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Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writing System</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_System-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing System subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Modern alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-colonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pre-colonial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples_of_the_two_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples_of_the_two_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Samples of the two systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samples_of_the_two_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_between_the_two_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_between_the_two_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Comparison between the two systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_between_the_two_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilocano_and_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilocano_and_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ilocano and Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilocano_and_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Segmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Segmental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-O/U_and_I/E" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#O/U_and_I/E"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1.1</span> <span>O/U and I/E</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-O/U_and_I/E-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_of_⟨e⟩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_of_⟨e⟩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1.2</span> <span>Pronunciation of <span>⟨e⟩</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_of_⟨e⟩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Prosody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Primary stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Secondary stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Vowel length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress_shift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress_shift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Stress shift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress_shift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lexicon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Borrowings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borrowings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Borrowings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borrowings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_expressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Common expressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers,_days,_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers,_days,_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Numbers, days, months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers,_days,_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Days_of_the_week" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Days_of_the_week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Days of the week</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Days_of_the_week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>Months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units_of_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units_of_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.4</span> <span>Units of time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units_of_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_Ilocano_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_Ilocano_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>More Ilocano words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_Ilocano_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ilocano language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano" title="Ilokano – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ilokano" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%8E%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%96%E1%8A%9B" title="ኢሎካኖኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢሎካኖኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="لغة إيلوكانو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة إيلوكانو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ilocanu" title="Idioma ilocanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma ilocanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ایلوکانو دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایلوکانو دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইলোকানো ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলোকানো ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano-g%C3%AD" title="Ilokano-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ilokano-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Ilokano" title="Tataramon na Ilokano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Ilokano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokanoeg" title="Ilokanoeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ilokanoeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano" title="Ilocano – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ilocano" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Iloko" title="Pinulongang Iloko – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Iloko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilok%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Ilokánština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ilokánština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocaneg" title="Ilocaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ilocaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano_(Sprache)" title="Ilokano (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ilokano (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloko_keel" title="Iloko keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iloko keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ilocano" title="Idioma ilocano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma ilocano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloka_lingvo" title="Iloka lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iloka lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="زبان ایلوکانو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ایلوکانو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano_language" title="Ilokano language – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ilokano language" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano" title="Ilocano – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ilocano" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ilocana" title="Lingua ilocana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua ilocana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano-ng%C3%AE" title="Ilocano-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ilocano-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%A1%9C%EC%B9%B4%EB%85%B8%EC%96%B4" title="일로카노어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일로카노어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इलोकानो भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलोकानो भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_jezik" title="Ilocano jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ilocano jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Iloko" title="Bahasa Iloko – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Iloko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Ilokano" title="Pagsasao nga Ilokano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Ilokano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Iloko" title="Bahasa Iloko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Iloko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Илоканаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Илоканаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ilocana" title="Lingua ilocana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua ilocana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Ilokano" title="Basa Ilokano – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Ilokano" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokanu_(amanu)" title="Ilokanu (amanu) – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ilokanu (amanu)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ილოკური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ილოკური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiilocano" title="Kiilocano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiilocano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Илокано (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Илокано (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Ilocana" title="Lingua Ilocana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Ilocana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloku_valoda" title="Iloku valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iloku valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_ilokann-a" title="Lengua ilokann-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua ilokann-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_il%C3%B4kan%C3%B4" title="Fiteny ilôkanô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny ilôkanô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Ilokano-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ilokano-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano" title="Ilokano – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ilokano" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इलोकानो भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इलोकानो भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8E%E8%AA%9E" title="イロカノ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イロカノ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano" title="Ilokano – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ilokano" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano" title="Ilocano – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ilocano" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਲੋਕਾਨੋ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਲੋਕਾਨੋ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Iloko" title="Salitan Iloko – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Iloko" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="الوکونو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الوکونو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ilocano" title="Lenga ilocano – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga ilocano" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_iloko" title="Język iloko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język iloko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_ilocana" title="Língua ilocana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua ilocana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Илоканский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Илоканский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱤᱞᱳᱠᱟᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱞᱳᱠᱟᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ilocano language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloko" title="Iloko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iloko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano" title="Ilokano – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ilokano" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Iloko" title="Wikang Iloko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Iloko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இலோகானோ மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலோகானோ மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาอีโลกาโน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอีโลกาโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Забони илокано – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони илокано" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ілоканська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ілоканська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ngua_ilocana" title="Léngua ilocana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Léngua ilocana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ilokano" title="Tiếng Ilokano – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ilokano" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano_nga_yinaknan" title="Ilokano nga yinaknan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ilokano nga yinaknan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%B4%9B%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="伊洛卡诺语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊洛卡诺语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%B4%9B%E5%8D%A1%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%87" title="伊洛卡諾文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊洛卡諾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%B4%9B%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="伊洛卡诺语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊洛卡诺语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ilokano" title="Bahasa Ilokano – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Ilokano" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilokano_zyvon" title="Ilokano zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ilokano zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35936#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ilocano_language" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Alekano_language" title="Alekano language">Alekano language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Ilocano</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Ilokano</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><i>Iloko, Iluko, Iloco, Pagsasao nga Ilokano, Samtoy, Sao mi datoy</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Luzon">Northern Luzon</a>, many parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a> and a few parts of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">8,746,169 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2 million <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2 speakers</a> (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Rubino_2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubino_2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Third most spoken native language in the Philippines<sup id="cite_ref-speakers_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speakers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ilocano</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (Ilocano alphabet),<br /><a href="/wiki/Ilokano_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano Braille">Ilokano Braille</a><br /><i>Historically <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Kur-itan</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/La_Union" title="La Union">La Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-launionofficiallanguage_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launionofficiallanguage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Komisyon_sa_Wikang_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino">Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=204">ilo</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ilo" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ilo">ilo</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ilok1237">ilok1237</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=31-CBA-a">31-CBA-a</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilokano_language_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ilokano_language_map.png/320px-Ilokano_language_map.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="499" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ilokano_language_map.png/480px-Ilokano_language_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ilokano_language_map.png/640px-Ilokano_language_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Area where Ilokano is spoken according to Ethnologue<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Striped areas are <a href="/wiki/Itneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itneg language">Itneg</a>-Ilokano bilingual communities in <a href="/wiki/Abra_(province)" title="Abra (province)">Abra</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="150" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm/WIKITONGUES-_June_speaking_Ilocano.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>An Ilocano speaker, recorded in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Iloco</b> (also <b>Ilokano</b>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ilocano: <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Pagsasao nga Iloko</i></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> language predominantly spoken in the Philippines by the Ilocano people. It ranks as the third most widely spoken native language in the country and serves as a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> in Northern Luzon, particularly among the <a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot people</a> and the indigenous settlers of <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a>. </p><p>As an Austronesian language, Ilocano shares linguistic roots with other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a> and is related to <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (both Indonesian and Malaysian), <a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>. It exhibits close ties with several Austronesian languages in Northern Luzon and has some degree of mutual intelligibility with the <a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a> language and certain eastern dialects of <a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ilocano people historically utilized an indigenous writing system known as <i>kur-itan</i>. There have been proposals to revive this script by incorporating its instruction in public and private schools within <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a>, where Ilocano is predominantly spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Iloco (Ilocano)</i> like all Philippine languages, belongs to the Austronesian language family, which is believed to have originated in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It constitutes its own branch within the Philippine Cordilleran subfamily and is spoken as a first language by approximately seven million people.<sup id="cite_ref-speakers_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speakers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a lingua franca of Northern Luzon and several areas of Central Luzon, Ilocano is also spoken as a second language by over two million people, including native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal</a>, and other regional languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubino_2000_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubino_2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_Distribution">Geographic Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilocanodistribution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ilocanodistribution.jpg/220px-Ilocanodistribution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ilocanodistribution.jpg/330px-Ilocanodistribution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ilocanodistribution.jpg/440px-Ilocanodistribution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Ilokano-speaking density per <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">province</a>. Enlarge picture to see percent distribution.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phillanguages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phillanguages.jpg/250px-Phillanguages.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phillanguages.jpg/375px-Phillanguages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phillanguages.jpg/500px-Phillanguages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Area where Ilocano is the majority language.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ilocano language is primarily spoken in the Ilocos Region, the <a href="/wiki/Babuyan_Islands" title="Babuyan Islands">Babuyan Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera Administrative Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a>, and the northern and western parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, and scattered areas in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, particularly in the Soccsksargen region.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internationally, it is spoken in the United States, with the largest concentrations in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadalanguages2021_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadalanguages2021-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hawaii, 17% of those who speak a non-English language at home speak Ilocano, making it the most spoken non-English language in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-2016languagereport_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016languagereport-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2012, the province of <a href="/wiki/La_Union" title="La Union">La Union</a> became the first in the Philippines to pass an ordinance recognizing Ilocano (Iloko) as an official provincial language, alongside Filipino and English. This ordinance aims to protect and revitalize the Ilocano language, although other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_people" title="Kankanaey people">Kankanaey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_people" title="Ibaloi people">Ibaloi</a>, are also spoken in La Union.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-launionofficiallanguage_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launionofficiallanguage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_System">Writing System</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilocanodoctrine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ilocanodoctrine.JPG/220px-Ilocanodoctrine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ilocanodoctrine.JPG/330px-Ilocanodoctrine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Ilocanodoctrine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><i>Our Father</i> prayer from <i>Doctrina Cristiana</i>, 1621. Written in Ilocano using Baybayin script.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_alphabet">Modern alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern Ilokano alphabet consists of 29 letters:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, LLll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, NGng, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, and Zz </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial">Pre-colonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pre-colonial <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano people</a> of all classes wrote in a syllabic system known as <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> prior to European arrival. They used a system that is termed as an <i><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a></i>, or an alphasyllabary. It was similar to the <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a> scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. The Ilocano version, however, was the first to designate coda consonants with a diacritic mark – a cross or <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a> – shown in the <i>Doctrina Cristiana</i> of 1621, one of the earliest surviving Ilokano publications. Before the addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants. The reader, on the other hand, had to guess whether a consonant not succeeding a vowel is read or not, for it is not written. Vowel apostrophes interchange between <i>e</i> or <i>i</i>, and <i>o</i> or <i>u</i>. Due to this, the vowels <i>e</i> and <i>i</i> are interchangeable, and letters <i>o</i> and <i>u</i>, for instance, <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tendera</i></span> and <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tindira</i></span> ('shop-assistant'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Mormon_-_Iloko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Book_of_Mormon_-_Iloko.jpg/220px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Iloko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Book_of_Mormon_-_Iloko.jpg/330px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Iloko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Book_of_Mormon_-_Iloko.jpg/440px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Iloko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="2539" /></a><figcaption>Ilocano version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></i>, written with the Tagalog system, as can be seen by the use of the letter K</figcaption></figure> <p>In recent times, there have been two systems in use: the Spanish system and the Tagalog system. In the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the other hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Most older generations of Ilocanos use the Spanish system. </p><p>In the alphabet system based on that of Tagalog there is more of a phoneme-to-letter correspondence, which better reflects the actual pronunciation of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters <i>ng</i> constitute a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> and count as a single letter, following <i>n</i> in alphabetization. As a result, <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">numo</i></span> ('humility') appears before <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ngalngal</i></span> ('to chew') in newer dictionaries. Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilocano phonology. Words of English origin may or may not conform to this orthography. A prime example using this system is the weekly magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Bannawag" title="Bannawag">Bannawag</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samples_of_the_two_systems">Samples of the two systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Samples of the two systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are two versions of the Lord's Prayer. The one on the left is written using Spanish-based orthography, while the one on the right uses the Tagalog-based system. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Amami, ñga addaca sadi lañgit,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Madaydayao cuma ti Naganmo.</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Umay cuma ti pagariam.</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Maaramid cuma ti pagayatam</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Cas sadi lañgit casta met ditoy daga.</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Itedmo cadacami iti taraonmi iti inaldao.</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Quet pacaoanennacami cadaguiti ut-utangmi,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">A cas met panamacaoanmi</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Cadaguiti nacautang cadacami.</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Quet dinacam iyeg iti pannacasulisog,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">No di quet isalacannacami iti daques.</i></span></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Amami, nga addaka sadi langit,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Madaydayaw koma ti Naganmo.</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Umay koma ti pagariam.</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Maaramid koma ti pagayatam</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Kas sadi langit kasta met ditoy daga.</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Itedmo kadakami iti taraonmi iti inaldaw.</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Ket pakawanennakami kadagiti ut-utangmi,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">A kas met panamakawanmi</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Kadagiti nakautang kadakami.</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Ket dinakam iyeg iti pannakasulisog,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">No di ket isalakannakami iti dakes.</i></span> </dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparison_between_the_two_systems">Comparison between the two systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Comparison between the two systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" width="75%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rules </th> <th>Spanish-based </th> <th>Tagalog-based </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>c <b>→</b> k </td> <td>tocac </td> <td>tukak </td> <td><i>frog</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ci, ce <b>→</b> si, se </td> <td>acero </td> <td>asero </td> <td><i>steel</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch <b>→</b> ts </td> <td>ocho </td> <td>otso </td> <td><i>eight</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>f <b>→</b> p<sup><a href="#note1">1</a></sup> </td> <td>familia </td> <td>pamilia </td> <td><i>family</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gui, gue <b>→</b> gi, ge </td> <td>daguiti </td> <td>dagiti </td> <td><i>the</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ge, gi <b>→</b> he, hi<sup><a href="#note2">2</a></sup> </td> <td>página </td> <td>pahina </td> <td><i>page</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ll <b>→</b> li </td> <td>caballo </td> <td>kabalio </td> <td><i>horse</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ñ <b>→</b> ni </td> <td>baño </td> <td>banio </td> <td><i>bathroom</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ñg, ng̃ <b>→</b> ng </td> <td>ñgioat, ng̃ioat </td> <td>ngiwat </td> <td><i>mouth</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vo(V) <b>→</b> Vw(V) </td> <td>aoan <p>aldao </p> </td> <td>awan <p>aldaw </p> </td> <td><i>nothing</i> <p><i>day</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>qui, que <b>→</b> ki, ke </td> <td>iquit </td> <td>ikit </td> <td><i>aunt</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>v <b>→</b> b </td> <td>voces </td> <td>boses </td> <td><i>voice</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>z <b>→</b> s </td> <td>zapatos </td> <td>sapatos </td> <td><i>shoe</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Notes</i> </p> <div id="note1"><i>1.</i> <small>In Ilocano phonology, the labiodental fricative sound /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span>/ does not exist. Its approximate sound is /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span>/. Therefore, in words of Spanish or English origin, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span>/ becomes /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span>/. In particular (yet not always the case), last names beginning with /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span>/ are often said with /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span>/, for example <i>Fernández</i> /per.'nan.des/.</small><i>2.</i> <small>The sound /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span>/ only occurs in loanwords, and in the negative variant <i>haan</i>.</small> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ilocano_and_Education">Ilocano and Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ilocano and Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the implementation by the Spanish of the <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual Education">Bilingual Education</a> System of 1897, Ilocano, together with the other seven <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">major languages</a> (those that have at least a million speakers), was allowed to be used as a medium of instruction until the second grade. It is recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Filipino_Language" title="Commission on the Filipino Language">Commission on the Filipino Language</a> as one of the major languages of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constitutionally, Ilocano is an auxiliary official language in the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">regions</a> where it is spoken and serves as auxiliary media of instruction therein.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Department of Education</a> instituted Department Order No. 74, s. 2009 stipulating that "mother tongue-based multilingual education" would be implemented. In 2012, Department Order No. 16, s. 2012 stipulated that the mother tongue-based multilingual system was to be implemented for Kindergarten to Grade 3 Effective School Year 2012–2013.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ilocano is used in public schools mostly in the Ilocos Region and the Cordilleras. It is the primary medium of instruction from Kindergarten to Grade 3 (except for the Filipino and English subjects) and is also a separate subject from Grade 1 to Grade 3. Thereafter, English and Filipino are introduced as mediums of instruction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_literature" title="Ilocano literature">Ilocano literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FvfBacnotan0158_20.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/FvfBacnotan0158_20.JPG/220px-FvfBacnotan0158_20.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/FvfBacnotan0158_20.JPG/330px-FvfBacnotan0158_20.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/FvfBacnotan0158_20.JPG/440px-FvfBacnotan0158_20.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> in Ilocano</figcaption></figure> <p>Ilocano literature serves as a vibrant reflection of the rich cultural heritage and history of the Ilocano people, tracing its origins to their animistic past. It encompasses a profound backdrop of mythology, folklore, and superstition, all rooted in a tradition of oral history shaped by cultural evolution. Key narratives include creation myths featuring figures such as <i>Aran, Angalo,</i> and <i>Namarsua,</i> the Creator, alongside tales of benevolent and malevolent spirits that are integral to the Ilocano worldview. </p><p>Shaped by centuries of interaction with diverse influences, Ilocano literature encompasses a wide array of literary forms, including epic poetry, folk tales, proverbs, riddles, religious documents, and songs. Central themes include resilience, familial loyalty, honor, and a deep connection to both the natural and spiritual realms. </p><p>Ancient Ilocano poets articulated their expressions through folk and war songs, as well as the <i>dallot</i>, an improvised long poem delivered in a melodic manner. A significant work within this literary tradition is the epic <i><a href="/wiki/Biag_ni_Lam-ang" title="Biag ni Lam-ang">Biag ni Lam-ang</a></i> (The Life of Lam-ang), which stands as one of the few indigenous narratives to have survived colonial influence. While it has assimilated foreign elements over time, it continues to embody essential values such as courage, loyalty, and the importance of familial and ancestral bonds. </p><p>Ilocano culture is further celebrated through <i>life rituals, festivities,</i> and <i>oral traditions</i>, expressed in songs (<i>kankanta</i>), dances (<i>salsala</i>), poems (<i>dandaniw</i>), proverbs (<i>pagsasao</i>), and literary duels (<i>bucanegan</i>). These rich literary forms not only preserve Ilocano identity but also demonstrate its adaptability within the evolving Filipino cultural landscape. </p><p>During the Spanish regime, Iloco poetry was heavily influenced by Spanish literary forms, with the earliest written Iloco poems largely based on romances translated from Spanish by <i>Francisco Lopez</i>. In 1621, Lopez published the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Cristiana</a></i>, <i>the first book printed in Iloco</i>, marking a significant milestone in the documentation of Ilocano literature. The 17th-century author <i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Bucaneg" title="Pedro Bucaneg">Pedro Bucaneg</a></i>, known for his collaboration with Lopez on the <i>Doctrina</i>, is celebrated as the "<i>Father of Ilocano Poetry and Literature</i>," credited for composing the epic <i>Biag ni Lam-ang</i> ("Life of Lam-ang"). This poem, which narrates the extraordinary adventures of the Ilocano hero Lam-ang, encapsulates core values of the Ilocano people, such as courage, loyalty, and respect for familial and ancestral ties. A study of Iloco poetry can also be found in the <i>Gramatica Ilokana</i>, published in 1895, which is based on Lopez's earlier work, <i>Arte de la Lengua Iloca</i>, published in 1627 but likely written before 1606. </p><p>In the 18th century, missionaries played a crucial role in promoting literacy and religious education among the Ilocano population through the publication of both religious and secular texts, including <i>Sumario de las Indulgencias de la Santa Correa</i> by Fr. Jacinto Rivera and a translation of St. Vincent Ferrer’s sermons by Fr. Antonio Mejia. The 19th century witnessed the rise of <i><a href="/wiki/Leona_Florentino" title="Leona Florentino">Leona Florentino</a></i>, who has been recognized as the "<i>National Poetess of the Philippines</i>," although her sentimental poetry received criticism from modern readers for lacking depth and structure. </p><p>The early 20th century brought forth notable Ilocano writers such as <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Arguilla" title="Manuel Arguilla">Manuel Arguilla</a></i>, whose prose effectively captured the unique aspects of Ilocano culture during his time as a World War II guerrilla hero. <i><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bulosan" title="Carlos Bulosan">Carlos Bulosan</a></i> emerged as another prominent figure, with his novel <i><a href="/wiki/America_Is_in_the_Heart" title="America Is in the Heart">America is in the Heart</a></i> celebrated as a significant work in the Filipino-American literary canon. Other distinguished writers from this period include F. Sionil Jose, known for his epic sagas set in Pangasinan, and <i><a href="/wiki/Isabelo_de_los_Reyes" title="Isabelo de los Reyes">Isabelo de los Reyes</a></i>, who played a pivotal role in preserving and publishing Ilocano literary works, including the earliest known text of <i>Biag ni Lam-ang</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segmental">Segmental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Segmental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels">Vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there is no official dialectology for Ilocano, the usually agreed dialects of Ilocano are two, which are differentiated only by the way the letter <i>e</i> is pronounced. In the <b>Amianan</b> (Northern) dialect, there exist only five vowels while the older <b>Abagatan</b> (Southern) dialect employs six. </p> <ul><li>Amianan: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>e/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></li> <li>Abagatan: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>e/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯ/</span></li></ul> <p>Reduplicate vowels are not slurred together, but voiced separately with an intervening glottal stop: </p> <ul><li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">saan</i></span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sa.ʔan/</span> 'no'</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">siit</i></span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/si.ʔit/</span> 'thorn'</li></ul> <p>The letter in <b>bold</b> is the graphic (written) representation of the vowel. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" align="center"> <caption><b>Ilokano vowel chart</b><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><b>i</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>u</b>/<b>o</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> <p><b>e</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯ/</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><b>e</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>e/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>o</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><b>a</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For a better rendition of vowel distribution, please refer to the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Vowels" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA Vowel Chart</a>. </p><p>Unstressed /a/ is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ]</span> in all positions except final syllables, like <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">madí</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɐˈdi]</span> ('cannot be') but <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ngiwat</i></span> ('mouth') is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈŋiwat]</span>. Unstressed /a/ in final-syllables is mostly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ]</span> across word boundaries. </p><p>Although the modern (Tagalog) writing system is largely phonetic, there are some notable conventions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="O/U_and_I/E"><span id="O.2FU_and_I.2FE"></span>O/U and I/E</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: O/U and I/E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In native <a href="/wiki/Morphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphemes">morphemes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">close back rounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> is written differently depending on the syllable. If the vowel occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Ultima_(linguistics)" title="Ultima (linguistics)">ultima</a> of the morpheme, it is written <i>o</i>; elsewhere, <i>u</i>. </p><p><b>Example:</b> </p> <ul><li>Root: <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">luto</i></span> 'cook' <ul><li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">agluto</i></span> 'to cook' <ul><li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">lutuen</i></span> 'to cook (something)'; example: <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">lutuen dayta</i></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Instances such as <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">masapulmonto</i></span>, <i>'</i>You will manage to find it, to need it', are still consistent. Note that <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">masapulmonto</i></span> is, in fact, three morphemes: <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">masapul</i></span> (verb base), <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">-mo</i></span> (pronoun) and <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">-(n)to</i></span> (future particle). An exception to this rule, however, is <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">laud</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/la.ʔud/</span> ('west'). Also, <i>u</i> in final stressed syllables can be pronounced [o], like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dɐ.ˈnom]</span> for <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">danum</i></span> ('water'). </p><p>The two vowels are not highly differentiated in native words due to fact that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> was an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> in the history of the language. In words of foreign origin, notably Spanish, they are <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a>. </p><p><b>Example:</b> <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">uso</i></span> 'use'; <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">oso</i></span> 'bear' </p><p>Unlike <i>u</i> and <i>o</i>, <i>i</i> and <i>e</i> are not allophones, but <i>i</i> in final stressed syllables in words ending in consonants can be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>, like <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ubíng</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ.ˈbɛŋ]</span> ('child'). </p><p>The two closed vowels become <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">glides</a> when followed by another vowel. The <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">close back rounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> before another vowel; and the <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">close front unrounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>. </p><p><b>Example:</b> <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kuarta</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kwaɾ.ta/</span> 'money'; <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">paria</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/paɾ.ja/</span> 'bitter melon' </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> consonants become <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>. (See <a href="#Consonants">Consonants</a> below). </p><p>Unstressed /i/ and /u/ are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span> except in final syllables, like <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">pintás</i></span> ('beauty') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɪn.ˈtas]</span> and <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">buténg</i></span> ('fear') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʊ.ˈtɛŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>bʊ.ˈtɯŋ]</span> but <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">bangir</i></span> ('other side') and <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">parabur</i></span> ('grace/blessing') are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈba.ŋiɾ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɐ.ˈɾa.buɾ]</span>. Unstressed /i/ and /u/ in final syllables are mostly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span> across word boundaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pronunciation_of_⟨e⟩"><span id="Pronunciation_of_.E2.9F.A8e.E2.9F.A9"></span>Pronunciation of <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pronunciation of ⟨e⟩"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> represents two vowels in the non-nuclear dialects (areas outside the Ilocos provinces) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>e]</span> in words of foreign origin and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯ]</span> in native words, and only one in the nuclear dialects of the Ilocos provinces, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>e]</span>. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center" width="70%" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Realization of <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Word</th> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Origin</th> <th>Nuclear</th> <th>Non-nuclear </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">keddeng</i></span></b> </td> <td>'assign' </td> <td>Native </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɛd.dɛŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ked.deŋ]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɯd.dɯŋ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">elepante</i></span></b> </td> <td>'elephant' </td> <td>Spanish </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔɛ.lɛ.pan.tɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔe.le.pan.te]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diphthongs are combination of a vowel and /i/ or /u/. In the orthography, the secondary vowels (underlying /i/ or /u/) are written with their corresponding glide, <i>y</i> or <i>w</i>, respectively. Of all the possible combinations, only /aj/ or /ej/, /iw/, /aw/ and /uj/ occur. In the <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, vowels in sequence such as <i>uo</i> and <i>ai</i>, do not coalesce into a diphthong, rather, they are pronounced with an intervening glottal stop, for example, <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">buok</i></span> 'hair' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʊ.ʔok/</span> and <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">dait</i></span> 'sew' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/da.ʔit/</span>. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <caption>Diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Diphthong</th> <th>Orthography</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">/au/ </td> <td style="text-align:center">aw (for native words) / au (for spanish loanwords) </td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kabaw</i></span> 'senile', <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">autoridad</i></span> ‘authority’ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">/iu/ </td> <td style="text-align:center">iw </td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">iliw</i></span> 'home sick' </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">/ai/ </td> <td style="text-align:center">ay (for native words) / ai (for spanish loanwords) </td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">maysa</i></span> 'one', <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">baile</i></span> ‘dance’ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">/ei/<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center">ey </td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">idiey</i></span> 'there' (regional variant; standard <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">idiay</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">/oi/, /ui/<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center">oy, uy </td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">baboy</i></span> 'pig' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei/</span> is a variant of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai/</span> in native words. Other occurrences are in words of Spanish and English origin. Examples are <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">reyna</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɾei.na/</span> (from Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">reina</i></span>, 'queen') and <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">treyner</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtɾei.nɛɾ/</span> ('trainer'). The diphthongs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oi/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ui/</span> may be interchanged since <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> is an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> in final syllables. Thus, <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">apúy</i></span> ('fire') may be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐ.ˈpoi/</span> and <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">baboy</i></span> ('pig') may be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈba.bui/</span>. </p><p>As for the diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au/</span>, the general rule is to use /aw/ for native words while /au/ will be used for spanish loanword such as the words <i>autoridad, autonomia, automatiko.</i> The same rule goes to the diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stops</a></b> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness"><small>Voiceless</small></a> </th> <td><b>p</b> </td> <td><b>t</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>k</b> </td> <td><b>(#<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">V/∅V∅/C-V</span>)</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)"><small>Voiced</small></a> </th> <td><b>b</b> </td> <td><b>d</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>g</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricates</a></b> </th> <th><b><small>Voiceless</small></b> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>(ts, tiV)</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-affricates_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricates-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><small>Voiced</small></b> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>(diV)</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-affricates_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricates-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricatives</a></b> </th> <td> </td> <td><b>s</b> </td> <td><b>(siV)</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-affricates_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricates-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>h</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasals</a></b> </th> <td><b>m</b> </td> <td><b>n</b> </td> <td><b>(niV)</b> [nʲ]<sup id="cite_ref-affricates_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricates-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>ng</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Laterals</a></b> </th> <td> </td> <td><b>l</b> </td> <td><b>(liV)</b> [lʲ]<sup id="cite_ref-affricates_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricates-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">Flaps</a></b> </th> <td> </td> <td><b>r</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">Trills</a></b> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<b>rr</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowels</a></b> </th> <td><b>(w, CuV)</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span><sup id="cite_ref-affricates_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricates-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>(y, CiV)</b> [j]<sup id="cite_ref-affricates_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affricates-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All consonantal phonemes except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔ/</span> may be a syllable <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">onset</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">coda</a>. The phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is a borrowed sound (except in the negative variant <i>haan</i>) and rarely occurs in coda position. Although the Spanish word <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">reloj</i></span> 'clock' would have been heard as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[re.loh]</span>, the final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is dropped resulting in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/re.lo/</span>. However, this word also may have entered the Ilokano lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/re.loʒ/</span>, with the <i>j</i> pronounced as in <a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">French</a>, resulting in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/re.los/</span> in Ilokano. As a result, both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/re.lo/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/re.los/</span> occur. </p><p>The glottal stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> is not permissible as coda; it can only occur as onset. Even as an onset, the glottal stop disappears in affixation. Take, for example, the root <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">aramat</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔɐ.ɾa.mat]</span>, 'use'. When prefixed with <i>ag-</i>, the expected form is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*[ʔɐɡ.ʔɐ.ɾa.mat]</span>. But, the actual form is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔɐ.ɡɐ.ɾa.mat]</span>; the glottal stop disappears. In a reduplicated form, the glottal stop returns and participates in the template, CVC, <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">agar-aramat</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔɐ.ɡaɾ.ʔɐ.ɾa.mat]</span>. Glottal stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> <i>sometimes</i> occurs non-phonemically in coda in words ending in vowels, but only before a pause. </p><p>Stops are pronounced without aspiration. When they occur as coda, they are not released, for example, <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sungbat</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʊŋ.bat̚]</span> 'answer', 'response'. </p><p>Ilokano is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span>-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> allophony, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> in many cases is derived from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a> *R; compare <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">bago</i></span> (Tagalog) and <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">baró</i></span> (Ilokano) 'new'. </p><p>The language marginally has a trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> which is spelled as <i>rr</i>, for example, <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">serrek</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɯ.ˈrɯk]</span> 'to enter'. Trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> is sometimes an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> in word-initial position, syllable-final, and word-final positions, spelled as single <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span>, for example, <i>ruar</i> 'outside' [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɾwaɾ</span>] ~ [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">rwar</span>]. It is only pronounced flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> in affixation and across word boundaries, especially when vowel-ending word precedes word-initial <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span>. But it is different in proper names of foreign origin, mostly Spanish, like <i>Serrano</i>, which is correctly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɛ.ˈrano]</span>. Some speakers, however, pronounce <i>Serrano</i> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɛ.ˈɾano]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosody">Prosody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prosody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_stress">Primary stress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The placement of primary stress is lexical in Ilocano. This results in <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkaː.jo/</span> ('wood') and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ka.ˈjo/</span> ('you' (plural or polite)) or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkiː.ta/</span> ('class, type, kind') and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ki.ˈta/</span> ('see'). In written Ilokano the reader must rely on context, thus <span class="nowrap">⟨kayo⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨kita⟩</span>. Primary stress can fall only on either the <a href="/wiki/Ultima_(linguistics)" title="Ultima (linguistics)">penult</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ultima_(linguistics)" title="Ultima (linguistics)">ultima</a> of the root, as seen in the previous examples. </p><p>While stress is unpredictable in Ilokano, there are notable patterns that can determine where stress will fall depending on the structures of the penult, the ultima and the origin of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubino_2000_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubino_2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Foreign words</b> – the stress of foreign (mostly Spanish) words adopted into Ilokano fall on the same syllable as the original.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ilocano</th> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">doktór</i></span></td> <td>doctor</td> <td>Spanish origin </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">agmaného</i></span></td> <td>(to) drive</td> <td>Spanish origin ('I drive') </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">agrekórd</i></span></td> <td>(to) record</td> <td>English origin (verb) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>agtárget</i></td> <td>to target</td> <td>English origin (verb) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>CVC.'CV(C)#</b> <i>but</i> '<b>CVŋ.kV(C)#</b> – in words with a closed penult, stress falls on the ultima, except for instances of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ŋ.k-/</span> where it is the penult.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ilocano</th> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">addá</i></span></td> <td>there is/are</td> <td>Closed penult </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">takkí</i></span></td> <td>feces</td> <td>Closed penult </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">bibíngka</i></span></td> <td>(a type of delicacy)</td> <td>-ŋ.k sequence </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>'<b>C(j/w)V#</b> – in words whose ultima is a glide plus a vowel, stress falls on the ultima.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ilocano</th> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">al-aliá</i></span></td> <td>ghost</td> <td>Consonant–glide–vowel </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ibiáng</i></span></td> <td>to involve (someone or something)</td> <td>Consonant–glide–vowel </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ressuát</i></span></td> <td>creation</td> <td>Consonant–glide–vowel </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>C.'CV:.ʔVC#</b> – in words where VʔV and V is the same vowel for the penult and ultima, the stress falls on the penult.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ilocano</th> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">buggúong</i></span></td> <td>fermented fish or shrimp paste</td> <td>Vowel–glottal–vowel </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">máag</i></span></td> <td>idiot</td> <td>Vowel–glottal–vowel </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">síit</i></span></td> <td>thorn, spine, fish bone</td> <td>Vowel–glottal–vowel </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_stress">Secondary stress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Secondary stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secondary stress occurs in the following environments: </p> <ul><li>Syllables whose coda is the onset of the next, i.e., the syllable before a geminate.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ilocano</th> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">pannakakíta</i></span></td> <td>ability to see</td> <td>Syllable before geminate </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">keddéng</i></span></td> <td>judgement, decision</td> <td>Syllable before geminate </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ubbíng</i></span></td> <td>children</td> <td>Syllable before geminate </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Reduplicated consonant-vowel sequence resulting from morphology or lexicon.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ilocano</th> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">agsasaó</i></span></td> <td>speaks, is speaking</td> <td>Reduplicate CV </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ar-ariá</i></span></td> <td>ghost, spirit</td> <td>Reduplicate CV </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">agdadáit</i></span></td> <td>sews, is sewing</td> <td>Reduplicate CV </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_length">Vowel length</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vowel length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowel length coincides with stressed syllables (primary or secondary) and only on open syllables except for ultimas, for example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/'ka:.jo/</span> 'tree' versus <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ka.'jo/</span> (second person plural ergative pronoun). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stress_shift">Stress shift</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Stress shift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As primary stress can fall only on the <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penult</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ultima_(linguistics)" title="Ultima (linguistics)">ultima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixation</a> causes a shift in stress one syllable to the right. The vowel of open penults that result lengthen as a consequence. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Stem</th> <th>Suffix</th> <th>Result</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈpuː.dut/</span> (heat)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɯn/</span> (Goal focus)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pu.ˈduː.tɯn/</span></td> <td>to warm/heat (something) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/da.ˈlus/</span> (clean)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-an/</span> (Directional focus)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/da.lu.ˈsan/</span></td> <td>to clean (something) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_grammar" title="Ilocano grammar">Ilocano grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilocano verb">Ilocano verb</a></div> <p>Ilocano is typified by a predicate-initial structure. Verbs and adjectives occur in the first position of the sentence, then the rest of the sentence follows. </p><p>Ilocano uses a highly complex list of affixes (prefixes, suffixes, <a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">infixes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enclitics" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitics">enclitics</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplications</a> to indicate a wide array of grammatical categories. Learning simple root words and corresponding affixes goes a long way in forming cohesive sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borrowings">Borrowings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Borrowings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreign accretion comes largely from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and smatterings of much older accretion from Hokkien (<a href="/wiki/Min_Nan" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Nan">Min Nan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" align="center" width="75%"> <caption>Examples of Borrowing </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Word</th> <th>Source</th> <th>Original meaning</th> <th>Ilocano meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrack_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrack (drink)"><i>arak</i></a></td> <td>Arabic (via Malay)</td> <td>drink similar to sake</td> <td>generic alcoholic drink (more specifically, wine) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ukom</i></td> <td>Arabic (via Malay)</td> <td>judge</td> <td>judge </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">karma</i></span></td> <td>Sanskrit</td> <td>deed (see <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>)</td> <td>spirit </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ragadi</i></td> <td>Sanskrit (via Malay)</td> <td>saw</td> <td>saw </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sarming</i></td> <td>Malay</td> <td>mirror</td> <td>mirror </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>lako</i></td> <td>Malay</td> <td>marketable, saleable</td> <td>merchandise </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sanglay</i></span></td> <td>Hokkien</td> <td>to deliver goods</td> <td>to deliver/Chinese merchant </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">agbuldos</i></span></td> <td>English</td> <td>to bulldoze</td> <td>to bulldoze </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kuarta</i></span></td> <td>Spanish</td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">cuarta</i></span> ('quarter', a kind of copper coin)</td> <td>money </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kumosta</i></span></td> <td>Spanish</td> <td>greeting: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">¿Cómo estás?</i></span> ('How are you?')</td> <td>How are you? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>poder</i></td> <td>Spanish</td> <td>power</td> <td>power, care </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>talier</i></td> <td>Spanish</td> <td><i>taller</i> (workshop)</td> <td>mechanic shop </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_expressions">Common expressions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Common expressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ilokano shows a <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T-V distinction</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Ilocano </th></tr> <tr> <td>Yes </td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Wen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>No</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Saan</i></span> <p><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Haan</i></span> (variant) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>How are you?</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Kumostaka?</i></span> <p><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Kumostakayo?</i></span> (polite and plural) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good day</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Naimbag nga aldaw.</i></span> <p><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Naimbag nga aldawyo.</i></span> (polite and plural) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good morning</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Naimbag a bigatmo.</i></span> <p><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Naimbag a bigatyo.</i></span> (polite and plural) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good afternoon</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Naimbag a malemmo.</i></span> <p><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Naimbag a malemyo.</i></span> (polite and plural) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good evening</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Naimbag a rabiim.</i></span> <p><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Naimbag a rabiiyo.</i></span> (polite and plural) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>What is your name?</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Ania ti naganmo?</i></span> (often contracted to <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Ania't nagan mo?</i></span> or <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Ana't nagan mo?</i></span>) <p><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Ania ti naganyo?</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where's the bathroom?</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Ayanna ti banio?</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I do not understand</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Saanko a maawatan/matarusan.</i></span> <p><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Haanko a maawatan/matarusan.</i></span> </p><p><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Diak maawatan/matarusan.</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I love you</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Ay-ayatenka.</i></span> <p><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Ipatpategka.</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I'm sorry.</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Pakawanennak.</i></span> <p><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Dispensarennak.</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you.</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Agyamannak apo.</i></span> <p><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Dios ti agngina.</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goodbye </td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Kastan/Kasta pay.</i></span> (Till then)<br /><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Sige.</i></span> (Okay. Continue.)<br /><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Innakon.</i></span> (I'm going) <br /><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Inkamin.</i></span> (We are going) <p><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Ditakan.</i></span> (You stay)<br /><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Ditakayon.</i></span> (You stay (pl.)) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I/me </td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Siak.</i></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers,_days,_months"><span id="Numbers.2C_days.2C_months"></span>Numbers, days, months</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Numbers, days, months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numbers">Numbers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_numbers" title="Ilocano numbers">Ilocano numbers</a></div> <p>Ilocano uses two number systems, one native and the other derived from Spanish. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" align="center"> <caption>Numbers </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>0</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ibbong</i></span> <br /> <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">awan</i></span> (lit. 'none')</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sero</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.25 (1/4)</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">pagkapat</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kuarto</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.50 (1/2)</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kagudua</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">mitad</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">maysa</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">uno</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">dua</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">dos</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tallo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tres</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">uppat</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kuatro</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">lima</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">singko</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">innem</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sais</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">pito</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">siete</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">walo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">otso</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">siam</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">nuebe</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sangapulo</i></span> (lit. 'a group of ten')</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">dies</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sangapulo ket maysa</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">onse</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sangapulo ket dua</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">dose</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">duapulo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">beinte</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tallopulo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">treinta</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">limapulo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">singkuenta</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sangagasut</i></span> (lit. 'a group of one hundred')</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sien</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sangaribo</i></span> (lit. 'a group of one thousand'), <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ribo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">mil</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10,000</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sangalaksa</i></span> (lit. 'a group of ten thousand'), <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sangapulo a ribo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">dies mil</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000,000</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sangariwriw</i></span> (lit. 'a group of one million')</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">milion</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000,000,000</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sangabilion</i></span> (American English, 'billion')</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">bilion</i></span> (US-influenced), <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">mil miliones</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ilocano uses a mixture of native and Spanish numbers. Traditionally Ilocano numbers are used for quantities and Spanish numbers for time or days and references. Examples: </p><p><b>Spanish</b>: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Mano ti tawenmo?</i></span></dd> <dd>'How old are you (in years)?' (Lit. 'How many years do you have?')</dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Baintiuno.</i></span></dd> <dd>'Twenty one.'</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Luktanyo dagiti Bibliayo iti libro ni Juan kapitulo tres bersikolo diesiseis.</i></span></dd> <dd>'Open your Bibles to the book of John chapter three verse sixteen.'</dd></dl> <p><b>Ilocano</b>: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Mano a kilo ti bagas ti kayatmo?</i></span></dd> <dd>'How many kilos of rice do you want?'</dd> <dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Sangapulo laeng.</i></span></dd> <dd>'Ten only.'</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Adda dua nga ikanna.</i></span></dd> <dd>'He has two fish.' (lit. 'There are two fish with him.')</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Days_of_the_week">Days of the week</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Days of the week"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Days of the week are directly borrowed from Spanish. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" align="center"> <caption>Days of the Week </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Monday</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Lunes</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Tuesday</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Martes</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Wednesday</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Mierkoles</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Thursday</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Huebes</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Friday</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Biernes</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Saturday</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Sabado</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Sunday</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Domingo</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Months">Months</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the days of the week, the names of the months are taken from Spanish. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" align="center"> <caption>Months </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><b>January</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Enero</i></span></td> <td><b>July</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Hulio</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>February</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Pebrero</i></span></td> <td><b>August</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Agosto</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>March</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Marso</i></span></td> <td><b>September</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Septiembre</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>April</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Abril</i></span></td> <td><b>October</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Oktubre</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>May</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Mayo</i></span></td> <td><b>November</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Nobiembre</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>June</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Hunio</i></span></td> <td><b>December</b></td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Disiembre</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Units_of_time">Units of time</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Units of time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names of the units of time are either native or derived from Spanish. The first entries in the following table are native; the second entries are Spanish-derived. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" align="center"> <caption>Units of time </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>second</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kanito</i></span><br /><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">segundo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>minute</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">daras</i></span><br /><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">minuto</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hour</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">oras</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>day</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">aldaw</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>week</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">lawas</i></span><br /><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">dominggo</i></span> (lit. 'Sunday'), <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">semana</i></span> (rare) </td></tr> <tr> <td>month</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">bulan</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>year</td> <td><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tawen</i></span><br /><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">anio</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To mention time, Ilocanos use a mixture of Spanish and Ilocano: </p> <dl><dd>1:00 a.m. <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Ala una iti bigat</i></span> (one in the morning)</dd> <dd>2:30 p.m. <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Alas dos y media iti malem</i></span>, in Spanish: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">A las dos y media de la tarde</i></span> (half past two in the afternoon)</dd> <dd>6:00 p.m <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Alas sais iti sardang</i></span> (six in the evening)</dd> <dd>7:00 p.m <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Alas siete iti rabii</i></span> (seven in the evening)</dd> <dd>12:00 noon <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Alas dose iti pangaldaw</i></span> (twelve noon)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="More_Ilocano_words">More Ilocano words</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: More Ilocano words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Note: adjacent vowels are pronounced separately, and are not slurred together</i>, as in <i>ba-ak</i>, or in <i>la-ing</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">abay</i></span> = beside; wedding party</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">abalayan</i></span> = parents-in-law</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">adal</i></span> = study</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">adayu</i></span> = far</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">adda</i></span> = affirming the presence or existence of a person, place, or object</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ading</i></span> = younger sibling; can also be applied to someone who is younger than the speaker</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">adipen</i></span> = slave</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ala</i></span> = to take</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ammo</i></span> = know</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">anus</i></span> = perseverance, patience (depends on the usage)</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ania</i></span>/<span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">inia</i></span> = what</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">apan</i></span> = go; to go</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">apa</i></span> = fight, argument; ice cream cone</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">apay</i></span> = why</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">apong</i></span> = grandparent</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">apong baket</i></span>/<span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">lilang</i></span>/<span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">lola</i></span> = grandmother</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">apong lakay</i></span>/<span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">lilong</i></span>/<span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">lolo</i></span> = grandfather</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">aramid</i></span> = build, work (Southern dialect)</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">aruangan/ruangan</i></span> = door</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">asideg</i></span> = near</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">atiddug</i></span> = long</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">awan</i></span> = none / nothing</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">awan te remedio?</i></span> = there is no cure?</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ay naku!</i></span> = oh my goodness!</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ay sus!</i></span>/<span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">Ay Apo!</i></span> = oh, Jesus/oh, my God!</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">baak</i></span> = ancient; old</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">bado</i></span> = clothes; outfit; shirt</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">bagi</i></span> = one's body; ownership</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">balitok</i></span> = gold</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">balong</i></span> = same as <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">baro</i></span></li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">bangles</i></span> = spoiled food</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">(i/bag)baga</i></span> = (to) tell/speak</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">bagtit</i></span>/<span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">mauyong</i></span> = crazy/bad word in Ilokano,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> drunk person, meager</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">baket</i></span> = old woman</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">balasang</i></span> = young female/lass</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">balatong</i></span> = mung beans</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">balay</i></span> = house</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">balong</i></span> = infant/child</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">bangsit</i></span> = stink/unpleasant/spoiled</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">baro</i></span> = young male/lad</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">basa</i></span> = study; read</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">basang</i></span> = same as <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">balasang</i></span></li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">bassit</i></span> = few, small, tiny</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">basol</i></span> = fault, wrongdoing, sin</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">baut</i></span> = spank</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">bayag</i></span> = slow</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">baybay</i></span> = sea; bay</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">binting</i></span> = 25 cents/quarter</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">buneng</i></span> = bladed tool / sword</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">dadael</i></span> = destroy/ruin</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">dakes</i></span> = bad</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">dakkel</i></span> = big; large; huge</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">(ma)damdama</i></span> = later</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">danon</i></span> = to arrive at</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">danug</i></span> = punch</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">diding</i></span>/<span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">taleb</i></span>/<span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">pader</i></span> = wall</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">dumanon</i></span> = come</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">gastos</i></span> = spend</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ganus</i></span> = unripe</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">gasut</i></span> = hundred</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">gaw-at</i></span> = reach</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">(ag) gawid</i></span> = go home</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">giddan</i></span> = simultaneous</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">gur-ruod</i></span> = thunder</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">haan/saan/aan</i></span> = no</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">iggem</i></span> = holding</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ikkan</i></span> = to give</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">inipis</i></span> = cards</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">intun bigat</i></span>/<span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">intuno bigat</i></span> = tomorrow</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kaanakan</i></span> = niece / nephew</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kabalio</i></span> = horse</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kabarbaro</i></span> = new</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kabatiti</i></span> = loofah</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kabsat</i></span>/<span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kabagis</i></span> = sibling</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kallub</i></span> = cover</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kanayon</i></span> = always</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">karruba</i></span> = neighbor</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">katawa</i></span> = laugh</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">katkatawa</i></span> = is laughing</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kayat</i></span> = want</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kayo</i></span> = wood</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kayumanggi-kunig</i></span> = yellowish brown</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kiaw/amarilio</i></span> = yellow (as in the <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian Spanish</a> pronunciation)</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kibin</i></span> = hold hands</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kigtut</i></span> = startle</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kimat</i></span> = lightning</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kuddot/keddel</i></span> = pinch</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kumá</i></span> = hoping for</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ina/inang/nanang</i></span> = mother</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">lastog</i></span> = boast/arrogant</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">lag-an</i></span> = light/not heavy</li> <li><i>laeng</i> = only, just</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">laing</i></span>/<span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sirib</i></span> = intelligence</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">lawa</i></span> = wide</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">lugan</i></span> = vehicle</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">madi</i></span> = hate/unable</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">manang</i></span> = older sister or relative; can also be applied to women a little older than the speaker</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">mano</i></span> = how many/how much</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">manong</i></span> = older brother or relative; can also be applied to men a little older than the speaker</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">mare/kumare</i></span> = female friend/mother</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">met</i></span> = also, too</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">obra</i></span> = work (Northern dialect)</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">naimbag nga agsapa</i></span> = good morning</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">naapgad</i></span> = salty</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">nagasang, naadat</i></span> = spicy</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">(na)pintas</i></span> = beautiful/pretty (woman)</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">(na)ngato</i></span> = high/above/up</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">panaw</i></span> = leave</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">kompadre/pare</i></span> = close male friend</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">padi</i></span> = priest</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">(na)peggad</i></span> = danger(ous)</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">(ag)perdi</i></span> = (to) break/ruin/damage</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">pigis</i></span>= tear</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">pigsa</i></span> = strength; strong</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">piman</i></span> = little one</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">pimmusay(en)</i></span> = died; passed away</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">pungtot</i></span> = wrath</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">puon</i></span> = root</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">pustaan</i></span> = bet, wager</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ridaw/bintana</i></span> = window/s</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">riing</i></span> = wake up</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">rigat</i></span> = hardship</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">rugi</i></span> = start; beginning</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">rugit</i></span> = dirt/not clean</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ruot</i></span> = weed/s</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">rupa</i></span> = face</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ruar</i></span> = outside; out</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sagad</i></span> = broom</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sala</i></span> = dance</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sang-gol</i></span> = arm wrestling</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sapul/birok</i></span> = find; need; search</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">(na)sakit</i></span> = (it) hurts</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">sida</i></span> = noun for fish, main dish, side dish, viand</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">siit</i></span> = fish bone/thorn</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">(na)singpet</i></span> = kind/obedient</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">suli</i></span> = corner</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">(ag)surat</i></span> = (to) write</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tabbed/muno</i></span> = dumb</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tadem</i></span> = sharpness (use for tools)</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">takaw</i></span> = steal</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">takrot/tarkok</i></span> = coward/afraid</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tangken</i></span> = hard (texture)</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tarong</i></span> = eggplant</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tinnag</i></span> = fall down</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">(ag)tokar</i></span> = to play music or a musical instrument</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">torpe</i></span> = rude; stupid</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tudo</i></span> = rain</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">(ag)tugaw</i></span> = (to) sit</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tugawan</i></span> = anything to sit on</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tugaw</i></span> = chair; seat</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">tuno</i></span> = grill</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">(na)tawid</i></span> = inherit(ed); heritage</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ubing</i></span> = kid; baby; child</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">umay</i></span> = to come; welcome</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">unay</i></span> = very much</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">uliteg/tio</i></span> = uncle</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">uray</i></span> = even though; wait</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">uray siak met</i></span> = me too; even I/me</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">ulo</i></span> = head</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">upa</i></span> = hen</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">uston</i></span> = stop it</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">utong</i></span> = string beans</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">utot/daga</i></span> = mouse/rat</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">uttot</i></span> = fart</li> <li><span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">wen/wun</i></span> = yes</li></ul> </div> <p>Also of note is the <a href="/wiki/Yo-yo" title="Yo-yo">yo-yo</a>, probably named after the Ilocano word <span title="Ilocano-language text"><i lang="ilo">yóyo</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilokano_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano grammar">Ilocano grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilokano_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano numbers">Ilocano numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilokano_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano particles">Ilocano particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilokano_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano verb">Ilocano verb</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, there are notable exceptions. The reverse is true for the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> where it has two representations in native words. The vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> is written <b>o</b> when it appears in the last syllable of the word or of the root, for example <b>kitaemonto</b> /ki.ta.e.mun.tu/. In addition, <b>e</b> represents two vowels in the southern dialect: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯ]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The diphthong /ei/ is a variant of /ai/.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The distinction between /o/ and /u/ is minimal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The '#' represents the start of the word boundary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the symbol '<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∅</span>' represents <i>zero</i> or an absence of a phoneme.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilocano syllables always begin with a consonant onset. Words that begin with a vowel actually begin with a glottal stop ('<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>'), but it is not shown in the orthography. When the glottal stop occurs within a word there are two ways it is represented. When two vowels are juxtaposed, except certain vowel combinations beginning with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> which in fact imply a glide <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, the glottal stop is implied. Examples: <b>buok</b> <i>hair</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[buː.ʔok]</span>, <b>dait</b> <i>sew</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[daː.ʔit]</span>, but <b>not</b> <b>ruar</b> <i>outside</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾwaɾ]</span>. However, if the previous syllable is closed (ends in a consonant) and the following syllable begins with a glottal stop, a hyphen is used to represent it, for example <b>lab-ay</b> <i>bland</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lab.ʔai]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-affricates-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-affricates_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affricates_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affricates_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affricates_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affricates_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affricates_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affricates_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Letters in parentheses are orthographic conventions that are used.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanish permits stress to fall on the antepenult. As a result, Ilokano will shift the stress to fall on the penult. For example, <b>árabe</b> <i>an Arab</i> becomes <b>arábo</b> in Ilocano.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/ethnicity-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing">Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) https://psa.gov.ph/content/ethnicity-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Fethnicity-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing+Ethnicity+in+the+Philippines+%282020+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlocano+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubino_2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubino_2000_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubino_2000_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubino_2000_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubino2000">Rubino (2000)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-speakers-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-speakers_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-speakers_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippine Census, 2000. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+YO-YO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fyo-yo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlocano+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubino1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Rubino, Carl (1997). <i>Ilocano Reference Grammar</i> (PhD thesis). University of California, Santa Barbara.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ilocano+Reference+Grammar&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+Santa+Barbara&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rubino&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlocano+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubino2000" class="citation book cs1">Rubino, Carl (2000). <i>Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar: Ilocano-English, English-Ilocano</i>. University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2088-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2088-6"><bdi>0-8248-2088-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilocano+Dictionary+and+Grammar%3A+Ilocano-English%2C+English-Ilocano&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8248-2088-6&rft.aulast=Rubino&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlocano+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanoverbergh1955" class="citation book cs1">Vanoverbergh, Morice (1955). <i>Iloco Grammar</i>. Baguio, Philippines: Catholic School Press/<a href="/wiki/CICM_Missionaries" title="CICM Missionaries">Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Mary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iloco+Grammar&rft.place=Baguio%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Catholic+School+Press%2FCongregation+of+the+Sacred+Heart+of+Mary&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Vanoverbergh&rft.aufirst=Morice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlocano+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilocano_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ilo:"> Iloko edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ilocano_phrasebook#Q35936" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Ilocano phrasebook">Ilocano</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toidp.com/">The Online Ilokano Dictionary Project (TOIDP)</a> – A free Ilokano dictionary application for people to utilize to overcome the language barriers existing between the English and Ilokano languages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.toidp.ilokano.search.free">Android Mobile Application - Ilokano Search</a> – A free Android application that allows users to search our database of entries for Ilokano/English translations.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geo.itunes.apple.com/us/app/ilokano-search-free/id1110530308?mt=8">iOS Mobile Application - Ilokano Search</a> – A free iOS application that allows users to search our database of entries for Ilokano/English translations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByVFvKzo7XnoUm9lMnFVYmVuczA/edit?pli=1">Tarabay iti Ortograpia ti Pagsasao nga Ilokano</a> – A free ebook version of the Guide on the Orthography of the Ilokano Language developed by the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (KWF) in consultation with various stakeholders in Ilokano language and culture and developed back in 2012 as a resource material for the implementation of the Department of Education's K-12 curriculum with the integration of MTB-MLE or Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bansa.org?q=dictionaries/cmd&dict_lang=Ilokano">Bansa.org Ilokano Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414090221/http://www.bansa.org/?q=dictionaries%2Fcmd&dict_lang=Ilokano">Archived</a> 14 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/search?language_code=ilo">Materials in Ilocano</a> from <a href="/wiki/Paradisec" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradisec">Paradisec</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Austronesian_languages">Ilokano Swadesh vocabulary list</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iloko.tripod.com/Ilocano.html">Ilocano: Ti pagsasao ti amianan</a> – Webpage by linguist Dr. Carl R. Galvez Rubino, author of dictionaries on Iloko and <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512110616/http://www.iluko.com/">Iluko.com</a> popular Ilokano web portal featuring Ilokano songs, Iloko fiction and poetry, Ilokano riddles, and a lively Ilokano forum (Dap-ayan).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mannurat.blogspot.com/">mannurat.com</a> blog of an Ilokano fictionist and poet written in Iloko and featuring original and Iloko fiction and poetry, literary analysis and criticism focused on <a href="/wiki/Ilokano_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano literature">Ilokano Literature</a>, and literary news about Iloko writing and writers and organization like the <a href="/wiki/GUMIL_Filipinas" title="GUMIL Filipinas">GUMIL</a> (Gunglo dagiti Mannurat nga Ilokano).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samtoy.blogspot.com/">samtoy.blogspot.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801183720/http://samtoy.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Yloco Blog maintained by Ilokano writers Raymundo Pascua Addun and Joel Manuel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170503020518/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/">Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216050920/http://www.dadapilan.com/ruangan/">dadapilan.com</a> – an Iloko literature portal featuring Iloko works by Ilokano writers and forum for Iloko literary study, criticism and online workshop.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORteJGb68g4C">Vocabularios de la Lengua Ilocana</a> by N.P.S. Agustin, published in 1849.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tuggot.blogspot.com/">Tugot</a> A blog maintained by Ilokano writer Jake Ilac.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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id="Philippine_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic (Bashiic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">Bilic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teduray_language" title="Teduray language">Teduray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sambalic_languages" title="Sambalic languages">Sambalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Mag-antsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Mag-indi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central<br />Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol" title="Central Bikol">Central Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Isarog Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Boholano_dialect" title="Boholano dialect">Boholano</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano †</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mansakan_languages" title="Mansakan languages">Mansakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davawenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tagalogic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasiguranin" title="Kasiguranin">Kasiguranin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a> †</small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Batangas_Tagalog" title="Batangas Tagalog">Batangueño</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(unclassified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)" title="Ata language (Negros)">Ata</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danao_languages" title="Danao languages">Danao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalo–Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manobo_languages" title="Manobo languages">Manobo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Binukid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palawanic_languages" title="Palawanic languages">Palawanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aborlan_Tagbanwa_language" title="Aborlan Tagbanwa language">Aborlan Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language" title="Central Tagbanwa language">Central Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taaw%CA%BCt_Bato_language" title="Taawʼt Bato language">Taawʼt Bato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mindoro_languages" title="Southern Mindoro languages">Southern Mindoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Subanon_language" title="Western Subanon language">Western Subanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicamay_Agta_language" title="Dicamay Agta language">Dicamay Agta</a> †</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ilocano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley_languages" title="Cagayan Valley languages">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Cagayan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%CA%BCdang_language" title="Gaʼdang language">Gaʼdang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meso-Cordilleran_languages" title="Meso-Cordilleran languages">Meso-Cordilleran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Cordilleran_languages" title="Central Cordilleran languages">Central Cordilleran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_languages" title="Itneg languages">Itneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cordilleran_languages" title="Southern Cordilleran languages">Southern Cordilleran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Klata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manide–Alabat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine</a> †</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_languages_of_the_Philippines" title="List of regional languages of the Philippines">Regional languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">region</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language" title="Pangutaran Sama language">Pangutaran Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Inagta Partido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Catanduanes_Bikol_language" title="Southern Catanduanes Bikol language">Southern Catanduanes Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Central Cagayan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinapigue_Agta" title="Dinapigue Agta">Dinapigue Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupaningan_Agta" title="Dupaningan Agta">Dupaningan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagtipunan_Agta" title="Nagtipunan Agta">Nagtipunan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_Agta_language" title="Paranan Agta language">Paranan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_language" title="Paranan language">Paranan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Antsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiguran_Dumagat_Agta" title="Casiguran Dumagat Agta">Casiguran Dumagat Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Indi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasiguranin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasiguranin language">Kasiguranin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27dang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ga'dang language">Ga'dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itneg language">Itneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davaoeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Klata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaknon_language" title="Abaknon language">Abaknon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language" title="Central Tagbanwa language">Central Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Bukid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruray language">Tiruray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)" title="Ata language (Negros)">Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_in_the_Philippines" title="Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines">Mandarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Malay language in the Philippines">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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