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<li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_colonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_colonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Roman colonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_colonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Law_School_of_Berytus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Law_School_of_Berytus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>The Law School of Berytus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Law_School_of_Berytus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Byzantine_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Byzantine_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early Byzantine rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Byzantine_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Recent discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient city of Beirut, Lebanon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Berytos" redirects here. For the defunct airline, see <a href="/wiki/Berytos_Airlines" title="Berytos Airlines">Berytos Airlines</a>. For the women's association football club, see <a href="/wiki/%C3%93Berytus" title="ÓBerytus">ÓBerytus</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Berytus</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn" dir="rtl">𐤁𐤉𐤓𐤅𐤕𐤀</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>)</span><br /><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βηρυτός</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>)</span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Bērȳtus</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيروتة</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Beirut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/St._George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Beirut.jpg/220px-St._George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Beirut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/St._George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Beirut.jpg/330px-St._George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Beirut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/St._George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Beirut.jpg/440px-St._George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Beirut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Roman ruins of Berytus, in front of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Greek_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral">Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berytus is located in Lebanon"><img alt="Berytus is located in Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg/270px-Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg/405px-Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg/540px-Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.82%;left:33.578%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Berytus"><img alt="Berytus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Lebanon</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Laodicea in Phoenicia (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Λαοδίκεια ἡ ἐν Φοινίκῃ</span>) or Laodicea in Canaan <small>(2nd century to 64 BCE)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berytus&params=33_53_44.8_N_35_30_18.5_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°53′44.8″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°30′18.5″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.895778°N 35.505139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.895778; 35.505139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">Roman republic (merchants from early Laodicea/Berytus recorded by 110–109 BCE)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman period">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Early Byzantine/late antiquity</a>; <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_port_of_Beirut" title="Phoenician port of Beirut">previous port</a> dating back to <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age III">Iron Age III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Persian</a> periods</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician people">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Berytus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>: <span lang="phn" dir="rtl">𐤁𐤓𐤕</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Phoenician-language romanization"><i lang="phn-Latn">Biruta</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Βηρυτός</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Bērytós</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Bērȳtus</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بَيرُوتَة</span>), briefly known as <b>Laodicea in Phoenicia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Λαοδίκεια ἡ ἐν Φοινίκῃ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لاذقية كنعان</span>) or <b>Laodicea in Canaan</b> from the 2nd century to 64 BCE, was the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> (in modern-day Lebanon) from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Early Byzantine period/late antiquity</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berytus became a <a href="/wiki/Roman_colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colonia">Roman colonia</a> that would be the center of <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Roman presence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> shores south of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The veterans of two <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> were established in the city (the <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">fifth Macedonian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica" title="Legio III Gallica">third Gallic</a>), that afterward quickly became <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanized</a>. It was the only fully <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin-speaking</a> city in the Syria-Phoenicia region until the fourth century. Although Berytus was still an important city after earthquakes, around 400 CE <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> was made the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Roman province of Phoenicia</a>. "Of the great law schools of Rome, Constantinople, and Berytus", the <a href="/wiki/Law_school_of_Berytus" title="Law school of Berytus">law school of Berytus</a> stood "pre-eminent".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a> (one part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i>, the codification of Roman law ordered early in the 6th century CE by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> and fully written in Latin) was mostly created in this school. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berytus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berytus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 140 BCE the Phoenician village called "Biruta" was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> in his contest with <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> for the throne of the Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> monarchy. Later it was rebuilt on a more conventional <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> plan—the exact date is unclear but prosperous Berytian merchants were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a> by 110–109 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaturel201972_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaturel201972-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—under the name of <i>Laodicea in Phoenicia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Λαοδίκεια ἡ ἐν Φοινίκῃ</span>) or <i>Laodicea in Canaan</i> in honor of a Seleucid <a href="/wiki/Laodice_of_Macedonia" title="Laodice of Macedonia">Laodice</a>. </p><p>During the late decades of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> the city was conquered by the Romans of <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> in 64 BCE. It renamed "Berytus", as a reference to the name of the old <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_port_of_Beirut" title="Phoenician port of Beirut">original Phoenician port-village</a>. The city was assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, many veteran soldiers were sent there, and large building projects were undertaken.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LPlanet_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPlanet-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_colonia">Roman colonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berytus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman colonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 14 BCE, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, Berytus became an important Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a></i>. The city was named <i>Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus</i> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia the Elder</a>, the only daughter of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (according to <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Mommsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Mommsen">Theodore Mommsen</a>, <i>Res gestae divi Augusti</i>, II, 119). The veterans of two <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> were established in the city of Berytus by emperor Augustus: the <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">fifth Macedonian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica" title="Legio III Gallica">third Gallic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200445_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200445-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city quickly became Romanized, with two third of the inhabitants being descendants of the Roman veterans. Large public buildings and monuments were erected and Berytus enjoyed full status as a part of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-DTBcom_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTBcom-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...(Berytus) was made a Roman colony about 14 B.C. Herod the Great, Agrippa I and II, and Queen Berenice built exedras, porticos, temples, a forum, a theater, amphitheater, and baths here. In the 3d c. A.D. the city became the seat of a famous school of law and continued to flourish until the earthquake of A.D. 551 ravaged the city....Its streets, laid out on a grid plan, are spaced at roughly the same intervals as those of Damascus and Laodicea. The new Roman city spread farther S and W (of the port), with its Forum near the (actual) Place de l'Etoile. On its N side was a civic basilica 99 m long with a Corinthian portico of polychrome materials..., dating from the 1st c. A.D. Some large baths have been uncovered on the E slope of the (actual) Colline du Sérail, and the hippodrome lay on the NW side of the same hill. Some villas in a S suburb facing the sea had mosaic floors (now in the Beirut Museum).Some 12 km upstream on the Beirut river are the ruined arches of an aqueduct.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Berytus was considered the most Roman city in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of four Roman colonies in the Syria-Phoenicia region and the only one with full <i>Ius Italicum</i> (meaning: exemption from imperial taxation). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Berytus_district.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roman_Berytus_district.png/220px-Roman_Berytus_district.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roman_Berytus_district.png/330px-Roman_Berytus_district.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roman_Berytus_district.png/440px-Roman_Berytus_district.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the Berytus district</figcaption></figure> <p>Its territory/district under <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> reached the <a href="/wiki/Bekaa_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa valley">Bekaa valley</a> and included <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_of_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis of Phoenicia">Heliopolis</a>; it was the only area mostly <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin-speaking</a> in the Syria-Phoenicia region, because of the Roman colonists who promoted agriculture in the fertile lands around <a href="/wiki/Yammoune" title="Yammoune">Yammoune</a>. From the 1st century BCE the Bekaa valley served as a source of grain for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and even for the same <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (today the valley makes up to 40 percent of Lebanon's <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>): Roman colonists created there even a "country district" called <i><a href="/wiki/Augusti_Pagus_(Roman_Phoenicia)" title="Augusti Pagus (Roman Phoenicia)">Pagus Augustus</a></i>, where are located the famous Niha temples with Latin inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher2003230_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher2003230-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa</a> greatly favoured the city of Berytus, and adorned it with a splendid theatre and amphitheatre, beside <a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths,_Beirut" title="Roman Baths, Beirut">baths</a> and porticoes, inaugurating them with games and spectacles of every kind, including shows of gladiators. Now only minor ruins remain, in front of the Catholic Cathedral of Beirut. Four large bath complexes as well as numerous private baths increased the city's water consumption: the Romans constructed an aqueduct fed by the Beirut River whose main source was 10 km from the city. The aqueduct crossed the river at Qanater Zbaydeh and the water finally reached <a href="/wiki/Riad_Al_Solh_Square" title="Riad Al Solh Square">Riad Al Solh Square</a>; there, at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Serail_Hill" title="Serail Hill">Serail Hill</a>, it was stored in <a href="/wiki/Cisterns_of_the_Roman_Baths,_Beirut" title="Cisterns of the Roman Baths, Beirut">large cisterns</a>. An intricate network of lead or clay pipes and channels distributed the water to the various pools of the Roman Baths. </p><p>Roman Berytus was a city of nearly 50,000 inhabitants during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> and had a huge forum and necropolis.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Berytus" title="Hippodrome of Berytus">Hippodrome of Berytus</a> was the largest known in the Levant, while literary sources indicate there was a theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher2003230_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher2003230-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars like Linda Hall write that the hippodrome was still working in the fifth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200468_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200468-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gods worshipped by the Berytians were not limited to a single pantheon from a single culture. There is evidence that indicates that gods of many cultures were all worshipped in their own pantheons. Berytus had a closer relationship with <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, who was the chief god of the city. He was especially revered by the Berytian merchants, who would call themselves "Poseidonistes". Up until the third century CE, Poseidon was commonly depicted on coins minted in Berytus. On these coins, he was usually depicted in a similar fashion to the Phoenician god <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> Berit. Poseidon was not the only Graeco-Roman god to be given Phoenician qualities. An inscription written in Greek and Latin gives <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a> the Phoenician epithet "Baal".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2004129–160_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2004129–160-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_%C3%86_20mm_863165.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Claudius_%C3%86_20mm_863165.jpg/300px-Claudius_%C3%86_20mm_863165.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Claudius_%C3%86_20mm_863165.jpg/450px-Claudius_%C3%86_20mm_863165.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Claudius_%C3%86_20mm_863165.jpg/600px-Claudius_%C3%86_20mm_863165.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Roman coin minted in Berytus<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Berytus had a monumental "Roman Gate" with huge walls (recently discovered<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and was a trade center of silk and wine production, well connected by efficient <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roman roads</a> to <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_of_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis of Phoenicia">Heliopolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>. According to Kevin Butcher,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher2003230_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher2003230-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Latin character of Berytus remained dominant until the fifth century: the city was a center for the study of Latin literature and – after <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> – of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Law">Roman Law</a>. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, the son of a Roman colonist, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Probus" title="Marcus Valerius Probus">Marcus Valerius Probus</a> (born in Berytus around CE 25), was known in all the empire as a Latin grammarian and literature master <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a>. </p><p>Roman emperors promoted the development of high-level culture in the fully Romanized city (even in Greek language as with <a href="/wiki/Hermippus_of_Berytus" title="Hermippus of Berytus">Hermippus of Berytus</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Law_School_of_Berytus">The Law School of Berytus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berytus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Law School of Berytus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Berytian_law_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Berytian law school">Berytian law school</a> was widely known in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>;:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was famous the Latin motto <i>Berytus Nutrix Legum</i> ("Beirut, Mother of Laws"). Indeed, two of Rome's most famous jurists, <a href="/wiki/Papinian" title="Papinian">Papinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a>, both natives of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, taught there under the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan</a> emperors. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> assembled his <i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Pandects</a></i> in the sixth century, a large part of the "Corpus of Laws" -all in Latin- was derived from these two jurists, and in 533 CE Justinian recognized the school as one of the three official law schools of the empire. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white flag with a shield at its center. The shield's upper party is a bendy sinister gules and argent flanked by an open book. The lower party features a sail ship on azure background. The shield is topped by a fortress." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png/220px-Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png/330px-Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png/440px-Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The flag of Beirut features an open book with the motto "Berytus Nutrix Legum" (Beirut, Mother of Laws) on one side and its <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> translation "<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيروت أم الشرائع</span></span>" on the other.</figcaption></figure> <p>The law school of Beirut supplied the Roman Empire, especially its eastern provinces, with lawyers and magistrates for three centuries until the school's destruction in a powerful earthquake. After the <a href="/wiki/551_Beirut_earthquake" title="551 Beirut earthquake">551 Beirut earthquake</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the students were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since the third century, the city had an important law college. It was here that the great codification of Roman Law, which was to be propagated by emperors like Theodosius II and Justinian, was prepared.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Byzantine_rule">Early Byzantine rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berytus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Byzantine rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Eastern Roman Empire, some intellectual and economic activities in Berytus continued to flourish for more than a century, even if the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a> started to be replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> and become Hellenised again.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, in the sixth century a series of earthquakes demolished most of the temples of Heliopolis (actual <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>) and destroyed the city of Berytus, leveling its famous law school and killing nearly 30,000 inhabitants (according to <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_pilgrim_of_Piacenza" title="Anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza">Anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2021)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup>). Furthermore, the ecumenical Christian councils of the fifth and sixth centuries CE were unsuccessful in settling religious disagreements within the surviving community. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Berytus became a "Christian See"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- (July 2021)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup> at an early date, and was a suffragan of Tyre in "Phoenicia Prima", a province of the "Patriarchate of Antioch". In antiquity its most famous bishop was Eusebius, afterwards Bishop of Nicomedia, the courtier-prelate and strong supporter of Arianism in the fourth century....In 450 CE Berytus obtained from Theodosius II the title of metropolis, with jurisdiction over six sees taken from Tyre; but in 451 CE the "Council of Chalcedon" restored these to Tyre, leaving, however, to Berytus its rank of metropolis (Mansi, VII, 85–98). Thus, from 451 CE Berytus was an exempt metropolis depending directly on the Patriarch of Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This turbulent Byzantine period weakened the already Hellenised (and fully Christian) population and made it easy prey to the newly converted <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Eastern Roman Berytus -reduced to the size of a village- fell to the Arabs in 635 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_discoveries">Recent discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berytus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recent discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_baths_beirut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Roman_baths_beirut.jpg/220px-Roman_baths_beirut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Roman_baths_beirut.jpg/330px-Roman_baths_beirut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Roman_baths_beirut.jpg/440px-Roman_baths_beirut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Roman ruins in the Roman Baths Garden</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_baths_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Roman_baths_5.jpg/220px-Roman_baths_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Roman_baths_5.jpg/330px-Roman_baths_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Roman_baths_5.jpg/440px-Roman_baths_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>General view of the Roman Baths Garden</figcaption></figure> <p>Recently at the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Forgiveness" title="Garden of Forgiveness">Garden of Forgiveness</a>, the two main streets of Roman Berytus, the <i><a href="/wiki/Cardo" title="Cardo">cardo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus Maximus">decumanus</a></i>, were discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a>. Their shaded colonnades became busy markets on festival days. At other times, these streets would have been frequented by Law School students and citizens passing to the Forum or visiting temples and churches. </p><p>In 1968 were discovered the "Roman Baths" Gardens, a landscaped public space that lies on the eastern slope of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Serail" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Serail">Serail Hill</a>. It consists of a garden and a set of uncovered ruins of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths,_Beirut" title="Roman Baths, Beirut">Roman Baths</a> (hence the name of the place). These ruins underwent a thorough cleaning and further excavation in 1995–1997. Designed by the British landscaping firm Gillespies, the Gardens' layout is dominated by low-slung glass walls and lookout platforms that can be turned into concert venues, thus giving a 21st-century touch without harming the area's historical fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the turn of the 20th century, the area where existed the famous <a href="/wiki/Law_school_of_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Law school of Beirut">school of Roman law at Berytus</a> was identified. Archaeological excavations in the area between the Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral and <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral,_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint George Maronite Cathedral, Beirut">Saint George Cathedral of the Maronites</a> unearthed a funerary <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> etched with an epitaph to a man named Patricius, "whose career was consecrated for the study of law".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinet192573_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinet192573-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epitaph was identified as being dedicated to the famous 5th-century law school professor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinet192561–73_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinet192561–73-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, archaeological diggings underneath the Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nejmeh_Square" title="Nejmeh Square">Nejmeh Square</a> identified structural elements of the Anastasis cathedral, but they were restricted to an area of 316 square metres (3,400 sq ft) and failed to unearth the school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkafAssaf2005224–229_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkafAssaf2005224–229-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 5th century, Zacharias Rhetor reported that the school stood next to the "Temple of God", the description of which permitted its identification with the Byzantine Anastasis cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinet192563–73_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinet192563–73-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berytus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermippus_of_Berytus" title="Hermippus of Berytus">Hermippus of Berytus</a> (fl. 2nd century CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Probus" title="Marcus Valerius Probus">Marcus Valerius Probus</a> (c. 20/30 – 105 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindonius_Anatolius" title="Vindonius Anatolius">Vindonius Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_of_Heliopolis" title="Eudokia of Heliopolis">Eudokia of Heliopolis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berytus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisterns_of_the_Roman_Baths,_Beirut" title="Cisterns of the Roman Baths, Beirut">Cisterns of the Roman Baths, Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Phoenicia under Roman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusti_Pagus_(Roman_Phoenicia)" title="Augusti Pagus (Roman Phoenicia)">Augusti Pagus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berytus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Worcester" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph E. Worcester">Worcester, Joseph E.</a> (1861) <i>An Elementary Dictionary of the English Language</i>, Boston: Swan, Brewer & Tileston, page 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The city had been rebuilt by the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a> in the 2nd century BCE over the ruins of an <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_port_of_Beirut" title="Phoenician port of Beirut">older settlement centred on a Phoenician port</a> dating back to <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age III">Iron Age III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> periods</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Mommsen."The Provinces of the Roman Empire" Chapter: Phoenicia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScott1973" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Samuel Parsons (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KSQiAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Civil Law, Including the Twelve Tables: The Institutes of Gaius, the Rules of Ulpian, the Opinions of Paulus, the Enactments of Justinian, and the Constitutions of Leo</i></a>. AMS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780404110321" title="Special:BookSources/9780404110321"><bdi>9780404110321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Law%2C+Including+the+Twelve+Tables%3A+The+Institutes+of+Gaius%2C+the+Rules+of+Ulpian%2C+the+Opinions+of+Paulus%2C+the+Enactments+of+Justinian%2C+and+the+Constitutions+of+Leo&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780404110321&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Parsons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKSQiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaturel201972-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaturel201972_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaturel2019">Paturel 2019</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.downtownbeirut.com/AboutBeirut.html">About Beirut and Downtown Beirut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423075733/http://www.downtownbeirut.com/AboutBeirut.html">Archived</a> 2009-04-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, DownTownBeirut.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LPlanet-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LPlanet_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/lebanon/beirut">Beirut Travel Information</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/">Lonely Planet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukar.ff.cuni.cz/EN/proj-beirut.html">Czech excavations in Beirut, Martyrs' Square</a>, Institute for Classical Archaeology, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723183833/http://ukar.ff.cuni.cz/EN/proj-beirut.html">Archived</a> July 23, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200445-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200445_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DTBcom-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DTBcom_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.downtownbeirut.com/AboutBeirut.html">About Beirut and Downtown Beirut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423075733/http://www.downtownbeirut.com/AboutBeirut.html">Archived</a> 2009-04-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, DownTownBeirut.com. Retrieved November 17, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Princeton E.: Berytus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, James F. <i>The Prodigal Empire: The Fall of the Western Roman Empire</i>, page 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher2003230-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher2003230_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher2003230_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher2003230_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButcher2003">Butcher 2003</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916174305/http://terraeantiqvae.blogia.com/2008/020803-estudian-los-secretos-de-la-era-romana-de-beirut-libano-.php">"Data with map of Roman Berytus (in Spanish)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terraeantiqvae.blogia.com/2008/020803-estudian-los-secretos-de-la-era-romana-de-beirut-libano-.php">the original</a> on 2009-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+with+map+of+Roman+Berytus+%28in+Spanish%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterraeantiqvae.blogia.com%2F2008%2F020803-estudian-los-secretos-de-la-era-romana-de-beirut-libano-.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beirutreport.com/2013/10/roman-wall-removed-from-beirut.html">"Roman wall removed from Beirut Hippodrome site"</a>. <i>Beirut Report</i>. October 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beirut+Report&rft.atitle=Roman+wall+removed+from+Beirut+Hippodrome+site&rft.date=2013-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beirutreport.com%2F2013%2F10%2Froman-wall-removed-from-beirut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200468-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200468_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2004129–160-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2004129–160_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, pp. 129–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=159090">"CNG: The Coin Shop. PHOENICIA, Berytus. Claudius. CE 41-54. Æ 20mm (8.92 g, 12h). Legionary issue"</a>. <i>www.cngcoins.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cngcoins.com&rft.atitle=CNG%3A+The+Coin+Shop.+PHOENICIA%2C+Berytus.+Claudius.+CE+41-54.+%C3%86+20mm+%288.92+g%2C+12h%29.+Legionary+issue.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngcoins.com%2FCoin.aspx%3FCoinID%3D159090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beirutreport.com/2013/05/possible-roman-gate-and-road-found-in.html">"Possible Roman gate and road found in Beirut dig"</a>. <i>Beirut Report</i>. May 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beirut+Report&rft.atitle=Possible+Roman+gate+and+road+found+in+Beirut+dig&rft.date=2013-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beirutreport.com%2F2013%2F05%2Fpossible-roman-gate-and-road-found-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-230135">Beirut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120524192722/http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-230135">Archived</a> 2012-05-24 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Britannica.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchive" class="citation web cs1">Archive, Full Text. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/History-of-Phoenicia7.php">"History of Phoenicia"</a> – via www.fulltextarchive.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Phoenicia&rft.aulast=Archive&rft.aufirst=Full+Text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulltextarchive.com%2Fpage%2FHistory-of-Phoenicia7.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikamalebanon.com/national_heritage/south_nh/sth_cities_nh/saida.htm">History of Berytus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628084129/http://www.ikamalebanon.com/national_heritage/south_nh/sth_cities_nh/saida.htm">Archived</a> 2009-06-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071935/http://www.livius.org/be-bm/berytus/berytus2.html">"Livius: Berytus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/be-bm/berytus/berytus2.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livius%3A+Berytus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fbe-bm%2Fberytus%2Fberytus2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534232/page/n17/mode/2up">Holy places visited by Antoninus martyr</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catholic E.:Berytus (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02392a.htm">[1]</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1959" class="citation journal cs1">Ostrogorsky, George (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727061111/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e065/05698b96313d40aa3d7ef598669cdfef523d.pdf">"The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers</i>. <b>13</b>: 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291127">10.2307/1291127</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291126">1291126</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165376375">165376375</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e065/05698b96313d40aa3d7ef598669cdfef523d.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-07-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Byzantine+Empire+in+the+World+of+the+Seventh+Century&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165376375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291127&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Fe065%2F05698b96313d40aa3d7ef598669cdfef523d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells, Herbert George</a> (1922). "Chapter 33". <i>A Short History of the World</i>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-492674-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-492674-4"><bdi>978-0-06-492674-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+33&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=978-0-06-492674-4&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Herbert+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donner, Fred McGraw (1981), "The Early Islamic Conquests". Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05327-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05327-8">0-691-05327-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastcodesign.com/1662097/beirut-shakes-off-rubble-dons-slick-new-architecture">"Beirut Shakes Off Rubble, Dons Slick New Architecture"</a>. <i>Co.Design</i>. 2010-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Co.Design&rft.atitle=Beirut+Shakes+Off+Rubble%2C+Dons+Slick+New+Architecture&rft.date=2010-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcodesign.com%2F1662097%2Fbeirut-shakes-off-rubble-dons-slick-new-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinet192573-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinet192573_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinet1925">Collinet 1925</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinet192561–73-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinet192561–73_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinet1925">Collinet 1925</a>, pp. 61–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkafAssaf2005224–229-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkafAssaf2005224–229_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkafAssaf2005">Skaf & Assaf 2005</a>, pp. 224–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinet192563–73-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinet192563–73_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinet1925">Collinet 1925</a>, pp. 63–73.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berytus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Berytus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Berytus">Berytus</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcher2003" class="citation book cs1">Butcher, Kevin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJPn3-rRjC0C&pg=PA230"><i>Roman Syria and the Near East</i></a>. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-715-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-715-3"><bdi>978-0-89236-715-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Syria+and+the+Near+East&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-715-3&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJPn3-rRjC0C%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinet1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Collinet, Paul (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57593887"><i>Histoire de l'école de droit de Beyrouth</i></a> (in French). Paris: Société Anonyme du Recueil Sirey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27%C3%A9cole+de+droit+de+Beyrouth&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Anonyme+du+Recueil+Sirey&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Collinet&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k57593887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGil1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Gil" title="Moshe Gil">Gil, Moshe</a> (1997) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC"><i>A History of Palestine, 634–1099</i></a>. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59984-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-59984-9"><bdi>0-521-59984-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%2C+634%E2%80%931099&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-59984-9&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0wUKoMJeccC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2004" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Linda J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yhQnCnNVi4C&pg=PA45"><i>Roman Berytus: Beirut in Late Antiquity</i></a>. London: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44013-9"><bdi>978-1-134-44013-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Berytus%3A+Beirut+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-44013-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Linda+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6yhQnCnNVi4C%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lauffray,Jean. <i>Beyrouth, Archéologie et Histoire I : période hellénistique et Haut-Empire romain</i>, in "Aufstieg und Niedergang des römischen Welt", vol. II, 8, New York-Berlin, 1977, p. 135-163.</li> <li>Mann, J.C. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348920/1/336598.pdf">The settlement of veterans in the Roman Empire</a></i> London University. London, 1956</li> <li>Mommsen, Theodore. <i>The Provinces of the Roman Empire from Caesar to Diocletian</i>. Press Holdings International. New York, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781410211675" title="Special:BookSources/9781410211675">9781410211675</a></li> <li>Mouterde, René et Lauffray, Jean (1952) <i>Beyrouth ville romaine</i>. Publications de la Direction des Antiquités du Liban, Beyrouth.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaturel2019" class="citation book cs1">Paturel, Simone (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pS2hDwAAQBAJ"><i>Baalbek-Heliopolis, the Bekaa, and Berytus from 100 BCE to 400 CE: A Landscape Transformed</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004400733" title="Special:BookSources/9789004400733"><bdi>9789004400733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baalbek-Heliopolis%2C+the+Bekaa%2C+and+Berytus+from+100+BCE+to+400+CE%3A+A+Landscape+Transformed&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789004400733&rft.aulast=Paturel&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpS2hDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkafAssaf2005" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Skaf, Isabelle; Assaf, Yasmine Makaroun Bou (November 29 – December 3, 2005). Aïcha Ben Abed Ben Khader; Martha Demas; Thomas Roby (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kiwGUQzX00UC"><i>Une nouvelle approche pour la préservation in situ des mosaïques et vestiges archéologiques au Liban: La crypte de l'église Saint-Georges à Beyrouth</i></a>. Lessons Learned: Reflecting on the Theory and Practice of Mosaic Conservation (9th ICCM Conference, Hammamet, Tunisia) (in French). Getty Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892369201" title="Special:BookSources/9780892369201"><bdi>9780892369201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Une+nouvelle+approche+pour+la+pr%C3%A9servation+in+situ+des+mosa%C3%AFques+et+vestiges+arch%C3%A9ologiques+au+Liban%3A+La+crypte+de+l%27%C3%A9glise+Saint-Georges+%C3%A0+Beyrouth&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2005-11-29%2F2005-12-03&rft.isbn=9780892369201&rft.aulast=Skaf&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft.au=Assaf%2C+Yasmine+Makaroun+Bou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkiwGUQzX00UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerytus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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correspondence to modern geography</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindum_Colonia" title="Lindum Colonia">Lindum Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narbo_Martius" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbo Martius">Narbo Martius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mogontiacum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Emerita" title="Augusta Emerita">Augusta Emerita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aelia Augusta Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Castra Taurinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Placentia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romancoloniae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/200px-Romancoloniae.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/300px-Romancoloniae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/400px-Romancoloniae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="452" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/200px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/300px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/400px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of legion veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_in_Phoenicia" title="Ptolemais in Phoenicia">Ptolemais</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of late Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_in_Syria" title="Laodicea in Syria">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_of_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis of Phoenicia">Heliopolis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arca Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyrus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostra">Bostra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Neapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavia Neapolis">Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Philippopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerasa">Gerasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadara" title="Gadara">Gadara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus_Nicopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmaus Nicopolis">Emmaus Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Philippi">Neronias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations with<br />modern names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the<br /><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: Aelia Capitolina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>: Ptolemais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imwas" title="Imwas">Imwas</a>: Emmaus Nicopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias</a>: Neronias</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Umm Qais</a>: Gadara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a>: Gerasa</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a>: Arca Caesarea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>: Berytus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>: Heliopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saida,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saida, Lebanon">Saida</a>: Sidon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>: Tyrus</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a>: Bostra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>: Emesa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>: Laodicea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Shahba</a>: Philippopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadmur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadmur">Tadmur</a>: Palmyra</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>: Antioch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanda%C4%9F" title="Samandağ">Samandağ</a>: Seleucia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>; <sup><small>2</small></sup> Proposed; <sup><small>3</small></sup> in Danger</li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Template:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Template talk:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman Berytus<br />(actual Beirut)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berytus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum,_Beirut" title="Roman Forum, Beirut">Roman Forum of Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths,_Beirut" title="Roman Baths, Beirut">Berytus Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisterns_of_the_Roman_Baths,_Beirut" title="Cisterns of the Roman Baths, Beirut">Cisterns of Berytus Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardo_Decumanus_Crossing" title="Cardo Decumanus Crossing">Berytus Cardo Decumanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonnaded_Street" title="Colonnaded Street">Berytus Colonnaded street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mosaics" title="Byzantine mosaics">Byzantine mosaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Roman_Berytus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippodrome of Roman Berytus">Roman hippodrome of Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_school_of_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Law school of Beirut">Roman Law school of Berytus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg/250px-1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg/375px-1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg/500px-1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman Phoenicia<br />(actual Lebanon)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triparadeisos" title="Triparadeisos">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchus" title="Temple of Bacchus">Temple of Bacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Baalbek)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)">Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temples_of_Mount_Hermon" title="Temples of Mount Hermon">Temples of Mount Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temples_of_the_Beqaa_Valley" title="Temples of the Beqaa Valley">Temples of the Beqaa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaqbe" title="Aaqbe">Aaqbe temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afqa" title="Afqa">Afqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Aata" title="Ain Aata">Ain Aata temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Harcha" title="Ain Harcha">Ain Harcha roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amioun Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arca Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusti_Pagus_(Roman_Phoenicia)" title="Augusti Pagus (Roman Phoenicia)">Augusti Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakka,_Lebanon" title="Bakka, Lebanon">Bakka temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroumine" title="Batroumine">Batroumine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple_of_Bziza" title="Roman temple of Bziza"> Bziza temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canalizations_of_Zenobia" title="Canalizations of Zenobia">Canalizations of Zenobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakoue" title="Dakoue">Dakoue temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mansouria,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="El Mansouria, Lebanon">Mansourieh Roman aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebbariye" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebbariye">Hebbariye temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaat" title="Iaat">Iaat column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zabad" title="Kafr Zabad">Kafr Zabad temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_El-Knese" title="Khirbet El-Knese">Khirbet El-Knese roman temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labweh" title="Labweh">Labweh Roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbaya" title="Libbaya">Libbaya roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Qozhaya" title="Monastery of Qozhaya">Monastery of Qozhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Maron" title="Monastery of Saint Maron">Monastery of Saint Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahle,_Lebanon" title="Nahle, Lebanon">Nahle roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebi_Safa" title="Nebi Safa">Nebi Safa temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niha_Bekaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Niha Bekaa">Niha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosn_Niha" title="Hosn Niha">Hosn Niha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_Faqra" title="Qalaat Faqra">Qalaat Faqra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Bustra" title="Qal'at Bustra">Qal'at Bustra temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_Chbib" title="Qasr Chbib">Castra Chbib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_el_Banat,_Lebanon" title="Qasr el Banat, Lebanon">Castra El Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraain_El_Faouqa" title="Saraain El Faouqa">Saraain El Faouqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shheem" title="Shheem">Schleem roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temnin_el-Foka" title="Temnin el-Foka">Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripolis in Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyrus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre_Necropolis" title="Tyre Necropolis">Tyre Necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammoune" title="Yammoune">Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Roman Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Phoenice (Roman province)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_Libanensis" title="Phoenice Libanensis">Phoenice Libanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_the_Pregnant_Woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone of the Pregnant Woman">Stone of the Pregnant Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulpianus">Ulpianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Probus" title="Marcus Valerius Probus">Marcus Valerius Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_of_Heliopolis" title="Eudokia of Heliopolis">Eudokia of Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">Saint Barbara of Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Lebanon" title="List of cathedrals in Lebanon">List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christianity in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Lebanon" title="Catholic Church in Lebanon">Catholic Church in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Greek_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral">Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_century_in_Lebanon" title="2nd century in Lebanon">2nd century in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_century_in_Lebanon" title="3rd century in Lebanon">3rd century in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_century_in_Lebanon" title="4th century in Lebanon">4th century in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_century_in_Lebanon" title="5th century in Lebanon">5th century in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_century_in_Lebanon" title="6th century in Lebanon">6th century in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/551_Beirut_earthquake" title="551 Beirut earthquake">551 Beirut earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> UNESCO World Heritage Sites <sup><small>2</small></sup> Proposed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Category:Roman sites in Lebanon">Category:Roman sites in Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Template:Archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Template talk:Archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Lebanon" title="Archaeology of Lebanon">Archaeological sites in Lebanon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aadloun" title="Aadloun">Aadloun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaiha" title="Aaiha">Aaiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aammiq" title="Aammiq">Aammiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaqbe" title="Aaqbe">Aaqbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Aata" title="Ain Aata">Ain Aata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Choaab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Choaab">Ain Choaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Harcha" title="Ain Harcha">Ain Harcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbiyeh" title="Akbiyeh">Akbiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkar_plain_foothills" title="Akkar plain foothills">Akkar plain foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bireh,_Rashaya" title="Al-Bireh, Rashaya">Al-Bireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amlaq_Qatih" title="Amlaq Qatih">Amlaq Qatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Anjar, Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelias_cave" title="Antelias cave">Antelias cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afqa" title="Afqa">Apheca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_Saouda" title="Ard Saouda">Ard Saouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_Tlaili" title="Ard Tlaili">Ard Tlaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusti_Pagus_(Roman_Phoenicia)" title="Augusti Pagus (Roman Phoenicia)">Augusti Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidar_ech_Chamout" title="Baidar ech Chamout">Baidar ech Chamout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroumine" title="Batroumine">Batroumine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechamoun" title="Bechamoun">Bechamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Mery" title="Beit Mery">Beit Mery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belat_temple" title="Belat temple">Belat temple</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berytus (Roman Beirut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustan_Birke" title="Bustan Birke">Bustan Birke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canalizations_of_Zenobia" title="Canalizations of Zenobia">Canalizations of Zenobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahr_El_Ahmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahr El Ahmar">Dahr El Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakoue" title="Dakoue">Dakoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_El_Aachayer" title="Deir El Aachayer">Deir El Aachayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Al-Ahmar" title="Deir Al-Ahmar">Deir Al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Maron" title="Monastery of Saint Maron">Deir Mar Maroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekwaneh" title="Dekwaneh">Dekwaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douris_(Baalbek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Douris (Baalbek)">Douris (Baalbek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Lebanon)" title="Elaea (Lebanon)">Elaea (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaoui" title="Flaoui">Flaoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadous_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadous Sud">Fadous Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebbariye" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebbariye">Hebbariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadeth,_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadeth, Beirut">Hadeth south</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haret_ech_Cheikh" title="Haret ech Cheikh">Haret ech Cheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashbai" title="Hashbai">Hashbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triparadeisos" title="Triparadeisos">Heliopolis in Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermel_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermel plains">Hermel plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaat" title="Iaat">Iaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_es_Saa%C3%AFd%C3%A9" title="Jabal es Saaïdé">Jabal es Saaïdé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jbaa" title="Jbaa">Jbaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jdeideh" title="Jdeideh">Jdeideh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Aabeby" title="Jebel Aabeby">Jebel Aabeby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeita_Grotto" title="Jeita Grotto">Jeita Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joub_Jannine" title="Joub Jannine">Joub Jannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh">Jieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zabad" title="Kafr Zabad">Kafr Zabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kamid el-Loz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamouh_el_Hermel" title="Kamouh el Hermel">Kamouh el Hermel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karak_Nuh" title="Karak Nuh">Karak Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukaba" title="Kaukaba">Kaukaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefraya" title="Kefraya">Kefraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Tebnit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafr Tebnit">Kafr Tebnit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Qouq" title="Kfar Qouq">Kfar Qouq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfarhata" title="Kfarhata">Kfarhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khallet_Michte" title="Khallet Michte">Khallet Michte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Sanctuary_of_Kharayeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician Sanctuary of Kharayeb">Kharayeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_El-Knese" title="Khirbet El-Knese">Khirbet El-Knese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouachra" title="Kouachra">Kouachra megalith field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar_Akil" title="Ksar Akil">Ksar Akil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labweh" title="Labweh">Labweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Qaraoun" title="Lake Qaraoun">Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbaya" title="Libbaya">Libbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion Tower">Lion Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Anjar" title="Majdal Anjar">Majdal Anjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mansouria,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="El Mansouria, Lebanon">Mansourieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_mummies" title="Maronite mummies">Maronite mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayrouba" title="Mayrouba">Mayrouba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mdoukha" title="Mdoukha">Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moukhtara" title="Moukhtara">Moukhtara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtaileb" title="Mtaileb">Mtaileb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Zair" title="Nabi Zair">Nabi Zair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachcharini" title="Nachcharini">Nachcharini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahle,_Lebanon" title="Nahle, Lebanon">Nahle, Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neba%27a_Faour" title="Neba'a Faour">Neba'a Faour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebi_Safa" title="Nebi Safa">Nebi Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosn_Niha" title="Hosn Niha">Hosn Niha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_port_of_Beirut" title="Phoenician port of Beirut">Phoenician port of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_of_Zgharta" title="Plain of Zgharta">Plain of Zgharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaa" title="Qaa">Qaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Bustra" title="Qal'at Bustra">Qal'at Bustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_Tannour" title="Qalaat Tannour">Qalaat Tannour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaraoun" title="Qaraoun">Qaraoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_el_Banat,_Lebanon" title="Qasr el Banat, Lebanon">Qasr el Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Baalbek_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Baalbek I">Ras Baalbek I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Beirut" title="Ras Beirut">Ras Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_El_Kelb" title="Ras El Kelb">Ras El Kelb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashaya" title="Rashaya">Rashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum,_Beirut" title="Roman Forum, Beirut">Roman Forum of Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Berytus" title="Hippodrome of Berytus">Roman hippodrome of Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple_of_Bziza" title="Roman temple of Bziza">Roman temple of Bziza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sands_of_Beirut" title="Sands of Beirut">Sands of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraain_El_Faouqa" title="Saraain El Faouqa">Saraain El Faouqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shheem" title="Shheem">Shheem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_el_Fil" title="Sin el Fil">Sin el Fil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_the_Pregnant_Woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone of the Pregnant Woman">Stone of the Pregnant Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahun_ben_Aissa" title="Tahun ben Aissa">Tahun ben Aissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Tiri" class="mw-redirect" title="At Tiri">Taire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taybeh_(Marjaayoun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taybeh (Marjaayoun)">Tayibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aalaq" title="Tell Aalaq">Tell Aalaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ablah" title="Tell Ablah">Tell Ablah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Addus" title="Tell Addus">Tell Addus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ahle" title="Tell Ahle">Tell Ahle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Cerif" title="Tell Ain Cerif">Tell Ain Cerif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_el_Meten" title="Tell Ain el Meten">Tell Ain el Meten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Ghessali" title="Tell Ain Ghessali">Tell Ain Ghessali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Nfaikh" title="Tell Ain Nfaikh">Tell Ain Nfaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Saouda" title="Tell Ain Saouda">Tell Ain Saouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Sofar" title="Tell Ain Sofar">Tell Ain Sofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ayoub" title="Tell Ayoub">Tell Ayoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Bar_Elias" title="Tell Bar Elias">Tell Bar Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Beshara" title="Tell Beshara">Tell Beshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Bir_Dakoue" title="Tell Bir Dakoue">Tell Bir Dakoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Deir" title="Tell Deir">Tell Deir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Delhamieh" title="Tell Delhamieh">Tell Delhamieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Derzenoun" title="Tell Derzenoun">Tell Derzenoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Dibbine" title="Tell Dibbine">Tell Dibbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Tell el-Burak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_El_Ghassil" title="Tell El Ghassil">Tell El Ghassil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_El_Hadeth" title="Tell El Hadeth">Tell El Hadeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Fadous" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Fadous">Tell Fadous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hazzine" title="Tell Hazzine">Tell Hazzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hoch_Rafqa" title="Tell Hoch Rafqa">Tell Hoch Rafqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Karmita" title="Tell Karmita">Tell Karmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Khardane" title="Tell Khardane">Tell Khardane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kirri" title="Tell Kirri">Tell Kirri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Jezireh" title="Tell Jezireh">Tell Jezireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Jisr" title="Tell Jisr">Tell Jisr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kabb_Elias" title="Tell Kabb Elias">Tell Kabb Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Majdaloun" title="Tell Majdaloun">Tell Majdaloun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Masoud" title="Tell Masoud">Tell Masoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Mekhada" title="Tell Mekhada">Tell Mekhada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Meouchi" title="Tell Meouchi">Tell Meouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Mureibit" title="Tell Mureibit">Tell Mureibit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Murtafa" title="Tell Murtafa">Tell Murtafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Nahariyah" title="Tell Nahariyah">Tell Nahariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Neba%27a_Chaate" title="Tell Neba'a Chaate">Tell Neba'a Chaate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Neba%27a_Litani" title="Tell Neba'a Litani">Tell Neba'a Litani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Qasr_Labwe" title="Tell Qasr Labwe">Tell Qasr Labwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rasm_El_Hadeth" title="Tell Rasm El Hadeth">Tell Rasm El Hadeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rayak" title="Tell Rayak">Tell Rayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Saatiya" title="Tell Saatiya">Tell Saatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haouch_Tall_Safiyeh" title="Haouch Tall Safiyeh">Tell Safiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Saoudhi" title="Tell Saoudhi">Tell Saoudhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Serhan" title="Tell Serhan">Tell Serhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Shaikh_Hassan_al_Rai" title="Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai">Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Shamsine" title="Tell Shamsine">Tell Shamsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sultan_Yakoub" title="Tell Sultan Yakoub">Tell Sultan Yakoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taalabaya" title="Tell Taalabaya">Tell Taalabaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Wardeen" title="Tell Wardeen">Tell Wardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Zenoub" title="Tell Zenoub">Tell Zenoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Zeitoun" title="Tell Zeitoun">Tell Zeitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temnin_el-Foka" title="Temnin el-Foka">Temnin el-Foka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchus" title="Temple of Bacchus">Temple of Bacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Eshmun" title="Temple of Eshmun">Temple of Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Baalbek)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)">Temple of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Obelisks" title="Temple of the Obelisks">Temple of the Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toron" title="Toron">Toron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(region_of_Phoenicia)" title="Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)">Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre_Necropolis" title="Tyre Necropolis">Tyre Necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Koura" title="Wadi Koura">Wadi Koura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Yaroun" title="Wadi Yaroun">Wadi Yaroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammoune" title="Yammoune">Yammoune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanta,_Lebanon" title="Yanta, Lebanon">Yanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_W_Zain" title="Ain W Zain">Ain W Zain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template talk:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Hippos ship"><img alt="Phoenician Hippos ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/20px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/30px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/40px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="525" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">Phoenician cities and colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Akka (Acre)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neapolis,_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Ampi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7ajn_Qajjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għajn Qajjet (page does not exist)">Għajn Qajjet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caricus_Murus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caricus Murus (page does not exist)">Caricus Murus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Sala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd> <dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rushadir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carne,_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berytus&oldid=1252566919">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berytus&oldid=1252566919</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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