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Search results for: Pan-Pan Yan

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class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Pan-Pan Yan"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Pan-Pan Yan</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Irrigation Water Quality Evaluation in Jiaokou Irrigation District, Guanzhong Basin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiying%20Zhang">Qiying Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panpan%20Xu"> Panpan Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hui%20Qian"> Hui Qian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Groundwater is an important water resource in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In the present study, 141 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters to assess the irrigation water quality using six indicators (sodium percentage (Na%), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium hazard (MH), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), and potential salinity (PS)). The results show that the patterns for the average cation and anion concentrations were in decreasing orders of Na<sup>+</sup> &gt; Mg<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup> &gt; Ca<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup> &gt; K<sup>+</sup>and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup><sup>-</sup> &gt; HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> &gt; Cl<sup>-</sup> &gt; NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> &gt; CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2</sup><sup>-</sup> &gt; F<sup>-</sup>, respectively. The values of Na%, MH, and PS show that most of the groundwater samples are not suitable for irrigation. The same conclusion is drawn from the USSL and Wilcox diagrams. PS values indicate that Cl<sup>-</sup>and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup><sup>-</sup>have a great influence on irrigation water in Jiaokou Irrigation District. RSC and PI values indicate that more than half of groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation. The finding is beneficial for the policymakers for future water management schemes to achieve a sustainable development goal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater%20chemistry" title="groundwater chemistry">groundwater chemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guanzhong%20Basin" title=" Guanzhong Basin"> Guanzhong Basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigation%20water%20quality%20evaluation" title=" irrigation water quality evaluation"> irrigation water quality evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiaokou%20Irrigation%20District" title=" Jiaokou Irrigation District"> Jiaokou Irrigation District</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130501/irrigation-water-quality-evaluation-in-jiaokou-irrigation-district-guanzhong-basin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130501.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">210</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Irrigation Water Quality Evaluation Based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis: A Case Study of Jiaokou Irrigation District</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panpan%20Xu">Panpan Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiying%20Zhang"> Qiying Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hui%20Qian"> Hui Qian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Groundwater is main source of water supply in the Guanzhong Basin, China. To investigate the quality of groundwater for agricultural purposes in Jiaokou Irrigation District located in the east of the Guanzhong Basin, 141 groundwater samples were collected for analysis of major ions (K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, and CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>), pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS). Sodium percentage (Na%), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), and potential salinity (PS) were applied for irrigation water quality assessment. In addition, multivariate statistical techniques were used to identify the underlying hydrogeochemical processes. Results show that the content of TDS mainly depends on Cl<sup>-</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, and the HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> content is generally high except for the eastern sand area. These are responsible for complex hydrogeochemical processes, such as dissolution of carbonate minerals (dolomite and calcite), gypsum, halite, and silicate minerals, the cation exchange, as well as evaporation and concentration. The average evaluation levels of Na%, RSC, MH, and PS for irrigation water quality are doubtful, good, unsuitable, and injurious to unsatisfactory, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary for decision makers to comprehensively consider the indicators and thus reasonably evaluate the irrigation water quality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigation%20water%20quality" title="irrigation water quality">irrigation water quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multivariate%20statistical%20analysis" title=" multivariate statistical analysis"> multivariate statistical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogeochemical%20process" title=" hydrogeochemical process"> hydrogeochemical process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130842/irrigation-water-quality-evaluation-based-on-multivariate-statistical-analysis-a-case-study-of-jiaokou-irrigation-district" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130842.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Contrasting Patterns of Accumulation, Partitioning, and Reallocation Patterns of Dm and N Within the Maize Canopy Under Decreased N Availabilities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panpan%20Fan">Panpan Fan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bo%20Ming"> Bo Ming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niels%20P.%20R.%20Anten"> Niels P. R. Anten</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jochem%20B.%20Evers"> Jochem B. Evers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yaoyao%20Li"> Yaoyao Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaokun%20Li"> Shaokun Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruizhi%20Xie"> Ruizhi Xie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The reallocation of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) from vegetative tissues to the grain sinks are critical for grain yield. The objective of this study was to quantify the DM and N accumulation, partition, and reallocation at the single-leaf, different-organ, and individual-plant scales and clarify the responses to different levels of N availabilities. A two-year field experiment was conducted in Jinlin province, Northeast China, with three N fertilizer rates to create the different N availability levels: N0 (N deficiency), N1(low supply), and N2 (high supply). The results showed that grain N depends more on reallocations of vegetative organs compared with grain DM. Besides, vegetative organs reallocated more DM and N to grain under lower N availability, whereas more grain DM and grain N were derived from post-silking leaf photosynthesis and post-silking N uptake from the soil under high N availability. Furthermore, the reallocation amount and reallocation efficiency of leaf DM and leaf N content differed among leaf ranks and were regulated by N availability; specifically, the DM reallocation occurs mainly on senesced leaves, whereas the leaf N reallocation was in live leaves. These results provide a theoretical basis for deriving parameters in crop models for the simulation of the demand, uptake, partition, and reallocation processes of DM and N. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry%20matter" title="dry matter">dry matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaf%20N%20content" title=" leaf N content"> leaf N content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaf%20rank" title=" leaf rank"> leaf rank</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N%20availability" title=" N availability"> N availability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reallocation%20efficiency" title=" reallocation efficiency"> reallocation efficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156413/contrasting-patterns-of-accumulation-partitioning-and-reallocation-patterns-of-dm-and-n-within-the-maize-canopy-under-decreased-n-availabilities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156413.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Multi-Scale Green Infrastructure: An Integrated Literature Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panpan%20Feng">Panpan Feng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concept of green infrastructure originated in Europe and the United States. It aims to ensure smart growth of urban and rural ecosystems and achieve sustainable urban and rural ecological, social, and economic development by combining it with gray infrastructure in traditional planning. Based on the literature review of the theoretical origin, value connotation, and measurement methods of green infrastructure, this study summarizes the research content of green infrastructure at different scales from the three spatial levels of region, city, and block and divides it into functional dimensions, spatial dimension, and strategic dimension. The results show that in the functional dimension, from region-city-block, the research on green infrastructure gradually shifts from ecological function to social function. In the spatial dimension, from region-city-block, the research on the spatial form of green infrastructure has shifted from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, and the spatial structure of green infrastructure has shifted from single ecological elements to multiple composite elements. From a strategic perspective, green infrastructure research is more of a spatial planning tool based on land management, environmental livability and ecological psychology, providing certain decision-making support. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20infrastructure" title="green infrastructure">green infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-scale" title=" multi-scale"> multi-scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20and%20ecological%20functions" title=" social and ecological functions"> social and ecological functions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20strategic%20decision-making%20tools" title=" spatial strategic decision-making tools"> spatial strategic decision-making tools</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183999/multi-scale-green-infrastructure-an-integrated-literature-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183999.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">59</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Adaptive Strategies of Maize in Leaf Traits to N Deficiency</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panpan%20Fan">Panpan Fan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bo%20Ming"> Bo Ming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niels%20Anten"> Niels Anten</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jochem%20Evers"> Jochem Evers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yaoyao%20Li"> Yaoyao Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaokun%20Li"> Shaokun Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruizhi%20xie"> Ruizhi xie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nitrogen (N) utilization for crop production under N deficiency conditions is subject to a trade-off between maintaining specific leaf N content (SLN), important for radiation-use efficiency (RUE), versus maintaining leaf area (LA) development, important for light capture. This paper aims to explore how maize deals with this trade-off through responses in SLN, LA and their underlying traits during the vegetative and reproductive growth stages. In a ten-year N fertilization trial in Jilin province, Northeast China, three N fertilizer levels have been maintained: N-deficiency (N0), low N supply (N1), and high N supply (N2). We analyzed data from years 8 and 10 of this experiment for two common hybrids. Under N deficiency, maize plants maintained LA and decreased SLN during vegetative stages, while both LA and SLN decreased comparably during reproductive stages. Canopy-average specific leaf area (SLA) decreased sharply during vegetative stages and slightly during reproductive stages, mainly because senesced leaves in the lower canopy had a higher SLA. In the vegetative stage, maize maintained leaf area at low N by maintaining leaf biomass (albeit hence having N content/mass) and slightly increasing SLA. These responses to N deficiency were stronger in maize hybrid XY335 than in ZD958. We conclude the main strategy of maize to cope with low N is to maintain plant growth, mainly by increasing SLA throughout the plant during early growth. N was too limiting for either strategy to be followed during later growth stages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaf%20N%20content%20per%20unit%20leaf%20area" title="leaf N content per unit leaf area">leaf N content per unit leaf area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N%20deficiency" title=" N deficiency"> N deficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20leaf%20area" title=" specific leaf area"> specific leaf area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maize%20strateg" title=" maize strateg"> maize strateg</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153846/adaptive-strategies-of-maize-in-leaf-traits-to-n-deficiency" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153846.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Inactivation of Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase Induces the Phenotypic Switch of Smooth Muscle Cells and Aggravates the Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miao%20Zhang">Miao Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Limin%20Liu"> Limin Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feng%20Zhi"> Feng Zhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panpan%20Niu"> Panpan Niu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mengya%20Yang"> Mengya Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xuemei%20Zhu"> Xuemei Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ying%20Diao"> Ying Diao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Wang"> Jun Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ying%20Zhao"> Ying Zhao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Aims: Clinical studies have demonstrated that serum semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) activities positively correlate with the progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of SSAO inactivation on the development of atherosclerosis. Methods: Female LDLr knockout (KO) mice were given the Western-type diet for 6 and 9 weeks to induce the formation of early and advanced lesions, and semicarbazide (SCZ, 0.125%) was added into the drinking water to inactivate SSAO in vivo. Results: Despite no impact on plasma total cholesterol levels, abrogation of SSAO by SCZ not only resulted in the enlargement of both early (1.5-fold, p=0.0043) and advanced (1.8-fold, p=0.0013) atherosclerotic lesions, but also led to reduced/increased lesion contents of macrophages/smooth muscle cells (SMCs) (macrophage: ~0.74-fold, p=0.0002(early)/0.0016(advanced); SMC: ~1.55-fold, p=0.0003(early) /0.0001(advanced)), respectively. Moreover, SSAO inactivation inhibited the migration of circulating monocytes into peripheral tissues and reduced the amount of circulating Ly6Chigh monocytes (0.7-fold, p=0.0001), which may account for the reduced macrophage content in lesions. In contrast, the increased number of SMCs in lesions of SCZ-treated mice is attributed to an augmented synthetic vascular SMC phenotype switch as evidenced by the increased proliferation of SMCs and accumulation of collagens in vivo. Conclusion: SSAO inactivation by SCZ promotes the phenotypic switch of SMCs and the development of atherosclerosis. The enzymatic activity of SSAO may thus represent a potential target in the prevention and/or treatment of atherosclerosis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atherosclerosis" title="atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenotype%20switch%20of%20smooth%20muscle%20cells" title=" phenotype switch of smooth muscle cells"> phenotype switch of smooth muscle cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SSAO%2FVAP-1" title=" SSAO/VAP-1"> SSAO/VAP-1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semicarbazide" title=" semicarbazide"> semicarbazide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45625/inactivation-of-semicarbazide-sensitive-amine-oxidase-induces-the-phenotypic-switch-of-smooth-muscle-cells-and-aggravates-the-development-of-atherosclerotic-lesions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45625.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Design of Data Management Software System Supporting Rendezvous and Docking with Various Spaceships</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhan%20Panpan">Zhan Panpan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lu%20Lan"> Lu Lan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sun%20Yong"> Sun Yong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=He%20Xiongwen"> He Xiongwen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Dong"> Yan Dong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gu%20Ming"> Gu Ming</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The function of the two spacecraft docking network, the communication and control of a docking target with various spacecrafts is realized in the space lab data management system. In order to solve the problem of the complex data communication mode between the space lab and various spaceships, and the problem of software reuse caused by non-standard protocol, a data management software system supporting rendezvous and docking with various spaceships has been designed. The software system is based on CCSDS Spcecraft Onboard Interface Service(SOIS). It consists of Software Driver Layer, Middleware Layer and Appliaction Layer. The Software Driver Layer hides the various device interfaces using the uniform device driver framework. The Middleware Layer is divided into three lays, including transfer layer, application support layer and system business layer. The communication of space lab plaform bus and the docking bus is realized in transfer layer. Application support layer provides the inter tasks communitaion and the function of unified time management for the software system. The data management software functions are realized in system business layer, which contains telemetry management service, telecontrol management service, flight status management service, rendezvous and docking management service and so on. The Appliaction Layer accomplishes the space lab data management system defined tasks using the standard interface supplied by the Middleware Layer. On the basis of layered architecture, rendezvous and docking tasks and the rendezvous and docking management service are independent in the software system. The rendezvous and docking tasks will be activated and executed according to the different spaceships. In this way, the communication management functions in the independent flight mode, the combination mode of the manned spaceship and the combination mode of the cargo spaceship are achieved separately. The software architecture designed standard appliction interface for the services in each layer. Different requirements of the space lab can be supported by the use of standard services per layer, and the scalability and flexibility of the data management software can be effectively improved. It can also dynamically expand the number and adapt to the protocol of visiting spaceships. The software system has been applied in the data management subsystem of the space lab, and has been verified in the flight of the space lab. The research results of this paper can provide the basis for the design of the data manage system in the future space station. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20lab" title="space lab">space lab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rendezvous%20and%20docking" title=" rendezvous and docking"> rendezvous and docking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20management" title=" data management"> data management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20system" title=" software system"> software system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67955/design-of-data-management-software-system-supporting-rendezvous-and-docking-with-various-spaceships" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67955.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">&copy; 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