_gay_subculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejection_of_prior_gay_subculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rejection of prior gay subculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejection_of_prior_gay_subculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Impact and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stonewall_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonewall_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Stonewall Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stonewall_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_landmark_and_monument" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_landmark_and_monument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Historic landmark and monument</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_landmark_and_monument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Media representations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media representations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stonewall riots</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall-onluste" title="Stonewall-onluste – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stonewall-onluste" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%81nweall_sacunga" title="Stānweall sacunga – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Stānweall sacunga" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%BA%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84" title="أعمال شغب ستونوول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أعمال شغب ستونوول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Stonewall" title="Disturbios de Stonewall – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Disturbios de Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE" title="স্টোনওয়াল দাঙ্গা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্টোনওয়াল দাঙ্গা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Стоўнвалскія бунты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стоўнвалскія бунты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Стоунуолски бунтове – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стоунуолски бунтове" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stounvolska_pobuna" title="Stounvolska pobuna – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stounvolska pobuna" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldarulls_de_Stonewall" title="Aldarulls de Stonewall – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aldarulls de Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewallsk%C3%A9_nepokoje" title="Stonewallské nepokoje – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stonewallské nepokoje" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terfysgoedd_Stonewall" title="Terfysgoedd Stonewall – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Terfysgoedd Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall-opt%C3%B8jerne" title="Stonewall-optøjerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stonewall-optøjerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84" title="أحدات ستونوول – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أحدات ستونوول" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall" title="Stonewall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewalli_rahutused" title="Stonewalli rahutused – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stonewalli rahutused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BF%CE%BB" title="Εξέγερση του Στόουνγουολ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξέγερση του Στόουνγουολ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_de_Stonewall" title="Disturbios de Stonewall – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disturbios de Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribelo_de_Stonewall" title="Ribelo de Stonewall – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ribelo de Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewalleko_istiluak" title="Stonewalleko istiluak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Stonewalleko istiluak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شورش‌های استون‌وال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورش‌های استون‌وال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89meutes_de_Stonewall" title="Émeutes de Stonewall – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émeutes de Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADr%C3%A9ibeacha_Stonewall" title="Círéibeacha Stonewall – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Círéibeacha Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_Stonewall" title="Rebelión de Stonewall – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rebelión de Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A4%EC%9B%94_%ED%95%AD%EC%9F%81" title="스톤월 항쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스톤월 항쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ստոունուոլի խռովություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստոունուոլի խռովություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewallski_nemiri" title="Stonewallski nemiri – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stonewallski nemiri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolto_di_Stonewall" title="Revolto di Stonewall – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Revolto di Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerusuhan_Stonewall" title="Kerusuhan Stonewall – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerusuhan Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_de_Stonewall" title="Rebellion de Stonewall – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rebellion de Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall-upp%C3%BEotin" title="Stonewall-uppþotin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stonewall-uppþotin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_di_Stonewall" title="Moti di Stonewall – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moti di Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C" title="מהומות סטונוול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהומות סטונוול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="სტოუნუოლის ჯანყი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტოუნუოლის ჯანყი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machafuko_ya_Stonewall" title="Machafuko ya Stonewall – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Machafuko ya Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhildana_Stonewall%C3%AA" title="Serhildana Stonewallê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serhildana Stonewallê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stounvolas_nemieri" title="Stounvolas nemieri – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stounvolas nemieri" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riau%C5%A1%C4%97s" title="Stonewall riaušės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stonewall riaušės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall-l%C3%A1zad%C3%A1s" title="Stonewall-lázadás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stonewall-lázadás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82" title="സ്റ്റോൺവാൾ കലാപം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റോൺവാൾ കലാപം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusuhan_Stonewall" title="Rusuhan Stonewall – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rusuhan Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall-rellen" title="Stonewall-rellen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stonewall-rellen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%8D%E4%B9%B1" title="ストーンウォールの反乱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストーンウォールの反乱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall-oppr%C3%B8ret" title="Stonewall-opprøret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stonewall-opprøret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall-oppr%C3%B8ret" title="Stonewall-opprøret – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stonewall-opprøret" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87" title="ਸਟੋਨਵਾਲ ਦੰਗੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਟੋਨਵਾਲ ਦੰਗੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د سټون‌وال بغاوتونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سټون‌وال بغاوتونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_(zamieszki)" title="Stonewall (zamieszki) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stonewall (zamieszki)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%A3o_de_Stonewall" title="Rebelião de Stonewall – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rebelião de Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_de_la_Stonewall" title="Revolta de la Stonewall – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revolta de la Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Стоунволлские бунты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стоунволлские бунты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Стоунволл өрө туруута – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Стоунволл өрө туруута" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolottu_de_Stonewall" title="Abolottu de Stonewall – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Abolottu de Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryengritjet_e_Stonewall-it" title="Kryengritjet e Stonewall-it – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kryengritjet e Stonewall-it" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stonewall riots" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewallski_upor" title="Stonewallski upor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stonewallski upor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%DB%86%DA%B5" title="یاخیبوونی ستونوۆڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاخیبوونی ستونوۆڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Стоунволска побуна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стоунволска побуна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewallska_revolucija" title="Stonewallska revolucija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stonewallska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewallin_mellakat" title="Stonewallin mellakat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stonewallin mellakat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewallupproret" title="Stonewallupproret – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stonewallupproret" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaguluhan_sa_Stonewall" title="Kaguluhan sa Stonewall – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaguluhan sa Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="เหตุจลาจลสโตนวอลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหตุจลาจลสโตนวอลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_ayaklanmalar%C4%B1" title="Stonewall ayaklanmaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stonewall ayaklanmaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Стоунволлські бунти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стоунволлські бунти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1o_lo%E1%BA%A1n_Stonewall" title="Bạo loạn Stonewall – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bạo loạn Stonewall" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%99%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%A8" title="石墙暴动 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="石墙暴动" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%89%86%E6%9A%B4%E5%8B%95" title="石牆暴動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="石牆暴動" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stonewall_riots&params=40.7338_N_74.0021_W_type:event_region:US-NY"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°44′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">74°00′08″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.7338°N 74.0021°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.7338; -74.0021</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1969 spontaneous uprising for modern LGBTQ rights movement</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Stonewall riots</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of events leading to Gay Liberation and modern LGBTQ rights movement</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonewall_riots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Stonewall_riots.jpg/300px-Stonewall_riots.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/42/Stonewall_riots.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="282" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The only known photograph taken during the first night of the riots, by freelance photographer Joseph Ambrosini, shows LGBTQ youth scuffling with police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004162_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004162-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">June 28 – July 3, 1969<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1969-06-28</span> – <span class="dtend">1969-07-03</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stonewall_riots&params=40.7338_N_74.0021_W_type:event_region:US-NY"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°44′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">74°00′08″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.7338°N 74.0021°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.7338; -74.0021</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Police raid on the Stonewall Inn (specifically)<br /> General repression of LGBTQ rights (more broadly)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Liberation">Gay Liberation</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ rights in the United States">LGBTQ rights in the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Rioting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (political)">street protests</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Patch_of_the_New_York_City_Police_Department.svg/12px-Patch_of_the_New_York_City_Police_Department.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Patch_of_the_New_York_City_Police_Department.svg/18px-Patch_of_the_New_York_City_Police_Department.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Patch_of_the_New_York_City_Police_Department.svg/24px-Patch_of_the_New_York_City_Police_Department.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="233" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Police Department">New York Police Department</a><div><ul><li>Tactical Patrol Force</li><li>Fourth Precinct</li><li>Fifth Precinct</li><li>Sixth Precinct</li><li><a href="/wiki/9th_Precinct,_New_York_City_Police_Department" title="9th Precinct, New York City Police Department">Ninth Precinct</a></li></ul></div></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> Stonewall Inn patrons<br />and other sympathizers</div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Number</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> Day 1: 10 NYPD officers (inside the Inn)<br />Day 2: Multiple NYPD precincts</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> Day 1: 500–600 supporters outside<br />Day 2: ~1,000 supporters inside and outside</div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Stonewall riots</b> (also known as the <b>Stonewall uprising</b>, <b>Stonewall rebellion</b>, <b>Stonewall revolution</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply <b>Stonewall</b>) were a series of spontaneous riots and demonstrations against a <a href="/wiki/Police_raid" title="Police raid">police raid</a> that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Although the demonstrations were <a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_actions_in_the_United_States_prior_to_the_Stonewall_riots" title="List of LGBTQ actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots">not the first time American homosexuals fought back</a> against government-sponsored persecution of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual minorities">sexual minorities</a>, the Stonewall riots marked a new beginning for the <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights movement">gay rights movement</a> in the United States and around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American gays and lesbians in the 1950s and 1960s faced a legal system more anti-homosexual than those of some other Western and Eastern Bloc countries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early <a href="/wiki/Homophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophile">homophile</a> groups in the U.S. sought to prove that gay people could be assimilated into society, and they favored non-confrontational education for homosexuals and heterosexuals alike. The last years of the 1960s, however, were very contentious, as many social movements were active, including the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">African American Civil Rights Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">antiwar demonstrations</a>. These influences, along with the liberal environment of Greenwich Village, served as catalysts for the Stonewall riots. </p><p>Very few establishments welcomed openly gay people in the 1950s and 1960s. Those that did were often bars, although bar owners and managers were rarely gay. The Stonewall Inn was owned by the <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">Mafia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993183_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993183-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200479–83_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200479–83-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and catered to an assortment of patrons, popular among the poorest and most marginalized people in the gay community: <a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">drag queens</a>, representatives of a newly self-aware <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> community, effeminate young men, <a href="/wiki/Male_prostitution" title="Male prostitution">hustlers</a>, and homeless youth. Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, but officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn and attracted a crowd that was incited to <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riot</a>. Tensions between <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City police</a> and gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening and again several nights later. Within weeks, Village residents quickly organized into activist groups to concentrate efforts on establishing places for gays and lesbians to be open about their <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> without fear of being arrested. </p><p>Following the Stonewall riots, sexual minorities in New York City faced gender, class, and generational obstacles to becoming a cohesive community. In the weeks and months after, they initiated politically active social organizations and launched publications that spoke openly about rights for gay people. The first anniversary of the riots was marked by peaceful demonstrations in several American cities that have since grown to become <a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">pride parades</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_National_Monument" title="Stonewall National Monument">Stonewall National Monument</a> was established at the site in 2016. Today, pride events are held annually throughout the world toward the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homosexuality_in_20th-century_United_States">Homosexuality in 20th-century United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Homosexuality in 20th-century United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span style="background:red; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:orange; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:yellow; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:green; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:blue; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:purple; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border: none; padding-bottom: 3px;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceflux" title="Aceflux">Aceflux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraysexuality" title="Fraysexuality">Fraysexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">Same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Identities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">Bisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_and_LGBT" title="Intersex and LGBT">Intersex</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyke_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke March">Dyke March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_LGBTQ_events" title="List of largest LGBTQ events">Largest events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">LGBTQ culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York_City" title="LGBTQ culture in New York City">in New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">QPR and QPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosocialization" title="Homosocialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_aik%C4%81ne" title="Moe aikāne">Moe aikāne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Health</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">MSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">Blood donation restrictions</a> / <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">LGBTQ medical organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT reproduction">Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Youth suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Social attitudes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allonormativity" title="Allonormativity">Allonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Media portrayal</a></li> <li>Religion and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">homosexuality</a> / <a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">trans people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_stereotypes" title="LGBTQ stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism#Discrimination_and_cultural_erasure" title="Aromanticism">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_stigma" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS stigma">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBTQ_issues" title="Censorship of LGBTQ issues">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">Closeted</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outing" title="Outing">Outing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality" title="Compulsory heterosexuality">Comphet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_same-sex_relationships" title="Domestic violence in same-sex relationships">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">Erasure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straightwashing" title="Straightwashing">Straightwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_erasure" title="Bisexual erasure">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans erasure">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Intersex discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li>LGBTQ youth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability" title="LGBTQ youth vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexualism">Sexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic fields and discourse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: -4px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism and LGBT rights">Communism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Lavender linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Transgender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)#Academic_research" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: none;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_LGBT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/25px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/38px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/50px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following the social upheaval of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many people in the United States felt a fervent desire to "restore the prewar social order and hold off the forces of change", according to historian <a href="/wiki/Barry_D._Adam" title="Barry D. Adam">Barry Adam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198756_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198756-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spurred by the national emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> conducted hearings searching for communists in the U.S. government, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>, and other government-funded agencies and institutions, leading to a national paranoia. <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">Anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a>, and other people deemed un-American and subversive were considered security risks. Gay men and lesbians were <a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">included</a> in this list by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> on the theory that they were susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmail</a>. In 1950, a Senate investigation chaired by <a href="/wiki/Clyde_R._Hoey" title="Clyde R. Hoey">Clyde R. Hoey</a> noted in a report, "It is generally believed that those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003277_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003277-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and said all of the government's intelligence agencies "are in complete agreement that sex perverts in Government constitute security risks".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1947 and 1950, 1,700 federal job applications were denied, 4,380 people were discharged from the military, and 420 were fired from their government jobs for being suspected homosexuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198758_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198758-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) and police departments kept lists of known homosexuals and their favored establishments and friends; the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Post Office">U.S. Post Office</a> kept track of addresses where material pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> was mailed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003278_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003278-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State and local governments followed suit: bars catering to gay men and lesbians were shut down and their customers were arrested and exposed in newspapers. Cities performed "sweeps" to rid neighborhoods, parks, bars, and beaches of gay people. They outlawed the wearing of opposite-gender clothes and universities expelled instructors suspected of being homosexual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198759_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198759-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> listed homosexuality in the <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual</a></i> (<i>DSM</i>) as a mental disorder. A large-scale study of homosexuality in 1962 was used to justify the inclusion of the "disorder" as a supposed pathological hidden fear of the opposite sex caused by traumatic parent–child relationships. This view was widely influential in the medical profession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003247_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003247-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, the psychologist <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Hooker" title="Evelyn Hooker">Evelyn Hooker</a> performed a study that compared the happiness and well-adjusted nature of self-identified homosexual men with heterosexual men and found no difference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003310_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003310-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her study stunned the medical community and made her a hero to many gay men and lesbians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus200258–59_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus200258–59-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but homosexuality remained in the <i>DSM</i> until 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homophile_activism">Homophile activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Homophile activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile movement</a></div> <p>In response to this trend, two organizations formed independently of each other to advance the cause of gay men and lesbians and provide opportunities where they could socialize without fear of being arrested. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> area homosexuals created the <a href="/wiki/Mattachine_Society" title="Mattachine Society">Mattachine Society</a> in 1950, in the home of communist activist <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Harry Hay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus200224–25_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus200224–25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their objectives were to unify homosexuals, educate them, provide leadership, and assist "sexual deviants" with legal troubles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198762–63_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198762–63-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facing enormous opposition to their radical approach, in 1953 the Mattachine shifted their focus to assimilation and respectability. They reasoned that they would change more minds about homosexuality by proving that gay men and lesbians were normal people, no different from heterosexuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198763–64_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198763–64-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus200242–43_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus200242–43-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, several women in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> met in their living rooms to form the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis" title="Daughters of Bilitis">Daughters of Bilitis</a> (DOB) for lesbians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus200221_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus200221-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the eight women who created the DOB initially came together to be able to have a safe place to dance, as the DOB grew they developed similar goals to the Mattachine and urged their members to assimilate into general society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallo20061–5,_11_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallo20061–5,_11-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first challenges to <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">government repression</a> came in 1953. An organization named <a href="/wiki/ONE,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="ONE, Inc.">ONE, Inc.</a> published a magazine called <i>ONE</i>. The U.S. Postal Service refused to mail its August issue, which concerned homosexual people in heterosexual marriages, on the grounds that the material was obscene despite it being covered in brown paper wrapping. The case eventually <a href="/wiki/One,_Inc._v._Olesen" title="One, Inc. v. Olesen">went to the Supreme Court</a>, which in 1958 ruled that ONE, Inc. could mail its materials through the Postal Service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus200247–48_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus200247–48-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile</a> organizations—as homosexual groups self-identified in this era—grew in number and spread to the East Coast. Gradually, members of these organizations grew bolder. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kameny" title="Frank Kameny">Frank Kameny</a> founded the Mattachine of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> He had been fired from the U.S. Army Map Service for being a homosexual and sued unsuccessfully to be reinstated. Kameny wrote that homosexuals were no different from heterosexuals, often aiming his efforts at <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_professional" title="Mental health professional">mental health professionals</a>, some of whom attended Mattachine and DOB meetings telling members they were abnormal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus200280–88_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus200280–88-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, news on <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> prison work camps for homosexuals inspired Mattachine New York and D.C. to organize protests at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. Similar demonstrations were then held also at other government buildings. The purpose was to protest the treatment of gay people in Cuba<sup id="cite_ref-DB_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and U.S. employment discrimination. These pickets shocked many gay people and upset some of the leadership of Mattachine and the DOB.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002105–108_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002105–108-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blade_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blade-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, demonstrations in the civil rights movement and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">opposition to the Vietnam War</a> all grew in prominence, frequency, and severity throughout the 1960s, as did their confrontations with police forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198772–73_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198772–73-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earlier_resistance_and_riots">Earlier resistance and riots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Earlier resistance and riots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_actions_in_the_United_States_prior_to_the_Stonewall_riots" title="List of LGBTQ actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots">List of LGBTQ actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Do-nuts_Riot" title="Cooper Do-nuts Riot">Cooper Do-nuts Riot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a></div> <p>On the outer fringes of the few small gay communities were people who challenged gender expectations. They were effeminate men and masculine women, or people who dressed and lived in contrast to their <a href="/wiki/Sex_assigned_at_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex assigned at birth">sex assigned at birth</a>, either part or full-time. Contemporaneous nomenclature classified them as <a href="/wiki/Transvestite" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvestite">transvestites</a> and they were the most visible representatives of sexual minorities. They belied the carefully crafted image portrayed by the Mattachine Society and DOB asserted homosexuals were respectable, normal people.<sup id="cite_ref-stryker_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stryker-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mattachine and DOB considered the trials of being arrested for wearing clothing of the opposite gender as a parallel to the struggles of homophile organizations: similar but distinctly separate. </p><p>Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people staged a small <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Do-nuts_Riot" title="Cooper Do-nuts Riot">riot at the Cooper Do-nuts</a> café in Los Angeles in 1959 in response to police harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFadermanTimmons20061–2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFadermanTimmons20061–2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a larger 1966 event in San Francisco, drag queens, hustlers, and trans women<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were sitting in <a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria</a> when the police arrived to arrest people appearing to be physically male who were presenting as women. A riot ensued, with the cafeteria patrons slinging cups, plates, and saucers and breaking the <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">plexiglass</a> windows in the front of the restaurant and returning several days later to smash the windows again after they were replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-boyd_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyd-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor <a href="/wiki/Susan_Stryker" title="Susan Stryker">Susan Stryker</a> classifies the Compton's Cafeteria riot as an "act of anti-transgender discrimination, rather than an act of discrimination against sexual orientation" and connects the uprising to the issues of gender, race, and class that were being downplayed by homophile organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-stryker_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stryker-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> activism in San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-boyd_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyd-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenwich_Village">Greenwich Village</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Greenwich Village"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_square_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Washington_square_park.jpg/220px-Washington_square_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Washington_square_park.jpg/330px-Washington_square_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Washington_square_park.jpg/440px-Washington_square_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square Park</a> in Greenwich Village</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> neighborhoods of Greenwich Village and <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> were home to sizable gay and lesbian populations after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when people who had served in the military took advantage of the opportunity to settle in larger cities. The enclaves of gay men and lesbians, described by a newspaper story as "short-haired women and long-haired men", developed a distinct subculture through the following two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003253–254_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003253–254-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> inadvertently benefited gay establishments, as drinking alcohol was pushed underground along with other behaviors considered immoral. New York City passed laws against homosexuality in public and private businesses, but because alcohol was in high demand, <a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">speakeasies</a> and impromptu drinking establishments were so numerous and temporary that authorities were unable to police them all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003255–256_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003255–256-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, police raids continued, resulting in the closure of iconic establishments such as <a href="/wiki/Eve%27s_Hangout" title="Eve's Hangout">Eve's Hangout</a> in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-Gattuso_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gattuso-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social repression of the 1950s resulted in a cultural revolution in Greenwich Village. A cohort of poets, later named the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat</a> poets, wrote about the evils of the social organization at the time, glorifying anarchy, drugs, and hedonistic pleasures over unquestioning social compliance, consumerism, and closed-mindedness. Of them, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>—both Greenwich Village residents—also wrote bluntly and honestly about homosexuality. Their writings attracted sympathetic liberal-minded people, as well as homosexuals looking for a community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198768–69_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198768–69-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1960s, a campaign to rid New York City of gay bars was in full effect by order of Mayor <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Robert F. Wagner Jr.</a>, who was concerned about the image of the city in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">1964 World's Fair</a>. The city revoked the liquor licenses of the bars and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200429–37_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200429–37-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a> usually consisted of an undercover officer who found a man in a bar or public park, engaged him in conversation; if the conversation headed toward the possibility that they might leave together—or the officer bought the man a drink—he was arrested for <a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">solicitation</a>. One story in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i> described an arrest in a gym locker room, where the officer grabbed his crotch, moaning, and a man who asked him if he was all right was arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200446_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200446-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few lawyers would defend cases as undesirable as these and some of those lawyers kicked back their fees to the arresting officer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993116–117_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993116–117-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mattachine Society succeeded in getting newly elected mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> to end the campaign of police entrapment in New York City. They had a more difficult time with the <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_New_York" title="Alcohol laws of New York">New York State Liquor Authority</a> (SLA). While no laws prohibited serving homosexuals, courts allowed the SLA discretion in approving and revoking liquor licenses for businesses that might become "disorderly".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993183_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993183-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200448_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200448-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the high population of gay men and lesbians who called Greenwich Village home, very few places existed, other than bars, where they were able to congregate openly without being harassed or arrested. In 1966 the New York Mattachine held a "sip-in" at a Greenwich Village bar named <a href="/wiki/Julius_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius (New York City)">Julius</a>, which was frequented by gay men, to illustrate the discrimination homosexuals faced.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>None of the bars frequented by gay men and lesbians were owned by gay people. Almost all of them were owned and controlled by <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">organized crime</a>, who treated the regulars poorly, watered down the liquor, and overcharged for drinks. However, they also paid off police to prevent frequent raids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993181_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993181-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stonewall_Inn">Stonewall Inn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stonewall Inn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 300px;"><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 250px; width: 300px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="250" data-zoom="17" data-lat="40.73345" data-lon="-74.00215" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/40.73345/-74.00215/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,17,40.73345,-74.00215,300x250.png?lang=en" width="300" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,17,40.73345,-74.00215,300x250@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -25px; left: 0px; width: 300px; height: 300px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 118px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 232px; left: 287px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 232px; left: 190px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 206px; left: 173.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 205.875px; left: 219px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 50m<br />55yds</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 172.3859134008px; left: 146.2305788324px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 170.3859134008px; left: 178.7305788324px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 172.3859134008px; left: 153.7305788324px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">3</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 100.99955527732px; left: 128.51032938005px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 98.99955527732px; left: 161.01032938005px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 100.99955527732px; left: 136.01032938005px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">2</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 64.07533275909px; left: 140.63471058302px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 62.07533275909px; left: 173.13471058302px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Stonewall Inn</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 64.07533275909px; left: 148.13471058302px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">1</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: white; top: 147px; left: 230px; width: 70px; height: 90px; background-color:transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Lower_Manhattan_extended.jpg" title="File:Location map Lower Manhattan extended.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Location_map_Lower_Manhattan_extended.jpg/70px-Location_map_Lower_Manhattan_extended.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Location_map_Lower_Manhattan_extended.jpg/105px-Location_map_Lower_Manhattan_extended.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Location_map_Lower_Manhattan_extended.jpg/140px-Location_map_Lower_Manhattan_extended.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5683" data-file-height="8250" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 181.19230769231px; left: 250.53846153846px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 186.19230769231px; left: 246.03846153846px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 264px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/18/40.73345/-74.00215/en" data-zoom="18" data-lat="40.73345" data-lon="-74.00215" data-overlays="["_bbedff35bc2d90781625c53ea8dd6f0b30dfbeb5"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Location of the Stonewall Inn in relation to Greenwich Village<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">1</span></div> Stonewall Inn<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">2</span></div> Christopher Park<br /><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">3</span></div> Sheridan Square</div></div></div> <p>The Stonewall Inn, located at 51 and 53 <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Street" title="Christopher Street">Christopher Street</a>, along with several other establishments in the city, was owned by the <a href="/wiki/Genovese_crime_family" title="Genovese crime family">Genovese crime family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993183_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993183-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, three members of the Mafia invested $3,500 to turn the Stonewall Inn into a gay bar, after it had been a restaurant and a nightclub for heterosexuals. Once a week a police officer would collect envelopes of cash as a payoff known as a <a href="/wiki/Gayola" title="Gayola">gayola</a>, as the Stonewall Inn had no <a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">liquor license</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993185_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993185-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200468_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200468-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had no running water behind the bar—dirty glasses were run through tubs of water and immediately reused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993181_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993181-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no fire exits, and the toilets overran consistently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200480_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200480-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the bar was not used for prostitution, drug sales and other black market activities took place. It was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993182_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993182-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dancing was its main draw since its re-opening as a gay club.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200471_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200471-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Visitors to the Stonewall Inn in 1969 were greeted by a <a href="/wiki/Bouncer_(doorman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouncer (doorman)">bouncer</a> who inspected them through a peephole in the door. The legal drinking age was 18 and to avoid unwittingly letting in undercover police (who were called "Lily Law", "Alice Blue Gown", or "Betty Badge"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993187_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993187-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), visitors would have to be known by the doorman or 'look gay'. Patrons were required to sign their names in a book to prove that the bar was a private "bottle club", but they rarely signed their real names. There were two dance floors in the Stonewall. The interior was painted black, making it very dark inside, with pulsing gel lights or <a href="/wiki/Black_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Black light">black lights</a>. If police were spotted, regular white lights were turned on, signaling that everyone should stop dancing or touching.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993187_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993187-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the rear of the bar was a smaller room frequented by "queens"; it was one of two bars where effeminate men who wore makeup and teased their hair (though dressed in men's clothing) could go.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993189_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993189-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a few people in full <a href="/wiki/Drag_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (clothing)">drag</a> were allowed in by the bouncers. The customers were "98 percent male" but a few lesbians sometimes came to the bar. Younger homeless adolescent males, who slept in nearby <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Park">Christopher Park</a>, would often try to get in so customers would buy them drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993188_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993188-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The age of the clientele ranged between the upper teens and early thirties and the racial mix was distributed among mainly white, with Black, and Hispanic patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993189_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993189-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199570_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199570-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its mix of people, its location, and the attraction of dancing, the Stonewall Inn was known by many as "<i>the</i> gay bar in the city".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200474_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200474-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Police raids on gay bars were frequent, occurring on average once a month for each bar. Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block, to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if alcohol was seized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993183_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993183-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bar management usually knew about raids beforehand due to police tip-offs, and raids occurred early enough in the evening that business could commence after the police had finished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993192–193_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993192–193-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a typical raid, the lights were turned on and customers were lined up and their identification cards checked. Those without identification or dressed in full drag were arrested; others were allowed to leave. Some of the men, including those in drag, used their <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">draft cards</a> as identification. Women were required to wear three pieces of feminine clothing and would be arrested if found not wearing them. Typically, employees and management of the bars were also arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993192–193_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993192–193-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period immediately before June 28, 1969, was marked by frequent raids of local bars—including a raid at the Stonewall Inn on the Tuesday before the riots<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004124–125_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004124–125-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and the closing of the Checkerboard, the Tele-Star, and two other clubs in Greenwich Village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19714_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19714-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt62969_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt62969-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Riots">Riots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Riots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_raid">Police raid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Police raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Layout_of_the_Stonewall_Inn_1969-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color digital illustration of the layout of the Stonewall Inn in 1969: a rectangular building with the front along Christopher Street; the entrance opens to a lobby where patrons could go to the larger part of the bar to the right that also featured a larger dance floor. From that room was an entrance to a smaller room with a smaller dance floor and smaller bar. The toilets are located near the rear of the building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Layout_of_the_Stonewall_Inn_1969-en.svg/270px-Layout_of_the_Stonewall_Inn_1969-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Layout_of_the_Stonewall_Inn_1969-en.svg/405px-Layout_of_the_Stonewall_Inn_1969-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Layout_of_the_Stonewall_Inn_1969-en.svg/540px-Layout_of_the_Stonewall_Inn_1969-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Layout of the Stonewall Inn, 1969<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004photo_spread,_p._1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004photo_spread,_p._1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonewall_Inn_raid_sign_pride_weekend_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stonewall_Inn_raid_sign_pride_weekend_2016.jpg/220px-Stonewall_Inn_raid_sign_pride_weekend_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stonewall_Inn_raid_sign_pride_weekend_2016.jpg/330px-Stonewall_Inn_raid_sign_pride_weekend_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stonewall_Inn_raid_sign_pride_weekend_2016.jpg/440px-Stonewall_Inn_raid_sign_pride_weekend_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3454" data-file-height="3432" /></a><figcaption>The sign left by police following the raid is now on display just inside the entrance.</figcaption></figure> <p>At 1:20 a.m. on Saturday, June 28, 1969, four plainclothes policemen in dark suits, two patrol officers in uniform, Detective Charles Smythe, and Deputy Inspector <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Pine" title="Seymour Pine">Seymour Pine</a> arrived at the Stonewall Inn's double doors and announced "Police! We're taking the place!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004137_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004137-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two undercover policewomen and two undercover policemen entered the bar early that evening to gather visual evidence, as the Public Morals Squad waited outside for the signal. Once ready, the undercover officers called for backup from the Sixth Precinct using the bar's pay telephone. Stonewall employees do not recall being tipped off that a raid was to occur that night, as was the custom.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music was turned off and the main lights were turned on. Approximately 200 people were in the bar that night. Patrons who had never experienced a police raid were confused. A few who realized what was happening began to run for doors and windows in the bathrooms, but police barred the doors. Michael Fader remembered, "Things happened so fast you kind of got caught not knowing. All of a sudden there were police there and we were told to all get in lines and to have our identification ready to be led out of the bar."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004137_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004137-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The raid did not go as planned. Standard procedure was to line up the patrons, check their identification and have female police officers take customers dressed as women to the bathroom to verify their sex, upon which any people appearing to be physically male and dressed as women would be arrested. Those dressed as women that night refused to go with the officers. Men in line began to refuse to produce their identification. The police decided to take everyone present to the police station, after separating those suspected of cross-dressing in a room in the back of the bar. All parties involved recall that a sense of discomfort spread very quickly, started by police who assaulted some of the lesbians by "feeling some of them up inappropriately" while frisking them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004141_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004141-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>When did you ever see a fag fight back?<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Now, times were a-changin'. Tuesday night was the last night for bullshit<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Predominantly, the theme [w]as, "this shit has got to stop!" </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—anonymous Stonewall riots participant<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004143_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004143-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The police were to transport the bar's alcohol in patrol wagons. Twenty-eight cases of beer and nineteen bottles of hard liquor were seized, but the patrol wagons had not yet arrived, so patrons were required to wait in line for about 15 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004142_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004142-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who were not arrested were released from the front door, but they did not leave quickly as usual. Instead, they stopped outside and a crowd began to grow and watch. Within minutes, between 100 and 150 people had congregated outside, some after they were released from inside the Stonewall and some after noticing the police cars and the crowd. Although the police forcefully pushed or kicked some patrons out of the bar, some customers released by the police performed for the crowd by posing and saluting the police in an exaggerated fashion. The crowd's applause encouraged them further.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19712_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19712-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the first patrol wagon arrived, Inspector Pine recalled that the crowd—most of whom were homosexual—had grown to at least ten times the number of people who were arrested and they all became very quiet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004147_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004147-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confusion over radio communication delayed the arrival of a second wagon. The police began escorting Mafia members into the first wagon, to the cheers of the bystanders. Next, regular employees were loaded into the wagon. A bystander shouted, "Gay power!", someone began singing "<a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">We Shall Overcome</a>" and the crowd reacted with amusement and general good humor mixed with "growing and intensive hostility".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004147–148_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004147–148-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An officer shoved a person in drag, who responded by hitting him on the head with her purse. The cop clubbed her over the head, as the crowd began to boo. Author <a href="/wiki/Edmund_White" title="Edmund White">Edmund White</a>, who had been passing by, recalled, "Everyone's restless, angry, and high-spirited. No one has a slogan, no one even has an attitude, but something's brewing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004148_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004148-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pennies, then beer bottles, were thrown at the wagon as a rumor spread through the crowd that patrons still inside the bar were being beaten. </p><p>A scuffle broke out when a woman in handcuffs was escorted from the door of the bar to the waiting police wagon several times. She escaped repeatedly and fought with four of the police, swearing and shouting, for about ten minutes. Described as "a typical New York butch" and "a dyke–stone butch", she had been hit on the head by an officer with a <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">baton</a> for, as one witness claimed, complaining that her handcuffs were too tight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993196_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993196-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bystanders recalled that the woman, whose identity remains unknown (<a href="/wiki/Storm%C3%A9_DeLarverie" title="Stormé DeLarverie">Stormé DeLarverie</a> has been identified by some, including herself, as the woman, but accounts vary<sup id="cite_ref-Chu_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chu-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), sparked the crowd to fight when she looked at bystanders and shouted, "Why don't you guys do something?" After an officer picked her up and heaved her into the back of the wagon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004152_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004152-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the crowd became a mob and became violent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004151_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004151-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_breaks_out">Violence breaks out</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Violence breaks out"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The police tried to restrain some of the crowd, knocking a few people down, which incited bystanders even more. Some of those handcuffed in the wagon escaped when police left them unattended (deliberately, according to some witnesses).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004154_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004154-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the crowd tried to overturn the police wagon, two police cars and the wagon—with a few slashed tires—left immediately, with Inspector Pine urging them to return as soon as possible. The commotion attracted more people who learned what was happening. Someone in the crowd declared that the bar had been raided because "they didn't pay off the cops", to which someone else yelled, "Let's pay them off!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004156_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004156-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins sailed through the air towards the police as the crowd shouted "Pigs!" and "Faggot cops!" Beer cans were thrown and the police lashed out, dispersing some of the crowd who found a construction site nearby with stacks of bricks. The police, outnumbered by between 500 and 600 people, grabbed several people, including activist folk singer (and mentor of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>) <a href="/wiki/Dave_Van_Ronk" title="Dave Van Ronk">Dave Van Ronk</a>—who had been attracted to the revolt from a bar two doors away from the Stonewall. Though Van Ronk was not gay, he had experienced police violence when he participated in antiwar demonstrations: "As far as I was concerned, anybody who'd stand against the cops was all right with me and that's why I stayed in<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Every time you turned around the cops were pulling some outrage or another."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004156_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004156-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Ronk was the first of thirteen arrested that night.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten police officers—including two policewomen—barricaded themselves, Van Ronk, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Smith_(director)" title="Howard Smith (director)">Howard Smith</a> (a column writer for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>), and several handcuffed detainees inside the Stonewall Inn for their own safety. </p><p>Multiple accounts of the riot assert that there was no pre-existing organization or apparent cause for the demonstration; what ensued was spontaneous.<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Fader explained:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004160_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004160-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>We all had a collective feeling like we'd had enough of this kind of shit. It wasn't anything tangible anybody said to anyone else, it was just kind of like everything over the years had come to a head on that one particular night in the one particular place and it was not an organized demonstration...</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonewall_riots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph showing the backs of three uniformed police officers and a man with short-cropped hair in a suit pushing back a crowd of young men with longer hair dressed in jeans and contemporary clothing for the late 1960s, arguing and defying the police; other people in the background on a stoop are watching" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Stonewall_riots.jpg/220px-Stonewall_riots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Stonewall_riots.jpg/330px-Stonewall_riots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/42/Stonewall_riots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>This photograph – the only known photo of the riots – appeared on the front page of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Daily_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Daily News">The New York Daily News</a></i> on Sunday, June 29, 1969. Here the "street kids" who were the first to fight back against the police are seen.</figcaption></figure> <p>The only known photograph from the first night of the riots, taken by freelance photographer Joseph Ambrosini, shows the homeless gay youth who slept in nearby Christopher Park, scuffling with police. Jackie Hormona and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lanigan-Schmidt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt">Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt</a> are on the far left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004162_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004162-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Who_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mattachine Society newsletter a month later offered its explanation of why the riots occurred: "It catered largely to a group of people who are not welcome in, or cannot afford, other places of homosexual social gathering<span class="nowrap"> </span>... The Stonewall became home to these kids. When it was raided, they fought for it. That and the fact that they had nothing to lose other than the most tolerant and broadminded gay place in town, explains why."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal197113_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal197113-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garbage cans, garbage, bottles, rocks, and bricks were hurled at the building, breaking the windows. Witnesses attest that "flame queens", hustlers, and gay "street kids"—the most outcast people in the gay community—were responsible for the first volley of projectiles, as well as the uprooting of a <a href="/wiki/Parking_meter" title="Parking meter">parking meter</a> used as a <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">battering ram</a> on the doors of the Stonewall Inn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004163–165_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004163–165-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mob lit garbage on fire and stuffed it through the broken windows as the police grabbed a fire hose. Because it had no water pressure, the hose was ineffective in dispersing the crowd and seemed only to encourage them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199567_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199567-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marsha_P._Johnson" title="Marsha P. Johnson">Marsha P. Johnson</a> later said that it was the police that had started the fire in the bar.<sup id="cite_ref-MarshaInterview_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarshaInterview-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When demonstrators broke through the windows—which had been covered by <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> by the bar owners to deter the police from raiding the bar—the police inside unholstered their pistols. The doors flew open and officers pointed their weapons at the angry crowd, threatening to shoot. Howard Smith, in the bar with the police, took a wrench from the bar and stuffed it in his pants, unsure if he might have to use it against the mob or the police. He watched someone squirt <a href="/wiki/Charcoal_lighter_fluid" title="Charcoal lighter fluid">lighter fluid</a> into the bar; as it was lit and the police took aim, <a href="/wiki/Siren_(alarm)" title="Siren (alarm)">sirens</a> were heard and fire trucks arrived. The onslaught had lasted 45 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19713_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19713-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the violence broke out, the women and transmasculine people being held down the street at <a href="/wiki/New_York_Women%27s_House_of_Detention" title="New York Women's House of Detention">The Women's House of Detention</a> joined in by chanting, setting fire to their belongings and tossing them into the street below. The historian Hugh Ryan says, "When I would talk to people about Stonewall, they would tell me, that night on Stonewall, we looked to the prison because we saw the women rioting and chanting, 'Gay rights, gay rights, gay rights.'"<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalation">Escalation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Escalation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Riot_control" title="Riot control">Tactical Patrol Force</a> (TPF) of the New York City Police Department arrived to free the police trapped inside the Stonewall. One officer's eye was cut and a few others were bruised from being struck by flying debris. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kohler" title="Bob Kohler">Bob Kohler</a>, who was walking his dog by the Stonewall that night, saw the TPF arrive: </p> <blockquote><p>I had been in enough riots to know the fun was over<span class="nowrap"> </span>... The cops were totally humiliated. This never, ever happened. They were angrier than I guess they had ever been because everybody else had rioted<span class="nowrap"> </span>... but the fairies were not supposed to riot<span class="nowrap"> </span>... no group had ever forced cops to retreat before, so the anger was just enormous. I mean, they wanted to kill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004175_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004175-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>With larger numbers, police detained anyone they could and put them in patrol wagons to go to jail, though Inspector Pine recalled, "Fights erupted with the transvestites, who wouldn't go into the patrol wagon." His recollection was corroborated by another witness across the street who said, "All I could see about who was fighting was that it was transvestites and they were fighting furiously."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004174_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004174-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TPF formed a <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanx formation">phalanx</a> and attempted to clear the streets by marching slowly and pushing the crowd back. The mob openly mocked the police. The crowd cheered, started impromptu <a href="/wiki/Kick_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kick line">kick lines</a> and sang to the tune of "<a href="/wiki/Ta-ra-ra_Boom-de-ay" title="Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay">Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay</a>": "We are the Stonewall girls/ We wear our hair in curls/ We don't wear underwear/ We show our pubic hair."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19715_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19715-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Truscott_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucian Truscott IV">Lucian Truscott</a> reported in <i>The Village Voice</i>: "A stagnant situation there brought on some gay tomfoolery in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Chorus_line" title="Chorus line">chorus line</a> facing the line of helmeted and club-carrying cops. Just as the line got into a full kick routine, the TPF advanced again and cleared the crowd of screaming gay power[-]ites down Christopher to Seventh Avenue."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19716_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19716-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One participant who had been in the Stonewall during the raid recalled, "The police rushed us and that's when I realized this is not a good thing to do, because they got me in the back with a <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">nightstick</a>." Another account stated, "I just can't ever get that one sight out of my mind. The cops with the [nightsticks] and the kick line on the other side. It was the most amazing thing<span class="nowrap"> </span>... And all the sudden that kick line, which I guess was a spoof on the machismo<span class="nowrap"> </span>... I think that's when I felt rage. Because people were getting smashed with bats. And for what? A kick line."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004178_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004178-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marsha_P._Johnson" title="Marsha P. Johnson">Marsha P. Johnson</a>, an <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">street queen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-feinberg1_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinberg1-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPJQueen_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPJQueen-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doc1_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doc1-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recalled arriving at the bar around "2:00 [am]", and that at that point the riots were well underway, with the building in flames.<sup id="cite_ref-MarshaInterview_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarshaInterview-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the riots went on into the early hours of the morning, Johnson, along with Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona, were noted as "three individuals known to have been in the vanguard" of the pushback against the police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004261_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004261-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Craig_Rodwell" title="Craig Rodwell">Craig Rodwell</a>, owner of the <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_Bookshop" title="Oscar Wilde Bookshop">Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop</a>, reported watching police chase participants through the crooked streets, only to see them appear around the next corner behind the police. Members of the mob stopped cars, overturning one of them to block Christopher Street. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nichols_(activist)" title="Jack Nichols (activist)">Jack Nichols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lige_Clarke" title="Lige Clarke">Lige Clarke</a>, in their column printed in <i><a href="/wiki/Screw_(magazine)" title="Screw (magazine)">Screw</a></i>, declared that "massive crowds of angry protesters chased [the police] for blocks screaming, 'Catch them!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19716_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19716-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristopherPark3358.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of Christopher Park in winter, showing the wrought iron entrance arch in the foreground and the brick pavement surrounded by five and six-story brick buildings; in the center background are four white statue figures: two males standing, one with his hand on the other's shoulder and two females seated on a park bench, one woman with her hand touching the other's thigh. All are dressed in jeans and loose clothing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ChristopherPark3358.jpg/220px-ChristopherPark3358.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ChristopherPark3358.jpg/330px-ChristopherPark3358.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ChristopherPark3358.jpg/440px-ChristopherPark3358.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Park">Christopher Park</a>, where many of the demonstrators met after the first night of rioting to talk about what had happened. It is now the site of the <a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Monument" title="Gay Liberation Monument">Gay Liberation Monument</a>, featuring a sculpture of four figures by <a href="/wiki/George_Segal_(artist)" title="George Segal (artist)">George Segal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By 4:00 am, the streets had nearly been cleared. Many people sat on stoops or gathered nearby in Christopher Park throughout the morning, dazed in disbelief at what had transpired. Many witnesses remembered the surreal and eerie quiet that descended upon Christopher Street, though there continued to be "electricity in the air".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004180_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004180-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One commented: "There was a certain beauty in the aftermath of the riot<span class="nowrap"> </span>... It was obvious, at least to me, that a lot of people really were gay and, you know, this was our street."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004181_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004181-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirteen people had been arrested. Some in the crowd were hospitalized,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and four police officers were injured. Almost everything in the Stonewall Inn was broken. Inspector Pine had intended to close and dismantle the Stonewall Inn that night. Pay phones, toilets, mirrors, <a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">jukeboxes</a>, and cigarette machines were all smashed, possibly in the riot and possibly by the police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19713_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19713-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993202_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993202-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_night_of_rioting">Second night of rioting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second night of rioting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the siege of the Stonewall, Craig Rodwell called <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, the <i>New York Post</i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News (New York)">Daily News</a></i> to tell them what was happening. All three papers covered the riots; the <i>Daily News</i> placed coverage on the front page. News of the riot spread quickly throughout Greenwich Village, fueled by rumors that it had been organized by the <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panthers</a>, or triggered by "a homosexual police officer whose roommate went dancing at the Stonewall against the officer's wishes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19714_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19714-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All day Saturday, June 28, people came to stare at the burned and blackened Stonewall Inn. <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a> appeared on the walls of the bar, declaring "Drag power", "They invaded our rights", "Support gay power" and "Legalize gay bars", along with accusations of police looting and—regarding the status of the bar—"We are open."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19714_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19714-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next night, rioting again surrounded Christopher Street; participants remember differently which night was more frantic or violent. Many of the same people returned from the previous evening—hustlers, street youths, and "queens"—but they were joined by "police provocateurs", curious bystanders, and even tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004184_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004184-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remarkable to many was the sudden exhibition of homosexual affection in public, as described by one witness: "From going to places where you had to knock on a door and speak to someone through a peephole in order to get in. We were just out. We were in the streets."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004185_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004185-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thousands of people had gathered in front of the Stonewall, which had opened again, choking Christopher Street until the crowd spilled into adjoining blocks. The throng surrounded buses and cars, harassing the occupants unless they either admitted they were gay or indicated their support for the demonstrators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004186_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004186-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marsha P. Johnson was seen climbing a lamppost and dropping a heavy bag onto the hood of a police car, shattering the windshield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993204–205_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993204–205-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As on the previous evening, fires were started in garbage cans throughout the neighborhood. More than a hundred police were present from the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Ninth <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_New_York_City_Police_Department#Police_precincts" title="Organization of the New York City Police Department">Precincts</a>, but after 2:00 a.m. the TPF arrived again. Kick lines and police chases waxed and waned; when police captured demonstrators, whom the majority of witnesses described as "sissies" or "swishes", the crowd surged to recapture them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004191_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004191-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, street battling ensued until 4:00 am.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993204–205_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993204–205-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beat poet and longtime Greenwich Village resident Allen Ginsberg lived on Christopher Street and happened upon the jubilant chaos. After he learned of the riot that had occurred the previous evening, he stated, "Gay power! Isn't that great!<span class="nowrap"> </span>... It's about time we did something to assert ourselves" and visited the open Stonewall Inn for the first time. While walking home, he declared to Lucian Truscott, "You know, the guys there were so beautiful—they've lost that wounded look that fags all had 10 years ago."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19717_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19717-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Activist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Segal" title="Mark Segal">Mark Segal</a> recounts that <a href="/wiki/Martha_Shelley" title="Martha Shelley">Martha Shelley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marty_Robinson_(gay_activist)" title="Marty Robinson (gay activist)">Marty Robinson</a> stood and made speeches from the front door of the Stonewall on June 29, 1969, the second night of the riot.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaflets,_press_coverage,_and_more_violence"><span id="Leaflets.2C_press_coverage.2C_and_more_violence"></span>Leaflets, press coverage, and more violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Leaflets, press coverage, and more violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Mattachine_Society_Newsletter_-_Front_Cover_August_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/New_York_Mattachine_Society_Newsletter_-_Front_Cover_August_1969.jpg/220px-New_York_Mattachine_Society_Newsletter_-_Front_Cover_August_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/New_York_Mattachine_Society_Newsletter_-_Front_Cover_August_1969.jpg/330px-New_York_Mattachine_Society_Newsletter_-_Front_Cover_August_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/New_York_Mattachine_Society_Newsletter_-_Front_Cover_August_1969.jpg/440px-New_York_Mattachine_Society_Newsletter_-_Front_Cover_August_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>August 1969 Mattachine Society newsletter, covering the events</figcaption></figure> <p>Activity in Greenwich Village was sporadic on Monday, June 30, and Tuesday, July 1, partly due to rain. Police and Village residents had a few altercations, as both groups antagonized each other. Craig Rodwell and his partner <a href="/wiki/Fred_Sargeant" title="Fred Sargeant">Fred Sargeant</a> took the opportunity the morning after the first riot to print and distribute 5,000 leaflets, one of them reading: "Get the Mafia and the Cops out of Gay Bars." The leaflets called for gay people to own their own establishments, for a boycott of the Stonewall and other Mafia-owned bars, and for public pressure on the mayor's office to investigate the "intolerable situation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993205_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993205-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19718–9_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19718–9-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not everyone in the gay community considered the revolt a positive development. To many older homosexuals and many members of the Mattachine Society who had worked throughout the 1960s to promote homosexuals as no different from heterosexuals, the display of violence and effeminate behavior was embarrassing. <a href="/wiki/Randy_Wicker" title="Randy Wicker">Randy Wicker</a>, who had marched in the first gay picket lines before the White House in 1965, said the "screaming queens forming chorus lines and kicking went against everything that I wanted people to think about homosexuals<span class="nowrap"> </span>... that we were a bunch of drag queens in the Village acting disorderly and tacky and cheap."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993207_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993207-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others found the closing of the Stonewall Inn, termed a "sleaze joint", as advantageous to the Village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993206_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993206-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Wednesday, however, <i>The Village Voice</i> ran reports of the riots, written by Howard Smith and Lucian Truscott, that included unflattering descriptions of the events and its participants: "forces of faggotry", "limp wrists" and "Sunday fag follies".<sup id="cite_ref-Truscott_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truscott-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mob descended upon Christopher Street once again and threatened to burn down the offices of <i>The Village Voice,</i> which at the time was headquartered several buildings west of the Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street; that proximity gave Truscott and other writers for the newspaper first hand observations of the uprising. Also in the mob of between 500 and 1,000 were other groups that had had unsuccessful confrontations with the police and were curious how the police were defeated in this situation. Another explosive street battle took place, with injuries to demonstrators and police alike, local shops getting looted, and arrests of five people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993208–209_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993208–209-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004203–205_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004203–205-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incidents on Wednesday night lasted about an hour and were summarized by one witness: "The word is out. Christopher Street shall be liberated. The fags have had it with oppression."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004205_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004205-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The feeling of urgency spread throughout Greenwich Village, even to people who had not witnessed the riots. Many who were moved by the rebellion attended organizational meetings, sensing an opportunity to take action. On July 4, 1969, the Mattachine Society performed its annual picket in front of <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reminder" title="Annual Reminder">Annual Reminder</a>. Organizers <a href="/wiki/Craig_Rodwell" title="Craig Rodwell">Craig Rodwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kameny" title="Frank Kameny">Frank Kameny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Wicker" title="Randy Wicker">Randy Wicker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Gittings" title="Barbara Gittings">Barbara Gittings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kay_Lahusen" title="Kay Lahusen">Kay Lahusen</a>, who had all participated for several years, took a bus along with other picketers from New York City to Philadelphia. Since 1965, the pickets had been very controlled: women wore skirts and men wore suits and ties and all marched quietly in organized lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002105–107_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002105–107-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This year Rodwell remembered feeling restricted by the rules Kameny had set. When two women spontaneously held hands, Kameny broke them apart, saying, "None of that! None of that!" Rodwell, however, convinced about ten couples to hold hands. The hand-holding couples made Kameny furious, but they earned more press attention than all of the previous marches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004216–217_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004216–217-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993210_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993210-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participant <a href="/wiki/Lilli_Vincenz" title="Lilli Vincenz">Lilli Vincenz</a> remembered, "It was clear that things were changing. People who had felt oppressed now felt empowered."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004216–217_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004216–217-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodwell returned to New York City determined to change the established quiet, meek ways of trying to get attention. One of his first priorities was planning Christopher Street Liberation Day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993211_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993211-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_Liberation_Front">Gay Liberation Front</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gay Liberation Front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration,_with_Gay_Liberation_Front_Banner,_c1972_(7374381322).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Demonstration%2C_with_Gay_Liberation_Front_Banner%2C_c1972_%287374381322%29.jpg/220px-Demonstration%2C_with_Gay_Liberation_Front_Banner%2C_c1972_%287374381322%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Demonstration%2C_with_Gay_Liberation_Front_Banner%2C_c1972_%287374381322%29.jpg/330px-Demonstration%2C_with_Gay_Liberation_Front_Banner%2C_c1972_%287374381322%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Demonstration%2C_with_Gay_Liberation_Front_Banner%2C_c1972_%287374381322%29.jpg/440px-Demonstration%2C_with_Gay_Liberation_Front_Banner%2C_c1972_%287374381322%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="1498" /></a><figcaption>Gay rights demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, including members of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF). The GLF in the UK held its first meeting in a basement classroom at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> on October 13, 1970. The organization was very informal, instituting marches and other activities, leading to the first British Gay Pride March in 1972.</figcaption></figure><p>Although the Mattachine Society had existed since the 1950s, many of their methods now seemed too mild for people who had witnessed or been inspired by the riots. Mattachine recognized the shift in attitudes in a story from their newsletter entitled, "The Hairpin Drop Heard Around the World."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFrank199917_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFrank199917-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a Mattachine officer suggested an "amicable and sweet" candlelight vigil demonstration, a man in the audience fumed and shouted, "Sweet! <i>Bullshit!</i> That's the role society has been forcing these queens to play."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal197119_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal197119-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a flyer announcing: "Do You Think Homosexuals Are Revolting? You Bet Your Sweet Ass We Are!",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal197119_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal197119-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a> (GLF) was soon formed, the first gay organization to use <i>gay</i> in its name. Previous organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Mattachine_Society" title="Mattachine Society">Mattachine Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis" title="Daughters of Bilitis">Daughters of Bilitis</a> (DOB), and various homophile groups had masked their purpose by deliberately choosing obscure names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinen199931_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinen199931-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of militancy became apparent to Frank Kameny and Barbara Gittings—who had worked in homophile organizations for years and were both very public about their roles—when they attended a GLF meeting to see the new group. A young GLF member demanded to know who they were and what their credentials were. Gittings, nonplussed, stammered, "I'm gay. That's why I'm here."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002136_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002136-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GLF borrowed tactics from and aligned themselves with black and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">antiwar</a> demonstrators with the ideal that they "could work to restructure American society".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993216_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993216-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They took on causes of the Black Panthers, marching to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Women%27s_House_of_Detention" title="New York Women's House of Detention">Women's House of Detention</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/Afeni_Shakur" title="Afeni Shakur">Afeni Shakur</a> and other radical <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> causes. Four months after the group formed, however, it disbanded when members were unable to agree on operating procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004220–221_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004220–221-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_Activists_Alliance">Gay Activists Alliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gay Activists Alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within six months of the Stonewall riots, activists started a citywide newspaper called <i>Gay</i>; they considered it necessary because the most liberal publication in the city—<i>The Village Voice</i>—refused to print the word <i>gay</i> in GLF advertisements seeking new members and volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinen199940_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinen199940-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other newspapers were initiated within a six-week period: <i>Come Out!</i> and <i>Gay Power</i>; the readership of these three periodicals quickly climbed to between 20,000 and 25,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004242_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004242-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993235_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993235-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GLF members organized several same-sex dances, but GLF meetings were chaotic. When Bob Kohler asked for clothes and money to help the homeless youth who had participated in the riots, many of whom slept in Christopher Park or Sheridan Square, the response was a discussion on the downfall of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004220_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004220-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late December 1969, several people who had visited GLF meetings and left out of frustration formed the <a href="/wiki/Gay_Activists_Alliance" title="Gay Activists Alliance">Gay Activists Alliance</a> (GAA). The GAA was to be more orderly and entirely focused on gay issues. Their constitution began, "We as liberated homosexual activists demand the freedom for expression of our dignity and value as human beings."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinen199950–51_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinen199950–51-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GAA developed and perfected a confrontational tactic called a <a href="/wiki/Zap_(action)" title="Zap (action)">zap</a>: they would catch a politician off guard during a public relations opportunity and force him or her to acknowledge gay and lesbian rights. City councilmen were zapped and mayor John Lindsay was zapped several times—once on television when GAA members made up the majority of the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004245–246_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004245–246-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Police raids on gay bars did not stop after the Stonewall riots. In March 1970, deputy inspector Seymour Pine raided the Zodiac and 17 Barrow Street. An after-hours gay club with no liquor or occupancy licenses called The Snake Pit was soon raided and 167 people were arrested. One of them was <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vi%C3%B1ales" title="Diego Viñales">Diego Viñales</a>, an Argentinian national so frightened that he might be <a href="/wiki/Deported" class="mw-redirect" title="Deported">deported</a> as a homosexual that he tried to escape the police precinct by jumping out of a two-story window, impaling himself on a 14-inch (36 cm) spike fence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004238–239_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004238–239-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>New York Daily News</i> printed a graphic photo of the young man's impalement on the front page. GAA members organized a march from Christopher Park to the Sixth Precinct in which hundreds of gay men, lesbians, and liberal sympathizers peacefully confronted the TPF.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004242_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004242-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also sponsored a letter-writing campaign to Mayor Lindsay in which the Greenwich Village <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> and congressman <a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a> sent pleas to end raids on gay bars in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal1971106–108_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal1971106–108-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stonewall Inn lasted only a few weeks after the riot. By October 1969 it was up for rent. Village residents surmised it was too notorious a location and Rodwell's boycott discouraged business.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004252_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004252-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_Pride">Gay Pride</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gay Pride"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NYC_Pride_March#Origins" title="NYC Pride March">NYC Pride March § Origins</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm/220px-seek%3D50-Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="704" data-mwtitle="Gay_and_Proud_(1970).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Gay_and_Proud_(1970).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="958" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1438" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1438" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm/Gay_and_Proud_%281970%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><i>Gay and Proud</i>, a 1970 film by <a href="/wiki/Lilli_Vincenz" title="Lilli Vincenz">Lilli Vincenz</a> documenting the first Christopher Street Liberation Day</figcaption></figure> <p>Christopher Street Liberation Day, on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with an assembly on Christopher Street; with simultaneous Gay Pride marches in Los Angeles and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, these were the first <a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Gay Pride marches</a> in US history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993278–279_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993278–279-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, Gay Pride marches took place in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFrank199920_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFrank199920-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/NYC_Pride_March" title="NYC Pride March">march in New York</a> covered 51 blocks, from Christopher Street to <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>. The march took less than half the scheduled time due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walking through the city with gay banners and signs. Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march, the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinen199962–64_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinen199962–64-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> reported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-fosburgh_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fosburgh-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reporting by <i>The Village Voice</i> was positive, describing "the out-front resistance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFrank199920_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFrank199920-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>There was little open animosity and some bystanders applauded when a tall, pretty girl carrying a sign "I am a Lesbian" walked by. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—<i>The New York Times</i> coverage of Gay Liberation Day, 1970<sup id="cite_ref-fosburgh_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fosburgh-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>By 1972, the participating cities included <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, Washington, D.C., <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, and Philadelphia,<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as San Francisco. </p><p>Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different from them. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department, and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the US government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECain200791–92_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECain200791–92-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten people marched with Kameny then and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, "By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there were at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004251_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004251-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as "one of the greatest mistakes of his life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinen199925_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinen199925-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image of gay people retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, "stirred an unexpected spirit among many homosexuals".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinen199925_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinen199925-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, "Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly, it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFrank199921_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFrank199921-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Carter explained that even though there were several uprisings before Stonewall, the reason Stonewall was so significant was that thousands of people were involved, the riot lasted a long time (six days), it was the first to get major media coverage, and it sparked the formation of many gay rights groups.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trans_organizations">Trans organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trans organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Susan_Stryker" title="Susan Stryker">Susan Stryker</a>'s book, <i>Transgender History</i>, the Stonewall riots had significant effects on trans rights activism. <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Rivera" title="Sylvia Rivera">Sylvia Rivera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsha_P._Johnson" title="Marsha P. Johnson">Marsha P. Johnson</a> established the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) organization, as they believed that trans people weren't being adequately represented in the Gay Activists Alliance and Gay Liberation Front. They established politicized versions of "houses", which came from Black and Latino queer communities, and were places that marginalized trans youth could seek shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides STAR, organizations such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transvestites_and_Transsexuals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transvestites and Transsexuals (page does not exist)">Transvestites and Transsexuals</a> (TAT) and <a href="/wiki/Queens_Liberation_Front" title="Queens Liberation Front">Queens' Liberation Front</a> (QLF) were also established. QLF, which was established by drag queen Lee Brewster and heterosexual transvestite Bunny Eisenhower, marched on Christopher Street Liberation Day and fought against drag erasure and for trans visibility.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Stonewall riots are often considered to be the origin or impetus of the <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation</a> movement, and many studies of <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a> in the U.S. are divided into pre- and post-Stonewall analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been criticized by <a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">historians of sexuality</a>. Calls for the rights of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual minorities">gender and sexual minorities</a> predate the Stonewall riots. The <a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">first homosexual movement</a> began one hundred years earlier, in Germany. <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> had abolished criminal liability for homosexual acts among adults over 21 years of age through a change of <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">Section 175</a> of the German Criminal Code on June 25, 1969 − just three days before the Stonewall riots began.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was already the emergence of a gay liberation movement in New York at the time of the riots. The Stonewall riots were not the only time LGBTQ people organized politically amid attacks on LGBTQ establishments. The event has been said to occupy a unique place in the <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a> of many LGBTQ people,<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_155-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including those outside of the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it "is marked by an international commemorative ritual – an annual gay pride parade", according to sociologist Elizabeth A. Armstrong.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_155-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community">Community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonewall_was_a_riot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stonewall_was_a_riot.jpg/220px-Stonewall_was_a_riot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stonewall_was_a_riot.jpg/330px-Stonewall_was_a_riot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stonewall_was_a_riot.jpg/440px-Stonewall_was_a_riot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Banner reading "Stonewall was a riot" pictured during Berlin Pride, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Within two years of the Stonewall riots, there were gay rights groups in every major American city, as well as in Canada, Australia, and Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198782_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198782-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who joined activist organizations after the riots had very little in common other than their <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">same-sex attraction</a>. Many who arrived at GLF or GAA meetings were taken aback by the number of gay people in one place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002152–155_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002152–155-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Race, class, ideology, and gender became frequent obstacles in the years after the riots. This was illustrated during the 1973 Stonewall rally when, moments after <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Gittings" title="Barbara Gittings">Barbara Gittings</a> exuberantly praised the diversity of the crowd, feminist activist <a href="/wiki/Jean_O%27Leary" title="Jean O'Leary">Jean O'Leary</a> protested what she perceived as the mocking of women by <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-dressers">cross-dressers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">drag queens</a> in attendance. During a speech by O'Leary, in which she claimed that drag queens made fun of women for entertainment value and profit, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Rivera" title="Sylvia Rivera">Sylvia Rivera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Brewster" title="Lee Brewster">Lee Brewster</a> jumped on the stage and shouted "You go to bars because of what drag queens did for you and <i>these bitches</i> tell us to quit being ourselves!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinen1999171–172_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinen1999171–172-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the drag queens and lesbian feminists in attendance left in disgust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993236_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993236-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stockholm_Pride_Parade_-_Anarchist_block_-_2726504058.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stockholm_Pride_Parade_-_Anarchist_block_-_2726504058.jpg/220px-Stockholm_Pride_Parade_-_Anarchist_block_-_2726504058.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stockholm_Pride_Parade_-_Anarchist_block_-_2726504058.jpg/330px-Stockholm_Pride_Parade_-_Anarchist_block_-_2726504058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stockholm_Pride_Parade_-_Anarchist_block_-_2726504058.jpg/440px-Stockholm_Pride_Parade_-_Anarchist_block_-_2726504058.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer anarchists</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Pride" title="Stockholm Pride">Stockholm Pride</a> with banner reading "Remember Stonewall"</figcaption></figure> <p>O'Leary also worked in the early 1970s to exclude transgender people from gay rights issues because she felt that rights for transgender people would be too difficult to attain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993236_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993236-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylvia Rivera left New York City in the mid-1970s, relocating to <a href="/wiki/Tarrytown,_New_York" title="Tarrytown, New York">upstate New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RiveraWholeInterview95_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiveraWholeInterview95-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later returned to the city in the mid-1990s, after the 1992 death of friend <a href="/wiki/Marsha_P._Johnson" title="Marsha P. Johnson">Marsha P. Johnson</a>. Rivera lived on the "gay pier" at the end of Christopher street and advocated for homeless members of the gay community.<sup id="cite_ref-RiveraWholeInterview95_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiveraWholeInterview95-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RiveraInterview2_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiveraInterview2-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial disagreements among participants in the movements often evolved after further reflection. O'Leary later regretted her stance against the drag queens attending in 1973: "Looking back, I find this so embarrassing because my views have changed so much since then. I would never pick on a transvestite now."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993236_167-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993236-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It was horrible. How could I work to exclude transvestites and at the same time criticize the feminists who were doing their best back in those days to exclude lesbians?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002156_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002156-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Leary was referring to the <a href="/wiki/Lavender_Menace" title="Lavender Menace">Lavender Menace</a>, an appellation by <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminist</a> <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> based on attempts by members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> (NOW) to distance themselves from the perception of NOW as a haven for lesbians. As part of this process, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Mae_Brown" title="Rita Mae Brown">Rita Mae Brown</a> and other lesbians who had been active in NOW were forced out. They staged a protest in 1970 at the Second Congress to Unite Women and earned the support of many NOW members, finally gaining full acceptance in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198790–91_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198790–91-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growth of <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">lesbian feminism</a> in the 1970s at times so conflicted with the gay liberation movement that some lesbians refused to work with gay men. Many lesbians found men's attitudes patriarchal and chauvinistic and saw in gay men the same misguided notions about women that they saw in heterosexual men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991211–212_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991211–212-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issues most important to gay men—<a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">entrapment</a> and public solicitation—were not shared by lesbians. In 1977, a Lesbian Pride Rally was organized as an alternative to sharing gay men's issues, especially what <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Rich" title="Adrienne Rich">Adrienne Rich</a> termed "the violent, self-destructive world of the gay bars".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991211–212_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991211–212-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veteran gay activist Barbara Gittings chose to work in the gay rights movement, explaining, "It's a matter of where does it hurt the most? For me it hurts the most not in the female arena, but the gay arena."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991211–212_172-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991211–212-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1970s, gay activism had significant successes. One of the first and most important was the "zap" in May 1970 by the Los Angeles GLF at a convention of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> (APA). At a conference on <a href="/wiki/Behavior_modification" title="Behavior modification">behavior modification</a>, during a film demonstrating the use of <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroshock therapy</a> to decrease same-sex attraction, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Kight" title="Morris Kight">Morris Kight</a> and GLF members in the audience interrupted the film with shouts of "Torture!" and "Barbarism!"<sup id="cite_ref-williams_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They took over the microphone to announce that medical professionals who prescribed such therapy for their homosexual patients were complicit in torturing them. Although 20 psychiatrists in attendance left, the GLF spent the hour following the zap with those remaining, trying to convince them that homosexual people were not mentally ill.<sup id="cite_ref-williams_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the APA invited gay activists to speak to the group in 1972, activists brought <a href="/wiki/John_E._Fryer" title="John E. Fryer">John E. Fryer</a>, a gay psychiatrist who wore a mask, because he felt his practice was in danger. In December 1973—in large part due to the efforts of gay activists—the APA voted unanimously to remove homosexuality from the <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002146–147_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002146–147-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECain200765_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECain200765-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gay men and lesbians came together to work in <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> political organizations responding to organized resistance in 1977. A coalition of conservatives named <a href="/wiki/Save_Our_Children" title="Save Our Children">Save Our Children</a> staged a campaign to repeal a civil rights ordinance in <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade County</a>. Save Our Children was successful enough to influence similar repeals in several American cities in 1978. However, that same year, a campaign in California called the <a href="/wiki/Briggs_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Briggs Initiative">Briggs Initiative</a>, designed to force the dismissal of homosexual public school employees, was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECain2007275_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECain2007275-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaction to the influence of Save Our Children and the Briggs Initiative in the gay community was so significant that it has been called the second Stonewall for many activists, marking their initiation into political participation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFejes2008214_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFejes2008214-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent 1979 <a href="/wiki/National_March_on_Washington_for_Lesbian_and_Gay_Rights" title="National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights">National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights</a> was timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the Stonewall riots.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejection_of_prior_gay_subculture">Rejection of prior gay subculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rejection of prior gay subculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Stonewall riots marked such a significant turning point that many aspects of prior <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">gay and lesbian culture</a>, such as bar culture formed from decades of shame and secrecy, were forcefully ignored and denied. Historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Martin Duberman</a> writes, "The decades preceding Stonewall<span class="nowrap"> </span>... continue to be regarded by most gay men and lesbians as some vast neolithic wasteland."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993xv_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993xv-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Barry_D._Adam" title="Barry D. Adam">Barry Adam</a> notes, "Every social movement must choose at some point what to retain and what to reject out of its past. What traits are the results of oppression and what are healthy and authentic?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198793_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198793-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In conjunction with the growing feminist movement of the early 1970s, roles of <a href="/wiki/Butch_and_femme" title="Butch and femme">butch and femme</a> that developed in lesbian bars in the 1950s and 1960s were rejected, because as one writer put it: "all role playing is sick."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198794_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198794-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lesbian feminists considered the butch roles as archaic imitations of masculine behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991232_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991232-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some women, according to <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Faderman" title="Lillian Faderman">Lillian Faderman</a>, were eager to shed the roles they felt forced into playing. The roles returned for some women in the 1980s, although they allowed for more flexibility than before Stonewall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991210,_266_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991210,_266-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Author Michael Bronski highlights the "attack on pre-Stonewall culture", particularly <a href="/wiki/Gay_male_pulp_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay male pulp fiction">gay pulp fiction</a> for men, where the themes often reflected self-hatred or ambivalence about being gay. Many books ended unsatisfactorily and drastically, often with suicide, and writers portrayed their gay characters as alcoholics or deeply unhappy. These books, which he describes as "an enormous and cohesive literature by and for gay men",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronski200316_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronski200316-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have not been reissued and are lost to later generations. Dismissing the notion that the rejection was motivated by political correctness, Bronski writes, "gay liberation was a youth movement whose sense of history was defined to a large degree by rejection of the past."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronski200312_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronski200312-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_and_recognition">Impact and recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Impact and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color photograph of the Stonewall Inn taken in 2016, showing a smaller plate glass window in a portion of the 1969 building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg/220px-Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg/330px-Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg/440px-Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The modern <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a>, occupying one of the original Stonewall Inn's two buildings. The buildings and the surrounding streets have been declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The riots spawned from a bar raid became a literal example of gay men and lesbians fighting back and a symbolic call to arms for many people. Historian David Carter remarks in his book about the Stonewall riots that the bar itself was a complex business that represented a community center, an opportunity for the Mafia to blackmail its own customers, a home, and a place of "exploitation and degradation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004264_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004264-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The true legacy of the Stonewall riots, Carter insists, is the "ongoing struggle for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender equality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004266_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004266-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Nicholas Edsall writes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003333_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003333-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Stonewall has been compared to any number of acts of radical protest and defiance in American history from the Boston Tea Party on. But the best and certainly a more nearly contemporary analogy is Rosa Parks' refusal to move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in December 1955, which sparked the modern civil rights movement. Within months after Stonewall, radical gay liberation groups and newsletters sprang up in cities and on college campuses across America and then across all of northern Europe as well.</p></blockquote> <p>Before the rebellion at the Stonewall Inn, homosexuals were, as historians Dudley Clendinen and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Nagourney" title="Adam Nagourney">Adam Nagourney</a> write:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinen199912_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinen199912-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>a secret legion of people, known of but discounted, ignored, laughed at or despised. And like the holders of a secret, they had an advantage which was a disadvantage too, and which was true of no other minority group in the United States. They were invisible. Unlike African Americans, women, Native Americans, Jews, the Irish, Italians, Asians, Hispanics, or any other cultural group which struggled for respect and equal rights, homosexuals had no physical or cultural markings, no language or dialect which could identify them to each other, or to anyone else<span class="nowrap"> </span>... But that night, for the first time, the usual acquiescence turned into violent resistance<span class="nowrap"> </span>... From that night the lives of millions of gay men and lesbians and the attitude toward them of the larger culture in which they lived, began to change rapidly. People began to appear in public as homosexuals, demanding respect.</p></blockquote> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Faderman" title="Lillian Faderman">Lillian Faderman</a> calls the riots the "shot heard round the world", explaining, "The Stonewall Rebellion was crucial because it sounded the rally for that movement. It became an emblem of gay and lesbian power. By calling on the dramatic tactic of violent protest that was being used by other oppressed groups, the events at the Stonewall implied that homosexuals had as much reason to be disaffected as they."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991195_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991195-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joan_Nestle" title="Joan Nestle">Joan Nestle</a> co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Herstory_Archives" title="Lesbian Herstory Archives">Lesbian Herstory Archives</a> in 1974 and credits "its creation to that night and the courage that found its voice in the streets."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFrank199917_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFrank199917-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cautious, however, not to attribute the start of gay activism to the Stonewall riots, Nestle writes: </p> <blockquote><p>I certainly don't see gay and lesbian history starting with Stonewall<span class="nowrap"> </span>... and I don't see resistance starting with Stonewall. What I do see is a historical coming together of forces, and the sixties changed how human beings endured things in this society and what they refused to endure<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Certainly, something special happened on that night in 1969 and we've made it more special in our need to have what I call a point of origin<span class="nowrap"> </span>... it's more complex than saying that it all started with Stonewall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199574_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199574-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The events of the early morning of June 28, 1969, were not the first instances of gay men and lesbians fighting back against police in New York City and elsewhere. Not only had the Mattachine Society been active in major cities such as Los Angeles and Chicago, but similarly marginalized people started the riot at Compton's Cafeteria in 1966 and another riot responded to a raid on Los Angeles' <a href="/wiki/Black_Cat_Tavern" title="Black Cat Tavern">Black Cat Tavern</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitt_et_al.1995210_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitt_et_al.1995210-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several circumstances were in play that made the Stonewall riots memorable. The location of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a> raid was a factor: it was across the street from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i> offices, and the narrow crooked streets gave the rioters an advantage over the police.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_155-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the participants and residents of Greenwich Village were involved in political organizations that were effectively able to mobilize a large and cohesive gay community in the weeks and months after the rebellion. The most significant facet of the Stonewall riots, however, was the commemoration of them in Christopher Street Liberation Day, which grew into the annual <a href="/wiki/Gay_Pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Pride">Gay Pride</a> events around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_155-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_(charity)" title="Stonewall (charity)">Stonewall</a> (officially Stonewall Equality Limited) is an <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a> charity in the United Kingdom, founded in 1989 and named after the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a> because of the Stonewall riots. The <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Awards" title="Stonewall Awards">Stonewall Awards</a> is an annual event the charity has held since 2006 to recognize people who have affected the lives of British lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. </p><p>The middle of the 1990s was marked by the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexuals</a> as a represented group within the gay community, when they successfully sought to be included on the platform of the 1993 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Lesbian,_Gay_and_Bi_Equal_Rights_and_Liberation" title="March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation">March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation</a>. Transgender people also asked to be included but were not, though trans-inclusive language was added to the march's list of demands.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transgender community continued to find itself simultaneously welcome and at odds with the gay community as attitudes about <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">non-binary gender discrimination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">pansexual orientation</a> developed and came increasingly into conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-stryker_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stryker-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thompson_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thompson-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, New York City celebrated "Stonewall 25" with a march that went past the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Headquarters">United Nations Headquarters</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>. Estimates put the attendance at 1.1 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFrank199922_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFrank199922-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Rivera" title="Sylvia Rivera">Sylvia Rivera</a> led an alternate march in New York City in 1994 to protest the exclusion of transgender people from the events.<sup id="cite_ref-pride_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pride-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attendance at LGBTQ Pride events has grown substantially over the decades. Most large cities around the world now have some kind of Pride demonstration; Pride events in some cities mark the largest annual celebration of any kind.<sup id="cite_ref-pride_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pride-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growing trend towards commercializing marches into parades—with events receiving corporate sponsorship—has caused concern about taking away the autonomy of the original grassroots demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-pride_196-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pride-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_des_Emeutes_de_Stonewall_Paris_Le_Marais.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Place_des_Emeutes_de_Stonewall_Paris_Le_Marais.png/220px-Place_des_Emeutes_de_Stonewall_Paris_Le_Marais.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Place_des_Emeutes_de_Stonewall_Paris_Le_Marais.png/330px-Place_des_Emeutes_de_Stonewall_Paris_Le_Marais.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Place_des_Emeutes_de_Stonewall_Paris_Le_Marais.png/440px-Place_des_Emeutes_de_Stonewall_Paris_Le_Marais.png 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption>In Paris (France), town square commemorating the Stonewall Riots</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/President_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="President Barack Obama">President Barack Obama</a> declared June 2009 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Month, citing the riots as a reason to "commit to achieving equal justice under law for LGBT Americans".<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year marked the 40th anniversary of the riots. An editorial in the <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Blade" title="Washington Blade">Washington Blade</a></i> compared the scruffy, violent activism during and following the Stonewall riots to the lackluster response to failed promises given by President Obama; for being ignored, wealthy LGBTQ activists reacted by promising to give less money to Democratic causes.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, the Stonewall Inn served as a rallying point for celebrations after the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a> voted to pass <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_York" title="Same-sex marriage in New York">same-sex marriage</a>. The act was signed into law by Governor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a> on June 24, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obama also referenced the Stonewall riots in a call for full equality during his <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">second inaugural address</a> on January 21, 2013: </p> <blockquote><p>We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths—that all of us are created equal—is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls and Selma and Stonewall<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law—for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well.<sup id="cite_ref-michelson_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michelson-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This was a historic moment: the first time that a president mentioned gay rights or the word "gay" in an inaugural address.<sup id="cite_ref-michelson_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michelson-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout June 2019, <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_50_%E2%80%93_WorldPride_NYC_2019" title="Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019">Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Heritage_of_Pride" title="Heritage of Pride">Heritage of Pride</a> in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/I_Love_New_York" title="I Love New York">I Love New York</a> program's LGBTQ division, took place in New York to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising. The final official estimate included 5  million visitors attending in Manhattan alone, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_LGBTQ_events" title="List of largest LGBTQ events">largest LGBTQ celebration</a> in history.<sup id="cite_ref-deBlasio_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deBlasio-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> June is traditionally Pride month in New York City and worldwide, and the events were held under the auspices of the annual <a href="/wiki/NYC_Pride_March" title="NYC Pride March">NYC Pride March</a>. On June 6, 2019, coinciding with <a href="/wiki/WorldPride" title="WorldPride">WorldPride</a> being celebrated in New York City, Police Commissioner <a href="/wiki/James_P._O%27Neill" title="James P. O'Neill">James P. O'Neill</a> apologized on behalf of the NYPD for the actions of its officers at the Stonewall uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-advocate1_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advocate1-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official 50th-anniversary commemoration of the Stonewall Uprising occurred on June 28 on Christopher Street in front of <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a>. The official commemoration was themed as a rally, in reference to the original rallies in front of Stonewall Inn in 1969. Speakers at this event included mayor <a href="/wiki/Bill_De_Blasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill De Blasio">Bill De Blasio</a>, senator <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Kirsten Gillibrand</a>, congressman <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a>, American activist <a href="/wiki/X_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="X González">X González</a>, and global activist <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9my_Bonny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rémy Bonny (page does not exist)">Rémy Bonny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Paris, France, officially named a square in the <a href="/wiki/The_Marais" title="The Marais">Marais</a> district as <a href="/wiki/Place_des_%C3%89meutes-de-Stonewall" title="Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall">Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall</a><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Stonewall Riots Place). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stonewall_Day">Stonewall Day</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Stonewall Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pride-live-stonewall-day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Pride-live-stonewall-day.jpg/220px-Pride-live-stonewall-day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Pride-live-stonewall-day.jpg/330px-Pride-live-stonewall-day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Pride-live-stonewall-day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Stonewall Day logo by Pride Live</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2018, 49 years after the uprising, Stonewall Day was announced as a commemoration day by <a href="/wiki/Pride_Live" title="Pride Live">Pride Live</a>, a social advocacy and community engagement organization.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second Stonewall Day was held on Friday, June 28, 2019, outside the Stonewall Inn.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this event, Pride Live introduced their Stonewall Ambassadors program, to raise awareness for the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_landmark_and_monument">Historic landmark and monument</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Historic landmark and monument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_National_Monument" title="Stonewall National Monument">Stonewall National Monument</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonewall_Inn_6_pride_weekend_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stonewall_Inn_6_pride_weekend_2016.jpg/220px-Stonewall_Inn_6_pride_weekend_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stonewall_Inn_6_pride_weekend_2016.jpg/330px-Stonewall_Inn_6_pride_weekend_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stonewall_Inn_6_pride_weekend_2016.jpg/440px-Stonewall_Inn_6_pride_weekend_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4166" data-file-height="3417" /></a><figcaption>A banner hanging from the top of the building the day after President Obama announced creation of the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_National_Monument" title="Stonewall National Monument">Stonewall National Monument</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Plaque_at_Stonewall_Inn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Plaque_at_Stonewall_Inn.jpg/230px-The_Plaque_at_Stonewall_Inn.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Plaque_at_Stonewall_Inn.jpg/345px-The_Plaque_at_Stonewall_Inn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Plaque_at_Stonewall_Inn.jpg/460px-The_Plaque_at_Stonewall_Inn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating the Stonewall Riots</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1999, the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of the Interior">US Department of the Interior</a> included 51 and 53 <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Street" title="Christopher Street">Christopher Street</a> and the surrounding area in Greenwich Village into the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_below_14th_Street" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street">National Register of Historic Places</a>, the first of significance to the LGBTQ community.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1999-06-26_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1999-06-26-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freedman_1999_j277_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman_1999_j277-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a dedication ceremony, Assistant Secretary of the Department of the Interior <a href="/wiki/John_Berry_(administrator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Berry (administrator)">John Berry</a> stated, "Let it forever be remembered that here—on this spot—men and women stood proud, they stood fast, so that we may be who we are, we may work where we will, live where we choose, and love whom our hearts desire."<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Stonewall Inn was also named a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in February 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS-Stonewall_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-Stonewall-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 23, 2015, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</a> designated Stonewall as a city landmark, the first to be designated based on its LGBTQ cultural significance alone.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 24, 2016, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> announced the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_National_Monument" title="Stonewall National Monument">Stonewall National Monument</a>, administered by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designation protects Christopher Park and adjacent areas totaling more than seven acres; the Stonewall Inn is within the boundaries of the monument but remains privately owned.<sup id="cite_ref-monument1_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monument1-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Foundation" title="National Park Foundation">National Park Foundation</a> formed a new <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> to raise funds for a ranger station and interpretive exhibits for the monument,<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the first official national visitor center dedicated to the LGBTQ+ experience, which was inaugurated on June 28, 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2024-06-28_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2024-06-28-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taitt_2024_n125_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taitt_2024_n125-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>'s Christopher Street–Sheridan Square station was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Street%E2%80%93Stonewall_station" title="Christopher Street–Stonewall station">Christopher Street–Stonewall station</a> on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-2024-06-28_220-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2024-06-28-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_representations">Media representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Media representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No newsreel or TV footage was taken of the riots and few home movies and photographs exist, but those that do have been used in documentaries.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Before_Stonewall" title="Before Stonewall">Before Stonewall: The Making of a Gay and Lesbian Community</a></i> (1984), a documentary on the decades leading up to the Stonewall Rebellion</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_(1995_film)" title="Stonewall (1995 film)">Stonewall</a></i> (1995), a dramatic presentation of the events leading up to the riots</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Stonewall" title="After Stonewall">After Stonewall</a></i> (1999), a documentary of the years from Stonewall to the century's end</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Uprising" title="Stonewall Uprising">Stonewall Uprising</a></i> (2010), a documentary using archival footage, photographs, documents, and witness statements</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_(2015_film)" title="Stonewall (2015 film)">Stonewall</a></i> (2015), a drama about a fictional protagonist who interacts with fictionalized versions of some of the people in and around the riots</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Marsha!" title="Happy Birthday, Marsha!">Happy Birthday, Marsha!</a></i> (2016), a short, experimental drama, inspired by some of the legends surrounding gay and transgender rights activists <a href="/wiki/Marsha_P._Johnson" title="Marsha P. Johnson">Marsha P. Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Rivera" title="Sylvia Rivera">Sylvia Rivera</a>, set on the night of the riots</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Activist <a href="/wiki/Madeline_Davis" title="Madeline Davis">Madeline Davis</a> wrote the folk song "Stonewall Nation" in 1971 after attending her first gay civil rights march. Released on <a href="/wiki/Mark_Custom_Recording_Service" title="Mark Custom Recording Service">Mark Custom Recording Service</a>, it is widely regarded as the first gay liberation record, with lyrics that "celebrate the resiliency and potential power of radical gay activism."<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The song <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'69: Judy Garland", written by <a href="/wiki/Stephin_Merritt" title="Stephin Merritt">Stephin Merritt</a> and appearing on <i><a href="/wiki/50_Song_Memoir" title="50 Song Memoir">50 Song Memoir</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/The_Magnetic_Fields" title="The Magnetic Fields">The Magnetic Fields</a>, centers on the Stonewall Riots and the idea<sup id="cite_ref-Garland_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that they were caused by the death of <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> six days earlier, on June 22, 1969.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Opera" title="New York City Opera">New York City Opera</a> commissioned the English composer <a href="/wiki/Iain_Bell" title="Iain Bell">Iain Bell</a> and American librettist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Campbell_(librettist)" title="Mark Campbell (librettist)">Mark Campbell</a> in 2018 to write the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_(opera)" title="Stonewall (opera)">Stonewall</a></i> to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the riots, to be premiered on June 19, 2019 and directed by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Foglia" title="Leonard Foglia">Leonard Foglia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stonewall_Celebration_Concert" title="The Stonewall Celebration Concert">The Stonewall Celebration Concert</a> is the debut <a href="/wiki/Studio_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio album">studio album</a> by <a href="/wiki/Renato_Russo" title="Renato Russo">Renato Russo</a>, released in 1994. The album was a tribute to twenty-five years of the Stonewall riots in New York. Part of the royalties was donated to Ação da Cidadania Contra a Fome, a Miséria e Pela Vida (Citizen Action Against Hunger and Poverty and for Life) campaign.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Street Theatre</i> (1982) by <a href="/wiki/Doric_Wilson" title="Doric Wilson">Doric Wilson</a><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Christopher_Street_Day" title="Christopher Street Day">Christopher Street Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York_City" title="LGBTQ culture in New York City">LGBTQ culture in New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_New_York" title="LGBTQ history in New York">LGBTQ history in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_New_York" title="LGBTQ rights in New York">LGBTQ rights in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_Liberation_March" title="Queer Liberation March">Queer Liberation March</a></li></ul> <p><b>Analogous events</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Forty-One" title="Dance of the Forty-One">Dance of the Forty-One</a> (1901), Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariston_Bathhouse_raid" title="Ariston Bathhouse raid">Ariston Bathhouse raid</a> (1903), the first anti-gay police raid in New York City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanchaca_street_scandal" title="Huanchaca street scandal">Huanchaca street scandal</a> (15 June 1969), Chile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Soap" title="Operation Soap">Operation Soap</a> (1981), Toronto, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_Garage" title="Sex Garage">Sex Garage raid</a> (1990), Montreal, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasty_nightclub_raid" title="Tasty nightclub raid">Tasty nightclub raid</a> (1994), dubbed "Australia's Stonewall"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Abanicos_police_raid" title="Bar Abanicos police raid">Bar Abanicos police raid</a> (1997), Ecuador</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Night" title="Rainbow Night">Rainbow Night</a> (2020), dubbed "Polish Stonewall"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Descriptors in this article reflect terminology that was used at the time. The one-word unifying term for people in same sex relationships or not conforming to gender norms in the 1950s through the early 1980s was "homosexual" or "gay" (see <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a>). Later ('70s/80s) this was expanded by many groups to <i>lesbian and gay</i>, then by the '90s and '00s to <i>lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender</i> (LGBT).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Except for Illinois, which decriminalized <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> in 1961, homosexual acts, even between consenting adults acting in private homes, were a criminal offense in every U.S. state at the time the Stonewall riots occurred: "An adult convicted of the crime of having sex with another consenting adult in the privacy of his or her home could get anywhere from a light fine to five, ten, or twenty years—or even life—in prison. In 1971, twenty states had 'sex psychopath' laws that permitted the detaining of homosexuals for that reason alone. In Pennsylvania and California sex offenders could be committed to a psychiatric institution for life, and [in] seven states they could be castrated." (Carter, p. 15) Castration, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting#Emetics" title="Vomiting">emetics</a>, hypnosis, electroshock therapy and lobotomies were used by psychiatrists to attempt to cure homosexuals through the 1950s and 1960s.(Katz, pp. 181–197.)(Adam, p. 60.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Duberman (p. 194), there was a rumor that one might happen, but since it was much later than raids generally took place, Stonewall management thought the tip was inaccurate. Days after the raid, one of the bar owners complained that the tipoff had never come, and that the raid was ordered by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_and_Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms</a>, who objected that there were no <a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamp" title="Revenue stamp">stamps</a> on the liquor bottles, indicating the alcohol was <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">bootlegged</a>. David Carter presents information (p. 96–103) indicating that the Mafia owners of the Stonewall and the manager were blackmailing wealthier customers, particularly those who worked on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>. They appeared to be making more money from extortion than they were from liquor sales in the bar. Carter deduces that when the police were unable to receive kickbacks from blackmail and the theft of negotiable bonds (facilitated by pressuring gay Wall Street customers), they decided to close the Stonewall Inn permanently.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Accounts of people who witnessed the scene, including letters and news reports of the woman who fought with police, conflicted. Where witnesses claim one woman who fought her treatment at the hands of the police caused the crowd to become angry, some also remembered several "butch lesbians" had begun to fight back while still in the bar. At least one was already bleeding when taken out of the bar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004152–153_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004152–153-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Craig Rodwell<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993197_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993197-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claims the arrest of the woman was not the primary event that triggered the violence, but one of several simultaneous occurrences: "there was just<span class="nowrap"> </span>... a flash of group—of mass—anger."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Witness Morty Manford stated, "There's no doubt in my mind that those people were deliberately left unguarded. I assume there was some sort of relationship between the bar management and the local police, so they really didn't want to arrest those people. But they had to at least look like they were doing their jobs."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002128_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002128-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garland-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garland_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the years since the riots occurred, the death of <a href="/wiki/Gay_icon" title="Gay icon">gay icon</a> <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> earlier in the week on June 22, 1969 has been attributed as a significant factor in the riots, but no participants in Saturday morning's demonstrations recall Garland's name being discussed. No print accounts of the riots by reliable sources cite Garland as a reason for the riot. Only one contemporary account suggested it, an account by a heterosexual person ridiculing the riots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004260_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004260-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bob Kohler used to talk to the homeless youth in Sheridan Square and said, "When people talk about Judy Garland's death having anything much to do with the riot, that makes me crazy. The street kids faced death every day. They had nothing to lose. And they couldn't have cared less about Judy. We're talking about kids who were fourteen, fifteen, sixteen. Judy Garland was the middle-aged darling of the middle-class gays. I get upset about this because it trivializes the whole thing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199572_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199572-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Rivera" title="Sylvia Rivera">Sylvia Rivera</a> reported being handed a <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktail</a> and throwing it (there were no eyewitness accounts of Molotov cocktails the first night although many fires were set).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199567_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199567-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, David Carter admitted that this account of Rivera's actions was fabricated and that multiple witnesses over the years, including <a href="/wiki/Marsha_P._Johnson" title="Marsha P. Johnson">Marsha P. Johnson</a>, had all agreed that Rivera had not been present at the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-StonewallMyths_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StonewallMyths-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Interview_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kohler" title="Bob Kohler">Bob Kohler</a> told Carter that although Rivera had not been at the uprising, he hoped that Carter would still portray her as having been there. Another Stonewall veteran, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lanigan-Schmidt" title="Thomas Lanigan-Schmidt">Thomas Lanigan-Schmidt</a>, claimed that he wanted Carter to include Rivera "so that young Puerto Rican transgender people on the street would have a role model."<sup id="cite_ref-StonewallMyths_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StonewallMyths-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Kohler and Rivera had a discussion over whether Kohler would back Rivera's claims to Carter for the book, Rivera asked Kohler to say that Rivera threw a Molotov cocktail. Kohler responded, "Sylvia, you didn't throw a Molotov cocktail!" Rivera continued to bargain with him, asking if he'd say she threw the first brick. He replied, "Sylvia, you didn't throw a brick." The first bottle? He still refused. Finally, Kohler agreed to lie and say Rivera had been there and had at some point thrown <i>a</i> bottle.<sup id="cite_ref-StonewallMyths_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StonewallMyths-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some references have the last line as "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>pubic hairs" instead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One protester needed stitches to repair a knee broken by a nightstick; another lost two fingers in a car door. Witnesses recollect that some of the most "feminine boys" were beaten badly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993201–202._110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993201–202.-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter (p. 201) attributes the anger at <i>The Village Voice</i> reports to its focus on the effeminate behavior of the participants, with the exclusion of any kind of bravery. Author Edmund White insists that Smith and Truscott were trying to assert their own heterosexuality by referring to the events and people in derogatory terms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hairpin drop" was <a href="/wiki/Gay_slang" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay slang">gay slang</a> that meant to drop hints about one's sexual orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFrank199917_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFrank199917-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004162-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004162_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004162_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrudo2019" class="citation news cs1">Grudo, Gideon (June 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-stonewall-riots-what-really-happened-what-didnt-and-what-became-myth">"The Stonewall Riots: What Really Happened, What Didn't and What Became Myth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=The+Stonewall+Riots%3A+What+Really+Happened%2C+What+Didn%27t+and+What+Became+Myth&rft.date=2019-06-15&rft.aulast=Grudo&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fthe-stonewall-riots-what-really-happened-what-didnt-and-what-became-myth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyhistory.org/press/releases/new-york-historical-society-commemorates-50th-anniversary-stonewall-uprising-special">"New-York Historical Society commemorates 50th anniversary of Stonewall Uprising with special exhibitions and programs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a></i>. April 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New-York+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=New-York+Historical+Society+commemorates+50th+anniversary+of+Stonewall+Uprising+with+special+exhibitions+and+programs&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyhistory.org%2Fpress%2Freleases%2Fnew-york-historical-society-commemorates-50th-anniversary-stonewall-uprising-special&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807135756/https://www.nycgovparks.org/events/2019/06/26/movies-under-the-stars-stonewall-uprising">"Movies Under the Stars: Stonewall Uprising"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</a></i>. June 26, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nycgovparks.org/events/2019/06/26/movies-under-the-stars-stonewall-uprising">the original</a> on August 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+City+Department+of+Parks+and+Recreation&rft.atitle=Movies+Under+the+Stars%3A+Stonewall+Uprising&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycgovparks.org%2Fevents%2F2019%2F06%2F26%2Fmovies-under-the-stars-stonewall-uprising&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jenkins, Andrea (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/26/article/733297">"Power to the People: The Stonewall Revolution"</a>. <i>QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 63–68. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2327-1590">2327-1590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QED%3A+A+Journal+in+GLBTQ+Worldmaking&rft.atitle=Power+to+the+People%3A+The+Stonewall+Revolution&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63-68&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2327-1590&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F26%2Farticle%2F733297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993183-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993183_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993183_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993183_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993183_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuberman1993">Duberman 1993</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200479–83-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200479–83_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, pp. 79–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198756-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198756_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam1987">Adam 1987</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003277-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003277_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdsall2003">Edsall 2003</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David K. Johnson (2004). <i>The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government</i>. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=drBejRLWkHkC&pg=PA76">"The Transformation of Mental Disorders in the 1980s: The DSM-III, Managed Care and "Cosmetic Psychopharmacology"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Medicating Children: ADHD and Pediatric Mental Health</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03163-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03163-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03163-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=4+Policemen+Hurt+in+%27Village%27+Raid%3A+Melee+Near+Sheridan+Square+Follows+Action+at+Bar&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1969-06-29&rft.aulast=Eskow&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9D0DE5DB1639EF3BBC4151DFB0668382679EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004photo_spread,_p._1-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004photo_spread,_p._1_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, photo spread, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004137-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004137_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004137_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004141-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004141_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004143-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004143_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004142-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004142_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19712-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19712_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeal1971">Teal 1971</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004147-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004147_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004147–148-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004147–148_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, pp. 147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004148-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004148_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993196-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993196_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuberman1993">Duberman 1993</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chu-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chu_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChu2010" class="citation web cs1">Chu, Grace (July 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afterellen.com/people/77167-an-interview-with-lesbian-stonewall-veteran-storm-delarverie">"An interview with lesbian Stonewall veteran Stormé DeLarverie"</a>. AfterEllen.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+interview+with+lesbian+Stonewall+veteran+Storm%C3%A9+DeLarverie&rft.pub=AfterEllen.com&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afterellen.com%2Fpeople%2F77167-an-interview-with-lesbian-stonewall-veteran-storm-delarverie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004152–153-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004152–153_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993197-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993197_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuberman1993">Duberman 1993</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004152-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004152_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004151-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004151_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucian_K._Truscott_IV2017" class="citation web cs1">Lucian K. Truscott IV (June 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2017/06/28/the-night-they-busted-stonewall/">"The night they busted Stonewall"</a>. <i>Salon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=The+night+they+busted+Stonewall&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft.au=Lucian+K.+Truscott+IV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2017%2F06%2F28%2Fthe-night-they-busted-stonewall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002128-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002128_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcus2002">Marcus 2002</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004154-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004154_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004156-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004156_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004156_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucian_Truscott_IV1969" class="citation web cs1">Lucian Truscott IV (July 3, 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/voice_19690703_truscott.html">"Gay Power Comes to Sheridan Square"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Transcript)</span>. <i>Village Voice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Gay+Power+Comes+to+Sheridan+Square&rft.date=1969-07-03&rft.au=Lucian+Truscott+IV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Flweb%2Feresources%2Fexhibitions%2Fsw25%2Fvoice_19690703_truscott.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/voice1.html">page scans</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004260-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004260_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199572-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199572_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeitcher1995">Deitcher 1995</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004160-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004160_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Who_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPBS2010" class="citation web cs1">PBS (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/stonewall-participants/">"Who was at Stonewall?"</a>. <i>American Experience</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft.atitle=Who+was+at+Stonewall%3F&rft.date=2010&rft.au=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fstonewall-participants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal197113-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal197113_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeal1971">Teal 1971</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004163–165-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004163–165_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, pp. 163–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199567-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199567_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199567_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeitcher1995">Deitcher 1995</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarshaInterview-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarshaInterview_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarshaInterview_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://makinggayhistory.com/podcast/episode-11-johnson-wicker/">"Making Gay History: Episode 11 – Johnson & Wicker"</a>. 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Gay+History%3A+Episode+11+%E2%80%93+Johnson+%26+Wicker&rft.date=1987&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmakinggayhistory.com%2Fpodcast%2Fepisode-11-johnson-wicker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StonewallMyths-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StonewallMyths_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StonewallMyths_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StonewallMyths_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter,_David2019" class="citation web cs1">Carter, David (June 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gaycitynews.com/exploding-the-myths-of-stonewall/">"Exploding the Myths of Stonewall"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200125092524/https://www.gaycitynews.com/exploding-the-myths-of-stonewall/">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploding+the+Myths+of+Stonewall&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft.au=Carter%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaycitynews.com%2Fexploding-the-myths-of-stonewall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interview-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Interview_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_D._Cain" class="citation web cs1">Paul D. Cain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaytoday.com/interview/070104in.asp">"David Carter: Historian of The Stonewall Riots"</a>. Gay Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706194549/http://gaytoday.com/interview/070104in.asp">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Carter%3A+Historian+of+The+Stonewall+Riots&rft.pub=Gay+Today&rft.au=Paul+D.+Cain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgaytoday.com%2Finterview%2F070104in.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19713-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19713_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19713_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeal1971">Teal 1971</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.advocate.com/books/2022/5/09/hugh-ryan-lgbtq-history-women-house-detention">"Before Stonewall: The Women's House of Detention Changed Queer History"</a>. <i>advocate.com</i>. May 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=advocate.com&rft.atitle=Before+Stonewall%3A+The+Women%27s+House+of+Detention+Changed+Queer+History&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.advocate.com%2Fbooks%2F2022%2F5%2F09%2Fhugh-ryan-lgbtq-history-women-house-detention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004175-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004175_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004174-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004174_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19715-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19715_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeal1971">Teal 1971</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sara Warner (2012). <i>Acts of Gaiety: LGBT Performance and the Politics of Pleasure</i>. p. 17 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472118536" title="Special:BookSources/0472118536">0472118536</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeal19716-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19716_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeal19716_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeal1971">Teal 1971</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004178-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004178_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-feinberg1-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-feinberg1_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Feinberg, Leslie</a> (September 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workers.org/2006/us/lavender-red-73/">"Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a>. "Stonewall combatants Sylvia Rivera and Marsha 'Pay It No Mind' Johnson<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Both were self-identified drag queens."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPJQueen-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPJQueen_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjN9W2KstqE"><i>Pay It No Mind – The Life and Times of Marsha P. Johnson</i></a>. Event occurs at 14:34<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2017</span>. <q>I didn't get into it right away; I was like the <i>butch makeup queen</i>, working Greenwich Village. And then I started doing drag.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... I started becoming a drag queen</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pay+It+No+Mind+%E2%80%93+The+Life+and+Times+of+Marsha+P.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DrjN9W2KstqE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doc1-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doc1_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/feature-doc-pay-it-no-mind-the-life-times-of-marsha-p-johnson-released-online-watch-it">"Feature Doc 'Pay It No Mind: The Life & Times of Marsha P. Johnson' Released Online"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Indiewire" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiewire">Indiewire</a></i>. December 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved on June 1, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFrank199920-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFrank199920_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFrank199920_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaFrank1999">LaFrank 1999</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinen199962–64-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinen199962–64_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClendinen1999">Clendinen 1999</a>, pp. 62–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fosburgh-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fosburgh_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fosburgh_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fosburgh, Lacey (June 29, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/29/archives/thousands-of-homosexuals-hold-a-protest-rally-in-central-park.html">"Thousands of Homosexuals Hold A Protest Rally in Central Park"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_155-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_155-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_155-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_155-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrongCrage2006" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Elizabeth A.; Crage, Suzanna M. (2006). "Movements and Memory: The Making of the Stonewall Myth". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>71</b> (5): 724–751. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240607100502">10.1177/000312240607100502</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472425">25472425</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144545934">144545934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Movements+and+Memory%3A+The+Making+of+the+Stonewall+Myth&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=724-751&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144545934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25472425%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000312240607100502&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Crage%2C+Suzanna+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECain200791–92-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECain200791–92_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCain2007">Cain 2007</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004251-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004251_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinen199925-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinen199925_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinen199925_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClendinen1999">Clendinen 1999</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFrank199921-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFrank199921_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaFrank1999">LaFrank 1999</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2009" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glreview.org/article/article-509/">"What made Stonewall Different"</a>. <i>The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 11–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gay+%26+Lesbian+Review+Worldwide&rft.atitle=What+made+Stonewall+Different&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=11-13&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glreview.org%2Farticle%2Farticle-509%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Transgender History</i>. Seal Press. 2021. pp. 109–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580056892" title="Special:BookSources/9781580056892"><bdi>9781580056892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transgender+History&rft.pages=109-111&rft.pub=Seal+Press.&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781580056892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On June 25, 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> passed the law, but it did not come into force until September 1, 1969. As a result, several hundred prisoners were released. See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/06/00/12/00001/adamamir-amir-honors_thesis_final.pdf">The Persistence of Paragraph 175: Nazi-style Justice in Postwar Germany</a>, Interdisciplinary Studies May 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2021" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Craig (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nb8cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>The Ambivalence of Gay Liberation: Male Homosexual Politics in 1970s West Germany</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886896-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886896-5"><bdi>978-0-19-886896-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ambivalence+of+Gay+Liberation%3A+Male+Homosexual+Politics+in+1970s+West+Germany&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-886896-5&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNb8cEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198782-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198782_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam1987">Adam 1987</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002152–155-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002152–155_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcus2002">Marcus 2002</a>, pp. 152–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinen1999171–172-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinen1999171–172_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClendinen1999">Clendinen 1999</a>, pp. 171–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993236-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993236_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993236_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993236_167-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuberman1993">Duberman 1993</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RiveraWholeInterview95-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RiveraWholeInterview95_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RiveraWholeInterview95_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/35975275"><i>Randy Wicker Interviews Sylvia Rivera on the Pier</i></a>. Event occurs at Repeatedly throughout interview.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Randy+Wicker+Interviews+Sylvia+Rivera+on+the+Pier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F35975275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span> September 21, 1995. Accessed July 24, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RiveraInterview2-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RiveraInterview2_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/35975275"><i>Randy Wicker Interviews Sylvia Rivera on the Pier</i></a>. Event occurs at 14:17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Randy+Wicker+Interviews+Sylvia+Rivera+on+the+Pier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F35975275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span> September 21, 1995. Accessed July 24, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002156-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002156_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcus2002">Marcus 2002</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198790–91-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198790–91_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam1987">Adam 1987</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991211–212-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991211–212_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991211–212_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991211–212_172-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaderman1991">Faderman 1991</a>, pp. 211–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williams_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsRetter2003">Williams & Retter 2003</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002146–147-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002146–147_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcus2002">Marcus 2002</a>, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECain200765-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECain200765_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCain2007">Cain 2007</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECain2007275-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECain2007275_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCain2007">Cain 2007</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFejes2008214-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFejes2008214_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFejes2008">Fejes 2008</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhaziani2008" class="citation book cs1">Ghaziani, Amin (2008). <i>The Dividends of Dissent: How Conflict and Culture Work in Lesbian and Gay Marches on Washington</i>. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28995-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28995-3"><bdi>978-0-226-28995-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dividends+of+Dissent%3A+How+Conflict+and+Culture+Work+in+Lesbian+and+Gay+Marches+on+Washington&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-226-28995-3&rft.aulast=Ghaziani&rft.aufirst=Amin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993xv-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1993xv_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuberman1993">Duberman 1993</a>, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198793-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198793_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam1987">Adam 1987</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam198794-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam198794_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam1987">Adam 1987</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991232-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991232_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaderman1991">Faderman 1991</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991210,_266-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991210,_266_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaderman1991">Faderman 1991</a>, pp. 210, 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronski200316-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronski200316_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronski2003">Bronski 2003</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronski200312-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronski200312_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronski2003">Bronski 2003</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004264-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004264_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2004266-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2004266_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2004">Carter 2004</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003333-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdsall2003333_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdsall2003">Edsall 2003</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinen199912-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinen199912_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClendinen1999">Clendinen 1999</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991195-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaderman1991195_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaderman1991">Faderman 1991</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199574-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeitcher199574_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeitcher1995">Deitcher 1995</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitt_et_al.1995210-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitt_et_al.1995210_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitt_et_al.1995">Witt et al. 1995</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schalger, Neil, (ed.) (1997). <i>Gay and Lesbian Almanac</i>. St. James Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55862-358-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55862-358-2">1-55862-358-2</a> pp. 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thompson-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thompson_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Kara (2004). "Transsexuals, Transvestites, Transgender People and Cross-Dressers" in <i>Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered History in America</i>, Ed. Marc Stein. Vol. 3. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. pp. 203–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFrank199922-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFrank199922_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaFrank1999">LaFrank 1999</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pride-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pride_196-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pride_196-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pride_196-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pride Marches and Parades", in <i>Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History in America</i>, Marc Stein, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC7+New+York&rft.atitle=NYC+Pride%3A+President+Joe+Biden+to+visit+Stonewall+National+Monument+Visitor+Center+in+Greenwich+Village&rft.date=2024-06-28&rft.aulast=Taitt&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc7ny.com%2Fpost%2Fnyc-pride-president-joe-biden-visit-stonewall-national%2F15007800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfonseca2024" class="citation web cs1">Alfonseca, Kiara (June 28, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/stonewall-uprising-veteran-honors-protest-historic-lgbtq-center/story?id=111454893">"Stonewall Uprising veteran honors protest as historic LGBTQ center opens"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Stonewall+Uprising+veteran+honors+protest+as+historic+LGBTQ+center+opens&rft.date=2024-06-28&rft.aulast=Alfonseca&rft.aufirst=Kiara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fstonewall-uprising-veteran-honors-protest-historic-lgbtq-center%2Fstory%3Fid%3D111454893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abc7ny.com/post/nyc-pride-president-joe-biden-visit-stonewall-national/15007800/">"NYC Pride: President Joe Biden visits Stonewall National Monument Visitor Center in Greenwich Village"</a>. <i>ABC7 New York</i>. June 28, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC7+New+York&rft.atitle=NYC+Pride%3A+President+Joe+Biden+visits+Stonewall+National+Monument+Visitor+Center+in+Greenwich+Village&rft.date=2024-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc7ny.com%2Fpost%2Fnyc-pride-president-joe-biden-visit-stonewall-national%2F15007800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/06/before-stonewall-documentary-archives-history-invisible/592675/?page=1">"Creating the First Visual History of Queer Life Before Stonewall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. June 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Creating+the+First+Visual+History+of+Queer+Life+Before+Stonewall&rft.date=2019-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2019%2F06%2Fbefore-stonewall-documentary-archives-history-invisible%2F592675%2F%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolnik2018" class="citation web cs1">Skolnik, Jes (June 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/50-songs-that-define-the-last-50-years-of-lgbtq-pride/?page=1">"50 Songs That Define the Last 50 Years of LGBTQ+ Pride"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)" title="Pitchfork (website)">Pitchfork</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=50+Songs+That+Define+the+Last+50+Years+of+LGBTQ%2B+Pride&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft.aulast=Skolnik&rft.aufirst=Jes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Ffeatures%2Flists-and-guides%2F50-songs-that-define-the-last-50-years-of-lgbtq-pride%2F%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apnews.com/0e85c930ae65415999a46d912356d404">"NY City Opera commissions Iain Bell work on Stonewall Riots"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, June 5, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=heUCAAAAMBAJ&q=%22street+theatre%22+%22doric+wilson%22+%22stonewall%22&pg=PA90">"Theatre Listings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a></i>. February 27, 1984<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Theatre+Listings&rft.date=1984-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DheUCAAAAMBAJ%26q%3D%2522street%2Btheatre%2522%2B%2522doric%2Bwilson%2522%2B%2522stonewall%2522%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123339/https://www.stageplays.com/products/street_theatre/Doric%20Wilson">"Street Theatre"</a>. Stageplays.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stageplays.com/products/street_theatre/Doric%20Wilson">the original</a> on August 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Street+Theatre&rft.pub=Stageplays.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stageplays.com%2Fproducts%2Fstreet_theatre%2FDoric%2520Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_D._Adam" title="Barry D. Adam">Adam, Barry</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofgaylesbian00adamrich"><i>The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement</i></a>. G. K. Hall & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-9714-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-9714-5"><bdi>978-0-8057-9714-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+a+Gay+and+Lesbian+Movement&rft.pub=G.+K.+Hall+%26+Co.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-9714-5&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofgaylesbian00adamrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronski2003" class="citation book cs1">Bronski, Michael, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312252670"><i>Pulp Friction: Uncovering the Golden Age of Gay Male Pulps</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Griffin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-25267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-25267-0"><bdi>978-0-312-25267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pulp+Friction%3A+Uncovering+the+Golden+Age+of+Gay+Male+Pulps&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-312-25267-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312252670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain2007" class="citation book cs1">Cain, Paul (2007). <i>Leading the Parade: Conversations with America's Most Influential Lesbians and Gay Men</i>. Scarecrow Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5913-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5913-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-5913-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leading+the+Parade%3A+Conversations+with+America%27s+Most+Influential+Lesbians+and+Gay+Men&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5913-5&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2004" class="citation book cs1">Carter, David (2004). <i>Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution</i>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-34269-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-34269-2"><bdi>978-0-312-34269-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stonewall%3A+The+Riots+that+Sparked+the+Gay+Revolution&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-312-34269-2&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClendinen1999" class="citation book cs1">Clendinen, Dudley; Adam, Nagourney (1999). <i>Out for Good</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81091-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81091-1"><bdi>978-0-684-81091-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+for+Good&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81091-1&rft.aulast=Clendinen&rft.aufirst=Dudley&rft.au=Adam%2C+Nagourney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeitcher1995" class="citation book cs1">Deitcher, David, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questionofequali00deit"><i>The Question of Equality: Lesbian and Gay Politics in America Since Stonewall</i></a>. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80030-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80030-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80030-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Question+of+Equality%3A+Lesbian+and+Gay+Politics+in+America+Since+Stonewall&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80030-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestionofequali00deit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuberman1993" class="citation book cs1">Duberman, Martin (1993). <i>Stonewall</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-93602-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-93602-2"><bdi>978-0-525-93602-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stonewall&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-525-93602-2&rft.aulast=Duberman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdsall2003" class="citation book cs1">Edsall, Nicholas (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/towardstonewallh0000edsa"><i>Toward Stonewall: Homosexuality and Society in the Modern Western World</i></a></span>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2211-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2211-9"><bdi>978-0-8139-2211-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+Stonewall%3A+Homosexuality+and+Society+in+the+Modern+Western+World&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-2211-9&rft.aulast=Edsall&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftowardstonewallh0000edsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaderman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Faderman" title="Lillian Faderman">Faderman, Lillian</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oddgirlstwilight00fade"><i>Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017122-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017122-8"><bdi>978-0-14-017122-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odd+Girls+and+Twilight+Lovers%3A+A+History+of+Lesbian+Life+in+Twentieth+Century+America&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-017122-8&rft.aulast=Faderman&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foddgirlstwilight00fade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadermanTimmons2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Faderman" title="Lillian Faderman">Faderman, Lillian</a>; Timmons, Stuart (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gaylahistoryofse00lill"><i>Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics and Lipstick Lesbians</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02288-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02288-5"><bdi>978-0-465-02288-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+L.A.%3A+A+History+of+Sexual+Outlaws%2C+Power+Politics+and+Lipstick+Lesbians&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02288-5&rft.aulast=Faderman&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft.au=Timmons%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaylahistoryofse00lill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFejes2008" class="citation book cs1">Fejes, Fred (2008). <i>Gay Rights and Moral Panic: The Origins of America's Debate on Homosexuality</i>. Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8069-4"><bdi>978-1-4039-8069-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+Rights+and+Moral+Panic%3A+The+Origins+of+America%27s+Debate+on+Homosexuality&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-8069-4&rft.aulast=Fejes&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallo2006" class="citation book cs1">Gallo, Marcia (2006). <i>Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement</i>. Seal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-252-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-252-8"><bdi>978-1-58005-252-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Different+Daughters%3A+A+History+of+the+Daughters+of+Bilitis+and+the+Rise+of+the+Lesbian+Rights+Movement&rft.pub=Seal+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58005-252-8&rft.aulast=Gallo&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Amy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=in0fAAAAYAAJ"><i>An Army of Ex-Lovers: My life at the Gay Community News</i></a>. University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558496217" title="Special:BookSources/9781558496217"><bdi>9781558496217</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/134990244">134990244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Army+of+Ex-Lovers%3A+My+life+at+the+Gay+Community+News&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F134990244&rft.isbn=9781558496217&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Din0fAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Ned_Katz" title="Jonathan Ned Katz">Katz, Jonathan</a> (1976). <a href="/wiki/Gay_American_History:_Lesbians_and_Gay_Men_in_the_U.S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A."><i>Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A</i></a>. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-690-01165-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-690-01165-4"><bdi>978-0-690-01165-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+American+History%3A+Lesbians+and+Gay+Men+in+the+U.S.A&rft.pub=Thomas+Y.+Crowell+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-690-01165-4&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFrank1999" class="citation book cs1">LaFrank, Kathleen, ed. (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/gifs/stonewall_national_historic_landmark_nomination.pdf"><i>National Historic Landmark Nomination: Stonewall</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">US Department of the Interior: National Park Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Historic+Landmark+Nomination%3A+Stonewall&rft.pub=US+Department+of+the+Interior%3A+National+Park+Service&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Flweb%2Feresources%2Fexhibitions%2Fsw25%2Fgifs%2Fstonewall_national_historic_landmark_nomination.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2002" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Eric (2002). <i>Making Gay History</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093391-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093391-3"><bdi>978-0-06-093391-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Gay+History&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093391-3&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeal1971" class="citation book cs1">Teal, Donn (1971). <i>The Gay Militants</i>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-11279-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-11279-0"><bdi>978-0-312-11279-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gay+Militants&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-312-11279-0&rft.aulast=Teal&rft.aufirst=Donn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsRetter2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter; Retter, Yolanda, eds. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gaylesbianrights0000unse"><i>Gay and Lesbian Rights in the United States: A Documentary History</i></a></span>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30696-9"><bdi>978-0-313-30696-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+and+Lesbian+Rights+in+the+United+States%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30696-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaylesbianrights0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitt_et_al.1995" class="citation book cs1">Witt, Lynn; Thomas, Sherry; Marcus, Eric, eds. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outinalldirectio00witt"><i>Out in All Directions: The Almanac of Gay and Lesbian America</i></a></span>. New York: Warner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-67237-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-67237-5"><bdi>978-0-446-67237-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+in+All+Directions%3A+The+Almanac+of+Gay+and+Lesbian+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-446-67237-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutinalldirectio00witt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonewall+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_riots&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stonewall_Inn" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/22/police-records-document-the-stonewall-uprising/">"Police Records Document Start of Stonewall Uprising"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, June 22, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.villagevoice.com/2009/06/24/stonewall-at-40-the-voice-articles-that-sparked-a-final-night-of-rioting/"><i>Village Voice</i> Articles that Sparked a Final Night of Rioting:</a> "Full Moon Over the Stonewall" by Howard Smith and "Gay Power Comes to Sheridan Square" by Lucian Truscott</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandstreet.com/gsissues/gs44/gs44a.html">"The Night They Raided Stonewall"</a> by Martin Duberman, <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Street_(magazine)" title="Grand Street (magazine)">Grand Street</a></i> (1993, No. 44)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/index.html">Newspaper reports of the event</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/media-could-use-a-stonewa_b_221793">"Media Could Use a Stonewall Uprising of Their Own"</a> by Karl Frisch, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2009/6/26/stonewall_riots_40th_anniversary_a_look">"A Look Back at the Uprising that Launched the Modern Gay Rights Movement"</a> – video report by <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i>, begins at 12:40 in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dn2009-0626_vid">archived June 26 2009 episode</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>; incorporates portions of <i>Remembering Stonewall</i>, a 1989 radio retrospective narrated and produced by <a href="/wiki/David_Isay" title="David Isay">David Isay</a> (subsequent founder of <a href="/wiki/StoryCorps" title="StoryCorps">StoryCorps</a>) and an interview with historian David Carter, author of the <i>Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/stonewall/"><i>Stonewall Uprising</i> on PBS' <i>American Experience</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/ston/index.htm">National Park Service: Stonewall National Monument</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/31/us/first-brick-at-stonewall-lgbtq.html">Who Threw the First Brick at Stonewall?</a>" – 2019 <i>New York Times</i> video featuring interviews with participants in the Stonewall uprising, historians and early members of the Gay Liberation movement</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanarchive.org/special_collections/stonewall-uprising-interviews">Stonewall Uprising Interview Collection</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Archive_of_Public_Broadcasting" title="American Archive of Public Broadcasting">American Archive of Public Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stonewallforever.org/monument/">Stonewall Forever a Monument to 50 Years of Pride</a> Stonewall National Monument</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stonewallvets.org/">Stonewall Veterans' Association</a> Official site of the Stonewall Rebellion Veterans' Association</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_revolution" title="Template:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_revolution" title="Template talk:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Milestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boys_in_the_Sand" title="Boys in the Sand">Boys in the Sand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myra_Breckinridge" title="Myra Breckinridge">Myra Breckinridge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(film)" title="Deep Throat (film)">Deep Throat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country" title="Divorce law by country">Divorce law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller Test">Miller Test</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn#"Porno_chic"" title="Golden Age of Porn">Porno chic</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_United_States" title="Pornography in the United States">Pornography in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">The Pill</a> (1965)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_personal_is_political" title="The personal is political">The personal is political</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">AIDS epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_Reports" title="Kinsey Reports">Kinsey Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson_Institute" title="Masters and Johnson Institute">Masters and Johnson Institute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Califia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Califia">Pat Califia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Chambers" title="Marilyn Chambers">Marilyn Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Damiano" title="Gerard Damiano">Gerard Damiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Dodson" title="Betty Dodson">Betty Dodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Flynt" title="Larry Flynt">Larry Flynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ginzburg" title="Ralph Ginzburg">Ralph Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Goldstein" title="Al Goldstein">Al Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Guccione" title="Bob Guccione">Bob Guccione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri_Hall" title="Terri Hall">Terri Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halsted" title="Fred Halsted">Fred Halsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Hartley" title="Nina Hartley">Nina Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hefner" title="Hugh Hefner">Hugh Hefner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hurles" title="David Hurles">David Hurles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_E._Johnson" title="Virginia E. Johnson">Virginia Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Lovelace" title="Linda Lovelace">Linda Lovelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Margold" title="William Margold">William Margold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Masters" title="William Masters">William Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radley_Metzger" title="Radley Metzger">Radley Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettie_Page" title="Bettie Page">Bettie Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Sprinkle" title="Annie Sprinkle">Annie Sprinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Westheimer" title="Ruth Westheimer">Ruth Westheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55th_Street_Playhouse" title="55th Street Playhouse">55th Street Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldron_(sex_club)" title="Caldron (sex club)">Caldron (sex club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_(sex_club)" title="Catacombs (sex club)">Catacombs (sex club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Baths" title="Club Baths">Club Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Factory" title="The Factory">The Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bathhouse" title="Gay bathhouse">Gay bathhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Miami" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineshaft_(gay_club)" title="Mineshaft (gay club)">Mineshaft (gay club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Andy_Warhol_Garrick_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre">New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Retreat" title="Plato's Retreat">Plato's Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone_retreat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstone retreat">Sandstone retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Leather_Cultural_District" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ and Leather Cultural District">South of Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_of_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist views of pornography">Feminist views of pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Deep_Throat" title="Inside Deep Throat">Inside Deep Throat</a></i> (2005 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_(film)" title="Kinsey (film)">Kinsey</a></i> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lovelace_(film)" title="Lovelace (film)">Lovelace</a></i> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Make_Love,_Not_War:_The_Sexual_Revolution:_An_Unfettered_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History">Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History</a></i> (2001 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_Bettie_Page" title="The Notorious Bettie Page">The Notorious Bettie Page</a></i> (2005 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whatever_(novel)" title="Whatever (novel)">Whatever</a></i> (1994 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York" title="Template:LGBTQ culture in New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York" title="Template talk:LGBTQ culture in New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ culture in New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">LGBTQ culture in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_New_York" title="LGBTQ history in New York">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_New_York_City" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in New York City">Timeline of LGBTQ history in New York City</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP#"Stop_the_Church"" title="ACT UP">Stop the Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_New_York" title="LGBTQ rights in New York">Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Expression_Non-Discrimination_Act" title="Gender Expression Non-Discrimination Act">Gender Expression Non-Discrimination Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_Equality_Act_(New_York)" title="Marriage Equality Act (New York)">Marriage Equality Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Onofre" title="New York v. Onofre">New York v. Onofre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_York" title="Same-sex marriage in New York">Same-sex marriage in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Orientation_Non-Discrimination_Act" title="Sexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Act">Sexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York_City" title="LGBTQ culture in New York City">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York_City" title="LGBTQ culture in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_people_from_New_York_City" title="List of LGBTQ people from New York City">List of LGBTQ people from New York City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bars, clubs<br />and resorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracuda_Lounge" title="Barracuda Lounge">Barracuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxers_NYC_Washington_Heights" title="Boxers NYC Washington Heights">Boxers NYC Washington Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Grove,_New_York" title="Cherry Grove, New York">Cherry Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Cumming" title="Club Cumming">Club Cumming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cock" title="The Cock">The Cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Baths" title="Continental Baths">Continental Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisco_Disco" title="Crisco Disco">Crisco Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubbyhole_(lesbian_bar)" title="Cubbyhole (lesbian bar)">Cubbyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_Cabaret_Theatre" title="Duplex Cabaret Theatre">Duplex Cabaret Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_NYC" title="Eagle NYC">Eagle NYC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve%27s_Hangout" title="Eve's Hangout">Eve's Hangout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everard_Baths" title="Everard Baths">Everard Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Island_Pines,_New_York" title="Fire Island Pines, New York">Fire Island Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Hudson" title="Henrietta Hudson">Henrietta Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Bar" title="Industry Bar">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_(restaurant)" title="Julius (restaurant)">Julius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie%27s_Crisis" title="Marie's Crisis">Marie's Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_(bar)" title="Metropolitan (bar)">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineshaft_(gay_club)" title="Mineshaft (gay club)">Mineshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_St._Marks_Baths" title="New St. Marks Baths">New St. Marks Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Garage" title="Paradise Garage">Paradise Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresis_Hall" title="Paresis Hall">Paresis Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Q_(nightclub)" title="The Q (nightclub)">The Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebar_(New_York_City)" title="Rebar (New York City)">Rebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Bar" title="Rise Bar">Rise Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Saint_(club)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Saint (club)">The Saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_(New_York_City)" title="Therapy (New York City)">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twilo" title="Twilo">Twilo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callen-Lorde_Community_Health_Center" title="Callen-Lorde Community Health Center">Callen-Lorde Community Health Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Street" title="Christopher Street">Christopher Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk_High_School" title="Harvey Milk High School">Harvey Milk High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual_%26_Transgender_Community_Center" title="Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community Center">Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Herstory_Archives" title="Lesbian Herstory Archives">Lesbian Herstory Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lil%27_Deb%27s_Oasis" title="Lil' Deb's Oasis">Lil' Deb's Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_Church_of_New_York" title="Metropolitan Community Church of New York">Metropolitan Community Church of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_Bookshop" title="Oscar Wilde Bookshop">Oscar Wilde Bookshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_House" title="Stonewall House">Stonewall House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_National_Monument" title="Stonewall National Monument">Stonewall National Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cafe_con_Leche_(Sunday_party)" title="Cafe con Leche (Sunday party)">Cafe con Leche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayfest_NYC" title="Gayfest NYC">Gayfest NYC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_60" title="Jackie 60">Jackie 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual,_%26_Transgender_Film_Festival" title="New York Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Film Festival">New York Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYC_Pride_March" title="NYC Pride March">NYC Pride March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_Liberation_March" title="Queer Liberation March">Queer Liberation March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigstock" title="Wigstock">Wigstock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gay_City_News" title="Gay City News">Gay City News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaysweek" title="Gaysweek">Gaysweek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Blade" title="The New York Blade">The New York Blade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Native" title="New York Native">New York Native</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Next_Magazine_(New_York_City)" title="Next Magazine (New York City)">Next Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_FM" title="Out FM">Out FM</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Street_(magazine)" title="Christopher Street (magazine)"><i>Christopher Street</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Comrade" title="My Comrade">My Comrade</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Night" title="City of Night">City of Night</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancer_from_the_Dance" title="Dancer from the Dance">Dancer from the Dance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faggots_(novel)" title="Faggots (novel)">Faggots</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Forney_Center" title="Ali Forney Center">Ali Forney Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apicha" title="Apicha">Apicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde_Project" title="Audre Lorde Project">Audre Lorde Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Pride_Agenda" title="Empire State Pride Agenda">Empire State Pride Agenda</a> (<i>disbanded</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed_Up_Queers" title="Fed Up Queers">Fed Up Queers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Activists_Alliance" title="Gay Activists Alliance">Gay Activists Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Men%27s_Health_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Men's Health Crisis">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Menace" title="Lavender Menace">Lavender Menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Avengers" title="Lesbian Avengers">Lesbian Avengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Feminist_Liberation" title="Lesbian Feminist Liberation">Lesbian Feminist Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Sex_Mafia" title="Lesbian Sex Mafia">Lesbian Sex Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Area_Bisexual_Network" title="New York Area Bisexual Network">New York Area Bisexual Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Liberation_Front" title="Queens Liberation Front">Queens Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_Nation" title="Queer Nation">Queer Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Pride_Coalition" title="Reclaim Pride Coalition">Reclaim Pride Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_Panic!" title="Sex Panic!">Sex Panic!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_Transvestite_Action_Revolutionaries" title="Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries">Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Violet_Quill" title="The Violet Quill">The Violet Quill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_history" title="Template:LGBTQ history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_history" title="Template talk:LGBTQ history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Kenya" title="LGBTQ history in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Niger" title="LGBTQ history in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Sudan" title="LGBTQ history in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Uganda" title="LGBTQ history in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Bangladesh" title="LGBTQ history in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_China" title="LGBTQ history in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_India" title="LGBTQ history in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Iran" title="LGBTQ history in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ history in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Israel" title="LGBTQ history in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Pakistan" title="LGBTQ history in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Singapore" title="LGBTQ history in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_South_Korea" title="LGBTQ history in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Taiwan" title="LGBTQ history in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Thailand" title="LGBTQ history in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Turkey" title="LGBTQ history in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Belgium" title="LGBT history in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="LGBT history in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Finland" title="LGBT history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_France" title="LGBTQ history in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Greece" title="LGBTQ history in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Hungary" title="LGBT history in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Ireland" title="LGBTQ history in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Latvia" title="LGBT history in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Netherlands" title="LGBT history in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Norway" title="LGBT history in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Poland" title="LGBTQ history in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Portugal" title="LGBT history in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Romania" title="LGBT history in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ history in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_violence_against_homosexuals_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of violence against homosexuals in Russia (page does not exist)">violence</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:История преследования гомосексуалов в России">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Serbia" title="LGBT history in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Spain" title="LGBTQ history in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Sweden" title="LGBT history in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Switzerland" title="LGBT history in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Yugoslavia" title="LGBT history in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ history in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="LGBT history in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Honduras" title="LGBT history in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Mexico" title="LGBTQ history in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_actions_in_the_United_States_prior_to_the_Stonewall_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots">before Stonewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United States">violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_historic_places_in_the_United_States" title="LGBT historic places in the United States">places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University_LGBT_history" title="Brigham Young University LGBT history">at Brigham Young University</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ history in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Nauru" title="LGBT history in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Argentina" title="LGBT history in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Chile" title="LGBT history in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Peru" title="LGBT history in Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">Timelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_LGBTQ_rights" title="List of years in LGBTQ rights">List of years in LGBTQ rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_years_in_LGBTQ_rights" title="Table of years in LGBTQ rights">table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_firsts_by_year" title="List of LGBTQ firsts by year">Firsts by year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_firsts_by_year_(2010s)" title="List of LGBTQ firsts by year (2010s)">2010s</a></li></ul></li> <li>Century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Asian_and_diasporic_LGBT_history" title="Timeline of South Asian and diasporic LGBT history">South Asian and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Asian_and_Pacific_Islander_diasporic_LGBT_history" title="Timeline of Asian and Pacific Islander diasporic LGBT history">Asian and Pacific Islander diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African_and_diasporic_LGBT_history" title="Timeline of African and diasporic LGBT history">African and diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Canada" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_South_Africa" title="Timeline of LGBT history in South Africa">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Manchester" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Manchester">Manchester</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_New_York_City" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_homosexuality" title="History of the Catholic Church and homosexuality">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Jewish history">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">Mormon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Topical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_journalism" title="Timeline of LGBTQ journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_in_policing" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT in policing">Policing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Sexual orientation and medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_intersex_history" title="Timeline of intersex history">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_asexual_history" title="Timeline of asexual history">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history" title="Timeline of transgender history">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conversion_therapy" title="History of conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">LGBT erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">Same-sex unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">Ancient Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_militaries_of_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece">in militaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">pederasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gay men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">Lesbians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbians in France (page does not exist)">France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbiennes_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Lesbiennes en France">fr</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_immigrants_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbian immigrants in France (page does not exist)">immigrants</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbiennes_de_l%27immigration_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Lesbiennes de l'immigration en France">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbians_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbians in the medieval Islamic world (page does not exist)">Medieval Islamic world</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbianisme_dans_le_monde_arabe_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val" class="extiw" title="fr:Lesbianisme dans le monde arabe médiéval">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Lesbians in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_pre-modern_Spain" title="Lesbians in pre-modern Spain">Pre-modern Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic" title="Lesbians in the Spanish Second Republic">Spanish Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Lesbians in Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_in_the_Spanish_democratic_transition_period" title="Lesbians in the Spanish democratic transition period">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_during_the_socialist_government_of_Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Lesbians during the socialist government of Felipe González">González government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_during_the_government_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="Lesbians during the government of José María Aznar">Aznar government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbians_during_the_socialist_government_of_Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="Lesbians during the socialist government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">Zapatero government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Erasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">Bisexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of bisexuality in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_erasure" title="Bisexual erasure">Erasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgender people in France (page does not exist)">France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transidentit%C3%A9_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Transidentité en France">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">legal history</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_in_history" title="Intersex people in history">Intersex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_intersex_surgery" title="History of intersex surgery">Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_history_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersex history in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_cross-dressing" title="History of cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="History of drag">Drag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_in_Africa" title="Drag in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drag_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drag in France (page does not exist)">France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Drag en France">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLBT_Historical_Society" title="GLBT Historical Society">GLBT Historical Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queers_in_History" title="Queers in History">Queers in History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transgender_History_(book)" title="Transgender History (book)">Transgender History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Oral_History_Project" title="Transgender Oral History Project">Transgender Oral History Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group_in_LGBT_history" title="Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history">Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">List of LGBTQ awareness periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_LGBT_characters_in_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of LGBT characters in animation">History of LGBT animated characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_topics" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ" title="Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ" title="Template talk:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">LGBTQ topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Academic_fields_*_Discourse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines" title="Outline of academic disciplines">Academic fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Education and the LGBTQ community">LGBTQ topics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_literature" title="Gay literature">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_literature" title="Lesbian literature">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_psychology" title="LGBTQ psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Community_*_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay anthem">Anthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_awards" title="List of LGBTQ-related awards">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_literary_awards" title="List of LGBTQ literary awards">Literary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_bar" title="Lesbian bar">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">Bisexual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community_centre" title="LGBTQ community centre">Community centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_king" title="Drag king">Drag king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">Drag queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_film_festivals" title="List of LGBTQ film festivals">Film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-friendly" title="Gay-friendly">Gay-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_icon" title="Gay icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_music" title="LGBTQ music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBT-related_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of LGBT-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Portrayal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of LGBTQ-related organizations and conferences">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Lists of LGBTQ people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pets_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Pets and the LGBTQ community">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Pride parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">Religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gay_Rodeo_Association" title="International Gay Rodeo Association">Rodeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slogans" title="LGBTQ slogans">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_modern_sports" title="Homosexuality in modern sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_theatre" title="LGBTQ theatre">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_theatre_companies" title="List of LGBTQ theatre companies">Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaysper" title="Gaysper">Gaysper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_plaque" title="Rainbow plaque">Rainbow plaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Pride flags</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromantic_flag" title="Aromantic flag">Aromantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexual_flag" title="Asexual flag">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_flag_(gay_culture)" title="Bear flag (gay culture)">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_flag" title="Bisexual flag">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_flag_of_South_Africa" title="Gay flag of South Africa">Gay flag of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men%27s_flags" title="Gay men's flags">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_flag" title="Intersex flag">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_flags" title="Lesbian flags">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_flag" title="Non-binary flag">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexual_flag" title="Pansexual flag">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT)">Rainbow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_crossing" title="Rainbow crossing">Rainbow crossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Gender_identities_*_Sexual_identities_*_Sexual_diversities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversities</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gender_identity" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyby" title="Theyby">Theyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womxn" title="Womxn">Womxn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenogender" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenogender">Xenogender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third sex / Third gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Balkan sworn virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissu">Bissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexual_orientations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">Sexual minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom (gender identity)">Tom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dee_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee (gender identity)">Dee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_acronyms" title="List of LGBTQ acronyms">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">Effeminacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_target_location_error" title="Erotic target location error">Erotic target location error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Gender and sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">Sexual practices between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ally" title="Straight ally">Straight ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomboy" title="Tomboy">Tomboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_women" title="Sexual practices between women">Sexual practices between women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">History of gay men in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">History of lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Social movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">History of Christianity and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">History of same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category:LGBTQ history</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">Adelphopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">pre-Columbian Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_19th_century" title="LGBT rights in the 19th century">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molly_house" title="Molly house">Molly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Forty-One" title="Dance of the Forty-One">Dance of the Forty-One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_scandal" title="Cadet scandal">Cadet scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee" title="Florida Legislative Investigation Committee">Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_queen" title="Sea queen">Sea queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">Handkerchief code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Gay_Liberation_Front_1971_Festival_of_Light_action" title="UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action">Festival of Light action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_homosexuel_d%27action_r%C3%A9volutionnaire" title="Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire">Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%931980_Florida_orange_juice_boycott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott (page does not exist)">Florida orange juice boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Soap" title="Operation Soap">Operation Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasty_nightclub_raid" title="Tasty nightclub raid">Tasty nightclub raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Abanicos_police_raid" title="Bar Abanicos police raid">Bar Abanicos police raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline of same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">Russian anti-LGBT law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" title="Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014">Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_wave" title="Rainbow wave">Rainbow wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Night" title="Rainbow Night">Rainbow Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Rights_and_legal_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights and legal issues</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_articles_by_region" title="List of LGBTQ rights articles by region">List of LGBTQ rights articles by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ rights topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions and partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" title="LGBT people and military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Same-sex parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_same-sex_married_couples" title="List of same-sex married couples">List of couples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">United Nations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ rights movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">LGBTQ rights groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_activists" title="List of LGBTQ rights activists">LGBTQ rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_capitalism" title="Rainbow capitalism">Rainbow capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Separatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_separatism" title="Gay separatism">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian separatism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="Sexual_orientation_—_Medicine,_science_and_sexology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> — Medicine, science and sexology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Disability and LGBTQ identities">Disability and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_DSM" title="Homosexuality in the DSM">Homosexuality in the DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation" title="Neuroscience and sexual orientation">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation" title="Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation">Prenatal hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_inversion_(sexology)" title="Sexual inversion (sexology)">Sexual inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Societal_attitudes_*_Prejudice_*_Violence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></li> <li>Prejudice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">Gay panic defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_of_LGBTQ_people" title="List of suicides of LGBTQ people">Suicides of LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide among LGBTQ youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:LGBTQ monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerbaiting" title="Queerbaiting">Queerbaiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prejudice and discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal homophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_lesbians" title="Discrimination against lesbians">Discrimination against lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Discrimination against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle_scale" title="Riddle scale">Riddle scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">History of violence in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="List of acts of violence against LGBTQ people">Acts of violence against LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Unlawfully killed transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ" title="Category:LGBTQ">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Early_LGBT_rights_advocacy_in_the_United_States_(pre-Stonewall_riots)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_U.S._gay_rights_movement" title="Template:Early U.S. gay rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_U.S._gay_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Early U.S. gay rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_U.S._gay_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early U.S. gay rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_LGBT_rights_advocacy_in_the_United_States_(pre-Stonewall_riots)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_actions_in_the_United_States_prior_to_the_Stonewall_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots">Early LGBT rights advocacy in the United States</a> (pre-<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stonewall riots</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Queer_Alliance" title="Columbia Queer Alliance">Columbia Queer Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Religion_and_the_Homosexual" title="Council on Religion and the Homosexual">Council on Religion and the Homosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis" title="Daughters of Bilitis">Daughters of Bilitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Regional_Conference_of_Homophile_Organizations" title="Eastern Regional Conference of Homophile Organizations">ECHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophile_Action_League" title="Homophile Action League">Homophile Action League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_Society" title="Janus Society">Janus Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Clock" title="Knights of the Clock">Knights of the Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattachine_Society" title="Mattachine Society">Mattachine Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_Church" title="Metropolitan Community Church">Metropolitan Community Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Conference_of_Homophile_Organizations" title="North American Conference of Homophile Organizations">NACHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONE,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="ONE, Inc.">ONE, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Rights_in_Defense_and_Education" title="Personal Rights in Defense and Education">PRIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Human_Rights" title="Society for Human Rights">Society for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Queer_Alliance" title="Columbia Queer Alliance">Student Homophile League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Benevolent_Association" title="Veterans Benevolent Association">Veterans Benevolent Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mattachine_Society" title="Mattachine Society">Mattachine Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Call" title="Hal Call">Hal Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Gernreich" title="Rudi Gernreich">Rudi Gernreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gruber" title="James Gruber">James Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Harry Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Jennings_(activist)" title="Dale Jennings (activist)">Dale Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kameny" title="Frank Kameny">Frank Kameny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nichols_(activist)" title="Jack Nichols (activist)">Jack Nichols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis" title="Daughters of Bilitis">Daughters of Bilitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Ben" title="Lisa Ben">Lisa Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Gittings" title="Barbara Gittings">Barbara Gittings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grier" title="Barbara Grier">Barbara Grier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Lahusen" title="Kay Lahusen">Kay Lahusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Martin_and_Phyllis_Lyon" title="Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon">Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Simpson_(activist)" title="Ruth Simpson (activist)">Ruth Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Bello" title="Ada Bello">Ada Bello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton Bird">Merton Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Erickson" title="Reed Erickson">Reed Erickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans_(author)" title="Arthur Evans (author)">Arthur Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Ford" title="Charles Henri Ford">Charles Henri Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gerber" title="Henry Gerber">Henry Gerber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Kight" title="Morris Kight">Morris Kight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Laurent" title="Aristide Laurent">Aristide Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Dorr_Legg" title="W. Dorr Legg">W. Dorr Legg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mizer" title="Bob Mizer">Bob Mizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Perry" title="Troy Perry">Troy Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Polak" title="Clark Polak">Clark Polak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Rodwell" title="Craig Rodwell">Craig Rodwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarria" title="José Sarria">José Sarria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Schlegel" title="Richard L. Schlegel">Richard L. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Shafer" title="Drew Shafer">Drew Shafer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Tyler" title="Parker Tyler">Parker Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Wicker" title="Randy Wicker">Randy Wicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Lynn_Womack" title="H. Lynn Womack">H. Lynn Womack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(magazine)" title="The Advocate (magazine)">The Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drum_(American_magazine)" title="Drum (American magazine)">Drum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Focus:_A_Journal_for_Lesbians" title="Focus: A Journal for Lesbians">Focus: A Journal for Lesbians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ladder_(magazine)" title="The Ladder (magazine)">The Ladder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix:_Midwest_Homophile_Voice" title="The Phoenix: Midwest Homophile Voice">The Phoenix: Midwest Homophile Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vice_Versa_(magazine)" title="Vice Versa (magazine)">Vice Versa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newport_sex_scandal" title="Newport sex scandal">Newport sex scandal</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Court_of_1920" title="Secret Court of 1920">Harvard Secret Court</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_porter_affair" title="Pullman porter affair">Pullman porter affair</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel%27s_Inn_raid" title="Hazel's Inn raid">Hazel's Inn raid</a> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One,_Inc._v._Olesen" title="One, Inc. v. Olesen">One, Inc. v. Olesen</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Do-nuts_Riot" title="Cooper Do-nuts Riot">Cooper Do-nuts Riot</a> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MANual_Enterprises_v._Day" class="mw-redirect" title="MANual Enterprises v. Day">MANual Enterprises v. Day</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun_Lounge_police_raid" title="Fun Lounge police raid">Fun Lounge police raid</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_Reminder" title="Annual Reminder">Annual Reminder</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_sip-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius sip-in (page does not exist)">Julius sip-in</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a> (1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film/TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rejected" title="The Rejected">The Rejected</a></i> (1961)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Homosexuals_(CBS_Reports)" title="The Homosexuals (CBS Reports)">The Homosexuals</a>" (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_Model_Guild" title="Athletic Model Guild">Athletic Model Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cat_Bar" title="Black Cat Bar">Black Cat Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cat_Tavern" title="Black Cat Tavern">Black Cat Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis_(Australia)" title="Daughters of Bilitis (Australia)">DOB Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Allah_(cabaret)" title="Garden of Allah (cabaret)">Garden of Allah (cabaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_(restaurant)" title="Julius (restaurant)">Julius (NYC bar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gerber_House" title="Henry Gerber House">Henry Gerber House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_Research_Group" title="Minorities Research Group">Minorities Research Group</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONE_National_Gay_%26_Lesbian_Archives" title="ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives">ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde_Bookshop" title="Oscar Wilde Bookshop">Oscar Wilde Bookshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patch_(bar)" title="The Patch (bar)">The Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavern_Guild" title="Tavern Guild">Tavern Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ rights in the United States">LGBTQ rights in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Riots_and_civil_unrest_in_the_history_of_the_United_States_(1964–1980)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Riots_in_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="Template:Riots in the United States (1964–1980)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Riots_in_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="Template talk:Riots in the United States (1964–1980)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Riots_in_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Riots in the United States (1964–1980)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Riots_and_civil_unrest_in_the_history_of_the_United_States_(1964–1980)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">civil unrest</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">in the history of the United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watts_riots" title="Watts riots">Watts riots</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters_Point_social_uprising_(1966)" title="Hunters Point social uprising (1966)">Hunters Point social uprising (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Strip_curfew_riots" title="Sunset Strip curfew riots">Sunset Strip curfew riots</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Moratorium" title="Chicano Moratorium">Chicano Moratorium</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Quentin_Six" title="San Quentin Six">1973 San Quentin State Prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Tampa_riots" title="1967 Tampa riots">1967 Tampa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Riviera_Beach_riot" title="1967 Riviera Beach riot">1967 Riviera Beach riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Tallahassee_riots" title="1968 Tallahassee riots">1968 Tallahassee riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Miami_riot" title="1968 Miami riot">1968 Miami riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_sanitation_strike_of_1968" title="St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968">St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escambia_High_School#Mascot_Riots" title="Escambia High School">Escambia High School riots</a> (1972–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Miami_riots" title="1980 Miami riots">1980 Miami riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Idaho_State_Penitentiary#Prison_history" title="Old Idaho State Penitentiary">1971 Idaho State Penitentiary riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Idaho_State_Penitentiary#Prison_history" title="Old Idaho State Penitentiary">1973 Idaho State Penitentiary riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_Street_riots" title="Division Street riots">Division Street riots</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Chicago_West_Side_riots" title="1966 Chicago West Side riots">1966 Chicago West Side riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waukegan_riot_of_1966" title="Waukegan riot of 1966">Waukegan riot of 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_unrest_in_Cairo,_Illinois" title="Racial unrest in Cairo, Illinois">Racial unrest in Cairo, Illinois</a> (1967–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Chicago_riots" title="1968 Chicago riots">1968 Chicago riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity">1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Rage" title="Days of Rage">Days of Rage</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Park_riot" title="Humboldt Park riot">Humboldt Park riot</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_Demolition_Night" title="Disco Demolition Night">Disco Demolition Night</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_riot_of_1967" title="Cambridge riot of 1967">Cambridge riot of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1968" title="Baltimore riot of 1968">Baltimore riot of 1968</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_riots#1966" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit riots">1966 Detroit riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_Harbor_riots#1966" class="mw-redirect" title="Benton Harbor riots">1966 Benton Harbor riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Detroit_riot" title="1967 Detroit riot">1967 Detroit riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Saginaw_riot" title="1967 Saginaw riot">1967 Saginaw riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Detroit_riot" title="1968 Detroit riot">1968 Detroit riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Memorial_Park_riot" title="1970 Memorial Park riot">1970 Memorial Park riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livernois%E2%80%93Fenkell_riot" title="Livernois–Fenkell riot">Livernois–Fenkell riot</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Newark_riots" title="1967 Newark riots">1967 Newark riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Plainfield_riots" title="1967 Plainfield riots">1967 Plainfield riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey#Riots_of_1968" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton Riots of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Asbury_Park_race_riots" title="1970 Asbury Park race riots">1970 Asbury Park race riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Riot_of_1971" title="Camden Riot of 1971">Camden Riot of 1971</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Buffalo_riot" title="1967 Buffalo riot">1967 Buffalo riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_New_York_City_riot" title="1967 New York City riot">1967 New York City riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_New_York_City_riot" title="1968 New York City riot">1968 New York City riot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stonewall riots</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Hat_Riot" title="Hard Hat Riot">Hard Hat Riot</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attica_Prison_riot" title="Attica Prison riot">Attica Prison riot</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Clifford_Glover#Rioting" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Clifford Glover">Clifford Glover shooting riots</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Rebellion" title="August Rebellion">August Rebellion</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising" title="1969 Greensboro uprising">1969 Greensboro uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_massacre" title="Greensboro massacre">Greensboro massacre</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hough_riots" title="Hough riots">Hough riots</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Dayton_race_riot" title="1966 Dayton race riot">1966 Dayton race riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avondale,_Cincinnati#Riots_of_1967" title="Avondale, Cincinnati">1967 Avondale riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avondale,_Cincinnati#Riots_of_1968" title="Avondale, Cincinnati">1968 Avondale riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Akron,_Ohio#Wooster_Avenue_riots_of_1968" title="Crime in Akron, Ohio">Wooster Avenue riots of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenville_shootout" title="Glenville shootout">Glenville shootout</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Pittsburgh_riots" title="1968 Pittsburgh riots">1968 Pittsburgh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_York_race_riot" title="1969 York race riot">1969 York race riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_Huntsville_Prison_siege" title="1974 Huntsville Prison siege">1974 Huntsville Prison siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Joe_Campos_Torres#Moody_Park_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Joe Campos Torres">Moody Park Riot</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">Ghetto riots (1964–1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long,_hot_summer_of_1967" title="Long, hot summer of 1967">Long, hot summer of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Milwaukee_riot" title="1967 Milwaukee riot">1967 Milwaukee riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangeburg_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangeburg massacre">Orangeburg massacre</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">King assassination riots</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Kansas_City,_Missouri_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Kansas City, Missouri riot">1968 Kansas City, Missouri riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Louisville_riots" title="1968 Louisville riots">1968 Louisville riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Washington,_D.C._riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Washington, D.C. riots">1968 Washington, D.C. riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_riot_of_1968" title="Wilmington riot of 1968">Wilmington riot of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_to_Zap" title="Zip to Zap">Zip to Zap</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Augusta_riot" title="1970 Augusta riot">1970 Augusta riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Black_Panther_trials" title="New Haven Black Panther trials">New Haven Black Panther trials</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_strike_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Student strike of 1970">Student strike of 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Kitty_Hawk_riot" title="USS Kitty Hawk riot">USS <i>Kitty Hawk</i> riot</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounded Knee incident">Wounded Knee incident</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Penitentiary#Riots_and_lawsuits" title="Oklahoma State Penitentiary">1973 Oklahoma State Penitentiary riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_police_strike" title="Baltimore police strike">Baltimore police strike</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_busing_desegregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston busing desegregation">Boston busing desegregation</a> (1974–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Hill_riot" title="Herman Hill riot">Herman Hill riot</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Penitentiary_riot" title="New Mexico State Penitentiary riot">New Mexico State Penitentiary riot</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_Colonial_North_America" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America">List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Mass racial violence in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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