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/></a><figcaption>Document of November 16, 1823, in which Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a> justifies and presents the reasons for the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly (IN: <i>Coleção de Leis do Império do Brasil de 1823</i>, part 2.)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Brazilian Constituent Assembly of 1823</b> was the first constituent assembly of Brazil, installed on 3 May 1823, under the presidency of the Major Chaplain Bishop, José Caetano da Silva Coutinho. The Assembly was tasked with drafting Brazil's first constitution. However, its activities ended with its dissolution by the police forces of emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a> of Brazil in the early hours of 12 November 1823, an episode known as the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_Agony" title="Night of Agony">Night of Agony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-noite_da_agonia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noite_da_agonia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was the first experience of a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> in Brazil and is considered the genesis of <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1823)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The starting point for the Assembly was the decree of 16 February 1822, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada_e_Silva" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva">José Bonifácio</a>, which provided for the convocation of a Council of General Procurators of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Brazil" title="Provinces of Brazil">Provinces</a>. Their attributions would be to advise the <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Prince Regent</a>, examine the great projects of reform in the administration, propose measures and plans, and advocate for the welfare of their respective provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 23 May of the same year, the Senate of the Chamber of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Gon%C3%A7alves_Ledo" title="Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo">Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo</a> and Januário da Cunha Barbosa, wrote to the Prince Regent protesting against the <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> subjection to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> and the imposition of the system of oppression that the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_(politics)" title="Cortes (politics)">Cortes</a> intended to restore, with disrespect for the principles of morality, equality, and politics. The path of recolonization was thus prepared, unacceptable to the Provinces, which the document demonstrated could not be governed from two thousand <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> away.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text read: </p><blockquote><p>"Therefore, Sir, in our name and in the name of the coalition Provinces, whose cause and sentiment are the same, we intend and request with the greatest instance and with the most just hope to the title that Your Royal Highness has accepted as Constitutional and Perpetual Defender of Brazil, that for my sake of the prosperity of the inhabitants of this Kingdom, of the integrity and greatness of the Luso-Brazilian monarchy, of our constitutionality and V. A. Real, that and it is necessary I design that a General Assembly of the Provinces of Brazil, represented by a competent number of deputies, which cannot be less than one hundred, be convened in this Court."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Pedro I convened the Council of Procurators to meet by decree on June 1. In the council's perspective, there was "the lesson that the regimes of power are made for men and not men for the regimes. The axiom of human liberties was firmly proclaimed, already formulated by the philosophy of the prevailing liberalism that made the governed a citizen and not a subject, much less a subject, who until then had been an object, as in the disastrous practice of <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutist</a> systems." As the procurators also saw this gap, "they converged unanimously in voting in favor of the convocation of a General Assembly of Representatives of the Provinces of Brazil."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The representation received the signatures of Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo and José Mariano de Azevedo Coutinho, procurators of the province of Rio de Janeiro, and Breno Reis and Marco da Viola, of the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina</a> province. The Ministry which had created the Council consisted of José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, Caetano Pinto de Miranda Montenegro, Joaquim de Oliveira Álvares, and Manoel Antonio Farinho.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decree of June 3, 1822, was a measure to constitutionalize Brazil and preceded the act of <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">independence</a>, consummated on September 7. It convened a Portuguese-Brazilian Assembly, or by another denomination of the decree, a Constituent and Legislative General Assembly composed of deputies from the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Brazil" title="Provinces of Brazil">provinces of Brazil</a>. It also had the free participation of Brazilians as well as Portuguese citizens domiciled in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Kingdom</a> and who qualified for it, following instructions to be issued later.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1823)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:110%; background:lavender"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">Constitutional documents</a> and events relevant to the status of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, 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Constitution (page does not exist)">Draft Constitution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_mandioca" class="extiw" title="pt:Constituição da mandioca">pt</a>]</span></td><td style="text-align:right;">1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">Constitution of 1824</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moderating_power_(Empire_of_Brazil)#Prerogatives" title="Moderating power (Empire of Brazil)">Article 99</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/1834_Additional_Act" title="1834 Additional Act">Additional Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1834</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Age_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Declaration of Age of Pedro II of Brazil (page does not exist)">Declaration of Age of Pedro II</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Maioridade" class="extiw" title="pt:Declaração da Maioridade">pt</a>]</span></td><td style="text-align:right;">1840</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Imperial_Decree_No._523&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brazilian Imperial Decree No. 523 (page does not exist)">Decree 523</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decreto_Imperial_do_Brasil_523_de_20_de_Julho_de_1847" class="extiw" title="pt:Decreto Imperial do Brasil 523 de 20 de Julho de 1847">pt</a>]</span></td><td style="text-align:right;">1847</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Land_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Law">Land Law</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_de_Terras" class="extiw" title="pt:Lei de Terras">pt</a>]</span></td><td style="text-align:right;">1850</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law" title="Eusébio de Queirós Law">Eusébio de Queirós Law</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1850</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil#Electoral_reforms" title="Politics of the Empire of Brazil">Reform Law of 1855</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1855</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Branco_Law" title="Rio Branco Law">Rio Branco Law</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1871</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil#Electoral_reforms" title="Politics of the Empire of Brazil">Reform Law of 1875</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1875</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saraiva_Law" title="Saraiva Law">Saraiva Law</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1881</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saraiva-Cotegipe_Law" title="Saraiva-Cotegipe Law">Sexagenarian Law</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1885</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Golden Law</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1888</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutional_Formation_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Template:Constitutional Formation of the Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutional_Formation_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Constitutional Formation of the Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutional_Formation_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutional Formation of the Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> On May 3, 1823, the Constituent and Legislative General Assembly of the Empire of Brazil began its legislature with the intent of drafting the country's <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">first constitution</a>. On the same day, Pedro I gave a speech to the assembled deputies,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating why he had said during his coronation at the end of the previous year that the constitution should be worthy of Brazil and of himself (a phrase that had been the idea of José Bonifácio, not of the emperor):<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"As Constitutional Emperor, and most especially as Perpetual Defender of this Empire, I said to the people on December 1st of last year, when I was crowned and consecrated - that with my sword I would defend the Homeland, the Nation, and the Constitution, if it were worthy of Brazil and of me. A Constitution in which the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">three powers are well divided</a>. A Constitution that, by placing inaccessible barriers to <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>, whether royal, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a>, or democratic, chases away <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a> and plants the tree of liberty in whose shade should grow the union, tranquility, and independence of this <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire</a>, which will be the wonder of the new and old world. All the Constitutions, which in the manner of 1791 and 1792 have established their bases, and have wanted to organize themselves, experience has shown us that they are totally theoretical and metaphysical, and therefore unworkable: so proves <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and, lately, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. They have not, as they should, made the general happiness, but rather, after a licentious liberty, we see that in some countries despotism is already appearing, and in others is soon to appear, in one, after having been exercised by many, the necessary consequence being that the peoples are reduced to the sad situation of witnessing and suffering all the horrors of anarchy."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Pedro I reminded the deputies in his speech that the constitution should prevent possible abuses not only by the monarch but also by the political class and the population itself. To this end, it would be necessary to avoid implanting laws in the country that would be disrespected in practice. At first, the assembly was willing to accept the emperor's request,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some deputies felt uncomfortable with Pedro I's speech. </p><p>One of them, the deputy from <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, Andrade de Lima, clearly expressed his discontent, claiming that the monarch's sentence was too ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deputies in the Constituent Assembly were mostly moderate <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a>, gathering "what was best and most representative in Brazil".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were elected in an indirect manner and by census vote, and did not belong to parties, which did not yet exist in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were, however, factions among the deputies, and three were discernible: </p> <ul><li>The "Bonifácios", who were led by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada_e_Silva" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva">José Bonifácio</a> and defended the existence of a strong but constitutional and centralized monarchy, to avoid the possibility of fragmentation of the country, and intended to abolish the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> and slavery, carry out an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a> and economically develop the country free of foreign loans.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The "Portuguese absolutists", who comprised not only the Portuguese, but also Brazilians and defended an absolute and centralized <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">monarchy</a>, besides the maintenance of their economic and social privileges.</li> <li>And finally, the "federalist liberals", who counted in their ranks with Portuguese and Brazilians, and preached a decentralized monarchy, if possible federal, together with the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">slavery</a>, besides vehemently fighting the projects of Bonifácio.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Ideologically, the emperor identified with the "Bonifácios" both concerning social and economic projects and in relation to political ones, as he had no interest in acting as an absolute monarch, or to serve as "a cardboard figure in government."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The draft of the 1823 constitution was written by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Ribeiro_de_Andrada" title="Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada">Antônio Carlos de Andrada</a>, who was strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> charters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then sent to the Constituent Assembly, where the deputies started working on the charter. There were several differences between the 1823 project and the later Constitution of 1824. On the issue of federalism, it was centralizing, as it divided the country into <i><a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">comarcas</a></i> (judicial divisions, not administrative ones).<sup id="cite_ref-CARVALHO_1993,_p.23_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CARVALHO_1993,_p.23-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The qualifications for <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> were much more restrictive than the 1824 charter.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charter also defined that only free men in Brazil would be considered Brazilian citizens, and not the slaves who would eventually be freed, unlike the 1824 constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The separation of the three powers was foreseen, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a> being delegated to the emperor, but the responsibility for their acts would fall on the Ministers of State. The Constituent Assembly also chose to include a suspensive <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> by the Emperor (as in 1824), who could even veto the draft constitution if he so wished. However, changes in the political course of affairs led the deputies to propose making the monarch a symbolic figure, completely subordinate to the assembly. This fact, followed by the approval of a project on June 12, 1823, by which the laws created by the body would dispense with the emperor's sanction, led <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a> to clash with the Constituent Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Behind the dispute between the emperor and the assembly,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there was another, deeper dispute, that was the real cause of the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. Since the beginning of the legislative work, the <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalist</a> liberals had as their main intention to overthrow the ministry presided over by José Bonifácio at any cost and to take revenge for the persecutions they had suffered during the "Bonifácia" of the previous year. The Portuguese absolutists, on the other hand, saw their interests harmed when <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada_e_Silva" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva">José Bonifácio</a> issued the decrees of November 12, 1822, and December 11, 1822, wherein the first eliminated the privileges of the Portuguese and in the second sequestered the goods, merchandise, and properties belonging to them that had supported Portugal during the Brazilian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their differences, the Portuguese and the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberals</a> were allied to remove their common enemy from power.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liberals and Portuguese enticed the:</p><blockquote><p>"Andradas' enemies, whose valor with the Emperor stirred up much envy and whose haughtiness, sometimes coarse, gave rise to many a grievance and wounded many a vanity. Tough on their adversaries, the "Andradas" had made plenty of enemies out of the prestige they had earned through their intellectual superiority and honesty. The malcontents united to overthrow them, and in the alliance, they mixed moderates with the exalted"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial_1830.jpg/220px-Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial_1830.jpg/330px-Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial_1830.jpg/440px-Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>View of the Imperial Palace (left) where Pedro I watched from afar the work of the Constituent Assembly taking place in the building next door.</figcaption></figure> <p>The two allied factions enlisted the emperor's close friends on their side, who tried to end the monarch's friendship with José Bonifácio. Seeing most of the Assembly openly dissatisfied with the Andrada ministry and influenced by his friends, who identified with the interests of the Portuguese, Pedro I dismissed the ministers of state.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A war of attacks began between the country's newspapers, which defended one political faction or the other. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_I_Imperador_1823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pedro_I_Imperador_1823.jpg/220px-Pedro_I_Imperador_1823.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pedro_I_Imperador_1823.jpg/330px-Pedro_I_Imperador_1823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pedro_I_Imperador_1823.jpg/440px-Pedro_I_Imperador_1823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="1533" /></a><figcaption>Pedro I, around the time of the Constituent Assembly of 1823</figcaption></figure> <p>The alliance between the liberals and the Portuguese was short-lived. As soon as the Andrada ministry was dismissed, the two groups turned against each other. For the monarch, any relationship with the liberals would be inadmissible, as they intended to place him as a "puppet". The attacks against the Portuguese in general and even against Pedro by newspapers and deputies in favor of the "Andradas" led the emperor to approach the Portuguese. </p><p>The crisis became more serious when an episode that would normally be ignored was used for political purposes. A Brazilian-born <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a>, who also practiced journalism, was physically attacked by two Portuguese officers who mistakenly believed him to be the author of a libelous article. The "Andradas" took the opportunity to claim that the aggression suffered by the apothecary was an attack on the honor of Brazil and the Brazilian people.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antônio Carlos de Andrada and Martim Francisco de Andrada were carried off on the shoulders of a crowd and a wave of anti-Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> followed, which further inflamed tempers. </p><p>Pedro watched the episode from the window of the <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial" title="Paço Imperial">Paço Imperial</a> next to the "Cadeia Velha", the place where the Constituent Assembly was being held. The emperor ordered the army to prepare for a conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro I had the guarantee of the officialdom, which would be threatened by the insults directed at itself and the emperor by the newspapers allied to the "Andradas", making the emperor demanded punishment for them. The deputies showed apprehension and demanded answers as to the reason for the gathering of troops in São Cristóvão. The minister of the empire, Francisco Vilela Barbosa, representing the government, addressed the assembly demanding that the Andradas brothers be prosecuted for their alleged abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The assembled deputies debated the government's proposal and remained in session through the early hours of the morning. But the next day, when Vilela Barbosa returned to the Assembly to explain the gathering of troops, some deputies shouted demanding that Pedro I be declared an "outlaw". The emperor upon hearing this, even before the minister of the Empire returned from the Assembly, signed the decree dissolving the Constituent.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About the episode, Oliveira Lima stated that:</p><blockquote><p>"The dawn of the 'Night of Agony' nevertheless illuminated no martyrdom. The deputies, who had declared themselves ready to be struck down by imperial bayonets, quietly returned to their homes, without the soldiers bothering them. Six only were deported to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, among them the three "Andradas"."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The Portuguese proposed to Pedro I that he send the "Andradas" to Portugal because there they would most likely be sentenced to death for their participation in the Brazilian independence. They asked only for his consent. "No! I do not consent because it is a perfidy [disloyalty]," the monarch replied.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Pedro I's apprehension about the possibility of becoming a null figure in the country's government and his demonstration of discontent, it was not the main reason for the closure of the Constituent. </p><p>The deputies were caught up in disputes for power and defended their interests, bringing the capital of the empire to the brink of <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a>. This was not the end of the deputies, however. Out of the Constituent Assembly came 33 senators, 28 ministers of state, 18 provincial presidents, 7 members of the first council of state, and 4 regents of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissolution">Dissolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1823)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the Emperor during the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_Agony" title="Night of Agony">Night of Agony</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-noite_da_agonia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noite_da_agonia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the early hours of November 12, 1823, before it could conclude its debates and deliberation on the draft Constitution. </p><p>In the episode of the dissolution, Pedro I's forces arrested opponents, who were soon deported. The next day, the Emperor appointed people he trusted to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State">Council of State</a>, who were to conclude behind closed doors the work begun by the Constituent Assembly. The result was presented to the Emperor on December 11, 1823. On March 25, 1824, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">Constitution of the Empire</a> was sworn in without submission to a new Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a> stated that he would convoke another one, "which shall work on the project of the constitution, that I shall soon present to you, which will be twice as liberal as the extinct Assembly was."<sup id="cite_ref-atas_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atas-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the compromise did not become effective. </p><p>The origin of the Council of State that presented the draft Constitution lies in the law of October 20, 1823, which extinguished the Council of Procurators and instituted the Ministers as the Council of State. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Carneiro_de_Campos,_Marquis_of_Caravelas" title="José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, Marquis of Caravelas">José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos</a>, future <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquis</a> of Caravelas, is considered the main author of the text drafted by the Council of State, which would be granted by the Emperor the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-atas_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atas-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1823)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1988)" title="Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1988)">Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1891" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1891">Brazilian Constitution of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil" title="History of the Constitution of Brazil">History of the Constitution of Brazil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1823)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-noite_da_agonia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noite_da_agonia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noite_da_agonia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/modulo02/noite_agonia.html">"A "Noite da Agonia"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Multirio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+%22Noite+da+Agonia%22&rft.pub=Multirio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multirio.rj.gov.br%2Fhistoria%2Fmodulo02%2Fnoite_agonia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+Constituent+Assembly+%281823%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.camara.leg.br/noticias/546341-conheca-a-historia-da-assembleia-constituinte-de-1823/">"Conheça a história da Assembleia Constituinte de 1823 - Notícias"</a>. <i>Portal da Câmara dos Deputados</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+da+C%C3%A2mara+dos+Deputados&rft.atitle=Conhe%C3%A7a+a+hist%C3%B3ria+da+Assembleia+Constituinte+de+1823+-+Not%C3%ADcias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.camara.leg.br%2Fnoticias%2F546341-conheca-a-historia-da-assembleia-constituinte-de-1823%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+Constituent+Assembly+%281823%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Honório Rodrigues, <i>A Assembleia Constituinte do Brasil</i>, Editora Vozes, Petrópolis, 1974, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senado.leg.br/publicacoes/anais/pdf/anais_imperio/1823/1823%20livro%201.pdf">"Assembleia Constituinte de 1823"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Senado Federal</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senado+Federal&rft.atitle=Assembleia+Constituinte+de+1823&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senado.leg.br%2Fpublicacoes%2Fanais%2Fpdf%2Fanais_imperio%2F1823%2F1823%2520livro%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+Constituent+Assembly+%281823%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190403/http://www.senado.gov.br/publicacoes/anais/pdf/ACE/ATAS1-Conselho_dos_Procuradores_Gerais_das_Provincias_do_Brasil_1822-1823.pdf">"Conselho dos Procuradores Gerais das Províncias do Brasil, 1822-1833"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Senado Federal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senado.gov.br/publicacoes/anais/pdf/ACE/ATAS1-Conselho_dos_Procuradores_Gerais_das_Provincias_do_Brasil_1822-1823.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senado+Federal&rft.atitle=Conselho+dos+Procuradores+Gerais+das+Prov%C3%ADncias+do+Brasil%2C+1822-1833&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senado.gov.br%2Fpublicacoes%2Fanais%2Fpdf%2FACE%2FATAS1-Conselho_dos_Procuradores_Gerais_das_Provincias_do_Brasil_1822-1823.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+Constituent+Assembly+%281823%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Discurso_de_Dom_Pedro_I_%283_de_maio_de_1823%29">"Discurso de Dom Pedro I (3 de maio de 1823)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discurso+de+Dom+Pedro+I+%283+de+maio+de+1823%29&rft.pub=Wikisource&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FDiscurso_de_Dom_Pedro_I_%25283_de_maio_de_1823%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+Constituent+Assembly+%281823%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2007">Lustosa (2007</a>, p. 159)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolanda1976">Holanda (1976</a>, p. 184)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLima1989">Lima (1989</a>, p. 57)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2007">Lustosa (2007</a>, p. 160)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2007">Lustosa (2007</a>, p. 166)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLima1989">Lima (1989</a>, p. 72)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolanda1976">Holanda (1976</a>, p. 186)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CARVALHO_1993,_p.23-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CARVALHO_1993,_p.23_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carvalho, José Murilo de. A Monarquia brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Ao Livro Técnico, 1993, p.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolanda1976">Holanda (1976</a>, p. 254)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vainfas, Ronaldo. Dicionário do Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002, p.171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolanda1976">Holanda (1976</a>, p. 244)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2007">Lustosa (2007</a>, p. 161)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2007">Lustosa (2007</a>, p. 66)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLima1989">Lima (1989</a>, p. 16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2007">Lustosa (2007</a>, p. 167)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLima1989">Lima (1989</a>, p. 17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2007">Lustosa (2007</a>, p. 168)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2007">Lustosa (2007</a>, p. 169)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Costa, Sérgio Corrêa da. As quatro coroas de D. Pedro I. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1995, p.315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLima1989">Lima (1989</a>, p. 56)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passeiweb.com/saiba_mais/fatos_historicos/brasil_america/assembleia_constituinte_outorgacao">"Brasil - Assembleia Constituinte de 1823 (2) - A constituição outorgada"</a>. passeiweb.com. 3 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brasil+-+Assembleia+Constituinte+de+1823+%282%29+-+A+constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+outorgada&rft.pub=passeiweb.com&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.passeiweb.com%2Fsaiba_mais%2Ffatos_historicos%2Fbrasil_america%2Fassembleia_constituinte_outorgacao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+Constituent+Assembly+%281823%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atas-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atas_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atas_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senado.gov.br/publicacoes/anais/pdf/ACE/ATAS2-Segundo_Conselho_de_Estado_1822-1834.pdf">"Atas do Conselho de Estado. Segundo Conselho de Estado, 1823 - 1834"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Senado Federal do Brasil|Senado Federal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atas+do+Conselho+de+Estado.+Segundo+Conselho+de+Estado%2C+1823+-+1834&rft.pub=Senado+Federal+do+Brasil%7CSenado+Federal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senado.gov.br%2Fpublicacoes%2Fanais%2Fpdf%2FACE%2FATAS2-Segundo_Conselho_de_Estado_1822-1834.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+Constituent+Assembly+%281823%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1823)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolanda1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Buarque_de_Holanda" title="Sérgio Buarque de Holanda">Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de</a> (1976). <i>O Brasil Monárquico: o processo de emancipação</i> (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Difusão Europeia do Livro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Brasil+Mon%C3%A1rquico%3A+o+processo+de+emancipa%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Difus%C3%A3o+Europeia+do+Livro&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Holanda&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9rgio+Buarque+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+Constituent+Assembly+%281823%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLima1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lima, Manuel de Oliveira (1989). <i>O Império brasileiro</i> (in Portuguese). São Paulo: USP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Imp%C3%A9rio+brasileiro&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=USP&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Lima&rft.aufirst=Manuel+de+Oliveira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+Constituent+Assembly+%281823%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLustosa2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lustosa, Isabel (2007). <i>D. Pedro I</i> (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.+Pedro+I&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+das+Letras&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Lustosa&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazilian+Constituent+Assembly+%281823%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Brazil" title="Template:Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="History of the Empire of Brazil">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">First Reign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Second reign (Empire of Brazil)">Second Reign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Economy of the Empire of Brazil">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nobility" title="Brazilian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of the Empire of Brazil">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement" title="Brazilian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_(1870-1889).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms consisting of a shield with a green field with a golden armillary sphere superimposed on the red and white Cross of the Order of Christ, surrounded by a blue band with 20 silver stars; the bearers are two arms of a wreath, with a coffee branch on the left and a flowering tobacco branch on the right; and above the shield is an arched golden and jeweled crown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/120px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/180px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/240px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="742" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">Brazilian imperial family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Prince Imperial of Brazil">Prince Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1" title="Prince of Grão-Pará">Prince of Grão-Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Brazil_(Brazil)" title="Prince of Brazil (Brazil)">Prince of Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Politics of the Empire of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political instances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil" title="Prime Minister of Brazil">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_(Brazil)" title="General Assembly (Brazil)">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderating_power_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Moderating power (Empire of Brazil)">Moderating Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">Constitution of 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_parliamentarism" title="Reverse parliamentarism">Reverse parliamentarism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Armed Forces of the Empire of Brazil">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Army" title="Imperial Brazilian Army">Imperial Brazilian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Militar_das_Agulhas_Negras" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras">Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Volunteers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatherland Volunteers">Fatherland Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generals_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="List of generals of the Empire of Brazil">List of generals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Navy" title="Imperial Brazilian Navy">Imperial Brazilian Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_School_(Brazil)" title="Naval School (Brazil)">Naval School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Brazilian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ships of the Brazilian Navy">List of ships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Military ranks of the Empire of Brazil">Military Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Brazil" title="List of wars involving Brazil">Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Independence_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Independence of Brazil">Independence War</a> (1822–1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> (1825–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a> (1835–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabanagem" title="Cabanagem">Cabanagem</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a> (1851–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a> (1864–1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rebou%C3%A7as" title="André Rebouças">André Rebouças</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_do_Patroc%C3%ADnio" title="José do Patrocínio">José do Patrocínio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Gama" title="Luís Gama">Luís Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_do_Nascimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco José do Nascimento">Francisco José do Nascimento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_Brazil" title="Abolitionism in Brazil">Abolitionism in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netto_Question" title="Netto Question">Netto Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law" title="Eusébio de Queirós Law">Eusébio de Queirós Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Branco_Law" title="Rio Branco Law">Rio Branco Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1823)&oldid=1240808792">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1823)&oldid=1240808792</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Brazil_by_topic" title="Category:History of Brazil by topic">History of Brazil by 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