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রোমান্স ভাষাসমূহ - উইকিপিডিয়া
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title="আপনার প্রবেশ করাটা বাঞ্চনীয়, কিন্তু তা বাধ্যতামূলক নয়। [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>প্রবেশ করুন</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="আরও বিকল্প" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="নিজস্ব সরঞ্জামসমূহ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">নিজস্ব সরঞ্জামসমূহ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF&returnto=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="আপনাকে একটি অ্যাকাউন্ট তৈরি করে প্রবেশ করার পরামর্শ দেওয়া হচ্ছে; তবে এটা বাধ্যতামূলক নয়"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>অ্যাকাউন্ট তৈরি করুন</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6&returnto=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="আপনার প্রবেশ করাটা বাঞ্চনীয়, কিন্তু তা বাধ্যতামূলক নয়। [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>প্রবেশ করুন</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> অনিবন্ধিত সম্পাদকের জন্য পাতা <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF:%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" aria-label="সম্পাদনা করা সম্পর্কে আরও জানুন"><span>আরও জানুন</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="এই আইপি ঠিকানা থেকে করা সম্পাদনার উপর আলোচনা [n]" accesskey="n"><span>আলাপ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="সাইট"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="পরিচ্ছেদসমূহ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">পরিচ্ছেদসমূহ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">পার্শ্বদণ্ডে নিন</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">লুকান</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">সূচনা</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-নাম" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#নাম"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">১</span> <span>নাম</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-নাম-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-বর্তমান_মর্যাদা" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#বর্তমান_মর্যাদা"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">২</span> <span>বর্তমান মর্যাদা</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-বর্তমান_মর্যাদা-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৩</span> <span>Linguistic features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linguistic_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Linguistic features উপঅনুচ্ছেদ টগল করুন</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Features_inherited_from_Indo-European" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_inherited_from_Indo-European"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৩.১</span> <span>Features inherited from Indo-European</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_inherited_from_Indo-European-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features_inherited_from_Classical_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_inherited_from_Classical_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৩.২</span> <span>Features inherited from Classical Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_inherited_from_Classical_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features_inherited_from_Vulgar_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_inherited_from_Vulgar_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৩.৩</span> <span>Features inherited from Vulgar Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_inherited_from_Vulgar_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_shared_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_shared_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৩.৪</span> <span>Other shared features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_shared_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divergent_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divergent_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৪</span> <span>Divergent features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Divergent_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Divergent features উপঅনুচ্ছেদ টগল করুন</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Divergent_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sound_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৪.১</span> <span>Sound changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexical_stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexical_stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৪.২</span> <span>Lexical stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_plurals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_plurals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৪.৩</span> <span>Formation of plurals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_plurals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borrowed_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borrowed_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৪.৪</span> <span>Borrowed words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borrowed_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৪.৫</span> <span>Derivations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_for_"more"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_for_"more""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৪.৬</span> <span>Words for "more"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_for_"more"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_for_"nothing"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_for_"nothing""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৪.৭</span> <span>Words for "nothing"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_for_"nothing"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_number_16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_number_16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৪.৮</span> <span>The number 16</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_number_16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_have_and_to_hold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_have_and_to_hold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৪.৯</span> <span>To have and to hold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_have_and_to_hold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_have_or_to_be" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_have_or_to_be"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৪.১০</span> <span>To have or to be</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_have_or_to_be-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I_did_or_I_have_done" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_did_or_I_have_done"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৪.১১</span> <span>I did or I have done</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_did_or_I_have_done-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৫</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Writing systems উপঅনুচ্ছেদ টগল করুন</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letter_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৫.১</span> <span>Letter values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digraphs_and_trigraphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digraphs_and_trigraphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৫.২</span> <span>Digraphs and trigraphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digraphs_and_trigraphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-তথ্যসূত্র" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#তথ্যসূত্র"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৬</span> <span>তথ্যসূত্র</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-তথ্যসূত্র-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-বহিঃসংযোগ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#বহিঃসংযোগ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">৭</span> <span>বহিঃসংযোগ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-বহিঃসংযোগ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="পরিচ্ছেদসমূহ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="সূচিপত্র টগল করুন" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">সূচিপত্র টগল করুন</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">রোমান্স ভাষাসমূহ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="অন্য ভাষার একটি নিবন্ধে যান। ১৪৯টি ভাষায় উপলব্ধ রয়েছে।" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">১৪৯টি ভাষা</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaanse_tale" title="Romaanse tale - আফ্রিকান" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Romaanse tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="আফ্রিকান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanische_Sprachen" title="Romanische Sprachen - সুইস জার্মান" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Romanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="সুইস জার্মান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ሮማንስ ቋንቋዎች - আমহারিক" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሮማንስ ቋንቋዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="আমহারিক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_romances" title="Luengas romances - আর্গোনিজ" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas romances" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="আর্গোনিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisc_spr%C3%A6c" title="Romanisc spræc - প্রাচীন ইংরেজী" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Romanisc spræc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="প্রাচীন ইংরেজী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات رومانسية - আরবি" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات رومانسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="আরবি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܡܐܢܣܝܐ - আরামাইক" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܡܐܢܣܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="আরামাইক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_rom%C3%A1niques" title="Llingües romániques - আস্তুরিয়" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües romániques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="আস্তুরিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Романиял мацӀал - আভেরিক" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Романиял мацӀал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="আভেরিক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_dill%C9%99ri" title="Roman dilləri - আজারবাইজানী" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roman dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="আজারবাইজানী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="رومان دیللری - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رومان دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanische_Sprochn" title="Romanische Sprochn - Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Romanische Sprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Latin" title="Mga Latin - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mga Latin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Раманскія мовы - বেলারুশিয়" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Раманскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="বেলারুশিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Раманскія мовы - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Раманскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Романски езици - বুলগেরিয়" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Романски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="বুলগেরিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ལ་ཊིན་ནས་ཆད་པའི་ཡུལ་སྐད། - তিব্বতি" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལ་ཊིན་ནས་ཆད་པའི་ཡུལ་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="তিব্বতি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_romanek" title="Yezhoù romanek - ব্রেটন" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù romanek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ব্রেটন" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanski_jezici" title="Romanski jezici - বসনীয়" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Romanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="বসনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_rom%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües romàniques - কাতালান" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües romàniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="কাতালান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Romanse" title="Pinulongang Romanse - চেবুয়ানো" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Romanse" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="চেবুয়ানো" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95_%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمانە ڕۆمانسییەکان - মধ্য কুর্দিশ" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانە ڕۆمانسییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="মধ্য কুর্দিশ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_rumaniche" title="Lingue rumaniche - কর্সিকান" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingue rumaniche" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="কর্সিকান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Románské jazyky - চেক" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Románské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="চেক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Романьсци ѩꙁꙑци - চার্চ স্লাভিক" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Романьсци ѩꙁꙑци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="চার্চ স্লাভিক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Rom%C3%A1wns" title="Ieithoedd Romáwns - ওয়েলশ" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Romáwns" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ওয়েলশ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanske_sprog" title="Romanske sprog - ডেনিশ" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romanske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ডেনিশ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanische_Sprachen" title="Romanische Sprachen - জার্মান" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Romanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="জার্মান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Romanki" title="Zıwanê Romanki - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Romanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Romaniske rěcy - নিম্নতর সোর্বিয়ান" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Romaniske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="নিম্নতর সোর্বিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ρομανικές γλώσσες - গ্রিক" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρομανικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="গ্রিক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languv_lat%C3%A9n" title="Languv latén - Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Languv latén" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages - ইংরেজি" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Romance languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ইংরেজি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinida_lingvaro" title="Latinida lingvaro - এস্পেরান্তো" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latinida lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="এস্পেরান্তো" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_romances" title="Lenguas romances - স্প্যানিশ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas romances" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="স্প্যানিশ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaani_keeled" title="Romaani keeled - এস্তোনীয়" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Romaani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="এস্তোনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_erromantzeak" title="Hizkuntza erromantzeak - বাস্ক" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza erromantzeak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="বাস্ক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_romancis" title="Lenguas romancis - Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lenguas romancis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زبانهای رومی - ফার্সি" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبانهای رومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ফার্সি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaaniset_kielet" title="Romaaniset kielet - ফিনিশ" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Romaaniset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ফিনিশ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_romanes" title="Langues romanes - ফরাসি" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues romanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ফরাসি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoues_romanes" title="Lengoues romanes - Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lengoues romanes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaans_spriaken" title="Romaans spriaken - উত্তরাঞ্চলীয় ফ্রিসিয়ান" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Romaans spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="উত্তরাঞ্চলীয় ফ্রিসিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghis_romanichis" title="Lenghis romanichis - ফ্রিউলিও" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghis romanichis" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="ফ্রিউলিও" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaanske_talen" title="Romaanske talen - পশ্চিম ফ্রিসিয়ান" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Romaanske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="পশ্চিম ফ্রিসিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_R%C3%B3m%C3%A1nsacha" title="Teangacha Rómánsacha - আইরিশ" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Rómánsacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="আইরিশ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nanan_R%C3%B2manach" title="Cànanan Ròmanach - স্কটিশ-গ্যেলিক" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànanan Ròmanach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="স্কটিশ-গ্যেলিক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_rom%C3%A1nicas" title="Linguas románicas - গ্যালিশিয়" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas románicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="গ্যালিশিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Romanagh" title="Çhengaghyn Romanagh - ম্যাঙ্কস" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Romanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="ম্যাঙ্কস" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Ng%C3%AE-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Roman Ngî-chhu̍k - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Roman Ngî-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Loma" title="ʻŌlelo Loma - হাওয়াইয়ান" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Loma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="হাওয়াইয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות רומאניות - হিব্রু" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות רומאניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="হিব্রু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="रोमान्स भाषाएँ - হিন্দি" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमान्स भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="হিন্দি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_bhasa" title="Romance bhasa - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Romance bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanski_jezici" title="Romanski jezici - ক্রোয়েশীয়" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Romanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ক্রোয়েশীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Romaniske rěče - উচ্চ সোর্বিয়ান" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Romaniske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="উচ্চ সোর্বিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_wom%C3%A0n" title="Lang womàn - হাইতিয়ান ক্রেওল" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang womàn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="হাইতিয়ান ক্রেওল" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="নির্বাচিত নিবন্ধ"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajlatin_nyelvek" title="Újlatin nyelvek - হাঙ্গেরীয়" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Újlatin nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="হাঙ্গেরীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռոմանական լեզուներ - আর্মেনিয়" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոմանական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="আর্মেনিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_romanic" title="Linguas romanic - ইন্টারলিঙ্গুয়া" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas romanic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ইন্টারলিঙ্গুয়া" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Roman" title="Rumpun bahasa Roman - ইন্দোনেশীয়" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Roman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ইন্দোনেশীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingues_romanic" title="Lingues romanic - ইন্টারলিঙ্গ" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lingues romanic" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="ইন্টারলিঙ্গ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinida_linguo" title="Latinida linguo - ইডো" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latinida linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ইডো" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3m%C3%B6nsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Rómönsk tungumál - আইসল্যান্ডীয়" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómönsk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="আইসল্যান্ডীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_romanze" title="Lingue romanze - ইতালিয়" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue romanze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ইতালিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="ロマンス諸語 - জাপানি" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロマンス諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="জাপানি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruomans_languij" title="Ruomans languij - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ruomans languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawarga_basa_Romanika" title="Kulawarga basa Romanika - জাভানিজ" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kulawarga basa Romanika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="জাভানিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რომანული ენები - জর্জিয়ান" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომანული ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="জর্জিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_tilatinin" title="Tutlayin tilatinin - কাবাইলে" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayin tilatinin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="কাবাইলে" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilyem_Roman" title="Lilyem Roman - টিয়াপ" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Lilyem Roman" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="টিয়াপ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Роман тілдері - কাজাখ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роман тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="কাজাখ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%9D%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="로망스어군 - কোরিয়ান" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로망스어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="কোরিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_roman%C3%AE" title="Zimanên romanî - কুর্দিশ" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên romanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="কুর্দিশ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanek" title="Romanek - কর্ণিশ" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Romanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="কর্ণিশ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Роман тилдери - কির্গিজ" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Роман тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="কির্গিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Romanicae" title="Linguae Romanicae - লাতিন" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Romanicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="লাতিন" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_romansas" title="Linguas romansas - লাদিনো" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Linguas romansas" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="লাদিনো" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesch_Sproochen" title="Romanesch Sproochen - লুক্সেমবার্গীয়" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Romanesch Sproochen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="লুক্সেমবার্গীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_romanica" title="Linguas romanica - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas romanica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemaanse_tale" title="Roemaanse tale - লিম্বুর্গিশ" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roemaanse tale" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="লিম্বুর্গিশ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoe_romanse" title="Lengoe romanse - Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengoe romanse" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingac_romanc" title="Lingac romanc - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingac romanc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengov_romanze" title="Lengov romanze - লম্বার্ড" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengov romanze" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="লম্বার্ড" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B8%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ກຸ່ມພາສາໂລມັງ - লাও" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກຸ່ມພາສາໂລມັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="লাও" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Romanų kalbos - লিথুয়েনীয়" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romanų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="লিথুয়েনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C4%81%C5%86u_valodas" title="Romāņu valodas - লাত্ভীয়" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Romāņu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="লাত্ভীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_r%C3%B4mana" title="Fiteny rômana - মালাগাসি" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny rômana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="মালাগাসি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_R%C5%8Dmana" title="Reo Rōmana - মাওরি" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Rōmana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="মাওরি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Романски јазици - ম্যাসিডোনীয়" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Романски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ম্যাসিডোনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="റോമാൻസ് ഭാഷകൾ - মালায়ালাম" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോമാൻസ് ഭാഷകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="মালায়ালাম" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="रोमान्स भाषासमूह - মারাঠি" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोमान्स भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="মারাঠি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Romawi" title="Bahasa-bahasa Romawi - মালয়" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="মালয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwi_Rumanzi" title="Lingwi Rumanzi - মল্টিয়" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwi Rumanzi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="মল্টিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9nguas_rom%C3%A1nicas" title="Lénguas románicas - মিরান্ডিজ" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lénguas románicas" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="মিরান্ডিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="رومیتبار زوونون - মাজানদেরানি" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رومیتبار زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="মাজানদেরানি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengue_neolatine" title="Lengue neolatine - নেয়াপোলিটান" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengue neolatine" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="নেয়াপোলিটান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaanse_talen" title="Romaanse talen - ওলন্দাজ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ওলন্দাজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Romanske språk - নরওয়েজিয়ান নিনর্স্ক" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="নরওয়েজিয়ান নিনর্স্ক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Romanske språk - নরওয়েজিয়ান বোকমাল" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="নরওয়েজিয়ান বোকমাল" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinidi_lingues" title="Latinidi lingues - Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Latinidi lingues" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laungue_romanne" title="Laungue romanne - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Laungue romanne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_romanicas" title="Lengas romanicas - অক্সিটান" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas romanicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="অক্সিটান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Ромайнаг æвзæгтæ - ওসেটিক" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ромайнаг æвзæгтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ওসেটিক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਰੋਮਾਂਸ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ - পাঞ্জাবী" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮਾਂਸ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="পাঞ্জাবী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_rom%C3%A1niko" title="Lenga romániko - পাপিয়ামেন্টো" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lenga romániko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="পাপিয়ামেন্টো" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_romanes" title="Langues romanes - Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Langues romanes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_roma%C5%84skie" title="Języki romańskie - পোলিশ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki romańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="পোলিশ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_romanze" title="Lenghe romanze - Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe romanze" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="رومنی بولیاں - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رومنی بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="رومي ژبې - পাশতু" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رومي ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="পাশতু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_rom%C3%A2nicas" title="Línguas românicas - পর্তুগীজ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas românicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="পর্তুগীজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanu_simikuna" title="Rumanu simikuna - কেচুয়া" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumanu simikuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="কেচুয়া" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_romanas" title="Linguas romanas - রোমান্স" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Linguas romanas" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="রোমান্স" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanikane_chhiba" title="Romanikane chhiba - Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Romanikane chhiba" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_romanice" title="Limbi romanice - রোমানীয়" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi romanice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="রোমানীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Романские языки - রুশ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Романские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="রুশ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ - সাঁওতালি" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="সাঁওতালি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbas_romanzas" title="Limbas romanzas - সার্ডিনিয়ান" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limbas romanzas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="সার্ডিনিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingui_rumanzi" title="Lingui rumanzi - সিসিলিয়ান" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingui rumanzi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="সিসিলিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_leids" title="Romance leids - স্কটস" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Romance leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="স্কটস" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1nala%C5%A1_gielat" title="Románalaš gielat - উত্তরাঞ্চলীয় সামি" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Románalaš gielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="উত্তরাঞ্চলীয় সামি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanski_jezici" title="Romanski jezici - সার্বো-ক্রোয়েশিয়" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Romanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="সার্বো-ক্রোয়েশিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Romance languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1nske_jazyky" title="Románske jazyky - স্লোভাক" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Románske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="স্লোভাক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanski_jeziki" title="Romanski jeziki - স্লোভেনীয়" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Romanski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="স্লোভেনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_neolatine" title="Gjuhët neolatine - আলবেনীয়" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët neolatine" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="আলবেনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Романски језици - সার্বীয়" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Романски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="সার্বীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisk" title="Romanisk - Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Romanisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Romanska språk - সুইডিশ" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romanska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="সুইডিশ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kirumi" title="Lugha za Kirumi - সোয়াহিলি" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kirumi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="সোয়াহিলি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="உரோமானிய மொழிகள் - তামিল" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோமானிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="তামিল" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="กลุ่มภาษาโรมานซ์ - থাই" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาโรมานซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="থাই" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_wikang_Romanse" title="Mga wikang Romanse - তাগালগ" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga wikang Romanse" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="তাগালগ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_zyvonon" title="Romani zyvonon - Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Romani zyvonon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_dilleri" title="Latin dilleri - তুর্কী" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Latin dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="তুর্কী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Роман телләре - তাতার" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Роман телләре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="তাতার" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Романські мови - ইউক্রেনীয়" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Романські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ইউক্রেনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="رومنی زبانیں - উর্দু" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومنی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="উর্দু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_tillari" title="Roman tillari - উজবেক" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Roman tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="উজবেক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_R%C3%B4man" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Rôman - ভিয়েতনামী" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Rôman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ভিয়েতনামী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaansche_toaln" title="Romaansche toaln - West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Romaansche toaln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCks_romenik" title="Püks romenik - ভোলাপুক" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Püks romenik" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="ভোলাপুক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaedjes_romans" title="Lingaedjes romans - ওয়ালুন" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lingaedjes romans" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="ওয়ালুন" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="罗曼语族 - উ চীনা" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗曼语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="উ চীনা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaonse_taelen" title="Romaonse taelen - Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Romaonse taelen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="罗曼语族 - চীনা" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗曼语族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="চীনা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_g%C3%AD-cho%CC%8Dk" title="Roman gí-cho̍k - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Roman gí-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="羅曼語族 - ক্যান্টোনিজ" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅曼語族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ক্যান্টোনিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19814#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="আন্তঃভাষার সংযোগ সম্পাদনা করুন" class="wbc-editpage">আন্তঃউইকি সংযোগ সম্পাদনা</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="নামস্থানসমূহ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="বিষয়বস্তু পাতাটি দেখুন [c]" accesskey="c"><span>নিবন্ধ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA:%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" 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href="/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0:Translation_English_to_Bangla.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="বাংলা অনুবাদের তীর আইকন"><img alt="বাংলা অনুবাদের তীর আইকন" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Translation_English_to_Bangla.svg/50px-Translation_English_to_Bangla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Translation_English_to_Bangla.svg/75px-Translation_English_to_Bangla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Translation_English_to_Bangla.svg/100px-Translation_English_to_Bangla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>এই নিবন্ধটি ইংরেজি থেকে বাংলায় <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:অনুবাদ">অনুবাদ</a> করা প্রয়োজন।</b> <br /> <p>এই নিবন্ধটি ইংরেজি ভাষায় লেখা হয়েছে। নিবন্ধটি যদি <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইংরেজি ভাষা">ইংরেজি ভাষার</a> ব্যবহারকারীদের উদ্দেশ্যে লেখা হয়ে থাকে তবে, অনুগ্রহ করে নিবন্ধটি ঐ নির্দিষ্ট ভাষার উইকিপিডিয়াতে তৈরি করুন। <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias/bn" class="extiw" title="meta:List of Wikipedias/bn">অন্যান্য ভাষার উইকিপিডিয়ার</a> তালিকা দেখুন এখানে। </p> <hr />এই নিবন্ধটি পড়ার জন্য আপনি <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://translate.google.com/translate?u=//bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&sl=en&tl=bn&hl=bn">গুগল অনুবাদ</a> ব্যবহার করতে পারেন। কিন্তু এ ধরনের স্বয়ংক্রিয় সরঞ্জাম দ্বারা অনুবাদকৃত লেখা উইকিপিডিয়াতে সংযোজন করবেন না, কারণ সাধারণত এই সরঞ্জামগুলোর অনুবাদ মানসম্পন্ন হয় না।</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">রোমান্স</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ভৌগোলিক বিস্তার</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0:Map-Romance_Language_World.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map-Romance_Language_World.png/300px-Map-Romance_Language_World.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map-Romance_Language_World.png/450px-Map-Romance_Language_World.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map-Romance_Language_World.png/600px-Map-Romance_Language_World.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span><center><small> <p><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish language"><span style="background-color:#00B927;color:white;"> স্পেনীয় </span></a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="French language"><span style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white;"> ফরাসি </span></a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese language"><span style="background-color:#FF8400;color:white;"> পর্তুগিজ </span></a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian language"><span style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black;"> ইতালীয় </span></a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian language"><span style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white;"> রোমানীয় </span></a> </p> </small></center></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ভাষা পরিবার">ভাষাগত শ্রেণীবিভাগ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষাসমূহ">ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয়</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ইতালীয় ভাষাসমূহ (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">ইতালীয়</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>রোমান্স</b></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">উপবিভাগ</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ইতালো-পশ্চিমী ভাষাসমূহ (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">ইতালো-পশ্চিমী</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="পূর্ব রোমান্স ভাষাসমূহ (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">পূর্ব রোমান্স</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="দক্ষিণ রোমান্স ভাষাসমূহ (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">দক্ষিণ রোমান্স</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%93_%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AF-%E0%A7%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="আইএসও ৬৩৯-২ (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">আইএসও ৬৩৯-২</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%93_%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AF-%E0%A7%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="আইএসও ৬৩৯-৫ (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">৫</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%93_%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AF-%E0%A7%A9:roa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="আইএসও ৬৩৯-৩:roa (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">roa</a></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>রোমান্স ভাষাসমূহ</b>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষা-পরিবার">ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষা-পরিবারের</a> একটি শাখা। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="রোমান সাম্রাজ্য">রোমান সাম্রাজ্যের</a> ভাষা <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="লাতিন ভাষা">লাতিন</a> থেকে উদ্ভূত সবগুলি ভাষা এই ভাষা-পরিবারের অন্তর্গত। এই ভাষাগুলিতে <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="উত্তর আমেরিকা">উত্তর আমেরিকা</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="দক্ষিণ আমেরিকা">দক্ষিণ আমেরিকা</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA" title="ইউরোপ">ইউরোপ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="আফ্রিকা">আফ্রিকা</a> ও বিশ্বের বিচ্ছিন্ন কিছু ক্ষুদ্র অঞ্চলে প্রায় ৭০ কোটি মানুষ কথা বলে থাকে। </p><p>সবগুলি রোমান্স ভাষা <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="প্রাকৃত লাতিন ভাষা (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">প্রাকৃত লাতিন ভাষা</a> থেকে উৎপত্তি লাভ করেছে। রোমান সাম্রাজ্যের সেনা, বণিক, ব্যবসায়ী ও সাধারণ লোকালয়ের মানুষেরা এই প্রাকৃত লাতিন ভাষায় কথা বলত। প্রাকৃত লাতিন ছিল ধ্রুপদী লাতিন থেকে বেশ আলাদা। ২০০ খ্রিস্টপূর্বাব্দ থেকে ১৫০ খ্রিস্টাব্দের মধ্যবর্তী সময়ে রোমান সাম্রাজ্যের ব্যাপক বিস্তার ঘটে এবং এসময় পূর্বে <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="কৃষ্ণ সাগর">কৃষ্ণ সাগর</a> থেকে পশ্চিমে <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="আইবেরীয় উপদ্বীপ">আইবেরীয় উপদ্বীপ</a>, উত্তরে ব্রিটিশ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ থেকে দক্ষিণে উত্তর আফ্রিকা পর্যন্ত এক বিশাল এলাকা জুড়ে সাম্রাজ্যের প্রশাসনিক ও শিক্ষামাধ্যমের ভাষা হিসেবে লাতিন আধিপত্য বিস্তার করে। <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A7%AB%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="৫ম শতাব্দী (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">৫ম শতাব্দীতে</a> রোমান সাম্রাজ্যের পতনের পর স্থানীয় লোকালয়গুলিতে লাতিনের বিভিন্ন উপভাষাগুলি দ্রুত বিবর্তিত হতে থাকে এবং বহু অসংখ্য স্থানীয় ভাষার জন্ম দেয়। এদেরই কিয়দংশ বর্তমান আধুনিক রোমান্স ভাষা হিসেবে টিকে আছে। ১৫শ শতকের পর স্পেন, ফ্রান্স ও পর্তুগাল বিশ্বের অন্যত্র উপনিবেশ স্থাপন করায় এই ভাষাগুলি ইউরোপের বাইরে অন্যান্য মহাদেশে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে। বর্তমানে রোমান্স ভাষাভাষী ৭০% লোকই ইউরোপের বাইরে বসবাস করে। </p><p>প্রাক-রোমান ভাষার প্রভাব ও পরবর্তীকালে অন্যান্য ভাষার আক্রমণ সত্ত্বেও সবগুলি রোমান্স ভাষার <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="ধ্বনিতত্ত্ব">ধ্বনিতত্ত্ব</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="রূপমূলতত্ত্ব">রূপমূলতত্ত্ব</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="শব্দভাণ্ডার (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">শব্দভাণ্ডার</a>, ও <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="বাক্যতত্ত্ব">বাক্যতত্ত্ব</a> মূলত লাতিন ভাষার বিবর্তিত রূপ। ফলে ভাষাগুলি এমন কিছু ভাষাতাত্ত্বিক বৈশিষ্ট্য অর্জন করেছে, যা এদেরকে অন্যান্য ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষা থেকে আলাদা করে রেখেছে। দুই-একটি ব্যতিক্রম ছাড়া সবগুলি রোমান্স ভাষাই ধ্রুপদী লাতিনের declension বা নামশব্দের রূপভেদ ব্যবস্থা বর্জন করেছে। সবগুলি রোমান্স ভাষাই কর্তা-ক্রিয়া-কর্ম এই বাক্য গঠন অনুসরণ করে, এবং ব্যাপকভাবে পুরঃসর্গ বা preposition ব্যবহার করে। </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="নাম"><span id=".E0.A6.A8.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.AE"></span>নাম</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=1" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: নাম"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>রোমান্স "Romance" নামটি প্রাকৃত লাতিন ক্রিয়াবিশেষণ <i>romanice</i> থেকে এসেছে, যেটি আবার ধ্রুপদী লাতিনের <i>romanicus</i> (রোমানিকুস) শব্দ থেকে বিবর্তিত। </p><p>রোমান্স বা রোমান্টিক উপন্যাসে ব্যবহৃত রোমান্স শব্দটির ব্যুৎপত্তিও একই। মধ্যযুগে ইউরোপে গুরুগম্ভীর রচনা মূলত লাতিনে লিখিত হত, আর সাধারণ জনগণের জনপ্রিয় প্রেমের কাহিনী ও অন্যান্য লঘু রচনাগুলি রচিত হত স্থানীয় প্রাকৃত ভাষায় রচিত হত এবং এগুলিকে রোমান্স বলে অভিহিত করা হত। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="বর্তমান_মর্যাদা"><span id=".E0.A6.AC.E0.A6.B0.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.AE.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.A8_.E0.A6.AE.E0.A6.B0.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AF.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.A6.E0.A6.BE"></span>বর্তমান মর্যাদা</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=2" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: বর্তমান মর্যাদা"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>মাতৃভাষীর সংখ্যা অনুযায়ী সবচেয়ে বেশি প্রচলিত রোমান্স ভাষাগুলি হল <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="স্পেনীয় ভাষা">স্পেনীয় ভাষা</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="পর্তুগিজ ভাষা">পর্তুগিজ ভাষা</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ফরাসি ভাষা">ফরাসি ভাষা</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইতালীয় ভাষা">ইতালীয় ভাষা</a> ও <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="রোমানীয় ভাষা">রোমানীয় ভাষা</a>। এগুলির প্রতিটিই একাধিক রাষ্ট্রের প্রধান ও সরকারি ভাষা। এছাড়াও এটি <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="সারদিনিয়ার (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">সারদিনিয়ার</a> সারদি </p><p>A few other languages have official status on a regional or otherwise limited level, for instance <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friulian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friulian (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Friulian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sardinian language (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Sardinian</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franco-Provençal language (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Valdôtain</a> in Italy; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romansh_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romansh language (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Romansh</a> in Switzerland; <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranese_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aranese language (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Aranese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> in Spain (the last of which is also the only official language in the small sovereign state of <a href="/wiki/Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>). French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Romanian are also official languages of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian, and Catalan are the official languages of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin Union (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Latin Union</a>; French and Spanish are two of the six official languages of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p><p>Outside Europe, <a href="/wiki/French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> are spoken and enjoy official status in various countries that made up their respective <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonial empire (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">colonial empire</a>s. French is an official language of <a href="/wiki/Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, many countries in <a href="/wiki/Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and some in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>s, as well as France's current overseas possession. Spanish is an official language of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, much of <a href="/wiki/South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Central America">Central America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Portuguese is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, multiple countries in Africa and of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy">Italy</a> also had some colonial possessions, its language did not remain official after the end of the colonial domination, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian language">Italian</a> being spoken only as a minority or secondary language by immigrant communities in <a href="/wiki/North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="South America">South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia">Australia</a> or African countries like <a href="/wiki/Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania">Romania</a> did not establish a colonial empire, but the language spread outside of Europe due to emigration, notably in Western Asia; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> flourished in <a href="/wiki/Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel">Israel</a>, where it is spoken by some 5% of the total population as mother tongue,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>১<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by many more as a secondary language, considering the large population of Romanian-born <a href="/wiki/Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews">Jews</a> who moved to Israel after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>২<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0:Romance-procents.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Romance-procents.png/275px-Romance-procents.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Romance-procents.png/413px-Romance-procents.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Romance-procents.png 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of the 690 million native Romance language speakers contained by each language.</figcaption></figure> <p>The total native speakers of Romance languages is divided as follows (with their ranking within the languages of the world in brackets): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> 47% (5th)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> 26% (7th)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="French language">French</a> 11% (11th)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian language">Italian</a> 9% (18th)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> 4% (34th)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> 1% (n/a)</li> <li>others 2%</li></ul> <dl><dd><small>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html">MSN Encarta – Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ওয়েব্যাক মেশিন">ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203134724/http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html">আর্কাইভকৃত</a> ৩ ডিসেম্বর ২০০৭ তারিখে (number of Romance speakers estimated at 690 million speakers, number of Catalan language speakers estimated at 8 million)</small></dd></dl> <p>The remaining Romance languages survive mostly as spoken languages for informal contact. National governments have historically viewed linguistic diversity as an economic, administrative or military liability, as well a potential source of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Separatism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Separatism (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">separatist</a> movements; therefore, they have generally fought to eliminate it—by extensively promoting the use of the official language, by restricting the use of the "other" languages in the media, by characterizing them as mere "dialects"—or worse. </p><p>In the late <a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_century&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20th century (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">20th</a> and early <a href="/wiki/21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="21st century">21st</a> centuries, however, increased sensitivity to the rights of minorities have allowed some of these languages to recover some of their prestige and lost rights. Yet, it is unclear whether these political changes will be enough to reverse the minority languages' decline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_features">Linguistic features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=3" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Linguistic features"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features_inherited_from_Indo-European">Features inherited from Indo-European</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=4" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Features inherited from Indo-European"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As members of the Indo-European (IE) family, Romance languages have a number of features that are shared with other members of this family, and in particular with <a href="/wiki/English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English language">English</a>; but which set them apart from languages of other families, such as <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basque language (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgian language (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Georgian</a>. These include: </p> <ul><li>Almost all their words are classified into four major classes — <a href="/wiki/Noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Noun">noun</a>s, <a href="/wiki/Verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb">verb</a>s, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjective">adjective</a>s, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adverb (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">adverb</a>s — each with a specific set of possible syntactic roles.</li> <li>Nouns, adjectives, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner_(class)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Determiner (class) (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">determiners</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a>s inflect according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical number (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">grammatical number</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_gender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical gender (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">grammatical gender</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inflection (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Inflection</a> is normally marked with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suffix (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">suffix</a>es.</li> <li>A variety of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_category&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical category (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">grammatical distinctions</a> are expressed on verbs, such as: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_person&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical person (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Person</a> and number;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_tense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical tense (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Tense</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical mood (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">mood</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_aspect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical aspect (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">aspect</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_voice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical voice (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Voice</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>They are verb-centered; meaning that the basic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clause&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clause (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">clause</a> structure consists of a verb, expressing an action involving one or more nouns — the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verb_argument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verb argument (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">arguments of the verb</a> — that play specific semantic roles in the action and specific syntactic roles in the clause.</li> <li>They are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusional_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusional language (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">fusional</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphosyntactic_alignment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morphosyntactic alignment (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">nominative-accusative</a> languages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features_inherited_from_Classical_Latin">Features inherited from Classical Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=5" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Features inherited from Classical Latin"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romance languages share a number of features that were inherited from Classical Latin, and collectively set them apart from most other Indo-European languages. </p> <ul><li>They have two grammatical numbers, singular and plural (no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dual (grammatical number) (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">dual</a>).</li> <li>In most languages, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_pronoun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Personal pronoun (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">personal pronoun</a>s have different forms according to their grammatical function in a sentence (a remnant of the Latin case system); there is usually a form for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjective_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjective (grammar) (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">subject</a> (inherited from the Latin nominative) another for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Objective_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Objective (grammar) (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">object</a> (from the accusative or the dative), and a third set of personal pronouns used after prepositions or in stressed positions (see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prepositional_pronoun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prepositional pronoun (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Prepositional pronoun</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disjunctive_pronoun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disjunctive pronoun (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Disjunctive pronoun</a>, for further information). Third person pronouns often have different forms for the direct object (accusative), the indirect object (dative), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexive_pronoun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reflexive pronoun (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">reflexive</a>.</li> <li>Most are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Null-subject_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Null-subject language (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">null-subject language</a>s. French is a notable exception.</li> <li>Verbs have many <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_conjugation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical conjugation (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">conjugations</a>, including in most languages: <ul><li>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Present_tense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Present tense (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">present tense</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preterite (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">preterite</a>, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperfect_tense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperfect tense (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">imperfect</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluperfect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluperfect (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">pluperfect</a> and a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Future_tense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Future tense (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">future tense</a> in the indicative mood, for statements of fact.</li> <li>Present and preterite <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjunctive (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">subjunctive</a> tenses, for hypothetical or uncertain conditions. Several languages (for example, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish) have also imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives.</li> <li>An imperative mood, for direct commands.</li> <li>Three <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-finite_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-finite verb (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">non-finite forms</a>: infinitive, gerund, and past participle.</li> <li>Distinct active and passive voices, as well as an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Impersonal_passive_voice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Impersonal passive voice (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">impersonal passive voice</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The main tense and mood distinctions that were made in classical Latin are generally still present in the modern Romance languages, though many are now expressed through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periphrasis (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">compound</a> rather than simple verbs. The passive voice, which was mostly made up of simple verbs in classical Latin, was completely replaced with compound forms.</li> <li>Several tenses, especially of the indicative mood, have been preserved with little change:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Present</th> <th>Preterite</th> <th>Imperfect </th></tr> <tr> <th>Latin </th> <td>dīcit</td> <td>dīxit</td> <td>dicēbat </td></tr> <tr> <th>Italian </th> <td>dice</td> <td>disse</td> <td>diceva </td></tr> <tr> <th>Spanish </th> <td>dice</td> <td>dijo</td> <td>decía </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sicilian </th> <td>dici</td> <td>dissi</td> <td>dicìa </td></tr> <tr> <th>French </th> <td>dit</td> <td>dit</td> <td>disait </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neapolitan </th> <td>dice</td> <td>dicette</td> <td>diceva </td></tr> <tr> <th>Portuguese </th> <td>diz</td> <td>disse</td> <td>dizia </td></tr> <tr> <th>Romanian </th> <td>zice</td> <td>zise</td> <td>zicea </td></tr> <tr> <th>Galician </th> <td>di</td> <td>dixo</td> <td>dicía </td></tr> <tr> <th>Catalan </th> <td>diu</td> <td>digué</td> <td>deia </td></tr> <tr> <th>Piedmontese </th> <td>a dis</td> <td>a l'ha dit</td> <td>a disìa </td></tr> <tr> <th>English </th> <td>[he] says</td> <td>[he] said</td> <td>[he] used to say </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features_inherited_from_Vulgar_Latin">Features inherited from Vulgar Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=6" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Features inherited from Vulgar Latin"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romance languages also have a number of features that are not shared with Classical Latin. Most of these features are thought to be inherited from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgar_Latin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vulgar Latin (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Vulgar Latin</a>. Even though the Romance languages are all derived from Latin, they are arguably much closer to each other than to their common ancestor, due to a core of common developments. The main difference is the loss of the case system of Classical Latin, an essential feature which allowed great freedom of word order, and has no counterpart in any Romance language except Romanian. In this regard, the distance between any modern Romance language and Latin is comparable to that between <a href="/wiki/English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English language">Modern English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English">Old English</a>. While speakers of French, Italian or Spanish, for example, can quickly learn to see through the phonological changes reflected in spelling differences, and thus recognize many Latin words, they will often fail to understand the meaning of Latin sentences. </p> <ul><li>The distinctions of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_length&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vowel length (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">vowel length</a> present in Classical Latin were lost in most Romance languages (an exception is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friulian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friulian language (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Friulian</a>), and partly replaced with "qualitative" contrasts like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monophthong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monophthong (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">monophthong</a> versus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diphthong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diphthong (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">diphthong</a> (Italian, Spanish; French to a lesser extent), or with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_height&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vowel height (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">vowel height</a> contrasts (as in Portuguese and Catalan).</li> <li>There are definite and indefinite <a href="/w/index.php?title=Article_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Article (grammar) (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">articles</a>, derived from Latin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonstrative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demonstrative (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">demonstrative</a>s and the numeral <i>unus</i> ("one").</li> <li>There are only two <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_gender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical gender (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">grammatical gender</a>s, masculine and feminine. The neuter gender of Latin has been lost (mostly merging with the masculine). (Exceptions: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, which retains <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuter (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">neuter</a> gender; Spanish, which has the neuter third person pronoun <i>ello</i>, the neuter demonstratives <i>eso, esto, aquello</i>, and the neuter article <i>lo</i>, all used for objects or some abstract notions; and Italian, which while not keeping the neuter gender intact, has residual traces of it represented by some words that switch gender between singular and plural, such as <i>il dito</i> (the finger), plural <i>le dita</i>, inherited from Latin <i>digitum</i>, plural <i>digita</i>).</li> <li>Apart from gender and number, nouns, adjectives and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Determiner (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">determiner</a>s are not inflected. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical case (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Cases</a> have generally been lost, though a trace of them survives in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_pronoun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Personal pronoun (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">personal pronoun</a>s. An exception is <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, which retains a combined <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genitive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genitive (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">genitive</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dative (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">dative</a> case.</li> <li>Adjectives generally follow the noun they modify.</li> <li>Many Latin combining prefixes were incorporated in the lexicon as new roots and verb stems, e.g. Italian <i>estrarre</i> ("to extract") from Latin <i>ex-</i> ("out") and <i>trahere</i> ("to drag").</li> <li>Many Latin constructions involving nominalized verbal forms (e.g. the use of accusative plus infinitive in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_indirect_speech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free indirect speech (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">indirect discourse</a> and the use of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin grammar (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">ablative absolute</a>) were dropped in favor of constructions with subordinate clauses in all Romance languages except Italian (for example, Latin <i>tempore permittente</i> > Italian <i>tempo permettendo</i>; L. <i>hoc facto</i> > I. <i>fatto ciò</i>).</li> <li>The normal clause structure is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subject_verb_object&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subject verb object (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">SVO</a>, rather than <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subject_object_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subject object verb (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">SOV</a>, and is much less flexible than in Latin.</li> <li>Due to sound changes which made it <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homonym&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homonym (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">homophonous</a> with the preterite, the Latin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Future_tense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Future tense (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">future indicative tense</a> was dropped, and replaced with a periphrasis of the form <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infinitive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infinitive (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">infinitive</a> + present tense of <i>habēre</i> ("to have"). With time, this structure was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammaticalisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammaticalisation (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">reanalysed</a> as a new future tense.</li> <li>In a similar process, an entirely new tense <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_mood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional mood (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">conditional form</a> was created.</li> <li>While the synthetic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_voice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical voice (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">passive voice</a> of classical Latin was abandoned in favour of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periphrasis (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">periphrastic</a> constructions, the active voice remained in use. However, several tenses have changed meaning, especially subjunctives. For example: <ul><li>The Latin pluperfect indicative became a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_mood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional mood (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">conditional</a> in Catalan and Sicilian, and an imperfect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjunctive_mood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjunctive mood (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">subjunctive</a> in Spanish.</li> <li>The Latin pluperfect subjunctive developed into an imperfect subjunctive in all languages except <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romansh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romansh (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Romansh</a>, where it became a conditional, and Romanian, where it became a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluperfect_tense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluperfect tense (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">pluperfect indicative</a>.</li> <li>The Latin preterite subjunctive, together with the future perfect indicative, became a future subjunctive in Old Spanish, Portuguese, and <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician language">Galician</a>.</li> <li>The Latin imperfect subjunctive became a personal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infinitive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infinitive (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">infinitive</a> in Portuguese and Galician.</li></ul></li> <li>Many Romance languages have two <a href="/w/index.php?title=Copula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copula (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">copula</a>r verbs, derived from the Latin <i>stare</i> (mostly used for "temporary state") and <i>esse</i> (mostly used for "essential attributes"). However, the distinction was eventually lost in some languages, notably French, which now have only the first copula. In French, <i>stare</i> and <i>esse</i> had become <i>ester</i> and <i>estre</i> by the late Middle Ages. Due to phonological development, there were the forms <i>êter</i> and <i>être</i>, which eventually merged to <i>être</i>. In Italian, the two verbs share the same past participle, <i>stato</i>. See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_copula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romance copula (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Romance copula</a>, for further information.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_shared_features">Other shared features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=7" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Other shared features"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romance languages also share a number of features that were not the result of common inheritance, but rather of various cultural diffusion processes in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> — such as literary diffusion, commercial and military interactions, political domination, influence of the Catholic Church, and (especially in later times) conscious attempts to "purify" the languages by reference to Classical Latin. Some of those features have in fact spread to other non-Romance (and even non-Indo-European) languages, chiefly in Europe. Here are some of these "late origin" shared features: </p> <ul><li>Most Romance languages have polite forms of address that change the person and/or number of 2nd person subjects (<a href="/w/index.php?title=T-V_distinction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T-V distinction (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">T-V distinction</a>), such as the <i>tu</i>/<i>vous</i> contrast in French, the <i>tu</i>/<i>Lei</i> contrast in Italian, the <i>tu</i>/<i>dumneavoastră</i> (from <i>dominus</i> + <i>vostre</i>) in Romanian or the <i>tú</i> (or <i>vos</i>)/<i>usted</i> contrast in Spanish.</li> <li>They all have a large collection of learned <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism_(neoclassicism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellenism (neoclassicism) (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Hellenisms</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latinism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latinism (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Latinism</a>s, with prefixes, stems, and suffixes retained or reintroduced from Greek and Latin, and used to coin new words. Most of these are also used in English, e.g. <i>tele-</i>, <i>poly-</i>, <i>meta-</i>, <i>pseudo-</i>, <i>dis-</i>, <i>ex-</i>, <i>post-</i>, <i>-scope</i>, <i>-logy</i>, <i>-tion</i>.</li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and a few other Romance languages developed a new, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_aspect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progressive aspect (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">progressive aspect</a> that did not exist in Latin. In French, progressive constructions remain very limited, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperfective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperfective (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">imperfect aspect</a> generally being preferred, as in Latin.</li> <li>Many Romance languages now have a verbal construction analogous to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Present_perfect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Present perfect (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">present perfect</a> of English. In some, it has taken the place of the old <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preterite (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">preterite</a> (at least in the vernacular); in others, the two coexist with somewhat different meanings.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divergent_features">Divergent features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=8" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Divergent features"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In spite of their common origin, the descendants of Vulgar Latin have many differences. These occur at all levels, including the sound systems, the orthography, the nominal, verbal, and adjectival inflections, the auxiliary verbs and the semantics of verbal tenses, the function words, the rules for subordinate clauses, and, especially, in their vocabularies. While most of those differences are clearly due to independent development after the breakup of the Roman Empire (including invasions and cultural exchanges), one must also consider the influence of prior languages in territories of Latin Europe that fell under Roman rule, and possible <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homogeneity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homogeneity (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">inhomogeneities</a> in Vulgar Latin itself. </p><p>It is often said that French and Portuguese are the most innovative of the Romance languages, each in different ways, that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sardinian language (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Sardinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> are the most isolated and conservative variants, and that the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Italy">languages of Italy</a> other than Sardinian (including <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) occupy a middle ground.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন"><span title="এই তথ্যের সত্যতা যাচাই করার জন্য তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন (মে ২০০৭ থেকে)">তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন</span></a></i>]</sup> Some even claim that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Languedocien_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languedocien language (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Languedocian Occitan</a> is the "most average" western Romance language. However, these evaluations are largely subjective, as they depend on how much weight one assigns to specific features. In fact all Romance languages, including Sardinian and Romanian, are all vastly different from their common ancestor. </p><p>Romanian (together with other related minor languages, like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromanian (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Aromanian</a>) in fact has a number of grammatical features which are unique within Romance, but are shared with other non-Romance languages of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>. These include, for example, the structure of the vestigial case system, the placement of articles as suffixes of the nouns (<i>cer</i> = "sky", <i>cerul</i> = "the sky"), and several more. This phenomenon, called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkan_linguistic_union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkan linguistic union (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Balkan linguistic union</a>, may be due to contacts between those languages in post-Roman times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_changes">Sound changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=9" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Sound changes"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vocabularies of Romance languages have undergone considerable change since their birth, by various phonological processes that were characteristic of each language. Those changes applied more or less systematically to all words, but were often conditioned by the sound context or morphological structure. </p><p>Some languages have lost sounds from the original Latin words. French, in particular, has dropped all final vowels, and sometimes also the preceding consonant: thus Latin <i>lupus</i> and <i>luna</i> became Italian <i>lupo</i> and <i>luna</i> but French <i>loup</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[lu]</span> and <i>lune</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[lyn]</span>. Catalan, Occitan, many Northern Italian dialects, and Romanian (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daco-Romanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daco-Romanian (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Daco-Romanian</a>) lost the final vowels in most masculine nouns and adjectives, but retained them in the feminine. Other languages, including Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and the Southern dialects of Romanian have retained those vowels. </p><p>Some languages have lost the final vowel <i>-e</i> from verbal infinitives, e.g. <i>dīcere</i> → Portuguese <i>dizer</i> ("to say"). Other common cases of final truncation are the verbal endings, e.g. Latin <i>amāt</i> → Italian <i>ama</i> ("he loves"), <i>amābam</i> → <i>amavo</i> ("I loved"), <i>amābat</i> → <i>amava</i> ("he loved"), <i>amābatis</i> → <i>amavate</i> ("you <i>(pl.)</i> loved"), etc. </p><p>Sounds have often been lost in the middle of words, too; e.g. Latin <i>Luna</i> → Galician and Portuguese <i>Lua</i>, <i>crēdere</i> → Spanish <i>creer</i> ("to believe"). </p><p>On the other hand, some languages have inserted many <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epenthesis (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">epenthetic</a> vowels in certain contexts. For instance Spanish, Galician and Portuguese have generally inserted an <i>e</i> at the start of Latin words that began with <i>s</i> + consonant, such as <i>sperō</i> → <i>espero</i> ("I hope"). French originally did the same, but then dropped the <i>s</i>: <i>spatula</i> → arch. <i>espaule</i> → <i>épaule</i> ("shoulder"). In the case of Italian, a unique article, <i>lo</i> for the definite and <i>uno</i> for the indefinite, is used for masculine <i>s</i> + consonant words (<i>sbaglio</i>, "mistake"), as well as all masculine words beginning with <i>z</i> (<i>zaino</i>, "backpack"). </p><p>For more detailed descriptions, see the articles <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_French&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of French (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">History of French</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_vocabulary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese vocabulary (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">From Latin to Portuguese</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_to_Romanian_sound_changes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin to Romanian sound changes (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Latin to Romanian sound changes</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_history_of_Spanish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguistic history of Spanish (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Linguistic history of Spanish</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexical_stress">Lexical stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=10" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Lexical stress"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The position of the stressed syllable in a word generally varies from word to word in each Romance language, and often moves as the word is inflected. Sometimes the stress is lexically significant, e.g. Italian <i>Papa</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ˈpa.pa]</span> ("Pope") and <i>papà</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[pa.ˈpa]</span> ("daddy"), or Spanish imperfect subjunctive <i>cantara</i> ("[if he] sang") and future <i>cantará</i> ("he will sing"). However, the main function of Romance stress in appears to be a clue for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Speech_segmentation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speech segmentation (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">speech segmentation</a> — namely to help the listener identify the word boundaries in normal speech, where inter-word spaces are usually absent. </p><p>In Romance languages, the stress is usually confined to one of the last three syllables of the word. That limit may be occasionally exceeded by some verbs with attached clitics, e.g. Italian <i>mettiamocene</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[me.ˈtːja.mo.ʧe.ne]</span> or <i>Metintilu</i> in Friulian ("let's put some of it in there"), Spanish <i>entregándomelo</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[en.tre.ɣan.do.me.lo]</span> ("delivering it to me") or Portuguese <i>dávamo-vo-lo</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">['da.vɐ.mu.vu.lu]</span> ("we were giving it to you"). Originally the stress was predominantly in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penultimate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penultimate (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">penultimate</a> syllable, but that pattern has changed considerably in some languages. In French, for instance, the loss of final vowels has left the stress almost exclusively on the last syllable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_plurals">Formation of plurals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=11" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Formation of plurals"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">মূল নিবন্ধসমূহ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_plurals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romance plurals (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Romance plurals</a> ও <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-Rimini_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Spezia-Rimini Line (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">La Spezia-Rimini Line</a></div> <p>Some Romance languages form plurals by adding <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/s/</span> (derived from the plural of the Latin accusative case), while others form the plural by changing the final vowel (by influence of the Latin nominative ending <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/i/</span>). </p> <ul><li>Vowel change: Italian, Romanian.</li> <li>Plural in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/s/</span>: Portuguese, Galician, Spanish, Catalan, Occitan, Sardinian, Friulian, Romansh.</li> <li>Special case of French: Falls into the second group historically (and orthographically), but the final <i>-s</i> is no longer pronounced (except in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liaison_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liaison (linguistics) (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">liaison</a> contexts), meaning that singular and plural nouns are usually homophonous in isolation. Many <a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Determiners (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">determiners</a> have a distinct plural formed by changing the vowel <b>and</b> allowing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/z/</span> in liaison.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borrowed_words">Borrowed words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=12" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Borrowed words"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F:Stub-section&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="টেমপ্লেট:Stub-section (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">টেমপ্লেট:Stub-section</a> Vulgar Latin borrowed many words, often from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> that replaced words from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Latin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical Latin (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Classical Latin</a> during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration Period (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Migration Period</a>, even including common basic vocabulary. Notable examples are <i>*blancus</i> (white), which replaced Classical Latin <i>albus</i> in most major languages and dialects except for <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>; <i>*guerra</i> (war), which replaced <i>bellum</i>; and words for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_directions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cardinal directions (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">cardinal directions</a>, where words similar to English north, south, east and west replaced the Classical Latin words <i>borealis</i> (or <i>septentrionalis</i>) (north), <i>australis</i> (or <i>meridionalis</i>) (south), <i>occidentalis</i> (west) and <i>orientalis</i> (east) everywhere (for standard usage). See <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_French&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of French (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">History of French – The Franks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivations">Derivations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=13" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Derivations"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_for_"more""><span id="Words_for_.22more.22"></span>Words for "more"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=14" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Words for "more""><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Romance languages use a version of Latin <i>plus</i>, others a version of <i>magis</i>. </p> <ul><li><i>Plus</i>-derived: Sardinian <i>prusu</i>, French <i>plus</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/ply/</span>, Italian <i>più</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/pju/</span>, Friulian <i>plui</i>, Romansh <i>pli</i>, Venetina <i>pi</i>. In Catalan <i>pus</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/pus/</span> is exclusively used on negative statements in Mallorcan Catalan dialect, and "més" is the word mostly used.</li> <li><i>Magis</i>-derived: Sardinian (<i>mera</i>), Galician and Portuguese (<i>mais</i>; mediaeval <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galician-Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galician-Portuguese (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Galician-Portuguese</a> had both words: <i>mais</i> and <i>chus</i>), Spanish (<i>más</i>), Catalan (<i>més</i>), Venetian (<i>massa</i> or <i>masa</i>, "too much") Occitan (<i>mai</i>), Romanian (<i>mai</i>), Italian (<i>mai</i>, used in constructions such as <i>non... mai</i>, meaning "never", or <i>"Londra è la più grande città che io abbia mai visto"</i> "London is the biggest city I have ever seen").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_for_"nothing""><span id="Words_for_.22nothing.22"></span>Words for "nothing"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=15" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Words for "nothing""><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Latin word for "nothing" is nihil, the common word for "nothing" became <i>nudha</i> in Sardinian, <i>nada</i> in Spanish and Portuguese, <i>nada</i> and <i>ren</i> in Galician, <i>rien</i> in French, <i>res</i> in Catalan, <i>cosa</i> and <i>res</i> in Aragonese, <i>ren</i> in Occitan, <i>nimic</i> in Romanian, and <i>niente</i> and <i>nulla</i> in Italian, <i>gnente</i> in Venetian, and <i>nue</i> and <i>nuie</i> in Friulian. Some argue that all three roots derive from different parts of a Latin phrase <i>nullam rem natam</i> ("no thing born"), an emphatic idiom for "nothing". Meanwhile, Italian and Venetian <i>niente</i> and <i>gnente</i> would seem to be more logically derived from Latin <i>ne(c) entem</i> ("no being"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_number_16">The number 16</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=16" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: The number 16"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanian constructs the names of the numbers 11–19 by a regular pattern which could be translated as "one-over-ten", "two-over-ten", etc.. All the other Romance languages use a pattern like "one-ten", "two-ten", etc. for 11–15, and the pattern "ten-and-seven, "ten-and-eight", "ten-and-nine" for 17–19. For 16, however, they split into two groups: some use "six-ten", some use "ten-and-six": </p> <ul><li>"Sixteen": Catalan and Occitan <i>setze</i>, French <i>seize</i>, Italian <i>sedici</i>, Venetian <i>sédexe</i>, Romansh <i>sedesch</i>, Friulian <i>sedis</i>, Lombard <i>sedas / sedes</i>, Franco-Provençal <i>sèze</i>, Sardinian <i>sédichi</i>.</li> <li>"Ten and six": Portuguese <i>dezasseis</i> or <i>dezesseis</i>, Galician <i>dezaseis</i>, Spanish <i>dieciséis</i>, the Marchigiano dialect <i>digissei</i>.</li> <li>"Six over ten": Romanian <i>șaisprezece</i> (where <i>spre</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>super</i>).</li></ul> <p>Classical Latin uses the "one-ten" pattern for 11–17 (<i>ūndecim</i>, <i>duodecim</i>, …, <i>septendecim</i>), but then switches to "two-off-twenty" (<i>duodēvigintī</i>) and "one-off-twenty" (<i>ūndēvigintī</i>). For the sake of comparison, note that English and German use two special words derived from "one left over" and "two left over" for 11 and 12, then the pattern "three-ten", "four-ten", …, "nine-ten" for 13–19. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_have_and_to_hold">To have and to hold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=17" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: To have and to hold"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The verbs derived from Latin <i>habēre</i> "to have", <i>tenēre</i> "to hold", and <i>esse</i> "to be" are used differently in the various Romance languages, to express possession, to construct perfect tenses, and to make existential statements ("there is"). If we use <b>T</b> for <i>tenēre</i>, <b>H</b> for <i>habēre</i>, and <b>E</b> for <i>esse</i>, we have the following distribution: </p> <ul><li><b>HHE</b>: Romanian, Italian</li> <li><b>HHH</b>: Occitan, French, Romansh.</li> <li><b>THH</b>: Spanish, Catalan, Aragonese.</li> <li><b>TTH</b>: European Portuguese.</li> <li><b>TTT</b>: Brazilian Portuguese. (colloquial)</li></ul> <p>For example: </p> <dl><dd>English: I have, I have done, there is (<b>HHE</b>)</dd> <dd>Friulian: <i>(jo) o ai</i>, <i>(jo) o ai fat</i>, <i>a 'nd è, al è</i> (<b>HHE</b>)</dd> <dd>Venetian: <i>(mi) go</i>, <i>(mi) go fat</i>, <i>ghe xe, ghi n'é</i> (<b>HHE</b>)</dd> <dd>Lombard (Western): <i>(mi) a gh-u</i>, <i>(mi) a u fai</i>, <i>al gh'è, a gh'è</i> (<b>HHE</b>)</dd> <dd>Romansh: <i>(jau) hai</i>, <i>(jau) hai fatg</i>, <i>igl ha</i> (<b>HHH</b>)</dd> <dd>Romanian: <i>(eu) am</i>, <i>(eu) am făcut</i>, <i>este</i> (or <i>e</i>) (<b>HHE</b>)</dd> <dd>Italian: <i>(io) ho</i>, <i>(io) ho fatto</i>, <i>c'è</i> (<b>HHE</b>)</dd> <dd>French: <i>j'ai</i>, <i>j'ai fait</i>, <i>il y a</i> (<b>HHH</b>)</dd> <dd>Catalan: <i>(jo) tinc</i>, <i>(jo) he fet</i>, <i>hi ha</i> (<b>THH</b>)</dd> <dd>Aragonese: <i>(yo) tiengo</i> (but <i>(yo) he</i> dialectally), <i>(yo) he feito</i>, <i>bi ha</i> (<b>THH</b>)</dd> <dd>Spanish: <i>(yo) tengo</i>, <i>(yo) he hecho</i>, <i>hay</i> (<b>THH</b>)</dd> <dd>Galician: <i>(eu) teño</i>, - , <i>hai</i> (<b>T-H</b>; Galician does not have a present perfect)</dd> <dd>Portuguese: <i>(eu) tenho</i>, <i>(eu) tenho feito</i>, <i>há</i> in Portugal (<b>TTH</b>) / <i>tem</i> in Brazil (<b>TTT</b>)</dd></dl> <p>Ancient Galician-Portuguese used to employ the auxiliary <b>H</b> for permanent states, such as <i>Eu hei um nome</i> "I have a name" (i.e. for all my life), and <b>T</b> for non-permanent states <i>Eu tenho um livro</i> "I have a book" (i.e. perhaps not so tomorrow), but this construction is no longer used in modern Galician and Portuguese. Informal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brazilian Portuguese (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Brazilian Portuguese</a> uses the <b>T</b> verb even in the existential sense, e.g. <i>Tem água no copo</i> "There is water in the glass". In most languages, the descendant of <i>tenēre</i> still has the sense of "to hold", as well, e.g. Italian <i>tieni il libro</i>, French <i>tu tiens le livre</i>, Catalan <i>tens el llibre</i>, Romanian <i><span class="Unicode">ț</span>ine cartea</i>, Friulian <i>Tu tu tegnis il libri</i> "You're holding the book". In others, like Portuguese, this sense has been mostly lost, and a different verb is currently used for "to hold". Romansh uses, besides <i>igl ha</i>, the form <i>i dat</i> (literally: it gives), borrowed from German <i>es gibt</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_have_or_to_be">To have or to be</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=18" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: To have or to be"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some languages use their equivalent of "have" as an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auxiliary_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auxiliary verb (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">auxiliary verb</a> to form the perfect forms (e. g. French <i>passé composé</i>) of all verbs; others use "be" for some verbs and "have" for others. </p> <ul><li>"Have" only: Standard Catalan, Spanish, Romanian, Sicilian.</li> <li>"Have" and "be": Occitan, French, Italian, Romansh, some dialects of Catalan (although such usage is recessing in those).</li></ul> <p>In the latter, the verbs which use "be" as an auxiliary are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unaccusative_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unaccusative verb (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">unaccusative verb</a>s, that is, intransitive verbs that show motion not directly initiated by the subject or changes of state, such as "fall", "come", "become". All other verbs (intransitive <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unergative_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unergative verb (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">unergative verb</a>s and all transitive verbs) use "have". For example, in French, <i>J'ai vu</i> "I have seen" vs. <i>Je suis tombé</i> "I am fallen" ("I have fallen"). A similar dichotomy exists in the Germanic languages, which share the same <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sprachbund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sprachbund (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Sprachbund</a></i>; German and the Scandinavian languages use "have" and "be", while modern English uses "have" only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I_did_or_I_have_done">I did or I have done</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=19" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: I did or I have done"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some languages (e.g. Spanish, Catalan, Occitan, Portuguese and written French and Italian) make a distinction between a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preterite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preterite (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">preterite</a> and a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Present_perfect_tense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Present perfect tense (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">present perfect tense</a> (cf. English <i>I did</i> vs. <i>I have done</i>). Others (spoken French, Italian and Galician) contain only one tense, which renders both meanings. French, Italian, and European Spanish use the compound past for this, while Sicilian and Latin American Spanish use the simple past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=20" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Writing systems"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">মূল নিবন্ধ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin Alphabet (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Latin Alphabet</a></div> <p>The Romance languages have kept the writing system of Latin, adapting it to their evolution. One exception was Romanian before the 19th century, where, after the Roman retreat, literacy was reintroduced through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a> due to Slavic influences. Also the non-Christian populations of Spain used the systems of their culture languages (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>) to write <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aljamiado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aljamiado (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">aljamiado</a></i> versions of Castilian (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ladino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ladino (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Ladino</a> among <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sephardic Jews (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Sephardic Jews</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_values">Letter values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=21" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Letter values"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Romance languages are written with the "core" <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> of 22 letters — <i>A</i>, <i>B</i>, <i>C</i>, <i>D</i>, <i>E</i>, <i>F</i>, <i>G</i>, <i>H</i>, <i>I</i>, <i>L</i>, <i>M</i>, <i>N</i>, <i>O</i>, <i>P</i>, <i>Q</i>, <i>R</i>, <i>S</i>, <i>T</i>, <i>V</i>, <i>X</i>, <i>Y</i>, <i>Z</i> — subsequently <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabets_derived_from_the_Latin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphabets derived from the Latin (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">modified and augmented</a> in various ways. In particular, the letters <i>K</i> and <i>W</i> are rarely used in most Romance languages — mostly for unassimilated foreign names and words, as they were in late Latin. </p><p>While most of the 22 basic Latin letters have maintained their phonetic value, for some of them it has diverged considerably; and the new letters added since the Middle Ages have been put to different uses in different scripts. Some letters, notably <i>H</i> and <i>Q</i>, have been variously combined in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digraph_(orthography)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digraph (orthography) (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">digraphs</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigraph_(orthography)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigraph (orthography) (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">trigraphs</a> (see below) to represent phonetic phenomena not recorded in Latin, or to get around previously established spelling conventions. </p><p>A characteristic feature of the writing systems of almost all Romance languages is that the Latin letters <i>C</i> and <i>G</i> — which originally always represented <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/g/</span> respectively — represent other sounds when they come before <i>E</i>, <i>I</i>, and in some cases <i>Y</i> and <i>Œ</i>. This is due to a general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palatalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palatalization (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">palatalization</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/ɡ/</span> before front vowels like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/e/</span>. This is believed to have occurred in the transition from Classical to Vulgar Latin. Since the written form of all the affected words was tied to the classical language, the shift was accommodated by a change in the pronunciation rules. However, the new sounds of <i>C</i> and <i>G</i> in those contexts differ from language to language. </p><p>The spelling rules of most Romance languages are fairly complex, and subject to considerable regional variation. To a first approximation, the phonetic representation of non-combined letters can be summarized as follows: </p> <dl><dd><b>C</b>: generally <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[k]</span>, but "softened" before <i>E</i>, <i>I</i>, or <i>Y</i> in most Romance languages — to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[s]</span> in French, Portuguese, Occitan, Catalan, and American Spanish; to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[θ]</span> in Peninsular Spanish and Galician; to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ts]</span> in Romansh; and to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ʧ]</span> in Italian and Romanian.</dd> <dd><b>G</b>: generally <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ɡ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ɣ]</span>, but "softened" before <i>E</i>, <i>I</i>, or <i>Y</i> in most languages — to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ʒ]</span> in French, Portuguese, Occitan and Catalan; to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[x]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[h]</span> in Spanish (according to dialect); to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ɟ]</span> in Romansh; and to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ʤ]</span> in Italian and Romanian.</dd> <dd><b>H</b>: silent in most languages, but represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[h]</span> in Romanian and Gascon Occitan. Used in various digraphs (see below).</dd> <dd><b>J</b>: represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ʒ]</span> in most languages; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[x]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[h]</span> in Spanish; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[j]</span> in Romansh and in several of Italy's languages, though it is normally replaced with <i>I</i> in native Italian words.</dd> <dd><b>S</b>: normally represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[s]</span> (either <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laminal_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laminal consonant (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">laminal</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apical_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apical consonant (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">apical</a>) at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllable (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">syllable</a> onset, but usually <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[z]</span> between vowels. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intervocalic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:intervocalic">Intervocalic</a> <i>s</i> is, however, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[s]</span> in Spanish, Romanian, Galician and several varieties of Italian. In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable_coda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllable coda (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">syllable coda</a>, it may have special <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allophone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allophone (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">allophonic</a> pronunciations.</dd> <dd><b>W</b>: used only in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walloon_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walloon language (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">Walloon</a>. Represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[v]</span> in French, with the exception of words borrowed from English.</dd> <dd><b>X</b>: at the beginning of words, represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ks]<span class="wrap"> </span>(in<span class="wrap"> </span>some<span class="wrap"> </span>words<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɡz]</span>) in French, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[s]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ks]</span> in Spanish, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ʃ]</span> in Portuguese, Catalan, and Galician. In <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intervocalic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:intervocalic">intervocalic</a> position, represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ks]</span> in French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Romanian; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ɡz]</span> in Catalan, French, and Romanian; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ɡs]</span> in Galician and Spanish; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ʃ]</span> in Catalan, Galician and Portuguese; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[z]</span> in Venetian, French and Portuguese; or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[s]</span> in French and Portuguese. Not used in Italian (except in borrowings), where it is replaced by <i>s</i>.</dd> <dd><b>Y</b>: used in French and Spanish for the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[i]</span>, and also as a consonant, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[j]</span> (esp. in French), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ʝ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ʒ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ʤ]</span>.</dd> <dd><b>Z</b>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[z]</span> in most languages; either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[θ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[s]</span> in Galician and Spanish; either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ʣ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">[ʦ]</span> in Italian.</dd></dl> <p>Otherwise, letters that are not combined as digraphs generally have the same sounds as in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA), whose design was, in fact, greatly influenced by the Romance spelling systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digraphs_and_trigraphs">Digraphs and trigraphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=22" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: Digraphs and trigraphs"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since most Romance languages have more sounds than can be accommodated in the Roman Latin alphabet they all resort to the use of digraphs and trigraphs — combinations of two or three letters with a single sound value. The concept (but not the actual combinations) derives from Classical Latin; which used, for example, <i>TH</i>, <i>PH</i>, and <i>CH</i> when transliterating the Greek letters "θ", "ϕ" (later "φ"), and "χ" (These were once <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspiration_(phonetics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspiration (phonetics) (পাতার অস্তিত্ব নেই)">aspirated</a> sounds in Greek before changing to corresponding fricatives and the <H> represented what sounded to the Romans like an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/ʰ/</span> following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/p/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালায় (আধ্বব) প্রতিনিধিত্ব">/k/</span> respectively. Some of the digraphs used in modern scripts are: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="তথ্যসূত্র"><span id=".E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.A5.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AF.E0.A6.B8.E0.A7.82.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.B0"></span>তথ্যসূত্র</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=23" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: তথ্যসূত্র"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7391394">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ron">1993 Statistical Abstract</a> of Israel reports 250,000 speakers of Romanian in Israel, while the 1995 census puts the total figure of the Israeli population at 5,548,523</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831192934/http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=110">"Reports of about 300,000 Jews who left the country after WW2"</a>। ৩১ আগস্ট ২০০৬ তারিখে <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=110">মূল</a> থেকে আর্কাইভ করা<span class="reference-accessdate">। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৩ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৭</span>।</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reports+of+about+300%2C000+Jews+who+left+the+country+after+WW2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurojewcong.org%2Fejc%2Fnews.php%3Fid_article%3D110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbn.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="বহিঃসংযোগ"><span id=".E0.A6.AC.E0.A6.B9.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.83.E0.A6.B8.E0.A6.82.E0.A6.AF.E0.A7.8B.E0.A6.97"></span>বহিঃসংযোগ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9&action=edit&section=24" title="অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা: বহিঃসংযোগ"><span>সম্পাদনা</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202093412/http://orbilat.com/">Orbis Latinus, রোমান্স ভাষার ওপর ওয়েবসাইট</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ielanguages.com/romlang.html">ফরাসি, ইতালীয় ও স্পেনীয় ভাষায় ক্রিয়ার গঠনের তুলনা</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ielanguages.com/frenchitalian.html">বিনামূল্যে ফরাসি ও ইতালীয় ভাষার তুলনামূলক পাঠ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bepolyglot.com/">ফরাসি, স্পেনীয়, পর্তুগিজ, ইতালীয় ও রোমানীয় ভাষার তুলনাভিত্তিক ভাষা-শিক্ষা</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ওয়েব্যাক মেশিন">ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801060915/http://bepolyglot.com/">আর্কাইভকৃত</a> ১ আগস্ট ২০১৫ তারিখে</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐ddff469‐5q7w4 Cached time: 20241101063311 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.370 seconds Real time usage: 0.625 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2723/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 63936/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2864/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4666/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.133/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2824280/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 360.686 1 -total 19.44% 70.125 65 টেমপ্লেট:IPA 19.39% 69.923 1 টেমপ্লেট:বাংলা_নয় 17.75% 64.005 1 টেমপ্লেট:Ambox 16.92% 61.035 1 টেমপ্লেট:সূত্র_তালিকা 12.17% 43.888 1 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