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开始编写我们的 Svelte 待办事项列表应用程序 - 学习 Web 开发 | MDN
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href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting">文本格式进阶</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure">文档与网站架构</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML">HTML 调试</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter">标记信件</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content">构建网页内容</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>多媒体与嵌入</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding">多媒体与嵌入</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Images_in_HTML">HTML 中的图片</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Video_and_audio_content">视频和音频内容</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Other_embedding_technologies">从 object 到 iframe——其他嵌入技术</a></li><li><a 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href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Getting_started">让我们开始 CSS 的学习之旅</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_is_structured">CSS 的组成</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_works">CSS 如何运行</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Styling_a_biography_page">运用你的新知识</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS 基础</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks">CSS 构建</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors">CSS 选择器</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Type_Class_and_ID_Selectors">类型、类和 ID 选择器</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Attribute_selectors">属性选择器</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Pseudo-classes_and_pseudo-elements">伪类和伪元素</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Combinators">关系选择器</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_and_inheritance">层叠、优先级与继承</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_layers">层叠层</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model">盒模型</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders">背景与边框</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions">处理不同方向的文本</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Overflowing_content">溢出的内容</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Values_and_units">CSS 值和单位</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Sizing_items_in_CSS">在 CSS 中调整大小</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Images_media_form_elements">图像、媒体和表单元素</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Styling_tables">样式化表格</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Advanced_styling_effects">高级区块效果</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Debugging_CSS">调试 CSS</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Organizing">组织 CSS</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Fundamental_CSS_comprehension">基本的 CSS 理解</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Creating_fancy_letterheaded_paper">创建精美的信纸</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/A_cool_looking_box">一个漂亮的盒子</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>样式化文本</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text">为文本添加样式(样式化文本)</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Fundamentals">基本文本和字体样式</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_lists">为列表添加样式</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_links">样式化链接</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Web_fonts">Web 字体</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Typesetting_a_homepage">作业:排版社区大学首页</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS 排版</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout">CSS 布局</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Introduction">介绍 CSS 布局</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow">常规流布局</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox">弹性盒子</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids">网格</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Floats">浮动</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning">定位</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Multiple-column_Layout">多列布局</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Responsive_Design">响应式设计</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Media_queries">媒体查询入门指南</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Legacy_Layout_Methods">传统的布局方法</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Supporting_Older_Browsers">支持旧浏览器</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Fundamental_Layout_Comprehension">作业:基本布局理解</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript">JavaScript——用户端动态脚本</a></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript 第一步</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps">JavaScript 第一步</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_is_JavaScript">什么是 JavaScript?</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/A_first_splash">JavaScript 初体验</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_went_wrong">查找并解决 JavaScript 代码的错误</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Variables">如何存储你需要的信息——变量</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Math">JavaScript 中的基础数学 — 数字和操作符</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Strings">文本处理——JavaScript 中的字符串</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Useful_string_methods">有用的字符串方法</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Arrays">数组</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Silly_story_generator">笑话生成器</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript 基础</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks">创建 JavaScript 代码块</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/conditionals">在代码中做决定——条件语句</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Looping_code">循环吧,代码</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Functions">函数——可复用的代码块</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Build_your_own_function">创建你自己的函数</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Return_values">函数返回值</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Events">事件介绍</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Event_bubbling">事件冒泡</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Image_gallery">图片库</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript 对象介绍</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects">JavaScript 对象入门</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Basics">JavaScript 对象基础</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_prototypes">对象原型</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object-oriented_programming">面向对象编程基本概念</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Classes_in_JavaScript">JavaScript 中的类</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/JSON">使用 JSON</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_building_practice">实践对象构造</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Adding_bouncing_balls_features">为“弹球”示例添加新功能</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>异步 JavaScript</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous">异步 JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing">异步 JavaScript 简介</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Promises">如何使用 Promise</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Implementing_a_promise-based_API">如何实现基于 Promise 的 API</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing_workers">workers 简介</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Sequencing_animations">序列动画</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>客户端 Web API</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs">客户端 Web API</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Introduction">Web API 简介</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Manipulating_documents">操作文档</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Fetching_data">从服务器获取数据</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Third_party_APIs">第三方 API</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Drawing_graphics">绘图</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Video_and_audio_APIs">视频和音频 API</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Client-side_storage">客户端存储</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms">Web 表单——与用户数据打交道</a></li><li><details><summary>Web 表单核心</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms">Web 表单构建块</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form">创建我的第一个表单</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_structure_a_web_form">如何构建 HTML 表单</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Basic_native_form_controls">原生表单部件</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types">HTML5 的输入(input)类型</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls">其他表单控件</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms">样式化 Web 表单</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling">表单样式化进阶</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/UI_pseudo-classes">UI 伪类</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Form_validation">表单数据校验</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_and_retrieving_form_data">发送表单数据</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Web 表单进阶</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls">如何构建自定义表单控件</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript">使用 JavaScript 发送表单</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls">表单控件兼容性列表</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML_forms_in_legacy_browsers">旧式浏览器中的 HTML 表单</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility">无障碍——使每个人都能使用 Web</a></li><li><details><summary>无障碍指南</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility">无障碍</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/What_is_accessibility">什么是无障碍?</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/HTML">HTML:无障碍的良好基础</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/CSS_and_JavaScript">CSS 和 JavaScript 无障碍最佳实践</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/WAI-ARIA_basics">WAI-ARIA 基础</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Multimedia">多媒体无障碍</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Mobile">移动端无障碍</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Accessibility_troubleshooting">测验:无障碍疑难解答</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance">性能——使网站快速响应</a></li><li><details><summary>性能指南</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance">Web 性能</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/why_web_performance">Web 性能的重要性</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/What_is_web_performance">什么是 web 性能?</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/Perceived_performance">感知性能</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/Measuring_performance">测量性能</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/Multimedia">多媒体:图片</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/video">多媒体:视频</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/JavaScript">JavaScript 性能优化</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/HTML">HTML 性能优化</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/CSS">CSS 性能优化</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/business_case_for_performance">web 性能的商业案例</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML">MathML——使用 MathML 语言撰写数学表达式</a></li><li><details><summary>MathML 第一步</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps">MathML 入门概述</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Getting_started">MathML 使用入门</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Text_containers">MathML 文本容器</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Fractions_and_roots">MathML 分数和根号</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Scripts">MathML 附加符号</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Tables">MathML 表格</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Three_famous_mathematical_formulas">三个著名的数学公式</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/../Games">游戏——开发 Web 游戏</a></li><li><details><summary>指南和基础教程</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Games/Introduction">Web 游戏开发简介</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Games/Techniques">游戏开发技术</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Games/Tutorials">教程</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Games/Publishing_games">发布游戏</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing">工具与测试</a></li><li><details><summary>客户端 web 开发工具</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools">理解客户端 web 开发工具</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Overview">客户端工具概述</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Command_line">命令行速成课</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Package_management">软件包管理基础</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Introducing_complete_toolchain">介绍完整的工具链</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Deployment">部署我们的应用</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>客户端框架介绍</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Introduction">客户端框架介绍</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Main_features">框架的主要特性</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>React</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_getting_started">React 入门</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_todo_list_beginning">开始我们的 React 待办清单</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_components">组件化我们的 React App</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_events_state">React interactivity: Events and state</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_filtering_conditional_rendering">React interactivity: Editing, filtering, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_accessibility">Accessibility in React</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_resources">React resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Ember</summary><ol><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_getting_started">Getting started with Ember</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_structure_componentization">Ember app structure and componentization</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_interactivity_events_state">Ember interactivity: Events, classes and state</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_conditional_footer">Ember Interactivity: Footer functionality, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_routing">Routing in Ember</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_resources">Ember resources and troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Vue</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_getting_started">开始使用 Vue</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_first_component">创建第一个 Vue 组件</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_rendering_lists">渲染 Vue 组件列表</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_methods_events_models">使用 Vue event、method 和 model 添加一个新的 todo 表单</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_styling">使用 CSS 为 Vue 组件添加样式</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_computed_properties">Vue 中的计算属性</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_conditional_rendering">Vue 中的条件渲染:编辑现有的待办事项</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_refs_focus_management">使用 Vue 模板引用进行焦点管理</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_resources">Vue 资源</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details open=""><summary>Svelte</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started">Svelte 入门</a></li><li><em><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning" aria-current="page">开始编写我们的 Svelte 待办事项列表应用程序</a></em></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props">Svelte 中的动态行为:变量和属性</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_components">将我们的 Svelte 应用组件化</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_reactivity_lifecycle_accessibility">Svelte 进阶:响应式、生命周期以及无障碍</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_stores">使用 Svelte store</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_TypeScript">Svelte 对 TypeScript 的支持</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_deployment_next">部署以及下一步</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Angular</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_getting_started">Angular 入门</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_todo_list_beginning">Beginning our Angular todo list app</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_styling">Styling our Angular app</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_item_component">Creating an item component</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_filtering">Filtering our to-do items</a></li><li><a class="only-in-en-us" title="此页面目前仅提供英文版本" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_building">Building Angular applications and further resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Git 和 GitHub</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/GitHub">Git 和 GitHub</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>跨浏览器测试</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing">跨浏览器测试</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Introduction">跨浏览器测试介绍</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Testing_strategies">测试的策略</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/HTML_and_CSS">处理常见的 HTML 和 CSS 问题</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/JavaScript">处理常见的 JavaScript 问题</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Accessibility">解决常见的无障碍问题</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Feature_detection">实现特性检测</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Automated_testing">自动化测试简介</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Your_own_automation_environment">搭建自己的自动化测试环境</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side">服务端网页编程</a></li><li><details><summary>第一步</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps">服务端网站编程的第一步</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Introduction">服务端编程介绍</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Client-Server_overview">客户端服务端交互概述</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Web_frameworks">服务端 web 框架</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Website_security">站点安全</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Django Web 框架(Python)</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django">Django Web 框架 (python)</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Introduction">Django 介绍</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/development_environment">设置 Django 开发环境</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website">Django Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website">Django Tutorial Part 2: 创建网站的地基</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Models">Django Tutorial Part 3: 使用模型</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Admin_site">Django Tutorial Part 4: Django 管理员站点</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Home_page">Django 教程 5:主页构建</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Generic_views">Django 教程 6: 通用列表和详细信息视图</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Sessions">Django 教程 7: 会话框架</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Authentication">Django 教程 8:用户授权与许可</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Forms">Django 教程 9: 使用表单</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Testing">Django 教程 10: 测试 Django 网页应用</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Deployment">Django 教程 11:部署 Django 到生产环境</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/web_application_security">Django Web 应用安全</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/django_assessment_blog">评估:DIY Django 微博客</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Express Web 框架(Node.js/JavaScript)</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs">Express Web 框架(Node.js/JavaScript)</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Introduction">Express/Node 入门</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/development_environment">设置 Node 开发环境</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Tutorial_local_library_website">Express 教程:本地图书馆网站</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/skeleton_website">Express 教程 2:创建站点框架</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/mongoose">Express 教程 3:使用数据库 (Mongoose)</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/routes">Express 教程 4:路由和控制器</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Displaying_data">Express 教程 5: 呈现图书馆数据</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/forms">Express 教程 6: 使用表单</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/deployment">Express 教程 7: 部署到生产环境</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Common_questions">更多资源</a></li><li><details><summary>常见问题</summary><ol><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Common_questions">常见问题</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Howto">使用 HTML 解决常见问题</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Howto">解决常见的 CSS 问题</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Howto">解决 JavaSctript 代码的常见问题</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Web_mechanics">Web 机制</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Tools_and_setup">工具和安装</a></li><li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Design_and_accessibility">设计与无障碍</a></li></ol></details></li></ol></div></div><section class="place side"></section></nav></aside><div class="toc-container"><aside class="toc"><nav><div class="document-toc-container"><section class="document-toc"><header><h2 class="document-toc-heading">在本文中</h2></header><ul class="document-toc-list"><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#与我们一起编写代码">与我们一起编写代码</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#待办列表应用程序特性">待办列表应用程序特性</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#建立我们第一个组件">建立我们第一个组件</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#加上静态标记语言">加上静态标记语言</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#svelte_无障碍性支持">Svelte 无障碍性支持</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#为标记语言加上样式">为标记语言加上样式</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#到目前为止的代码">到目前为止的代码</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#总结">总结</a></li></ul></section></div></nav></aside><section class="place side"></section></div></div><main id="content" class="main-content "><article class="main-page-content" lang="zh-CN"><header><h1>开始编写我们的 Svelte 待办事项列表应用程序</h1></header><div class="section-content"><ul class="prev-next"> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started"><span class="button-wrap"> 上一页 </span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks"><span class="button-wrap"> 概述:理解客户端 JavaScript 框架</span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props"><span class="button-wrap"> 下一页 </span></a></li> </ul> <p>现在我们对 Svelte 运作机制有初步的了解后,就能开始构建我们的示例应用程序:一个待办事项列表。此篇文章中,会先确认应用程序所需的功能,接着会建立 <code>Todos.svelte</code> 组件并编写一些静态标记(markup)语言和样式,待一切准备就绪后,就能开始开发待办事项列表应用程序的相关特性,我们将在后续文章实现它们。</p> <p>我们想要让用户能够浏览、新增和删除任务,也能标记它们为完成状态。这将是我们在本系列教程中要开发的基本功能,此外,在开发过程中我们将会学到一些更进阶的概念。</p> <figure class="table-container"><table> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">前提:</th> <td> <p> 推荐你至少需熟悉基本的 <a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML">HTML</a>、<a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS">CSS</a> 与 <a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript">JavaScript</a> 等程序语言且具备<a href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Command_line">终端/命令行环境</a>基本知识。 </p> <p>你需要安装了 node 和 npm 的终端来编译和构建你的应用程序。</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">目标:</th> <td>学习如何建立一个 Svelte 组件并于另一个组件内渲染它,通过属性(prop)传递数据并保存它的状态。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></figure></div><section aria-labelledby="与我们一起编写代码"><h2 id="与我们一起编写代码"><a href="#与我们一起编写代码">与我们一起编写代码</a></h2><div class="section-content"></div></section><section aria-labelledby="git"><h3 id="git"><a href="#git">Git</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>使用以下命令克隆 Github 仓库(假如本地还没有代码):</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">bash</span></div><pre class="brush: bash notranslate"><code>git clone https://github.com/opensas/mdn-svelte-tutorial.git </code></pre></div> <p>接着取得当前应用程序状态,执行:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">bash</span></div><pre class="brush: bash notranslate"><code>cd mdn-svelte-tutorial/02-starting-our-todo-app </code></pre></div> <p>或像这样直接下载文件夹内容:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">bash</span></div><pre class="brush: bash notranslate"><code>npx degit opensas/mdn-svelte-tutorial/02-starting-our-todo-app </code></pre></div> <p>记得执行 <code>npm install && npm run dev</code> 以开发模式来运行你的应用程序。</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="repl"><h3 id="repl"><a href="#repl">REPL</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>为了使用 REPL 和我们一起编写程序代码,点击如下链接:</p> <p><a href="https://svelte.dev/repl/b7b831ea3a354d3789cefbc31e2ca495?version=3.23.2" class="external" target="_blank">https://svelte.dev/repl/b7b831ea3a354d3789cefbc31e2ca495?version=3.23.2</a></p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="待办列表应用程序特性"><h2 id="待办列表应用程序特性"><a href="#待办列表应用程序特性">待办列表应用程序特性</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>这是我们预计完成待办列表应用程序的样子:</p> <p> <img src="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning/01-todo-list-app.png" alt="典型的待办事项列表应用程序,标题为“what needs to be done”(需要完成的事项),输入框用于输入更多待办事项,待办事项列表带有复选框" width="709" height="894" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>使用这个用户界面,我们的用户将能够做到以下事情:</p> <ul> <li>浏览他们的任务。</li> <li>标记任务为已完成或待办理,而不是删除它们。</li> <li>删除任务。</li> <li>新增任务。</li> <li>通过状态过滤任务:全部、正在进行或已完成任务。</li> <li>编辑任务。</li> <li>标记全部任务为正在进行或已完成状态。</li> <li>删除全部已完成任务。</li> </ul></div></section><section aria-labelledby="建立我们第一个组件"><h2 id="建立我们第一个组件"><a href="#建立我们第一个组件">建立我们第一个组件</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>建立 <code>Todos.svelte</code> 组件——这个组件包含我们的待办任务列表。</p> <ol> <li> <p>建立新文件夹——<code>src/components</code>。</p> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>备注:</strong>你可以把组件放在 <code>src</code> 文件夹当中的任何地方,但放在 <code>components</code> 文件夹是比较常见的做法,也让你可以更容易地找到它们。</p> </div> </li> <li> <p>建立 <code>src/components/Todos.svelte</code> 文件并包含以下内容:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><h1>Svelte To-Do list</h1> </code></pre></div> </li> <li> <p>改变 <code>public/index.html</code> 中的 <code>title</code> 元素内容为 <em>Svelte To-do list</em>:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><title>Svelte To-Do list</title> </code></pre></div> </li> <li> <p>打开 <code>src/App.svelte</code> 并替换为以下内容:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><script> import Todos from "./components/Todos.svelte"; </script> <Todos /> </code></pre></div> </li> <li> <p>在开发模式中,如果定义属性没有存在于组件中,Svelte 将会在浏览器控制台发出警告;在此例中,当我们于 <code>src/main.js</code> 实例化 <code>App</code> 组件时,由于我们已经明确定义出 <code>name</code> 属性,但并没有实际在 <code>App</code> 中使用到,所以控制台现在应该会给你一个警告信息,如“<App> was created with unknown prop 'name'”。为了排除这个问题,请从 <code>src/main.js</code> 中移除 <code>name</code> 属性;<code>main.js</code> 现在应该类似于这样:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">js</span></div><pre class="brush: js notranslate"><code>import App from "./App.svelte"; const app = new App({ target: document.body, }); export default app; </code></pre></div> </li> </ol> <p>假如你现在检查你的测试服务器 URL,应该会看到 <code>Todos.svelte</code> 组件已经渲染成如下画面:</p> <p> <img src="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning/02-todos-component-rendered.png" alt="基本组件渲染,标题为“Svelte to-do list”" width="459" height="195" loading="lazy"> </p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="加上静态标记语言"><h2 id="加上静态标记语言"><a href="#加上静态标记语言">加上静态标记语言</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>我们将会从应用程序的静态标记语言表示开始,所以你将会看到它的外观。复制并粘贴下面内容至 <code>Todos.svelte</code> 组件文件以取代现有内容:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">svelte</span></div><pre class="brush: svelte notranslate"><code><!-- Todos.svelte --> <div class="todoapp stack-large"> <!-- 新待办 --> <form> <h2 class="label-wrapper"> <label for="todo-0" class="label__lg"> What needs to be done? </label> </h2> <input type="text" id="todo-0" autocomplete="off" class="input input__lg" /> <button type="submit" disabled="" class="btn btn__primary btn__lg"> Add </button> </form> <!-- 过滤器 --> <div class="filters btn-group stack-exception"> <button class="btn toggle-btn" aria-pressed="true"> <span class="visually-hidden">Show</span> <span>All</span> <span class="visually-hidden">tasks</span> </button> <button class="btn toggle-btn" aria-pressed="false"> <span class="visually-hidden">Show</span> <span>Active</span> <span class="visually-hidden">tasks</span> </button> <button class="btn toggle-btn" aria-pressed="false"> <span class="visually-hidden">Show</span> <span>Completed</span> <span class="visually-hidden">tasks</span> </button> </div> <!-- 待办状态 --> <h2 id="list-heading">2 out of 3 items completed</h2> <!-- 待办 --> <ul role="list" class="todo-list stack-large" aria-labelledby="list-heading"> <!-- 待办—1(编辑模式)--> <li class="todo"> <div class="stack-small"> <form class="stack-small"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="todo-1" class="todo-label"> New name for 'Create a Svelte starter app' </label> <input type="text" id="todo-1" autocomplete="off" class="todo-text" /> </div> <div class="btn-group"> <button class="btn todo-cancel" type="button"> Cancel <span class="visually-hidden">renaming Create a Svelte starter app</span> </button> <button class="btn btn__primary todo-edit" type="submit"> Save <span class="visually-hidden">new name for Create a Svelte starter app</span> </button> </div> </form> </div> </li> <!-- 待办—2 --> <li class="todo"> <div class="stack-small"> <div class="c-cb"> <input type="checkbox" id="todo-2" checked /> <label for="todo-2" class="todo-label"> Create your first component </label> </div> <div class="btn-group"> <button type="button" class="btn"> Edit <span class="visually-hidden">Create your first component</span> </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn__danger"> Delete <span class="visually-hidden">Create your first component</span> </button> </div> </div> </li> <!-- 待办—3 --> <li class="todo"> <div class="stack-small"> <div class="c-cb"> <input type="checkbox" id="todo-3" /> <label for="todo-3" class="todo-label"> Complete the rest of the tutorial </label> </div> <div class="btn-group"> <button type="button" class="btn"> Edit <span class="visually-hidden">Complete the rest of the tutorial</span> </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn__danger"> Delete <span class="visually-hidden">Complete the rest of the tutorial</span> </button> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <hr /> <!-- 更多操作 --> <div class="btn-group"> <button type="button" class="btn btn__primary">Check all</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn__primary">Remove completed</button> </div> </div> </code></pre></div> <p>再次确认已经渲染出来的画面,你应该会看到如下样子:</p> <p> <img src="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning/03-unstyled-todo-app.png" alt="一个待办事项列表应用程序,但没有样式,标题为“what needs to be done”,有输入框、复选框等。" width="795" height="584" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>上面 HTML 标记语言的样式并不是那么好看,而且也没有实际功能。尽管如此,让我们来看看这些标记,看看它们如何与我们想要的特性关联起来:</p> <ul> <li>一个标签和一个输入框用来输入新任务。</li> <li>三个按钮用来依据状态来过滤任务。</li> <li>一个标签用来显示任务总数及已完成任务数量。</li> <li>一个无序列表,其中包含每一个任务项目。</li> <li>编辑任务时,列表条目会有输入框和两个按钮用来取消或保存变更。</li> <li>任务处于非编辑状态时,有一个复选框用于设置已完成状态,还有两个按钮用于编辑或删除任务。</li> <li>最后有两个按钮,分别用于选中/取消选中所有任务和删除已完成任务。</li> </ul> <p>随后的文章我们会逐一将这些特性完善,以及实现更多其他特性。</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="待办列表的无障碍特性"><h3 id="待办列表的无障碍特性"><a href="#待办列表的无障碍特性">待办列表的无障碍特性</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>你可能有注意到一些特殊的属性。例如:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">svelte</span></div><pre class="brush: svelte notranslate"><code><button class="btn toggle-btn" aria-pressed="true"> <span class="visually-hidden">Show</span> <span>All</span> <span class="visually-hidden">tasks</span> </button> </code></pre></div> <p>在这里,<code>aria-pressed</code> 告诉无障碍技术(如屏幕阅读器)按钮可以是两种状态之一:<code>pressed</code> 或 <code>unpressed</code>。可以想象类似于开关状态。设定数值为 <code>true</code> 时,意谓着按钮默认是被按下的。</p> <p><code>visually-hidden</code> 类别现在还没有效果,因为我们还没引入任何 CSS。不过,一旦我们设置了样式,任何带有该类的元素都将对视力正常的用户隐藏起来,但屏幕阅读器用户仍然可以使用,这是因为视力正常的用户并不需要这些文字;这些文字是为了向屏幕阅读器用户提供更多有关按钮作用的信息,因为屏幕阅读器用户没有额外的视觉上下文来帮助他们。</p> <p>再往下看一点,你可以找到如下 <code><ul></code> 元素:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">svelte</span></div><pre class="brush: svelte notranslate"><code><ul role="list" className="todo-list stack-large" aria-labelledby="list-heading"></ul> </code></pre></div> <p><code>role</code> 属性则帮助无障碍技术去解释元素具有什么种类的语义数值——或它的目的。默认情况下,<code><ul></code> 会被视为列表,但在加上样式之后会破坏原有性质。明确定义规则为“list”将能复原 <code><ul></code> 元素本身意义。如果你想要想进一步了解为什么有必要这样做,可以去参考 Scott O'Hara 的<a href="https://www.scottohara.me/blog/2019/01/12/lists-and-safari.html" class="external" target="_blank">“修复列表”</a>(2019)文章。</p> <p><code>aria-labelledby</code> 属性则告诉辅助技术,我们把具有 <code>id</code> 属性值为 <code>list-heading</code> 的 <code><h2></code> 元素作为描述下面列表用途的标签。这种关联为列表提供了更多的上下文信息,可以帮助屏幕阅读器用户更好地理解列表的目的。</p> <p>这似乎是讨论 Svelte 如何处理无障碍的好时机;让我们继续看下去。</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="svelte_无障碍性支持"><h2 id="svelte_无障碍性支持"><a href="#svelte_无障碍性支持">Svelte 无障碍性支持</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>Svelte 特别重视无障碍性。目的是鼓励开发人员尽可能“默认”编写更具有无障碍性的代码。作为编译程序,Svelte 能静态地分析我们的 HTML 模板,而当组件被编译后,就能提出一些无障碍警告。</p> <p>无障碍性(缩写为 a11y)并不总是容易做到,但 Svelte 会在编写不具无障碍性的标记时发出警告,从而帮助你。</p> <p>举例来说,假如我们新增 <code><img></code> 元素至我们的 <code>todos.svelte</code> 组件,但没有对应的 <code>alt</code> 属性:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><h1>Svelte To-Do list</h1> <img height="32" width="88" src="https://www.w3.org/WAI/wcag2A" /> </code></pre></div> <p>编译器将会报出下列警告:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">bash</span></div><pre class="brush: bash notranslate"><code>(!) Plugin svelte: A11y: <img> element should have an alt attribute src/components/Todos.svelte 1: <h1>Svelte To-Do list</h1> 2: 3: <img height="32" width="88" src="https://www.w3.org/WAI/wcag2A"> ^ created public/build/bundle.js in 220ms [2020-07-15 04:07:43] waiting for changes... </code></pre></div> <p>此外,在我们调用编译器之前,编辑器也会显示这个警告:</p> <p> <img src="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning/04-svelte-accessibility-support.png" alt="显示图像标签的代码编辑器窗口,并弹出错误消息,指出该元素应具有 alt 属性" width="741" height="235" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>你可以像这样使用以 <code>svelte-ignore</code> 开头的<a href="https://svelte.dev/docs#Comments" class="external" target="_blank">注释</a>,来告诉 Svelte 去忽略下一个标记语言区块的警告:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">svelte</span></div><pre class="brush: svelte notranslate"><code><!-- svelte-ignore a11y-missing-attribute --> <img height="32" width="88" src="https://www.w3.org/WAI/wcag2A" /> </code></pre></div> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>备注:</strong>通过 VSCode 你可以点击 <em>Quick fix...</em> 链接或按 <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>.</kbd> 来自动地加上这个忽略注释。</p> </div> <p>假如你想要全局地关闭这个警告,可以像这样在你的 <code>rollup.config.js</code> 文件中调整 <code>Svelte</code> 插件配置并补上这个 <code>onwarn</code> 处理器:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">js</span></div><pre class="brush: js notranslate"><code>plugins: [ svelte({ dev: !production, css: (css) => { css.write("public/build/bundle.css"); }, // 警告通常直接传递给 Rollup。你可以 // 选择在这里处理它们,例如压制 // 带有特定代码的警告 onwarn: (warning, handler) => { // 例如,我不在乎屏幕阅读器 -> 请 不 要 这 样 做!!! if (warning.code === "a11y-missing-attribute") return; // 让 Rollup 正常处理所有其他警告 handler(warning); }, }), // … ]; </code></pre></div> <p>在设计上,这些警告是在编译器本身中实现的,而不是可以选择性加入项目的插件。这样做的目的是在默认情况下检查标记中的无障碍问题,并让你选择不使用特定的警告。</p> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>备注:</strong>只有在有充分理由的情况下,例如在构建快速原型时,才应禁用这些警告。做一名优秀的网络公民,让尽可能多的用户都能访问你的网页,这一点非常重要。</p> </div> <p>Svelte 通过 <a href="https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y#supported-rules" class="external" target="_blank">eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y</a> 来检查无障碍性规则,它是提供在 JSX 元素方面的许多无障碍性规则静态检查的一个 ESLint 插件。Svelte 的目标是在其编译器中实现所有这些功能,其中大部分功能已经移植到 Svelte 中。你可以在 GitHub 中看到<a href="https://github.com/sveltejs/svelte/issues/820" class="external" target="_blank">尚未实现的无障碍检查</a>。点击规则的链接可以查阅它们各自的含义。</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="为标记语言加上样式"><h2 id="为标记语言加上样式"><a href="#为标记语言加上样式">为标记语言加上样式</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>让我们来将待办列表变得好看些。将 <code>public/global.css</code> 文件替换为如下内容:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>/* 重置样式 */ *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } *:focus { outline: 3px dashed #228bec; outline-offset: 0; } html { font: 62.5% / 1.15 sans-serif; } h1, h2 { margin-bottom: 0; } ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; } button { border: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: auto; overflow: visible; background: transparent; color: inherit; font: inherit; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-smoothing: inherit; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: inherit; -webkit-appearance: none; } button::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0; } button, input, optgroup, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; font-size: 100%; line-height: 1.15; margin: 0; } button, input { overflow: visible; } input[type="text"] { border-radius: 0; } body { width: 100%; max-width: 68rem; margin: 0 auto; font: 1.6rem/1.25 Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #4d4d4d; } @media screen and (min-width: 620px) { body { font-size: 1.9rem; line-height: 1.31579; } } /* 重置样式结尾 */ /* 全局样式 */ .form-group > input[type="text"] { display: inline-block; margin-top: 0.4rem; } .btn { padding: 0.8rem 1rem 0.7rem; border: 0.2rem solid #4d4d4d; cursor: pointer; text-transform: capitalize; } .btn.toggle-btn { border-width: 1px; border-color: #d3d3d3; } .btn.toggle-btn[aria-pressed="true"] { text-decoration: underline; border-color: #4d4d4d; } .btn__danger { color: #fff; background-color: #ca3c3c; border-color: #bd2130; } .btn__filter { border-color: lightgrey; } .btn__primary { color: #fff; background-color: #000; } .btn__primary:disabled { color: darkgrey; background-color: #565656; } .btn-group { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; } .btn-group > * { flex: 1 1 49%; } .btn-group > * + * { margin-left: 0.8rem; } .label-wrapper { margin: 0; flex: 0 0 100%; text-align: center; } .visually-hidden { position: absolute !important; height: 1px; width: 1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); white-space: nowrap; } [class*="stack"] > * { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } .stack-small > * + * { margin-top: 1.25rem; } .stack-large > * + * { margin-top: 2.5rem; } @media screen and (min-width: 550px) { .stack-small > * + * { margin-top: 1.4rem; } .stack-large > * + * { margin-top: 2.8rem; } } .stack-exception { margin-top: 1.2rem; } /* 全局样式结尾 */ .todoapp { background: #fff; margin: 2rem 0 4rem 0; padding: 1rem; position: relative; box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 20%), 0 2.5rem 5rem 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 10%); } @media screen and (min-width: 550px) { .todoapp { padding: 4rem; } } .todoapp > * { max-width: 50rem; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } .todoapp > form { max-width: 100%; } .todoapp > h1 { display: block; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 1rem; } .label__lg { line-height: 1.01567; font-weight: 300; padding: 0.8rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; text-align: center; } .input__lg { padding: 2rem; border: 2px solid #000; } .input__lg:focus { border-color: #4d4d4d; box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px; } [class*="__lg"] { display: inline-block; width: 100%; font-size: 1.9rem; } [class*="__lg"]:not(:last-child) { margin-bottom: 1rem; } @media screen and (min-width: 620px) { [class*="__lg"] { font-size: 2.4rem; } } .filters { width: 100%; margin: unset auto; } /* 待办条目样式 */ .todo { display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } .todo > * { flex: 0 0 100%; } .todo-text { width: 100%; min-height: 4.4rem; padding: 0.4rem 0.8rem; border: 2px solid #565656; } .todo-text:focus { box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px; } /* 复选框样式 */ .c-cb { box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-weight: 400; font-size: 1.6rem; line-height: 1.25; display: block; position: relative; min-height: 44px; padding-left: 40px; clear: left; } .c-cb > label::before, .c-cb > input[type="checkbox"] { box-sizing: border-box; top: -2px; left: -2px; width: 44px; height: 44px; } .c-cb > input[type="checkbox"] { -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; cursor: pointer; position: absolute; z-index: 1; margin: 0; opacity: 0; } .c-cb > label { font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0; padding: 8px 15px 5px; cursor: pointer; touch-action: manipulation; } .c-cb > label::before { content: ""; position: absolute; border: 2px solid currentColor; background: transparent; } .c-cb > input[type="checkbox"]:focus + label::before { border-width: 4px; outline: 3px dashed #228bec; } .c-cb > label::after { box-sizing: content-box; content: ""; position: absolute; top: 11px; left: 9px; width: 18px; height: 7px; transform: rotate(-45deg); border: solid; border-width: 0 0 5px 5px; border-top-color: transparent; opacity: 0; background: transparent; } .c-cb > input[type="checkbox"]:checked + label::after { opacity: 1; } </code></pre></div> <p>当我们为标记语言加上样式后,现在看起来好多了:</p> <p> <img src="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning/05-styled-todo-app.png" alt="我们的待办事项列表应用程序,有样式,标题为“what needs to be done”,用于输入更多待办事项的输入框以及带有复选框的待办事项列表" width="729" height="926" loading="lazy"> </p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="到目前为止的代码"><h2 id="到目前为止的代码"><a href="#到目前为止的代码">到目前为止的代码</a></h2><div class="section-content"></div></section><section aria-labelledby="git_2"><h3 id="git_2"><a href="#git_2">Git</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>若想要看到本文结束后程序代码所呈现的最终结果,请获取我们仓库的复制:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">bash</span></div><pre class="brush: bash notranslate"><code>cd mdn-svelte-tutorial/03-adding-dynamic-behavior </code></pre></div> <p>或直接下载文件夹内容:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">bash</span></div><pre class="brush: bash notranslate"><code>npx degit opensas/mdn-svelte-tutorial/03-adding-dynamic-behavior </code></pre></div> <p>记得执行 <code>npm install && npm run dev</code> 以开发模式来运行你的应用程序。</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="repl_2"><h3 id="repl_2"><a href="#repl_2">REPL</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>若要在 REPL 查看当前程序代码状态,请点击如下链接:</p> <p><a href="https://svelte.dev/repl/c862d964d48d473ca63ab91709a0a5a0?version=3.23.2" class="external" target="_blank">https://svelte.dev/repl/c862d964d48d473ca63ab91709a0a5a0?version=3.23.2</a></p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="总结"><h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结">总结</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>随着标记和样式设计的到位,我们的待办事项列表应用程序已初具雏形,一切准备就绪,我们可以开始专注于需要实现的特性了。</p><ul class="prev-next"> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started"><span class="button-wrap"> 上一页 </span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks"><span class="button-wrap"> 概述:理解客户端 JavaScript 框架</span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props"><span class="button-wrap"> 下一页 </span></a></li> </ul></div></section></article><aside class="article-footer"><div class="article-footer-inner"><div class="svg-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" 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href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/What_will_your_website_look_like\">你的网站会是什么样子?</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Dealing_with_files\">处理文件</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/HTML_basics\">HTML 基础</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/CSS_basics\">CSS 基础</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/JavaScript_basics\">JavaScript 基础</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Publishing_your_website\">发布你的网站</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/How_the_Web_works\">万维网是如何工作的</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML\">HTML——构建 Web</a></li><li><details><summary>HTML 介绍</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML\">HTML 简介</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started\">开始学习 HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML\">“头”里有什么——HTML 元信息</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals\">HTML 文本处理基础</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks\">创建超链接</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting\">文本格式进阶</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure\">文档与网站架构</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML\">HTML 调试</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter\">标记信件</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content\">构建网页内容</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>多媒体与嵌入</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding\">多媒体与嵌入</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Images_in_HTML\">HTML 中的图片</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Video_and_audio_content\">视频和音频内容</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Other_embedding_technologies\">从 object 到 iframe——其他嵌入技术</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Adding_vector_graphics_to_the_Web\">向 web 中添加矢量图形</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Responsive_images\">响应式图片</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Mozilla_splash_page\">Mozilla 欢迎页面</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>HTML 表格</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables\">HTML 表格</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Basics\">HTML 表格基础</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Advanced\">HTML 表格进阶特性和无障碍</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Structuring_planet_data\">作业:构建行星数据</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS\">CSS——设计 Web</a></li><li><details><summary>CSS 第一步</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps\">CSS 入门概述</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/What_is_CSS\">什么是 CSS?</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Getting_started\">让我们开始 CSS 的学习之旅</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_is_structured\">CSS 的组成</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_works\">CSS 如何运行</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Styling_a_biography_page\">运用你的新知识</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS 基础</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks\">CSS 构建</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors\">CSS 选择器</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Type_Class_and_ID_Selectors\">类型、类和 ID 选择器</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Attribute_selectors\">属性选择器</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Pseudo-classes_and_pseudo-elements\">伪类和伪元素</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Combinators\">关系选择器</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_and_inheritance\">层叠、优先级与继承</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_layers\">层叠层</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model\">盒模型</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\">背景与边框</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions\">处理不同方向的文本</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Overflowing_content\">溢出的内容</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Values_and_units\">CSS 值和单位</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Sizing_items_in_CSS\">在 CSS 中调整大小</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Images_media_form_elements\">图像、媒体和表单元素</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Styling_tables\">样式化表格</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Advanced_styling_effects\">高级区块效果</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Debugging_CSS\">调试 CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Organizing\">组织 CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Fundamental_CSS_comprehension\">基本的 CSS 理解</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Creating_fancy_letterheaded_paper\">创建精美的信纸</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/A_cool_looking_box\">一个漂亮的盒子</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>样式化文本</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text\">为文本添加样式(样式化文本)</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Fundamentals\">基本文本和字体样式</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_lists\">为列表添加样式</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_links\">样式化链接</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Web_fonts\">Web 字体</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Typesetting_a_homepage\">作业:排版社区大学首页</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS 排版</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout\">CSS 布局</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Introduction\">介绍 CSS 布局</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow\">常规流布局</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox\">弹性盒子</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids\">网格</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Floats\">浮动</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning\">定位</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Multiple-column_Layout\">多列布局</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Responsive_Design\">响应式设计</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Media_queries\">媒体查询入门指南</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Legacy_Layout_Methods\">传统的布局方法</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Supporting_Older_Browsers\">支持旧浏览器</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Fundamental_Layout_Comprehension\">作业:基本布局理解</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript\">JavaScript——用户端动态脚本</a></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript 第一步</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps\">JavaScript 第一步</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_is_JavaScript\">什么是 JavaScript?</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/A_first_splash\">JavaScript 初体验</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_went_wrong\">查找并解决 JavaScript 代码的错误</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Variables\">如何存储你需要的信息——变量</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Math\">JavaScript 中的基础数学 — 数字和操作符</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Strings\">文本处理——JavaScript 中的字符串</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Useful_string_methods\">有用的字符串方法</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Arrays\">数组</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Silly_story_generator\">笑话生成器</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript 基础</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks\">创建 JavaScript 代码块</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/conditionals\">在代码中做决定——条件语句</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Looping_code\">循环吧,代码</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Functions\">函数——可复用的代码块</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Build_your_own_function\">创建你自己的函数</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Return_values\">函数返回值</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Events\">事件介绍</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Event_bubbling\">事件冒泡</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Image_gallery\">图片库</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript 对象介绍</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects\">JavaScript 对象入门</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Basics\">JavaScript 对象基础</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_prototypes\">对象原型</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object-oriented_programming\">面向对象编程基本概念</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Classes_in_JavaScript\">JavaScript 中的类</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/JSON\">使用 JSON</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_building_practice\">实践对象构造</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Adding_bouncing_balls_features\">为“弹球”示例添加新功能</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>异步 JavaScript</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous\">异步 JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing\">异步 JavaScript 简介</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Promises\">如何使用 Promise</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Implementing_a_promise-based_API\">如何实现基于 Promise 的 API</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing_workers\">workers 简介</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Sequencing_animations\">序列动画</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>客户端 Web API</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs\">客户端 Web API</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Introduction\">Web API 简介</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Manipulating_documents\">操作文档</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Fetching_data\">从服务器获取数据</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Third_party_APIs\">第三方 API</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Drawing_graphics\">绘图</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Video_and_audio_APIs\">视频和音频 API</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Client-side_storage\">客户端存储</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms\">Web 表单——与用户数据打交道</a></li><li><details><summary>Web 表单核心</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms\">Web 表单构建块</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form\">创建我的第一个表单</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_structure_a_web_form\">如何构建 HTML 表单</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Basic_native_form_controls\">原生表单部件</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types\">HTML5 的输入(input)类型</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\">其他表单控件</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms\">样式化 Web 表单</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling\">表单样式化进阶</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/UI_pseudo-classes\">UI 伪类</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Form_validation\">表单数据校验</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_and_retrieving_form_data\">发送表单数据</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Web 表单进阶</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls\">如何构建自定义表单控件</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript\">使用 JavaScript 发送表单</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls\">表单控件兼容性列表</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML_forms_in_legacy_browsers\">旧式浏览器中的 HTML 表单</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility\">无障碍——使每个人都能使用 Web</a></li><li><details><summary>无障碍指南</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility\">无障碍</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/What_is_accessibility\">什么是无障碍?</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/HTML\">HTML:无障碍的良好基础</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/CSS_and_JavaScript\">CSS 和 JavaScript 无障碍最佳实践</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/WAI-ARIA_basics\">WAI-ARIA 基础</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Multimedia\">多媒体无障碍</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Mobile\">移动端无障碍</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Accessibility_troubleshooting\">测验:无障碍疑难解答</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance\">性能——使网站快速响应</a></li><li><details><summary>性能指南</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance\">Web 性能</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/why_web_performance\">Web 性能的重要性</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/What_is_web_performance\">什么是 web 性能?</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/Perceived_performance\">感知性能</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/Measuring_performance\">测量性能</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/Multimedia\">多媒体:图片</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/video\">多媒体:视频</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/JavaScript\">JavaScript 性能优化</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/HTML\">HTML 性能优化</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/CSS\">CSS 性能优化</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Performance/business_case_for_performance\">web 性能的商业案例</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML\">MathML——使用 MathML 语言撰写数学表达式</a></li><li><details><summary>MathML 第一步</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps\">MathML 入门概述</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Getting_started\">MathML 使用入门</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Text_containers\">MathML 文本容器</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Fractions_and_roots\">MathML 分数和根号</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Scripts\">MathML 附加符号</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Tables\">MathML 表格</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Three_famous_mathematical_formulas\">三个著名的数学公式</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/../Games\">游戏——开发 Web 游戏</a></li><li><details><summary>指南和基础教程</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Games/Introduction\">Web 游戏开发简介</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Games/Techniques\">游戏开发技术</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Games/Tutorials\">教程</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Games/Publishing_games\">发布游戏</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing\">工具与测试</a></li><li><details><summary>客户端 web 开发工具</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools\">理解客户端 web 开发工具</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Overview\">客户端工具概述</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Command_line\">命令行速成课</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Package_management\">软件包管理基础</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Introducing_complete_toolchain\">介绍完整的工具链</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Deployment\">部署我们的应用</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>客户端框架介绍</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Introduction\">客户端框架介绍</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Main_features\">框架的主要特性</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>React</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_getting_started\">React 入门</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_todo_list_beginning\">开始我们的 React 待办清单</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_components\">组件化我们的 React App</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_events_state\">React interactivity: Events and state</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_filtering_conditional_rendering\">React interactivity: Editing, filtering, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_accessibility\">Accessibility in React</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_resources\">React resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Ember</summary><ol><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_getting_started\">Getting started with Ember</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_structure_componentization\">Ember app structure and componentization</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_interactivity_events_state\">Ember interactivity: Events, classes and state</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_conditional_footer\">Ember Interactivity: Footer functionality, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_routing\">Routing in Ember</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_resources\">Ember resources and troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Vue</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_getting_started\">开始使用 Vue</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_first_component\">创建第一个 Vue 组件</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_rendering_lists\">渲染 Vue 组件列表</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_methods_events_models\">使用 Vue event、method 和 model 添加一个新的 todo 表单</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_styling\">使用 CSS 为 Vue 组件添加样式</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_computed_properties\">Vue 中的计算属性</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_conditional_rendering\">Vue 中的条件渲染:编辑现有的待办事项</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_refs_focus_management\">使用 Vue 模板引用进行焦点管理</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_resources\">Vue 资源</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details open=\"\"><summary>Svelte</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started\">Svelte 入门</a></li><li><em><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning\" aria-current=\"page\">开始编写我们的 Svelte 待办事项列表应用程序</a></em></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props\">Svelte 中的动态行为:变量和属性</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_components\">将我们的 Svelte 应用组件化</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_reactivity_lifecycle_accessibility\">Svelte 进阶:响应式、生命周期以及无障碍</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_stores\">使用 Svelte store</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_TypeScript\">Svelte 对 TypeScript 的支持</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_deployment_next\">部署以及下一步</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Angular</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_getting_started\">Angular 入门</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_todo_list_beginning\">Beginning our Angular todo list app</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_styling\">Styling our Angular app</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_item_component\">Creating an item component</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_filtering\">Filtering our to-do items</a></li><li><a class=\"only-in-en-us\" title=\"此页面目前仅提供英文版本\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_building\">Building Angular applications and further resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Git 和 GitHub</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/GitHub\">Git 和 GitHub</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>跨浏览器测试</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing\">跨浏览器测试</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Introduction\">跨浏览器测试介绍</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Testing_strategies\">测试的策略</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/HTML_and_CSS\">处理常见的 HTML 和 CSS 问题</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/JavaScript\">处理常见的 JavaScript 问题</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Accessibility\">解决常见的无障碍问题</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Feature_detection\">实现特性检测</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Automated_testing\">自动化测试简介</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Your_own_automation_environment\">搭建自己的自动化测试环境</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side\">服务端网页编程</a></li><li><details><summary>第一步</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps\">服务端网站编程的第一步</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Introduction\">服务端编程介绍</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Client-Server_overview\">客户端服务端交互概述</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Web_frameworks\">服务端 web 框架</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Website_security\">站点安全</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Django Web 框架(Python)</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django\">Django Web 框架 (python)</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Introduction\">Django 介绍</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/development_environment\">设置 Django 开发环境</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website\">Django Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website\">Django Tutorial Part 2: 创建网站的地基</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Models\">Django Tutorial Part 3: 使用模型</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Admin_site\">Django Tutorial Part 4: Django 管理员站点</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Home_page\">Django 教程 5:主页构建</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Generic_views\">Django 教程 6: 通用列表和详细信息视图</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Sessions\">Django 教程 7: 会话框架</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Authentication\">Django 教程 8:用户授权与许可</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Forms\">Django 教程 9: 使用表单</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Testing\">Django 教程 10: 测试 Django 网页应用</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Deployment\">Django 教程 11:部署 Django 到生产环境</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/web_application_security\">Django Web 应用安全</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/django_assessment_blog\">评估:DIY Django 微博客</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Express Web 框架(Node.js/JavaScript)</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs\">Express Web 框架(Node.js/JavaScript)</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Introduction\">Express/Node 入门</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/development_environment\">设置 Node 开发环境</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Tutorial_local_library_website\">Express 教程:本地图书馆网站</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/skeleton_website\">Express 教程 2:创建站点框架</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/mongoose\">Express 教程 3:使用数据库 (Mongoose)</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/routes\">Express 教程 4:路由和控制器</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Displaying_data\">Express 教程 5: 呈现图书馆数据</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/forms\">Express 教程 6: 使用表单</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/deployment\">Express 教程 7: 部署到生产环境</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Common_questions\">更多资源</a></li><li><details><summary>常见问题</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Common_questions\">常见问题</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML/Howto\">使用 HTML 解决常见问题</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS/Howto\">解决常见的 CSS 问题</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Howto\">解决 JavaSctript 代码的常见问题</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Web_mechanics\">Web 机制</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Tools_and_setup\">工具和安装</a></li><li><a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Design_and_accessibility\">设计与无障碍</a></li></ol></details></li></ol>","sidebarMacro":"LearnSidebar","body":[{"type":"prose","value":{"id":null,"title":null,"isH3":false,"content":"<ul class=\"prev-next\">\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> 上一页 </span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> 概述:理解客户端 JavaScript 框架</span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> 下一页 </span></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>现在我们对 Svelte 运作机制有初步的了解后,就能开始构建我们的示例应用程序:一个待办事项列表。此篇文章中,会先确认应用程序所需的功能,接着会建立 <code>Todos.svelte</code> 组件并编写一些静态标记(markup)语言和样式,待一切准备就绪后,就能开始开发待办事项列表应用程序的相关特性,我们将在后续文章实现它们。</p>\n<p>我们想要让用户能够浏览、新增和删除任务,也能标记它们为完成状态。这将是我们在本系列教程中要开发的基本功能,此外,在开发过程中我们将会学到一些更进阶的概念。</p>\n<figure class=\"table-container\"><table>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\">前提:</th>\n <td>\n <p>\n 推荐你至少需熟悉基本的\n <a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/HTML\">HTML</a>、<a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/CSS\">CSS</a> 与\n <a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/JavaScript\">JavaScript</a>\n 等程序语言且具备<a href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Command_line\">终端/命令行环境</a>基本知识。\n </p>\n <p>你需要安装了 node 和 npm 的终端来编译和构建你的应用程序。</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\">目标:</th>\n <td>学习如何建立一个 Svelte 组件并于另一个组件内渲染它,通过属性(prop)传递数据并保存它的状态。</td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table></figure>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"与我们一起编写代码","title":"与我们一起编写代码","isH3":false,"content":""}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"git","title":"Git","isH3":true,"content":"<p>使用以下命令克隆 Github 仓库(假如本地还没有代码):</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">bash</span></div><pre class=\"brush: bash notranslate\"><code>git clone https://github.com/opensas/mdn-svelte-tutorial.git\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>接着取得当前应用程序状态,执行:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">bash</span></div><pre class=\"brush: bash notranslate\"><code>cd mdn-svelte-tutorial/02-starting-our-todo-app\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>或像这样直接下载文件夹内容:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">bash</span></div><pre class=\"brush: bash notranslate\"><code>npx degit opensas/mdn-svelte-tutorial/02-starting-our-todo-app\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>记得执行 <code>npm install && npm run dev</code> 以开发模式来运行你的应用程序。</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"repl","title":"REPL","isH3":true,"content":"<p>为了使用 REPL 和我们一起编写程序代码,点击如下链接:</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://svelte.dev/repl/b7b831ea3a354d3789cefbc31e2ca495?version=3.23.2\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">https://svelte.dev/repl/b7b831ea3a354d3789cefbc31e2ca495?version=3.23.2</a></p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"待办列表应用程序特性","title":"待办列表应用程序特性","isH3":false,"content":"<p>这是我们预计完成待办列表应用程序的样子:</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning/01-todo-list-app.png\" alt=\"典型的待办事项列表应用程序,标题为“what needs to be done”(需要完成的事项),输入框用于输入更多待办事项,待办事项列表带有复选框\" width=\"709\" height=\"894\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>使用这个用户界面,我们的用户将能够做到以下事情:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>浏览他们的任务。</li>\n <li>标记任务为已完成或待办理,而不是删除它们。</li>\n <li>删除任务。</li>\n <li>新增任务。</li>\n <li>通过状态过滤任务:全部、正在进行或已完成任务。</li>\n <li>编辑任务。</li>\n <li>标记全部任务为正在进行或已完成状态。</li>\n <li>删除全部已完成任务。</li>\n</ul>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"建立我们第一个组件","title":"建立我们第一个组件","isH3":false,"content":"<p>建立 <code>Todos.svelte</code> 组件——这个组件包含我们的待办任务列表。</p>\n<ol>\n <li>\n <p>建立新文件夹——<code>src/components</code>。</p>\n <div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>备注:</strong>你可以把组件放在 <code>src</code> 文件夹当中的任何地方,但放在 <code>components</code> 文件夹是比较常见的做法,也让你可以更容易地找到它们。</p>\n </div>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>建立 <code>src/components/Todos.svelte</code> 文件并包含以下内容:</p>\n <div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><h1>Svelte To-Do list</h1>\n</code></pre></div>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>改变 <code>public/index.html</code> 中的 <code>title</code> 元素内容为 <em>Svelte To-do list</em>:</p>\n <div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><title>Svelte To-Do list</title>\n</code></pre></div>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>打开 <code>src/App.svelte</code> 并替换为以下内容:</p>\n <div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><script>\n import Todos from \"./components/Todos.svelte\";\n</script>\n\n<Todos />\n</code></pre></div>\n </li>\n <li>\n <p>在开发模式中,如果定义属性没有存在于组件中,Svelte 将会在浏览器控制台发出警告;在此例中,当我们于 <code>src/main.js</code> 实例化 <code>App</code> 组件时,由于我们已经明确定义出 <code>name</code> 属性,但并没有实际在 <code>App</code> 中使用到,所以控制台现在应该会给你一个警告信息,如“<App> was created with unknown prop 'name'”。为了排除这个问题,请从 <code>src/main.js</code> 中移除 <code>name</code> 属性;<code>main.js</code> 现在应该类似于这样:</p>\n <div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">js</span></div><pre class=\"brush: js notranslate\"><code>import App from \"./App.svelte\";\n\nconst app = new App({\n target: document.body,\n});\n\nexport default app;\n</code></pre></div>\n </li>\n</ol>\n<p>假如你现在检查你的测试服务器 URL,应该会看到 <code>Todos.svelte</code> 组件已经渲染成如下画面:</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning/02-todos-component-rendered.png\" alt=\"基本组件渲染,标题为“Svelte to-do list”\" width=\"459\" height=\"195\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"加上静态标记语言","title":"加上静态标记语言","isH3":false,"content":"<p>我们将会从应用程序的静态标记语言表示开始,所以你将会看到它的外观。复制并粘贴下面内容至 <code>Todos.svelte</code> 组件文件以取代现有内容:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">svelte</span></div><pre class=\"brush: svelte notranslate\"><code><!-- Todos.svelte -->\n<div class=\"todoapp stack-large\">\n <!-- 新待办 -->\n <form>\n <h2 class=\"label-wrapper\">\n <label for=\"todo-0\" class=\"label__lg\"> What needs to be done? </label>\n </h2>\n <input type=\"text\" id=\"todo-0\" autocomplete=\"off\" class=\"input input__lg\" />\n <button type=\"submit\" disabled=\"\" class=\"btn btn__primary btn__lg\">\n Add\n </button>\n </form>\n\n <!-- 过滤器 -->\n <div class=\"filters btn-group stack-exception\">\n <button class=\"btn toggle-btn\" aria-pressed=\"true\">\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">Show</span>\n <span>All</span>\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">tasks</span>\n </button>\n <button class=\"btn toggle-btn\" aria-pressed=\"false\">\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">Show</span>\n <span>Active</span>\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">tasks</span>\n </button>\n <button class=\"btn toggle-btn\" aria-pressed=\"false\">\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">Show</span>\n <span>Completed</span>\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">tasks</span>\n </button>\n </div>\n\n <!-- 待办状态 -->\n <h2 id=\"list-heading\">2 out of 3 items completed</h2>\n\n <!-- 待办 -->\n <ul role=\"list\" class=\"todo-list stack-large\" aria-labelledby=\"list-heading\">\n <!-- 待办—1(编辑模式)-->\n <li class=\"todo\">\n <div class=\"stack-small\">\n <form class=\"stack-small\">\n <div class=\"form-group\">\n <label for=\"todo-1\" class=\"todo-label\">\n New name for 'Create a Svelte starter app'\n </label>\n <input\n type=\"text\"\n id=\"todo-1\"\n autocomplete=\"off\"\n class=\"todo-text\" />\n </div>\n <div class=\"btn-group\">\n <button class=\"btn todo-cancel\" type=\"button\">\n Cancel\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">renaming Create a Svelte starter app</span>\n </button>\n <button class=\"btn btn__primary todo-edit\" type=\"submit\">\n Save\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">new name for Create a Svelte starter app</span>\n </button>\n </div>\n </form>\n </div>\n </li>\n\n <!-- 待办—2 -->\n <li class=\"todo\">\n <div class=\"stack-small\">\n <div class=\"c-cb\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"todo-2\" checked />\n <label for=\"todo-2\" class=\"todo-label\">\n Create your first component\n </label>\n </div>\n <div class=\"btn-group\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"btn\">\n Edit\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">Create your first component</span>\n </button>\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn__danger\">\n Delete\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">Create your first component</span>\n </button>\n </div>\n </div>\n </li>\n\n <!-- 待办—3 -->\n <li class=\"todo\">\n <div class=\"stack-small\">\n <div class=\"c-cb\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"todo-3\" />\n <label for=\"todo-3\" class=\"todo-label\">\n Complete the rest of the tutorial\n </label>\n </div>\n <div class=\"btn-group\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"btn\">\n Edit\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">Complete the rest of the tutorial</span>\n </button>\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn__danger\">\n Delete\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">Complete the rest of the tutorial</span>\n </button>\n </div>\n </div>\n </li>\n </ul>\n\n <hr />\n\n <!-- 更多操作 -->\n <div class=\"btn-group\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn__primary\">Check all</button>\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn__primary\">Remove completed</button>\n </div>\n</div>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>再次确认已经渲染出来的画面,你应该会看到如下样子:</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning/03-unstyled-todo-app.png\" alt=\"一个待办事项列表应用程序,但没有样式,标题为“what needs to be done”,有输入框、复选框等。\" width=\"795\" height=\"584\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>上面 HTML 标记语言的样式并不是那么好看,而且也没有实际功能。尽管如此,让我们来看看这些标记,看看它们如何与我们想要的特性关联起来:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>一个标签和一个输入框用来输入新任务。</li>\n <li>三个按钮用来依据状态来过滤任务。</li>\n <li>一个标签用来显示任务总数及已完成任务数量。</li>\n <li>一个无序列表,其中包含每一个任务项目。</li>\n <li>编辑任务时,列表条目会有输入框和两个按钮用来取消或保存变更。</li>\n <li>任务处于非编辑状态时,有一个复选框用于设置已完成状态,还有两个按钮用于编辑或删除任务。</li>\n <li>最后有两个按钮,分别用于选中/取消选中所有任务和删除已完成任务。</li>\n</ul>\n<p>随后的文章我们会逐一将这些特性完善,以及实现更多其他特性。</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"待办列表的无障碍特性","title":"待办列表的无障碍特性","isH3":true,"content":"<p>你可能有注意到一些特殊的属性。例如:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">svelte</span></div><pre class=\"brush: svelte notranslate\"><code><button class=\"btn toggle-btn\" aria-pressed=\"true\">\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">Show</span>\n <span>All</span>\n <span class=\"visually-hidden\">tasks</span>\n</button>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>在这里,<code>aria-pressed</code> 告诉无障碍技术(如屏幕阅读器)按钮可以是两种状态之一:<code>pressed</code> 或 <code>unpressed</code>。可以想象类似于开关状态。设定数值为 <code>true</code> 时,意谓着按钮默认是被按下的。</p>\n<p><code>visually-hidden</code> 类别现在还没有效果,因为我们还没引入任何 CSS。不过,一旦我们设置了样式,任何带有该类的元素都将对视力正常的用户隐藏起来,但屏幕阅读器用户仍然可以使用,这是因为视力正常的用户并不需要这些文字;这些文字是为了向屏幕阅读器用户提供更多有关按钮作用的信息,因为屏幕阅读器用户没有额外的视觉上下文来帮助他们。</p>\n<p>再往下看一点,你可以找到如下 <code><ul></code> 元素:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">svelte</span></div><pre class=\"brush: svelte notranslate\"><code><ul\n role=\"list\"\n className=\"todo-list stack-large\"\n aria-labelledby=\"list-heading\"></ul>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p><code>role</code> 属性则帮助无障碍技术去解释元素具有什么种类的语义数值——或它的目的。默认情况下,<code><ul></code> 会被视为列表,但在加上样式之后会破坏原有性质。明确定义规则为“list”将能复原 <code><ul></code> 元素本身意义。如果你想要想进一步了解为什么有必要这样做,可以去参考 Scott O'Hara 的<a href=\"https://www.scottohara.me/blog/2019/01/12/lists-and-safari.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">“修复列表”</a>(2019)文章。</p>\n<p><code>aria-labelledby</code> 属性则告诉辅助技术,我们把具有 <code>id</code> 属性值为 <code>list-heading</code> 的 <code><h2></code> 元素作为描述下面列表用途的标签。这种关联为列表提供了更多的上下文信息,可以帮助屏幕阅读器用户更好地理解列表的目的。</p>\n<p>这似乎是讨论 Svelte 如何处理无障碍的好时机;让我们继续看下去。</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"svelte_无障碍性支持","title":"Svelte 无障碍性支持","isH3":false,"content":"<p>Svelte 特别重视无障碍性。目的是鼓励开发人员尽可能“默认”编写更具有无障碍性的代码。作为编译程序,Svelte 能静态地分析我们的 HTML 模板,而当组件被编译后,就能提出一些无障碍警告。</p>\n<p>无障碍性(缩写为 a11y)并不总是容易做到,但 Svelte 会在编写不具无障碍性的标记时发出警告,从而帮助你。</p>\n<p>举例来说,假如我们新增 <code><img></code> 元素至我们的 <code>todos.svelte</code> 组件,但没有对应的 <code>alt</code> 属性:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><h1>Svelte To-Do list</h1>\n\n<img height=\"32\" width=\"88\" src=\"https://www.w3.org/WAI/wcag2A\" />\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>编译器将会报出下列警告:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">bash</span></div><pre class=\"brush: bash notranslate\"><code>(!) Plugin svelte: A11y: <img> element should have an alt attribute\nsrc/components/Todos.svelte\n1: <h1>Svelte To-Do list</h1>\n2:\n3: <img height=\"32\" width=\"88\" src=\"https://www.w3.org/WAI/wcag2A\">\n ^\ncreated public/build/bundle.js in 220ms\n\n[2020-07-15 04:07:43] waiting for changes...\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>此外,在我们调用编译器之前,编辑器也会显示这个警告:</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning/04-svelte-accessibility-support.png\" alt=\"显示图像标签的代码编辑器窗口,并弹出错误消息,指出该元素应具有 alt 属性\" width=\"741\" height=\"235\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>你可以像这样使用以 <code>svelte-ignore</code> 开头的<a href=\"https://svelte.dev/docs#Comments\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">注释</a>,来告诉 Svelte 去忽略下一个标记语言区块的警告:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">svelte</span></div><pre class=\"brush: svelte notranslate\"><code><!-- svelte-ignore a11y-missing-attribute -->\n<img height=\"32\" width=\"88\" src=\"https://www.w3.org/WAI/wcag2A\" />\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>备注:</strong>通过 VSCode 你可以点击 <em>Quick fix...</em> 链接或按 <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>.</kbd> 来自动地加上这个忽略注释。</p>\n</div>\n<p>假如你想要全局地关闭这个警告,可以像这样在你的 <code>rollup.config.js</code> 文件中调整 <code>Svelte</code> 插件配置并补上这个 <code>onwarn</code> 处理器:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">js</span></div><pre class=\"brush: js notranslate\"><code>plugins: [\n svelte({\n dev: !production,\n css: (css) => {\n css.write(\"public/build/bundle.css\");\n },\n // 警告通常直接传递给 Rollup。你可以\n // 选择在这里处理它们,例如压制\n // 带有特定代码的警告\n onwarn: (warning, handler) => {\n // 例如,我不在乎屏幕阅读器 -> 请 不 要 这 样 做!!!\n if (warning.code === \"a11y-missing-attribute\") return;\n\n // 让 Rollup 正常处理所有其他警告\n handler(warning);\n },\n }),\n\n // …\n];\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>在设计上,这些警告是在编译器本身中实现的,而不是可以选择性加入项目的插件。这样做的目的是在默认情况下检查标记中的无障碍问题,并让你选择不使用特定的警告。</p>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>备注:</strong>只有在有充分理由的情况下,例如在构建快速原型时,才应禁用这些警告。做一名优秀的网络公民,让尽可能多的用户都能访问你的网页,这一点非常重要。</p>\n</div>\n<p>Svelte 通过 <a href=\"https://github.com/jsx-eslint/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y#supported-rules\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y</a> 来检查无障碍性规则,它是提供在 JSX 元素方面的许多无障碍性规则静态检查的一个 ESLint 插件。Svelte 的目标是在其编译器中实现所有这些功能,其中大部分功能已经移植到 Svelte 中。你可以在 GitHub 中看到<a href=\"https://github.com/sveltejs/svelte/issues/820\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">尚未实现的无障碍检查</a>。点击规则的链接可以查阅它们各自的含义。</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"为标记语言加上样式","title":"为标记语言加上样式","isH3":false,"content":"<p>让我们来将待办列表变得好看些。将 <code>public/global.css</code> 文件替换为如下内容:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>/* 重置样式 */\n*,\n*::before,\n*::after {\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n*:focus {\n outline: 3px dashed #228bec;\n outline-offset: 0;\n}\nhtml {\n font: 62.5% / 1.15 sans-serif;\n}\nh1,\nh2 {\n margin-bottom: 0;\n}\nul {\n list-style: none;\n padding: 0;\n}\nbutton {\n border: none;\n margin: 0;\n padding: 0;\n width: auto;\n overflow: visible;\n background: transparent;\n color: inherit;\n font: inherit;\n line-height: normal;\n -webkit-font-smoothing: inherit;\n -moz-osx-font-smoothing: inherit;\n -webkit-appearance: none;\n}\nbutton::-moz-focus-inner {\n border: 0;\n}\nbutton,\ninput,\noptgroup,\nselect,\ntextarea {\n font-family: inherit;\n font-size: 100%;\n line-height: 1.15;\n margin: 0;\n}\nbutton,\ninput {\n overflow: visible;\n}\ninput[type=\"text\"] {\n border-radius: 0;\n}\nbody {\n width: 100%;\n max-width: 68rem;\n margin: 0 auto;\n font:\n 1.6rem/1.25 Arial,\n sans-serif;\n background-color: #f5f5f5;\n color: #4d4d4d;\n}\n@media screen and (min-width: 620px) {\n body {\n font-size: 1.9rem;\n line-height: 1.31579;\n }\n}\n/* 重置样式结尾 */\n\n/* 全局样式 */\n.form-group > input[type=\"text\"] {\n display: inline-block;\n margin-top: 0.4rem;\n}\n.btn {\n padding: 0.8rem 1rem 0.7rem;\n border: 0.2rem solid #4d4d4d;\n cursor: pointer;\n text-transform: capitalize;\n}\n.btn.toggle-btn {\n border-width: 1px;\n border-color: #d3d3d3;\n}\n.btn.toggle-btn[aria-pressed=\"true\"] {\n text-decoration: underline;\n border-color: #4d4d4d;\n}\n.btn__danger {\n color: #fff;\n background-color: #ca3c3c;\n border-color: #bd2130;\n}\n.btn__filter {\n border-color: lightgrey;\n}\n.btn__primary {\n color: #fff;\n background-color: #000;\n}\n.btn__primary:disabled {\n color: darkgrey;\n background-color: #565656;\n}\n.btn-group {\n display: flex;\n justify-content: space-between;\n}\n.btn-group > * {\n flex: 1 1 49%;\n}\n.btn-group > * + * {\n margin-left: 0.8rem;\n}\n.label-wrapper {\n margin: 0;\n flex: 0 0 100%;\n text-align: center;\n}\n.visually-hidden {\n position: absolute !important;\n height: 1px;\n width: 1px;\n overflow: hidden;\n clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);\n clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\n white-space: nowrap;\n}\n[class*=\"stack\"] > * {\n margin-top: 0;\n margin-bottom: 0;\n}\n.stack-small > * + * {\n margin-top: 1.25rem;\n}\n.stack-large > * + * {\n margin-top: 2.5rem;\n}\n@media screen and (min-width: 550px) {\n .stack-small > * + * {\n margin-top: 1.4rem;\n }\n .stack-large > * + * {\n margin-top: 2.8rem;\n }\n}\n.stack-exception {\n margin-top: 1.2rem;\n}\n/* 全局样式结尾 */\n\n.todoapp {\n background: #fff;\n margin: 2rem 0 4rem 0;\n padding: 1rem;\n position: relative;\n box-shadow:\n 0 2px 4px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 20%),\n 0 2.5rem 5rem 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 10%);\n}\n@media screen and (min-width: 550px) {\n .todoapp {\n padding: 4rem;\n }\n}\n.todoapp > * {\n max-width: 50rem;\n margin-left: auto;\n margin-right: auto;\n}\n.todoapp > form {\n max-width: 100%;\n}\n.todoapp > h1 {\n display: block;\n max-width: 100%;\n text-align: center;\n margin: 0;\n margin-bottom: 1rem;\n}\n.label__lg {\n line-height: 1.01567;\n font-weight: 300;\n padding: 0.8rem;\n margin-bottom: 1rem;\n text-align: center;\n}\n.input__lg {\n padding: 2rem;\n border: 2px solid #000;\n}\n.input__lg:focus {\n border-color: #4d4d4d;\n box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px;\n}\n[class*=\"__lg\"] {\n display: inline-block;\n width: 100%;\n font-size: 1.9rem;\n}\n[class*=\"__lg\"]:not(:last-child) {\n margin-bottom: 1rem;\n}\n@media screen and (min-width: 620px) {\n [class*=\"__lg\"] {\n font-size: 2.4rem;\n }\n}\n.filters {\n width: 100%;\n margin: unset auto;\n}\n/* 待办条目样式 */\n.todo {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: row;\n flex-wrap: wrap;\n}\n.todo > * {\n flex: 0 0 100%;\n}\n.todo-text {\n width: 100%;\n min-height: 4.4rem;\n padding: 0.4rem 0.8rem;\n border: 2px solid #565656;\n}\n.todo-text:focus {\n box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px;\n}\n/* 复选框样式 */\n.c-cb {\n box-sizing: border-box;\n font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n font-weight: 400;\n font-size: 1.6rem;\n line-height: 1.25;\n display: block;\n position: relative;\n min-height: 44px;\n padding-left: 40px;\n clear: left;\n}\n.c-cb > label::before,\n.c-cb > input[type=\"checkbox\"] {\n box-sizing: border-box;\n top: -2px;\n left: -2px;\n width: 44px;\n height: 44px;\n}\n.c-cb > input[type=\"checkbox\"] {\n -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n cursor: pointer;\n position: absolute;\n z-index: 1;\n margin: 0;\n opacity: 0;\n}\n.c-cb > label {\n font-size: inherit;\n font-family: inherit;\n line-height: inherit;\n display: inline-block;\n margin-bottom: 0;\n padding: 8px 15px 5px;\n cursor: pointer;\n touch-action: manipulation;\n}\n.c-cb > label::before {\n content: \"\";\n position: absolute;\n border: 2px solid currentColor;\n background: transparent;\n}\n.c-cb > input[type=\"checkbox\"]:focus + label::before {\n border-width: 4px;\n outline: 3px dashed #228bec;\n}\n.c-cb > label::after {\n box-sizing: content-box;\n content: \"\";\n position: absolute;\n top: 11px;\n left: 9px;\n width: 18px;\n height: 7px;\n transform: rotate(-45deg);\n border: solid;\n border-width: 0 0 5px 5px;\n border-top-color: transparent;\n opacity: 0;\n background: transparent;\n}\n.c-cb > input[type=\"checkbox\"]:checked + label::after {\n opacity: 1;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>当我们为标记语言加上样式后,现在看起来好多了:</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning/05-styled-todo-app.png\" alt=\"我们的待办事项列表应用程序,有样式,标题为“what needs to be done”,用于输入更多待办事项的输入框以及带有复选框的待办事项列表\" width=\"729\" height=\"926\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"到目前为止的代码","title":"到目前为止的代码","isH3":false,"content":""}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"git_2","title":"Git","isH3":true,"content":"<p>若想要看到本文结束后程序代码所呈现的最终结果,请获取我们仓库的复制:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">bash</span></div><pre class=\"brush: bash notranslate\"><code>cd mdn-svelte-tutorial/03-adding-dynamic-behavior\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>或直接下载文件夹内容:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">bash</span></div><pre class=\"brush: bash notranslate\"><code>npx degit opensas/mdn-svelte-tutorial/03-adding-dynamic-behavior\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>记得执行 <code>npm install && npm run dev</code> 以开发模式来运行你的应用程序。</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"repl_2","title":"REPL","isH3":true,"content":"<p>若要在 REPL 查看当前程序代码状态,请点击如下链接:</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://svelte.dev/repl/c862d964d48d473ca63ab91709a0a5a0?version=3.23.2\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">https://svelte.dev/repl/c862d964d48d473ca63ab91709a0a5a0?version=3.23.2</a></p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"总结","title":"总结","isH3":false,"content":"<p>随着标记和样式设计的到位,我们的待办事项列表应用程序已初具雏形,一切准备就绪,我们可以开始专注于需要实现的特性了。</p><ul class=\"prev-next\">\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> 上一页 </span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> 概述:理解客户端 JavaScript 框架</span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> 下一页 </span></a></li>\n</ul>"}}],"toc":[{"text":"与我们一起编写代码","id":"与我们一起编写代码"},{"text":"待办列表应用程序特性","id":"待办列表应用程序特性"},{"text":"建立我们第一个组件","id":"建立我们第一个组件"},{"text":"加上静态标记语言","id":"加上静态标记语言"},{"text":"Svelte 无障碍性支持","id":"svelte_无障碍性支持"},{"text":"为标记语言加上样式","id":"为标记语言加上样式"},{"text":"到目前为止的代码","id":"到目前为止的代码"},{"text":"总结","id":"总结"}],"summary":"现在我们对 Svelte 运作机制有初步的了解后,就能开始构建我们的示例应用程序:一个待办事项列表。此篇文章中,会先确认应用程序所需的功能,接着会建立 Todos.svelte 组件并编写一些静态标记(markup)语言和样式,待一切准备就绪后,就能开始开发待办事项列表应用程序的相关特性,我们将在后续文章实现它们。","popularity":0,"modified":"2024-07-27T03:21:20.000Z","other_translations":[{"locale":"de","title":"Starten unserer Svelte-Tasklisten-App","native":"Deutsch"},{"locale":"en-US","title":"Starting our Svelte to-do list app","native":"English (US)"},{"locale":"ko","title":"Svelte 할 일 목록 앱 시작","native":"한국어"},{"locale":"zh-TW","title":"開始寫我們的 Svelte 待辦清單應用程式","native":"正體中文 (繁體)"}],"pageType":"unknown","source":{"folder":"zh-cn/learn/tools_and_testing/client-side_javascript_frameworks/svelte_todo_list_beginning","github_url":"https://github.com/mdn/translated-content/blob/main/files/zh-cn/learn/tools_and_testing/client-side_javascript_frameworks/svelte_todo_list_beginning/index.md","last_commit_url":"https://github.com/mdn/translated-content/commit/6ec5a237611743b565003deb101b9edcb2f3135e","filename":"index.md"},"short_title":"开始编写我们的 Svelte 待办事项列表应用程序","parents":[{"uri":"/zh-CN/docs/Learn","title":"学习 Web 开发"},{"uri":"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing","title":"工具和测试"},{"uri":"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks","title":"理解客户端 JavaScript 框架"},{"uri":"/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning","title":"开始编写我们的 Svelte 待办事项列表应用程序"}],"pageTitle":"开始编写我们的 Svelte 待办事项列表应用程序 - 学习 Web 开发 | MDN","noIndexing":false}}</script></body></html>