CINXE.COM

Repatriation (cultural property) - Wikipedia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Repatriation (cultural property) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"924e9149-48dc-4645-b06e-ecf2c066e9b3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Repatriation_(cultural_property)","wgTitle":"Repatriation (cultural property)","wgCurRevisionId":1275316305,"wgRevisionId":1275316305,"wgArticleId":4327126,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Welsh-language sources (cy)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2024","CS1 Greek-language sources (el)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2023","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases", "Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2019","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2015","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from May 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020","Cultural heritage","Art and cultural repatriation"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Repatriation_(cultural_property)","wgRelevantArticleId":4327126,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags" :{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q873642","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg/1200px-Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="851"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg/800px-Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="567"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg/640px-Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="454"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Repatriation (cultural property) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_(cultural_property)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_(cultural_property)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Repatriation_cultural_property rootpage-Repatriation_cultural_property skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Repatriation+%28cultural+property%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Repatriation+%28cultural+property%29" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Repatriation+%28cultural+property%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Repatriation+%28cultural+property%29" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_and_looting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_and_looting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>War and looting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_and_looting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Ancient world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Looting_during_Napoleon&#039;s_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looting_during_Napoleon&#039;s_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Looting during Napoleon's Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looting_during_Napoleon&#039;s_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repatriation_after_the_Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repatriation_after_the_Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Repatriation after the Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repatriation_after_the_Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Looting_by_Germany_during_the_Nazi_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looting_by_Germany_during_the_Nazi_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Looting by Germany during the Nazi era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looting_by_Germany_during_the_Nazi_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Looting_in_Iraq_after_the_fall_of_the_Saddam_Hussein_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looting_in_Iraq_after_the_fall_of_the_Saddam_Hussein_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Looting in Iraq after the fall of the Saddam Hussein regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looting_in_Iraq_after_the_fall_of_the_Saddam_Hussein_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legal issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_government_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_government_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>National government laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_government_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>International conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UNESCO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>UNESCO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNIDROIT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNIDROIT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>UNIDROIT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNIDROIT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customary_international_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customary_international_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Customary international law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customary_international_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_heritage_in_international_contexts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_heritage_in_international_contexts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultural heritage in international contexts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_heritage_in_international_contexts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural heritage in international contexts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_heritage_in_international_contexts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonialism_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonialism_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Colonialism and identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonialism_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalism_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nationalism and identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_survival_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_survival_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cultural survival and identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_survival_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_repatriation_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_repatriation_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The repatriation debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_repatriation_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_internationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_internationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Cultural internationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_internationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Cultural nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_against_repatriation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_against_repatriation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Arguments against repatriation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_against_repatriation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_for_repatriation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_for_repatriation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Arguments for repatriation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_for_repatriation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_&#039;New_Stream&#039;_theory_(Indeterminacy)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_&#039;New_Stream&#039;_theory_(Indeterminacy)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>The 'New Stream' theory (Indeterminacy)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_&#039;New_Stream&#039;_theory_(Indeterminacy)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>International examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Returns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Returns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Returns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Returns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile_(Easter_Island)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile_(Easter_Island)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Chile (Easter Island)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile_(Easter_Island)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.1</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_of_items_to_Scotland_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_of_items_to_Scotland_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.2</span> <span>Return of items to Scotland and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_of_items_to_Scotland_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sotheby&#039;s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sotheby&#039;s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.3</span> <span>Sotheby's</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sotheby&#039;s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elgin_or_Parthenon_marbles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elgin_or_Parthenon_marbles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.4</span> <span>Elgin or Parthenon marbles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elgin_or_Parthenon_marbles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benin_bronzes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benin_bronzes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.5</span> <span>Benin bronzes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benin_bronzes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_directions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_directions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.6</span> <span>New directions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_directions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nefertiti_Bust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nefertiti_Bust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1</span> <span>Nefertiti Bust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nefertiti_Bust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnological_museums_in_Berlin_and_other_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnological_museums_in_Berlin_and_other_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.2</span> <span>Ethnological museums in Berlin and other cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnological_museums_in_Berlin_and_other_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Guatemala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_and_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_and_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>India and Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_and_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_objects_in_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_objects_in_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14.1</span> <span>Foreign objects in Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_objects_in_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_artefacts_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_artefacts_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14.2</span> <span>Irish artefacts abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_artefacts_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14.3</span> <span>Within Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.17</span> <span>Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.18</span> <span>Morocco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.19</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.20</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.21</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cited works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Repatriation (cultural property)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution_(Kunst)" title="Restitution (Kunst) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Restitution (Kunst)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restituci%C3%B3n_cultural" title="Restitución cultural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Restitución cultural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisd%C3%BAichi%C3%BA_na_hoidhreachta_cult%C3%BAir" title="Aisdúichiú na hoidhreachta cultúir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aisdúichiú na hoidhreachta cultúir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%9E%AC_%EB%B0%98%ED%99%98" title="문화재 반환 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문화재 반환" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimpatrio_dei_beni_culturali" title="Rimpatrio dei beni culturali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rimpatrio dei beni culturali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitutie_(museologie)" title="Restitutie (museologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Restitutie (museologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%B2%A1%E8%BF%94%E9%82%84%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="文化財返還問題 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文化財返還問題" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriamento_de_Arte" title="Repatriamento de Arte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Repatriamento de Arte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuuriperinn%C3%B6n_palauttaminen" title="Kulttuuriperinnön palauttaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kulttuuriperinnön palauttaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Реституція культурних цінностей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реституція культурних цінностей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q873642#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_(cultural_property)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Repatriation_(cultural_property)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_(cultural_property)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_(cultural_property)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Repatriation_(cultural_property)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Repatriation_(cultural_property)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;oldid=1275316305" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Repatriation_%28cultural_property%29&amp;id=1275316305&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRepatriation_%28cultural_property%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRepatriation_%28cultural_property%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Repatriation_%28cultural_property%29&amp;action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Art_Restitution" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q873642" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Return of stolen art to the original owners or heirs</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg/220px-Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg/330px-Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg/440px-Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3859" data-file-height="2737" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Horses_of_Saint_Mark" title="Horses of Saint Mark">Horses of Saint Mark</a>; looted by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> in 1204, then by the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art"> Revolution Army of Italy leads by Bonaparte</a> from Venice in 1797, but repatriated to Italy in 1815.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Repatriation</b> is the return of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">cultural property</a>, often referring to ancient or <a href="/wiki/Looted_art" title="Looted art">looted art</a>, to their country of origin or former owners (or their heirs). </p><p>The disputed cultural property items are physical artifacts of a group or society taken by another group, usually in the act of looting, whether in the context of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>. The contested objects vary widely and include <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Paintings">paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monuments</a>, objects such as <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a> or <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a> for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological study</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Repatriation_and_reburial_of_human_remains" title="Repatriation and reburial of human remains">human remains</a>. </p><p>The looting of defeated peoples' cultural heritage by war has been common practice since ancient times. In the modern era, the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art">Napoleonic looting of art</a> was confiscations of artworks and precious objects by the French army or officials<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After Napoleon's defeat, some <a href="/wiki/List_of_art_looted_by_Napoleonic_armies" title="List of art looted by Napoleonic armies">looted artworks</a> were returned to their country of origin, according the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris</a>, among them the <a href="/wiki/Horses_of_Saint_Mark" title="Horses of Saint Mark">Horses of Saint Mark</a>, repatriated to Venice. </p><p>In the early 21st century, debates about the colonial context of acquisitions by Western collections have centered both around arguments against and in favor of repatriations. Since the publication of the French <a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_restitution_of_African_cultural_heritage" title="Report on the restitution of African cultural heritage">report on the restitution of African cultural heritage</a> in 2018, these debates have gained new international attention and have led to changes regarding the public role of museums and to restitutions on moral rather than merely legal grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg/170px-Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg/255px-Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg/340px-Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Victory Stele of Naram Sin, Akkadian Dynasty, reign of Naram-Sin (2254–2218 BC). Louvre, Paris.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_and_looting">War and looting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: War and looting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_world">Ancient world</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>War and the subsequent looting of defeated peoples have been common practice since ancient times. The stele of King <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin of Akkad</a>, which is now displayed in the Louvre Museum in Paris, is one of the earliest works of art known to have been looted in war. The stele commemorating Naram-Sin's victory in a battle against the <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi</a> people in 2250 BCE was taken as war plunder about a thousand years later by the <a href="/wiki/Elamites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamites">Elamites</a> who relocated it to their capital in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, Iran. There, it was uncovered in 1898 by French archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Palladion" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladion">Palladion</a> was the earliest and perhaps most important stolen statue in western literature.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The small carved wooden statue of an armed <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> served as Troy's protective <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talisman</a>, which is said to have been stolen by two Greeks who secretly smuggled the statue out of the Temple of Athena. It was widely believed in antiquity that the conquest of Troy was only possible because the city had lost its protective talisman. This myth illustrates the sacramental significance of statuary in Ancient Greece as divine manifestations of the gods that symbolized power and were often believed to possess supernatural abilities. The sacred nature of the statues is further illustrated in the supposed suffering of the victorious Greeks afterward, including <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, who was the mastermind behind the robbery.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosetta_Stone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rosetta_Stone.JPG/170px-Rosetta_Stone.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rosetta_Stone.JPG/255px-Rosetta_Stone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rosetta_Stone.JPG/340px-Rosetta_Stone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3665" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>, key to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs, 196 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Roman myth, Rome was founded by <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, the first victor to dedicate spoils taken from an enemy ruler to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Feretrius" title="Temple of Jupiter Feretrius">Temple of Jupiter Feretrius</a>. In Rome's many subsequent wars, blood-stained armor and weaponry were gathered and placed in temples as a symbol of respect toward the enemies' deities and as a way to win their patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated8_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As Roman power spread throughout Italy where Greek cities once reigned, Greek art was looted and ostentatiously displayed in Rome as a triumphal symbol of foreign territories brought under Roman rule.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated8_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, the triumphal procession of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcus Claudius Marcellus</a> after the fall of Syracuse in 211 is believed to have set a standard of reverence to conquered sanctuaries as it engendered disapproval by critics and a negative social reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Augustus">Emperor Augustus</a> was sufficiently embarrassed by the history of Roman plunder of Greek art to return some pieces to their original homes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A precedent for art repatriation was set in Roman antiquity when <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> prosecuted <a href="/wiki/Verres" class="mw-redirect" title="Verres">Verres</a>, a senate member and illegal appropriator of art. Cicero's speech influenced <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> European thought and had an indirect impact on the modern debate about art repatriation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cicero's argument uses military episodes of plunder as "case law" and expresses certain standards when it comes to appropriating cultural property of another people.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cicero makes a distinction between public and private uses of art and what is appropriate for each and he also asserts that the primary purpose of art is religious expression and veneration. He also sets standards for the responsibilities of imperial administration abroad to the code of ethics surrounding the collection of art from defeated Greece and Rome in wartime. Later, both Napoleon and Lord Elgin would be likened to Verres in condemnations of their plundering of art.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Looting_during_Napoleon's_Empire"><span id="Looting_during_Napoleon.27s_Empire"></span>Looting during Napoleon's Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Looting during Napoleon&#039;s Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingresso_a_parigi_opere_rubate_napoleone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ingresso_a_parigi_opere_rubate_napoleone.jpg/220px-Ingresso_a_parigi_opere_rubate_napoleone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ingresso_a_parigi_opere_rubate_napoleone.jpg/330px-Ingresso_a_parigi_opere_rubate_napoleone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ingresso_a_parigi_opere_rubate_napoleone.jpg/440px-Ingresso_a_parigi_opere_rubate_napoleone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Triumphal procession into Paris of art looted by Napoleon from Italy in 1797. The <a href="/wiki/Horses_of_Saint_Mark" title="Horses of Saint Mark">Horses of Saint Mark</a> in the center were returned to Italy in 1815 following the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the first international congress dealing with looting of artworks.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art">Napoleonic looting of art</a> was confiscations of artworks and precious objects by the French army, or officials, in the territories of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>, Spain, Portugal, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, and Central Europe. The scale of plundering was unprecedented in modern history, the only comparable looting expeditions taking place in ancient Roman history.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In fact, the French revolutionaries justified the large-scale and systematic looting of Italy in 1796 by viewing themselves as the political successors of Rome, in the same way that ancient Romans saw themselves as the heirs of Greek civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They also supported their actions with the opinion that their sophisticated artistic taste would allow them to appreciate the plundered art.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated12_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Napoleon's soldiers crudely dismantled the art by tearing paintings out of their frames hung in churches and sometimes causing damage during the shipping process. Napoleon's soldiers appropriated private collections and even the papal collection.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated13_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The most famous artworks plundered included the <a href="/wiki/Horses_of_Saint_Mark" title="Horses of Saint Mark">Bronze Horses of Saint Mark</a> in Venice (itself looted from the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> in 1204) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i> in Rome (both since returned), with the latter then being considered the most impressive sculpture. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg/170px-Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg/255px-Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg/340px-Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8744" data-file-height="9502" /></a><figcaption>Laocoön group, ca. 40–20 BCE. Museo Pio Clementino, Vatican.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Laocoön had a particular meaning for the French because it was associated with a myth in connection to the founding of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> When the art was brought into Paris, the pieces arrived in the fashion of a triumphal procession modeled after the common practice of ancient Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated13_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon's extensive plunder of Italy was criticized by such French artists as <a href="/wiki/Quatrem%C3%A8re_de_Quincy" title="Quatremère de Quincy">Quatremère de Quincy</a> (1755–1849), who circulated a petition that gathered the signatures of fifty other artists.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> With the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> museum in Paris in 1793, Napoleon's aim was to establish an encyclopedic exhibition of art history, which later both <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and Adolf Hitler attempted to emulate in their respective countries.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated12_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg/220px-Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg/330px-Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg/440px-Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>L'Expédition d'Égypte Sous Les Ordres De Bonaparte by Leon Cogniet, ca. 1835. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Depicts Napoleon and his savants studying Egypt.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Louvre_c1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Paris_Louvre_c1845.jpg/220px-Paris_Louvre_c1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Paris_Louvre_c1845.jpg/330px-Paris_Louvre_c1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Paris_Louvre_c1845.jpg/440px-Paris_Louvre_c1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2471" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption>Louvre museum, Paris, ca. 1845</figcaption></figure> <p>Napoleon continued his art conquests in 1798 when he invaded Egypt in an attempt to safeguard French trade interests and to undermine Britain's access to India via Egypt. His expedition in Egypt is noted for the 167 "savants" he took with him including scientists and other specialists equipped with tools for recording, surveying and documenting ancient and modern Egypt and its natural history.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Among other things, the expedition discoveries included the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a> near Thebes. The French military campaign was short-lived and unsuccessful and the majority of the collected artifacts (including the Rosetta Stone) were seized by British troops, ending up in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Nonetheless, the information gathered by the French expedition was soon after published in the several volumes of <i><a href="/wiki/Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Description de l&#39;Égypte">Description de l'Égypte</a></i>, which included 837 copperplate engravings and over 3,000 drawings. In contrast to the disapproving public reaction to the looting of Italian works of art, the appropriation of Egyptian art saw widespread interest and fascination throughout Europe, inciting a phenomenon which came to be called "<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt_in_the_Western_imagination" title="Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination">Egyptomania</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A notable consequence of looting is its ability to hinder contemporary repatriation claims of cultural property to a country or community of origin. A process that requires proof of theft of an illegal transaction, or that the object originated from a specific country, can be difficult to provide if the looting and subsequent movements or transactions were undocumented.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For example, in 1994 the British Library acquired <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> manuscript fragments and has since refused to return them unless their origin could be identified (Afghanistan, Pakistan, or Tajikistan), of which the library itself was unsure.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repatriation_after_the_Napoleonic_Wars">Repatriation after the Napoleonic Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Repatriation after the Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg/220px-Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg/330px-Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg/440px-Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>The Allied victory in 1815 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> marked the end of the Napoleonic Era.</figcaption></figure> <p>Art was repatriated for the first time in modern history when <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a> returned to Italy art that had been plundered by Napoleon, after his and Marshal Blücher's armies defeated the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated11_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This decision contrasted sharply to a long-held tradition to the effect that "<a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">to the victors go the spoils</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated11_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This is remarkable considering that in the battle of Waterloo alone, the financial and human costs were colossal; the decision to not only refrain from plundering France but to repatriate France's prior seizures from the Netherlands, Italy, Prussia, and Spain, was extraordinary.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Moreover, the British paid for the restitution of the papal collection to Rome because the Pope could not finance the shipping himself.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> When British troops began packing up looted art from the Louvre, there was a public outcry in France. Crowds reportedly tried to prevent the taking of the <a href="/wiki/Horses_of_Saint_Mark" title="Horses of Saint Mark">Horses of Saint Mark</a> and there were throngs of weeping ladies outside the Louvre Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Despite the unprecedented nature of this repatriation effort, there are estimations only about 55% of what was taken was actually repatriated: the Louvre Director at the time, <a href="/wiki/Vivant_Denon" title="Vivant Denon">Vivant Denon</a>, had sent out many important works to other parts of France before the British could take them.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many works remained in French museums, such as the Louvre, the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale</a> in Paris or other collections in France.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Wellington viewed himself as representing all of Europe's nations and he believed that the moral decision would be to restore the art in its apparently proper context.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Castlereagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Castlereagh">Lord Castlereagh</a> he wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Allies then, having the contents of the museum justly in their power, could not do otherwise than restore them to the countries from which, contrary to the practice of civilized warfare, they had been torn during the disastrous period of the French revolution and the tyranny of Bonaparte. ... Not only, then, would it, in my opinion, be unjust in the Sovereigns to gratify the people of France on this subject, at the expense of their own people, but the sacrifice they would make would be impolitic, as it would deprive them of the opportunity of giving the people of France a great moral lesson.</p><div class="templatequotecite">—&#8202;<cite>Excerpt from letter of Wellington to Viscount Castlereagh, K.G., Paris, September 23, 1815<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Wellington also forbade pilfering among his troops as he believed that it led to the lack of discipline and distraction from military duty. He held the view that winning support from local inhabitants was an important break from Napoleon's practices.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The great public interest in art repatriation helped fuel the expansion of public museums in Europe and launched museum-funded archaeological explorations. The concept of art and cultural repatriation gained momentum through the latter decades of the twentieth century, and began to show fruition by the end of the century, when key works were returned to claimants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Looting_by_Germany_during_the_Nazi_era">Looting by Germany during the Nazi era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Looting by Germany during the Nazi era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></div> <p>One of the most infamous cases of art plundering in wartime was the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> appropriation of art from both public and private holdings throughout Europe and Russia. The looting began before World War II with illegal seizures as part of a systematic persecution of Jews, which was included as a part of Nazi crimes during the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During World War II, Germany plundered 427 museums in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and ravaged or destroyed 1,670 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> churches, 237 <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> churches and 532 synagogues.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1997_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1997-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Looting_in_Iraq_after_the_fall_of_the_Saddam_Hussein_regime">Looting in Iraq after the fall of the Saddam Hussein regime</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Looting in Iraq after the fall of the Saddam Hussein regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A well-known recent case of wartime looting was the plundering of ancient artifacts from the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Iraq">National Museum of Iraq</a> in Baghdad at the outbreak of the war in 2003. Although this was not a case in which the victors plundered art from their defeated enemy, it was result of the unstable and chaotic conditions of war that allowed looting to happen and which some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2019)">who?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> would argue was the fault of the invading US forces. </p><p>Archaeologists and scholars criticized the US military for not taking the measures to secure the museum, a repository for a myriad of valuable ancient artifacts from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian">Mesopotamian</a> civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the several months leading up to the war, scholars, art directors, and collector met with <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> to ensure that the US government would protect Iraq's important archaeological heritage, with the National Museum in Baghdad being at the top of the list of concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Between 8 April, when the museum was vacated and 12 April, when some of the staff returned, an estimated 15,000 items and an additional 5,000 cylinder seals were stolen.<sup id="cite_ref-poole1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poole1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Moreover, the National Library was plundered of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablets and the building was set on fire with half a million books inside; fortunately, many of the manuscripts and books were preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A US task force was able to retrieve about half of the stolen artifacts by organizing and dispatching an inventory of missing objects and by declaring that there would be no punishment for anyone returning an item.<sup id="cite_ref-poole1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poole1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition to the vulnerability of art and historical institutions during the Iraq war, Iraq's rich archaeological sites and areas of excavated land (Iraq is presumed to possess vast undiscovered treasures) have fallen victim to widespread looting.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hordes of looters disinterred enormous craters around Iraq's archaeological sites, sometimes using bulldozers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is estimated that between 10,000 and 15,000 archaeological sites in Iraq have been despoiled.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Legal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_government_laws">National government laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: National government laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1863 US President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> summoned <a href="/wiki/Francis_Lieber" title="Francis Lieber">Francis Lieber</a>, a German-American jurist and political philosopher, to write a legal code to regulate Union soldiers' behavior toward Confederate prisoners, noncombatants, spies and property. The resulting <i>General Orders No.100</i> or the <a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a>, legally recognized cultural property as a protected category in war.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Lieber Code had far-reaching results as it became the basis for the Hague Convention of 1907 and 1954 and has led to Standing Rules of Engagement (ROE) for US troops today.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A portion of the ROE clauses instruct US troops not to attack "schools, museums, national monuments, and any other historical or cultural sites unless they are being used for a military purpose and pose a threat".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004 the US passed the Bill HR1047 for the Emergency Protection for Iraq Cultural Antiquities Act, which allows the President authority to impose emergency import restrictions by Section 204 of the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (CCIPA).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2003, Britain and Switzerland put into effect statutory prohibitions against illegally exported Iraqi artifacts. In the UK, the Dealing in Cultural Objects Bill was established in 2003 that prohibited the handling of illegal cultural objects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Repatriation in the UK has been highly debated in recent years, however there is still a lack of formal national legislation that expressly outlines general claims and repatriation procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_138–153_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_138–153-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As a result, guidance on repatriation stems from museum authority and government guidelines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Ethnographers_Group" title="Museum Ethnographers Group">Museum Ethnographers' Group</a> (1994) and the <a href="/wiki/Museums_Association" title="Museums Association">Museums Association</a> Guidelines on Restitution and Repatriation (2000). This means that individual museum policies on repatriation can vary significantly depending on the museum's views, collections and other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The repatriation of human remains is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Human_Tissue_Act_2004" title="Human Tissue Act 2004">Human Tissue Act 2004</a>. However, the Act itself does not create guidelines on the process of repatriation, it merely states it is legally possible for museums to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_138–153_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_138–153-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This again highlights that successful repatriation claims in the UK are dependent on museum policy and procedure. One example includes the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>'s policy on the restitution of human remains.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_conventions">International conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: International conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hague Convention of 1907 aimed to forbid pillaging and sought to make wartime plunder the subject of legal proceedings, although in practice the defeated countries did not gain any leverage in their demands for repatriation.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1997_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1997-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict took place in the wake of widespread destruction of cultural heritage in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and is the first international treaty of a worldwide vocation focusing exclusively on the protection of cultural heritage in the event of armed conflict. </p><p>Irini Stamatoudi suggests that the 1970 UNESCO convention on prohibiting and preventing illicit imports and exports and the 1995 UNIDROIT convention on stolen or illegally exported cultural objects are the most important international conventions related to cultural property law.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UNESCO">UNESCO</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: UNESCO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Convention_on_the_Means_of_Prohibiting_and_Preventing_the_Illicit_Import,_Export_and_Transfer_of_Ownership_of_Cultural_Property" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property">1970 UNESCO Convention against Illicit Export</a> under the Act to implement the convention (the Cultural Property Implementation Act) allowed for stolen objects to be seized, if there were documentation of it in a museum or institution of a state party, the convention also encouraged member states to adopt the convention within their own national laws.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The following agreement in 1972 promoted world cultural and natural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1978 UNESCO Convention strengthened existing provisions; the Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its countries of origin or its restitution in case of illicit appropriation was established. It consists of 22 members elected by the General Conference of UNESCO to facilitate bilateral negotiations for the restitution of "any cultural property which has a fundamental significance from the point of view of the spiritual values and cultural heritage of the people of a Member State or Associate Member of UNESCO and which has been lost as a result of colonial or foreign occupation or as a result of illicit appropriation".<sup id="cite_ref-riviere2009_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riviere2009-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was also created to "encourage the necessary research and studies for the establishment of coherent programmes for the constitution of representative collections in countries, whose cultural heritage has been dispersed".<sup id="cite_ref-riviere2009_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riviere2009-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi National Museum">Iraqi National Museum</a> looting, UNESCO Director-General, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Matsuura" title="Kōichirō Matsuura">Kōichirō Matsuura</a> convened a meeting in Paris on 17 April 2003, to assess the situation and coordinate international networks in order to recover the cultural heritage of Iraq. On 8 July 2003, <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a> and UNESCO signed an amendment to their 1999 Cooperation Agreement in the effort to recover looted Iraqi artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UNIDROIT">UNIDROIT</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: UNIDROIT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/UNIDROIT" title="UNIDROIT">UNIDROIT</a> (International Institute for the Unification of Private Law) Convention on Stolen or Illicitly Exported Cultural Objects of 1995 called for the return of illegally exported cultural objects.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customary_international_law">Customary international law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Customary international law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Catharine_Titi" title="Catharine Titi">Catharine Titi</a> suggests that states' attitudes to the repatriation of cultural property have changed dramatically in the last few years and that, as a consequence, a new rule of international law is emerging that requires the return of important cultural property to its country of origin, if it has been unlawfully or unethically removed.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_heritage_in_international_contexts">Cultural heritage in international contexts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Cultural heritage in international contexts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonialism_and_identity">Colonialism and identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Colonialism and identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From early on, the field of archaeology was deeply involved in political endeavors and in the construction of national identities. This early relationship can be seen during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and the proto-Italian reactions against the <a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a> movement, but the relationship became stronger during 19th century Europe when archaeology became institutionalized as a field of study furnished by artifacts acquired during the <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> era of <a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Colonialism and the field of archaeology mutually supported one another as the need to acquire knowledge of ancient artifacts justified further colonial dominance. </p><p>As further justification for colonial rule, the archaeological discoveries also shaped the way European colonialists identified with the artifacts and the ancient people who made them. In the case of Egypt, colonial Europe's mission was to bring the glory and magnificence of ancient Egypt closer to Europe and incorporate it into knowledge of world history, or better yet, use European history to place ancient Egypt in a new spotlight.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> With the archaeological discoveries, ancient Egypt was adopted into the Western historical narrative and came to take on a significance that had up until that time been reserved for ancient Greek and Roman civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The French revolutionaries justified the large-scale and systematic looting of Italy in 1796 by viewing themselves as the political successors of Rome, in the same way that ancient Romans saw themselves as the heirs of Greek civilization;<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated12_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> by the same token, the appropriation of ancient Egyptian history as European history further legitimated Western colonial rule over Egypt. But while ancient Egypt became patrimony of the West, modern Egypt remained a part of the Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The writings of European archaeologists and tourists illustrate the impression that modern Egyptians were uncivilized, savage, and the antithesis of the splendor of ancient Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Museums furnished by colonial looting have largely shaped the way a nation imagines its dominion, the nature of the human beings under its power, the geography of the land, and the legitimacy of its ancestors, working to suggest a process of political inheriting.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is necessary to understand the paradoxical way in which the objects on display at museums are tangible reminders of the power held by those who gaze at them.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Eliot Colla describes the structure of the Egyptian sculpture room in the British Museum as an assemblage that "form[s] an abstract image of the globe with London at the center".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The British Museum, as Colla describes, presents a lesson of human development and progress: "the forward march of human civilization from its classical origins in Greece and Rome, through Renaissance Italy, to modern-day London".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The restoration of monuments was often made in colonial states to make natives feel as if in their current state, they were no longer capable of greatness.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated10_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated10-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Furthermore, sometimes colonial rulers argued that the ancestors of the colonized people did not make the artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated10_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated10-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some scholars also argue that European colonialists used monumental archaeology and tourism to appear as the guardian of the colonized, reinforcing unconscious and undetectable ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated10_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated10-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Colonial rulers used peoples, religions, languages, artifacts, and monuments as source for reinforcing European nationalism, which was adopted and easily inherited from the colonial states.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated10_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated10-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism_and_identity">Nationalism and identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Nationalism and identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> As a direct reaction and resistance to colonial oppression, archaeology was also used for the purpose of legitimating the existence of an independent nation-state.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For example, Egyptian Nationalists utilized its ancient history to invent the political and expressive culture of "<a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a>" as a response to Europe's "<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt_in_the_Western_imagination" title="Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination">Egyptomania</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated9_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masada02_ST_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Masada02_ST_04.jpg/220px-Masada02_ST_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Masada02_ST_04.jpg/330px-Masada02_ST_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Masada02_ST_04.jpg/440px-Masada02_ST_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Masada fortress, Israel</figcaption></figure><p> Some argue that in colonized states, nationalist archaeology was used to resist colonialism and racism under the guise of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While it is true that both colonialist and nationalist discourse use the artifact to form mechanisms to sustain their contending political agendas, there is a danger in viewing them interchangeably since the latter was a reaction and form of resistance to the former. On the other hand, it is important to realize that in the process of emulating the mechanisms of colonial discourse, the nationalist discourse produced new forms of power. In the case of the Egyptian nationalist movement, the new form of power and meaning that surrounded the artifact furthered the Egyptian independence cause but continued to oppress the rural Egyptian population.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated9_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2015)">who?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> argue that archaeology can be a positive source of pride in cultural traditions, but can also be abused to justify cultural or racial superiority as the Nazis argued that Germanic people of Northern Europe was a distinct race and cradle of Western civilization that was superior to the Jewish race.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="We need a source that substantiates the relationship between archaeology and the Nazi concept of Germanic racial superiority. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>. In other cases, archaeology allows rulers to justify the domination of neighboring peoples as <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> used <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>'s magnificent past to justify the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars employ the idea that identity is fluid and constructed, especially national identity of modern nation-states, to argue that the post-colonial countries have no real claims to the artifacts plundered from their borders since their cultural connections to the artifacts are indirect and equivocal.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This argument asserts that artifacts should be viewed as universal cultural property and should not be divided among artificially created <a href="/wiki/Nation-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-states">nation-states</a>. Moreover, that encyclopedic museums are a testament to diversity, tolerance and the appreciation of many cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other scholars would argue that this reasoning is a continuation of colonialist discourse attempting to appropriate the ancient art of colonized states and incorporate it into the narrative of Western history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_survival_and_identity">Cultural survival and identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Cultural survival and identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler-colonial</a> contexts, many Indigenous people that have experienced cultural domination by colonial powers have begun to request the repatriation of objects that are already within the same borders. Objects of <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous cultural heritage</a>, such as ceremonial objects, artistic objects, etc., have ended up in the hands of publicly and privately held collections which were often given up under economic duress, taken during <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilationist</a> programs or simply stolen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The objects are often significant to the Indigenous ontologies possessing <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> ties. Objects such as particular instruments used in unique musical traditions, textiles used in spiritual practices or religious carvings have cult significance are connected to the revival of traditional practices. This means that the repatriation of these objects is connected to the cultural survival of Indigenous people historically oppressed by colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonial narratives surrounding "<a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">discovery</a>" of the new world have historically resulted in Indigenous people's claim to cultural heritage being rejected. Instead, private and public holders have worked towards displaying these objects in museums as a part of colonial national history. Museums often argue that if objects were to be repatriated they would be seldom seen and not properly taken care of.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> International agreements such as the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Convention_on_the_Means_of_Prohibiting_and_Preventing_the_Illicit_Import,_Export_and_Transfer_of_Ownership_of_Cultural_Property" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property">1970 UNESCO Convention against Illicit Export</a> under the Act to implement the convention (the Cultural Property Implementation Act) often do not regard Indigenous repatriation claims. Instead, these conventions focus on returning national cultural heritage to states.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p> Since the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of museums">decolonization</a> efforts have resulted in more museums attempting to work with local Indigenous groups to secure a working relationship and the repatriation of their cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-dx.doi.org_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This has resulted in local and international legislation such as the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</a> (NAGPRA) and the 1995 <a href="/wiki/UNIDROIT_Convention_on_Stolen_or_Illegally_Exported_Cultural_Objects" title="UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects">UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects</a> which take Indigenous perspectives into consideration in the repatriation process. Notably, Article 12 of <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">UNDRIP</a> states:</p><blockquote><p>Indigenous peoples have the right to manifest, practise, develop and teach their spiritual and religious traditions, customs and ceremonies; the right to maintain, protect, and have access in privacy to their religious and cultural sites; the right to the use and control of their ceremonial objects; and the right to the repatriation of their human remains. States shall seek to enable the access and/or repatriation of ceremonial objects and human remains in their possession through fair, transparent and effective mechanisms developed in conjunction with indigenous peoples concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The process of repatriation has often been fraught with issues though, resulting in the loss or improper repatriation of cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The debate between public interest, Indigenous claims and the wrongs of colonialism is the central tension around the repatriation of Indigenous cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_repatriation_debate">The repatriation debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: The repatriation debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The repatriation debate is a term referring to the dialogue between individuals, heritage institutions, and nations who have possession of cultural property and those who pursue its return to its country or community of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is suggested that many points within this debate center around the legal issues involved such as theft and the legality of acquisitions and exports, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Two main theories seem to underpin the repatriation debate and cultural property law: cultural nationalism and cultural internationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These theories emerged and developed following the creation of many international conventions, such as the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Convention_on_the_Means_of_Prohibiting_and_Preventing_the_Illicit_Import,_Export_and_Transfer_of_Ownership_of_Cultural_Property" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property">1970 UNESCO Convention</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UNIDROIT_Convention_on_Stolen_or_Illegally_Exported_Cultural_Objects" title="UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects">1995 UNIDROIT Convention</a>, and act as the foundation of contradicting opinions regarding the transport of cultural objects.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, the dual theory of cultural internationalism and cultural nationalism is on the decline.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_internationalism">Cultural internationalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Cultural internationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural internationalism has links to <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recontextualisation" title="Recontextualisation">decontextualization</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and suggests that cultural property is not tethered to one nation and belongs to everybody. Calls for repatriation can therefore be dismissed since they are often requested when a nation declares ownership of an object,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> which according to this theory is not exclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some critics and even supporters of this theory seek to limit its scope. For example, proponent of cultural internationalism <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_H._Merryman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John H. Merryman (page does not exist)">John H. Merryman</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Merryman" class="extiw" title="de:John Henry Merryman">de</a>&#93;</span> suggests that unauthorized archaeological discoveries should not be exported as information would be lost that would have remained intact if they stayed where they were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is further argued that this theory has close resemblance to the 'universal museums' theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Following a series of repatriation claims, leading museums issued a declaration detailing the importance of the universal museum.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The declaration argues that over time, objects acquired by the museums have become part of the heritage of that nation and that museums work to serve people from every country as "agents in the development of culture". It is on this justification that many repatriation requests are denied.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A notable example includes the Greek Parthenon marbles housed at the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the issues surrounding the denial of repatriation requests originate from items taken during the era of imperialism (pre-1970 UNESCO Convention) as a wide range of opinions remains among museums.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_nationalism">Cultural nationalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Cultural nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural nationalism has links to retentionism, <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>, and particularism.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Convention_on_the_Means_of_Prohibiting_and_Preventing_the_Illicit_Import,_Export_and_Transfer_of_Ownership_of_Cultural_Property" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property">1970 UNESCO Convention</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UNIDROIT_Convention_on_Stolen_or_Illegally_Exported_Cultural_Objects" title="UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects">1995 UNIDROIT Convention</a>, cultural nationalism has become more popular than its opposing internationalist theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the theory of cultural nationalism, nations seek to withhold cultural objects as their own heritage and actively seek the return of objects that are abroad (illegally or unethically).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cultural nationalists suggest that keeping and returning objects to their country of origin tethers the object to its context and therefore overrides its economic value (abroad).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both cultural nationalism and internationalism could be used to justify the retention of cultural property depending on the point of view. Nations of origin seek retention to protect the wider context of the object as well as the object itself, whereas nations who acquire cultural property seek its retention because they wish to preserve the object if there is a chance it will be lost if transported.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The repatriation debate often differs on case-by-case basis due to the specific nature of legal and historical issues surrounding each instance. Most of the arguments commonly used are discussed in the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_restitution_of_African_cultural_heritage" title="Report on the restitution of African cultural heritage">Report on the Restitution of African Cultural Heritage</a> by <a href="/wiki/Felwine_Sarr" title="Felwine Sarr">Felwine Sarr</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dicte_Savoy" title="Bénédicte Savoy">Bénédicte Savoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rapport_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapport-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They can be summarized as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguments_against_repatriation">Arguments against repatriation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Arguments against repatriation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Artifacts are a part of <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_knowledge" title="Encyclopedic knowledge">encyclopedic</a> museums like the British Museum, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> cultivate the dissemination of knowledge, tolerance, and broad cultural understanding. <a href="/wiki/James_Cuno" title="James Cuno">James Cuno</a> suggests that repatriation claims are arguments against this encyclopedic promise.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Artifacts were frequently excavated or uncovered by looters, who brought to light a piece of artwork that would otherwise never have been found; foreign-led excavation teams have uncovered items that contribute to cultural knowledge and understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nationalist retentionist cultural property laws claiming ownership are founded on constructed boundaries of modern nations with weak connections to the culture, spirit, and ethnicity of the ancient peoples, who produced those works.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cultural identities are dynamic, inter-related and overlapping, so no modern nation-state can claim cultural property as their own without promoting a <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarian</a> view of culture.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Having artwork disseminated around the world encourages international scholarly and professional exchange.</li> <li>Encyclopedic museums are located in cosmopolitan cities such as London, Paris, Berlin, Rome or New York, and if the artworks were to be moved, they would be seen by far fewer people. For instance, if the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> were to be moved from The British Museum to The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Museum">Cairo Museum</a>, the number of people, who view it, would drop from about 5.5 million visitors to 2.5 million visitors a year.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguments_for_repatriation">Arguments for repatriation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Arguments for repatriation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Encyclopedic museums such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> were established as repositories for looted art during imperial and colonial rule, and thus are located in metropolitan cities out of view and reach of the cultures from which they were appropriated.</li> <li>Precedence of repatriated art has already been set in many cases, but the artworks that museums currently refuse to repatriate are often their most valuable and famous artworks.</li> <li>Foreign-led excavations have justified colonial rule and vice versa; in the pursuit of obtaining knowledge about the artifacts, there was a need to establish control over the artifacts and the countries, where they were located.<sup id="cite_ref-Rapport_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapport-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The argument that art is a part of universal human history is a derivative of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial discourse</a> that appropriated the art of other cultures into the Western historical narrative.</li> <li>The encyclopedic museums that house much of the world's artworks and artifacts are located in Western cities and privilege European scholars, professionals and people, while at the same time excluding people in the countries of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The argument that artwork will not be protected outside of the Western world is hypocritical, as much of the artwork transported out of colonized countries was crudely removed, often damaged and sometimes lost in transportation. The <a href="/wiki/Elgin_marbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Elgin marbles">Elgin marbles</a> for example, were damaged during the cleaning and "preservation" process. As another example, the <i>Napried</i>, one of the ships commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Palma_di_Cesnola" title="Luigi Palma di Cesnola">di Cesnola</a> to transport approximately 35,000 pieces of antiquities that he had collected from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, was lost at sea carrying about 5,000 pieces in its cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Art is best appreciated and understood in its original historical and cultural context.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Following the return of cultural property, the intangible meaning and aspects of that culture also return, this may promote the return of intangible traditions and educate future generations within indigenous communities.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Art taken out of the country as a spoil of war, by looting, and as a deliberate act of colonialism, is unethical, even if this is not explicitly reflected in legislation. The possession of artwork taken under these conditions is a form of continued colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The lack of existing legal recourse for claiming the return of illicitly appropriated cultural property is a result of colonization. Michael Dodson notes that colonization has taken "our distinct identities and cultures".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Art is a symbol of cultural heritage and identity, and the unlawful appropriation of artworks is an affront to a nation's pride. Moira Simpson suggests that repatriation helps indigenous communities renew traditional practices that were previously lost, this is the best method of cultural preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Susan Douglas and Melanie Hayes note that national collections often have fixed practices, like collecting and owning cultural objects, which can be influenced by a colonial structure.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Following the repatriation of cultural objects and ancestral remains, indigenous communities may begin to heal by connecting the past and the present.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_'New_Stream'_theory_(Indeterminacy)"><span id="The_.27New_Stream.27_theory_.28Indeterminacy.29"></span>The 'New Stream' theory (Indeterminacy)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: The &#039;New Stream&#039; theory (Indeterminacy)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pauno Soirila argues that the majority of the repatriation debate is stuck in an "argumentative loop" with cultural nationalism and cultural internationalism on opposing sides, as evidenced by the unresolved case of the Parthenon marbles. Introducing external factors is the only way to break it.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Introducing claims centered around communities' human rights has led to increased indigenous defense and productive collaborations with museums and cultural institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While human rights factors alone cannot resolve the debate, it is a necessary step towards a sustainable cultural property policy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_examples">International examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: International examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal">Australian Aboriginal</a> cultural artefacts as well as people have been the objects of study in museums; many were taken in the decades either side of the turn of the 20th century. There has been greater success with returning human remains than cultural objects in recent years, as the question of repatriating objects is less straightforward than bringing home ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-slower_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slower-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> More than 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous Australian</a> artefacts are held in over 220 institutions across the world, of which at least 32,000 are in British institutions, including the British Museum and the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria &amp; Albert Museum">Victoria &amp; Albert Museum</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-guardman_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardman-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abram2021_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abram2021-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia has no laws directly governing repatriation, but there is a government programme relating to the return of Aboriginal remains and artefacts, the International Repatriation Program (IRP), administered by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Communications_and_the_Arts" title="Department of Communications and the Arts">Department of Communications and the Arts</a>. This programme "supports the repatriation of ancestral remains and secret sacred objects to their communities of origin to help promote healing and reconciliation" and assists community representatives work towards repatriation of remains in various ways.<sup id="cite_ref-govt_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govt-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-creative_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gweagal" title="Gweagal">Gweagal</a> man Rodney Kelly and others have been working to achieve the repatriation of the <a href="/wiki/Gweagal#The_Gweagal_Spears_and_Shield" title="Gweagal">Gweagal Shield and Spears</a> from the British Museum<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology,_University_of_Cambridge" title="Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge">Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jason Gibson, a museum anthropologist working in Central Australia, notes how there is a lack of Aboriginal authority surrounding collections and so protocols have instead been made by non-<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous</a> professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The matter of repatriation of cultural artefacts such as the Gweagal shield was raised in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">federal parliament</a> on 9 December 2019, receiving cross-bench support. With the 250th anniversary of Captain James Cook's landing looming in April 2020, two <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> MPs called on the government to "establish a process for the return of relevant cultural and historical artefacts to the original custodians and owners".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Returns">Returns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Returns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Return of Cultural Heritage program run by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a> (AIATSIS) began in 2019, the year before the 250th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Captain_James_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain James Cook">Captain James Cook</a>'s first voyage to Australia. The program has worked towards the return of a number of the approximately 105,000 identified objects held by foreign institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-abram2021_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abram2021-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late October 2019 the first collection of many sacred artefacts held in US museums were returned by <a href="/wiki/Illinois_State_Museum" title="Illinois State Museum">Illinois State Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-beavan2019_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beavan2019-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Forty-two <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_people" title="Arrernte people">Aranda</a> (Arrernte) and <a href="/wiki/Bardi_Jawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardi Jawi">Bardi Jawi</a> objects removed from <a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">central Australia</a> in 1920 were the first group. The next phase of the project would repatriate 40 culturally significant objects from the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Museum" title="Manchester Museum">Manchester Museum</a> in the UK, which would be returned to the Aranda, <a href="/wiki/Ganggalidda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganggalidda">Ganggalidda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garrwa_people" title="Garrwa people">Garawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyamal" title="Nyamal">Nyamal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yawuru" title="Yawuru">Yawuru</a> peoples. AIATSIS project leader Christopher Simpson said they hoped that the project could evolve into an ongoing program for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Government of Australia">Federal Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-beavan2019_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beavan2019-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In November 2019, the objects were returned from Manchester Museum, which included sacred artefacts collected 125 years earlier from the <a href="/wiki/Nyamal" title="Nyamal">Nyamal</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Pilbara" title="Pilbara">Pilbara</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardman_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardman-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Manchester Museum returned 19 sacred objects to the Arrernte people during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, which was finally celebrated in May 2021. Another 17 items held at the <a href="/wiki/Kluge-Ruhe_Aboriginal_Art_Collection" title="Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection">Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> also due to be returned to a number of Aboriginal nations.<sup id="cite_ref-abram2021_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abram2021-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Four items in the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Institute_and_Museum" title="Auckland Institute and Museum">Auckland Institute and Museum</a> in New Zealand are to be returned to the AIATSIS at the end of 2022. Belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Warumungu" title="Warumungu">Waramungu</a> people, they were collected by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baldwin_Spencer" title="Walter Baldwin Spencer">Baldwin Spencer</a> in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In September 2023, Manchester Museum has returned 174 artefacts to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a> people. The director for culture and emergencies at <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> said "May this occasion be a source of inspiration, encouraging others to embark on similar journeys."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>While communities note the positive impact of returning bones of ancestors back to their country of origin, some also declare it has provoked tensions within communities e.g. the requirement of legal title of land to bury them and determining who has the authority to perform traditional ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Place_(Aboriginal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keeping Place (Aboriginal)">Keeping Places</a> are Aboriginal community-managed places for the safekeeping of cultural artefacts, often including repatriated cultural material<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> along with other local cultural heritage items or knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mbangu_mask_-_Central_Pende,_Southern_Bandundu,_DRC_-_Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_-_DSC06657.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mbangu_mask_-_Central_Pende%2C_Southern_Bandundu%2C_DRC_-_Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_-_DSC06657.JPG/220px-Mbangu_mask_-_Central_Pende%2C_Southern_Bandundu%2C_DRC_-_Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_-_DSC06657.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mbangu_mask_-_Central_Pende%2C_Southern_Bandundu%2C_DRC_-_Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_-_DSC06657.JPG/330px-Mbangu_mask_-_Central_Pende%2C_Southern_Bandundu%2C_DRC_-_Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_-_DSC06657.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mbangu_mask_-_Central_Pende%2C_Southern_Bandundu%2C_DRC_-_Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_-_DSC06657.JPG/440px-Mbangu_mask_-_Central_Pende%2C_Southern_Bandundu%2C_DRC_-_Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_-_DSC06657.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3444" data-file-height="3401" /></a><figcaption>Mbangu mask from DR Congo in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa" title="Royal Museum for Central Africa">Royal Museum for Central Africa</a>, Belgium</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Belgium, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Museum of Central Africa">Royal Museum of Central Africa</a> (aka. Africa Museum) houses the largest collection of more than 180,000 cultural and natural history objects, mainly from the former <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>, today's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC). As part of its first major renovation in more than a 100 years, a new approach of "decolonization" towards the presentation of cultural heritage in the museum has been carried out. To this end, the public collections of the Africa Museum have been complemented by elements of contemporary life in the DRC. Also, Belgian sculptures showing Africans in a colonial context have been relegated to a special room on the history of the collections. The influence of the discussion in France has also led to announcements to change the relevant laws and to intensify cooperation with representatives of African countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Haisla_people" title="Haisla people">Haisla</a> <a href="/wiki/Totem_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Totem Pole">totem Pole</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kitimat,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitimat, British Columbia">Kitimat, British Columbia</a> was originally prepared for chief G'psgoalux in 1872. This aboriginal artifact was donated to a Swedish museum in 1929. According to the donor, he had purchased the pole from the <a href="/wiki/Haisla_people" title="Haisla people">Haisla people</a> while he lived on the Canadian west coast and served as Swedish consul. After being approached by the Haisla people, the Swedish government decided in 1994 to return the pole, as the exact circumstances around the acquisition were unclear. The pole was returned to Kitimat in 2006 after a building had been constructed in order to preserve the pole. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988 Calgary Winter Olympics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Glenbow_Museum" title="Glenbow Museum">Glenbow</a> museum received harsh criticism for their display "The Spirit Sings: Artistic Traditions of Canada's First People". Initially, the criticism was due to the Olympic's association with <a href="/wiki/Shell_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Oil Company">Shell Oil</a> who were exploring oil and gas in territories contested by <a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Indian_Nation" title="Lubicon Lake Indian Nation">Lubicon Cree</a>. Later <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mowhawk</a> would sue the Glenbow museum for the repatriation of a <a href="/wiki/False_Face_Society" title="False Face Society">False Face Mask</a> they had displayed arguing that they considered it to be of religious ceremonial significance.<sup id="cite_ref-dx.doi.org_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The museum did not listen to the Indigenous claim and brought the issue to court. Glenbow won and was able to display the mask but the controversy highlighted the ways in which museums have often dismissed the living cultures they should be working with. This led to a movement to improve the involvement of Indigenous people in their representation in museums.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museums_Association" title="Canadian Museums Association">Canadian Museums Association</a> and Assembly of First Nations led a Task Force on Museums and First Peoples. The task force would publish the report <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museums.in1touch.org/uploaded/web/docs/Task_Force_Report_1994.pdf">Turning the Page</a></i> in 1992 that put forward a series of findings which would help improve Indigenous involvement in the museum process. Among these was a focus on creating a partnership between Indigenous people and the museum curators which involves allowing Indigenous people into the planning, research and implementation of collections. Museums were urged to also improve ongoing access to the collections and training for both curators and Indigenous people who want to be involved in the process. Finally, an emphasis was placed on repatriation claims of human remains, locally held objects (using practice customary to the Indigenous people in question) and foreign held objects.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, over 80 <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> ceremonial artifacts were repatriated to a cultural revitalization group by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg" title="University of Winnipeg">The University of Winnipeg</a>. The controversy came as this group was not connected to the source community of the objects. Some of the objects were later returned but many are still missing.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Buxton_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Buxton Museum and Art Gallery">Buxton Museum and Art Gallery</a> in England repatriated items to <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siksika_Nation" title="Siksika Nation">Siksika</a> Nation peoples. The Museum returned the items as part of its initiative to return Native American and First Nation artefacts.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile_(Easter_Island)"><span id="Chile_.28Easter_Island.29"></span>Chile (Easter Island)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: Chile (Easter Island)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relocation_of_moai" title="Relocation of moai">Relocation of moai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Britmuseum.jpg/170px-Britmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Britmuseum.jpg/255px-Britmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Britmuseum.jpg/340px-Britmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Moai at the British Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>On Rapa Nui (<a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>), of the dozens of moai figures which have been removed from the landscape of Rapa Nui since the first one was removed in 1868 for installation in the British Museum, only one has been repatriated to date. This was a moai taken from the island in 1929 and repatriated in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuanmingyuan_haiyan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Yuanmingyuan_haiyan.jpg/220px-Yuanmingyuan_haiyan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Yuanmingyuan_haiyan.jpg/330px-Yuanmingyuan_haiyan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Yuanmingyuan_haiyan.jpg/440px-Yuanmingyuan_haiyan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3788" data-file-height="2139" /></a><figcaption>The original Old Summer Palace bronze heads in a drawing before the looting with all 12 head figures</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuanmingyuan_Haiyantang_20130126.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Yuanmingyuan_Haiyantang_20130126.JPG/220px-Yuanmingyuan_Haiyantang_20130126.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Yuanmingyuan_Haiyantang_20130126.JPG/330px-Yuanmingyuan_Haiyantang_20130126.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Yuanmingyuan_Haiyantang_20130126.JPG/440px-Yuanmingyuan_Haiyantang_20130126.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The site of the water Fountain in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>China is still seeking the animal head statutes from the Old Summer Palace. 7 have been accounted for; 1 may have been sold at auction; 4 are still missing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2003, the Egyptians requested the return of the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> from the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Zahi_Hawass" title="Zahi Hawass">Zahi Hawass</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologist</a> and former Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, relaunched the <a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">restitution</a> campaign, asking the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin State Museums">Berlin State Museums</a>, the British Museum and the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>: "How can you refuse to lend to the new <a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a> when you have taken so many antiquities from Egypt?" All three museums refused his loan requests.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, another petition was launched, calling once again on the British Museum to return the Rosetta Stone, the Neues Museum in Berlin to return the <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti_Bust" title="Nefertiti Bust">bust of Nefertiti</a>, and the Louvre Museum in Paris to return the <a href="/wiki/Dendera_Zodiac" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendera Zodiac">Dendera Zodiac</a> ceiling to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Aton_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aton-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislation">Legislation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, the British Museum decides to return two Tasmanian cremation ash bundles following the passing of the Human Tissue Act in 2005, which allowed the Trustees of the British Museum (and other national museums) to transfer human remains out of their collections<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "transfer from their collection any human remains which they reasonably believe to be remains of a person who died less than one thousand years before the day on which this section comes into force".<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Museum has been claimed to be the largest receiver of "stolen goods" in the world, but has consistently refused to return objects citing the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Act_1963" title="British Museum Act 1963">British Museum Act 1963</a> as preventing restitution,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with a few exceptions. Prominent examples of restitution requests for artifacts in the British Museum include the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Parthenon Marbles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2022, a new "Charities act 2022" received royal assent.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Museums and galleries in both England and Wales will be given unprecedented powers to give away their collections if there is a justified moral obligation to do so, under the new act, according to Alexander Herman, an expert in art law.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Herman, the author of "Restitution: The Return of Cultural Artefacts" and the director of the Institute of Art and Law said, "It will introduce into the legal requirements of trustees, especially of national institutions, the requirement to consider the moral claims of restitution claimants … It seems that the museum sector has not yet realized its full implications. I was surprised when we first uncovered it."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2022, 72 Nigerian artefacts from the <a href="/wiki/Horniman_Museum" title="Horniman Museum">Horniman Museum</a> in London, England were repatriated to their country of origin. All items were transferred to Nigerian ownership with 66 items remain in England. Another English museum, the British Museum has previously said that it is prevented from returning any artefacts by the British Museum Act of 1963 and the Heritage Act of 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return_of_items_to_Scotland_and_Wales">Return of items to Scotland and Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section: Return of items to Scotland and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1996, the British Government agreed to return the <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Scone" title="Stone of Scone">Stone of Scone</a> to Scotland, which had been taken to London in 1296 and placed in the newly made <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Chair" title="Coronation Chair">Coronation Chair</a>, following growing dissatisfaction among Scots at the prevailing constitutional settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been calls in Wales return some of the more significant artefacts back to which were discovered in Wales from English museums. These artefacts include the <a href="/wiki/Mold_gold_cape" title="Mold gold cape">Mold gold cape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Lady_of_Paviland" title="Red Lady of Paviland">Red Lady of Paviland</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Hergest" title="Red Book of Hergest">Red Book of Hergest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhyd-y-gors_shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyd-y-gors shield">Rhyd-y-gors shield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moel_Hebog_shield" title="Moel Hebog shield">Moel Hebog shield</a>, Bardsey crown, Llanllyfni lunula, the Trawsfynydd Tankard and Welsh buckler shields.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sotheby's"><span id="Sotheby.27s"></span>Sotheby's</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section: Sotheby&#039;s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, investigative journalism uncovered <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s#Illegal_antiquities" title="Sotheby&#39;s">Sotheby's trading in illicit antiquities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> From the late 1980s through to the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby&#39;s">Sotheby's</a> antiquities department in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> was managed by Brendan Lynch and Oliver Forge, who traded with Vaman Ghiya in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, India. Many of the pieces they bought turned out to be stolen from temples and other sites, and as a result of this <a href="/wiki/Expos%C3%A9_(journalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposé (journalism)">exposé</a>, Sotheby's commissioned their own report into <a href="/wiki/Illegal_antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal antiquities">illegal antiquities</a>, and made assurances that only legal items with published provenance would be traded in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boland_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boland-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elgin_or_Parthenon_marbles">Elgin or Parthenon marbles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Edit section: Elgin or Parthenon marbles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_Bronzes_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Benin_Bronzes_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Benin_Bronzes_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Benin_Bronzes_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Benin_Bronzes_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Benin_Bronzes_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Benin_Bronzes_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3106" data-file-height="2808" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a> in the British Museum, London</figcaption></figure> <p>More than two hundred years after the installation of the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_Frieze" title="Parthenon Frieze">Parthenon Frieze</a> in the British Museum, Greece continues to claim the so-called <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a> from Britain. Even though Greece claims that the marbles should be returned to Athens on moral grounds and wants to present the sculptures in its <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> British authorities continue to insist on their legal ownership. Since 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">trustees</a> of the British Museum have indicated their agreement to a "temporary" loan to the new Athens museum, but state that it would be under the condition of Greece acknowledging the British Museum's claims to ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benin_bronzes">Benin bronzes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Edit section: Benin bronzes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collections in the UK have also received requests for restitution from former colonies, most prominently regarding the world-famous <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a> from modern-day Nigeria. Still, the directors of both the British Museum and of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria &amp; Albert Museum</a> and the British Minister of Culture have spoken against permanent restitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Like some other cultural organisations in Europe, they prefer cooperation and a "circulation of objects" from their collections in the form of temporary exhibitions in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Museum and the Pitt Rivers Museum have joined the international <a href="/wiki/Benin_Dialogue_Group" title="Benin Dialogue Group">Benin Dialogue Group</a>, set up to coordinate scientific exchange, assistance for a new museum in Benin City, and eventual restitutions of artefacts.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first British institution to return a statue after proof that it was looted directly from the royal court of Benin, is <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge" title="Jesus College, Cambridge">Jesus College, University of Cambridge</a>. Following a campaign by the college's "Legacy of Slavery Working Party" (LSWP), they announced the handover to Nigerian delegates for 27 October 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other collections in the United Kingdom, such as in Aberdeen or Bristol, have announced their own investigations on the provenance of such artefacts and their openness towards restitution.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_directions">New directions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="Edit section: New directions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of local and international debates, the <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Rivers_Museum" title="Pitt Rivers Museum">Pitt Rivers Museum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> started a broader programme of <a href="/wiki/Museum#Decolonization_of_museums" title="Museum">decolonization</a> and reconciliation that centres on four tenets: provenance, transparency, repatriation and redress.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Thus, the museum invited professionals from East Africa to share their view of the cultural objects in the collection.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2020, Bénédicte Savoy and other art historians at <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a> and the Pitt Rivers Museum were started the joint research project <i>Restitution of Knowledge</i> to study, how art and cultural assets from other countries were collected in major museums of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiji">Fiji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="Edit section: Fiji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 October 1874, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>'s former king, <a href="/wiki/Seru_Epenisa_Cakobau" title="Seru Epenisa Cakobau">Seru Epenisa Cakobau</a>, gave his war club to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> when the Deed of Cession by which the sovereignty of Fiji passed to the British Crown was signed, and the war club was taken to Britain and kept at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>. In October 1932, by a curious twist of fate, King Cakobau's war club was repatriated to Fiji, on behalf of the British king <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, for use as the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_mace" title="Ceremonial mace">ceremonial mace</a> of the Legislative Council of Fiji.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nefertiti_Bust">Nefertiti Bust</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="Edit section: Nefertiti Bust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti_Bust" title="Nefertiti Bust">Nefertiti Bust</a></div> <p>The Nefertiti bust has become a cultural symbol of Berlin, where it is presented in the <a href="/wiki/Neues_Museum" title="Neues Museum">Neues Museum</a>, as well as of ancient Egypt. It has been the subject of intense arguments over Egyptian demands for its repatriation since the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-times_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnological_museums_in_Berlin_and_other_cities">Ethnological museums in Berlin and other cities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46" title="Edit section: Ethnological museums in Berlin and other cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_08.JPG/170px-Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_08.JPG/255px-Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_08.JPG/340px-Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Bronze statue</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Kingdom of Benin</a>, Nigeria, in the <a href="/wiki/Ethnological_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Ethnological Museum of Berlin">Ethnological Museum Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Germany's relatively short colonial history</a>, limited to a few African countries such as modern-day Cameroon, Namibia, Tanzania and Togo, as well to parts of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, a very large number of African cultural objects are in German public collections. A prominent example is the <a href="/wiki/Ethnological_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Ethnological Museum of Berlin">Ethnological Museum</a> in Berlin, which was incorporated in 2021 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Forum" title="Humboldt Forum">Humboldt Forum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Similar questions to those raised by Sarr and Savoy have led to intensive public discussions about Germany's colonial past and its colonial collections.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given that cultural policy in Germany is the domain of the different federal states (<i><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Länder</a></i>) and that many museums are independent or semi-public institutions, museum directors face fewer legal obstacles towards restitution than in France, and there have been several cases of recent restitutions, for example to Namibia.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, at the beginning of 2019, the Department of International Cultural Policy of the Federal Foreign Office, the Ministers for Cultural Affairs of the <i>Länder</i> and municipal cultural organizations issued a joint statement on the handling of collections from colonial contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> With these guidelines, the collections in Germany have set new foundations for the research on provenance, international cooperation and repatriation. German museums joined the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Dialogue_Group" title="Benin Dialogue Group">Benin Dialogue Group</a> and have announced their willingness to restitute Benin Bronzes. To further cooperation with Tanzania and its former German colonial history, the Ethnological Museum of Berlin and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dar_es_Salaam" title="University of Dar es Salaam">University of Dar es Salaam</a> have started a Tanzanian-German research project about shared histories of cultural objects.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=47" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greece is seeking repatriation of the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a> from the British Museum,<sup id="cite_ref-HelenaSmith2020_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelenaSmith2020-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> taken from the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bruce,_7th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin">Earl of Elgin</a>. Since 1816, the British Museum has held the Parthenon Marbles after purchasing them from the Earl of Elgin. The acquisition of the marbles was met with controversy in Britain, with some supporting the decision while others condemning it as vandalism. Despite requests for repatriation from the Greek government, the museum has been largely silent on the Marbles,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though it has defended its right to own and display them.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greece is also seeking the return of the <i><a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace" title="Winged Victory of Samothrace">Winged Victory of Samothrace</a>,</i> a <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive</a> monument originally found on the island of <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a> and sent to France's Louvre Museum in 1863. "If the French and the Louvre have a problem, we are ready to preserve and accentuate the Victory of Samothrace, if they return it to us," said Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Akis Gerondopoulos said in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997 Greece asked for the return of <a href="/wiki/Las_Incantadas" title="Las Incantadas">Las Incantadas</a>, a group of four sculptures taken in 1864 from <a href="/wiki/Salonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica">Salonica</a> by Emmanuel Miller and placed in the Louvre. The request was rejected, so instead casts of them were brought from France in 2015, and are now displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki" title="Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki">Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable artefacts repatriated to Greece include the <a href="/wiki/Palermo_fragment" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo fragment">Palermo fragment</a> from the Acropolis and a <a href="/wiki/Terpsichore_statuette_from_Dodona" title="Terpsichore statuette from Dodona">statuette of Terpsichore</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=48" title="Edit section: Guatemala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2021, an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">ancient Mayan artefact</a> was returned to the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Arqueolog%C3%ADa_y_Etnolog%C3%ADa" title="Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología">National Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of Guatemala City</a> by a private collector in France, after it had been first announced for auction in 2019. The authorities in Guatemala could prove its provenance, upon which the French owner dropped the intended sale in favour for the artwork's return.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=49" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg/170px-A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg/255px-A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg/340px-A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>The Holy Crown of Hungary</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Hungarian Crown Jewels</a> were taken from their homeland by the Nazis in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. The treasures were recovered in <a href="/wiki/Mattsee" title="Mattsee">Mattsee</a> in Austria by the <a href="/wiki/86th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="86th Infantry Division (United States)">U.S. 18th Infantry Division</a> on 4 May 1945 and kept by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Knox" title="Fort Knox">Fort Knox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>. The Hungarian regalia was repatriated on 6 January 1978 by Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a>, on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">President Carter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_and_Pakistan">India and Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=50" title="Edit section: India and Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British government has rejected demands from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian government</a> to repatriate artifacts such as the "<a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor" title="Koh-i-Noor">Kohinoor Diamond</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Sultanganj_Buddha" title="Sultanganj Buddha">Sultanganj Buddha</a>" which were taken from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> during the period of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial rule</a>, citing a law (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Act_1963" title="British Museum Act 1963">British Museum Act 1963</a>) that prevents it from giving back the items. The <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> (ASI) is planning to join a campaign with the support of UNESCO and other countries to repatriate the artifacts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2019)">when?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>In turn, India holds many objects from Pakistan, especially those from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> which were excavated in Pakistan in the decades just before the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>, though some were returned at that time. Periodically, Pakistani politicians call for more repatriations. In 1972, during the discussions for the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a> between Pakistan and India, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>, is reported to have told <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto">Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a>, that he could take back only one of the <a href="/wiki/Priest-King_(sculpture)" title="Priest-King (sculpture)"><i>Priest-King</i> sculpture</a> and the other most iconic Indus sculpture, the <a href="/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(prehistoric_sculpture)" title="Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)"><i>Dancing Girl</i></a>, both excavated at <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> in the 1920s; Bhutto chose the <i>Priest-King</i>, now in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=51" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ireland lies in an unusual place with regard to the repatriation of cultural artefacts; the entire island was under British rule until 1922, when part of it became the independent <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>). During the centuries of British rule, many Irish historical artefacts made their way into British collections and museums.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At the same time, many <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a> (and some <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Irish">Catholic Irish</a>) people went abroad as part of the armies and administrators of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and objects acquired in the Empire are now in several Irish museums and collections. </p><p>In addition, many objects found in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> were sent in the 19th century to what is now the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland" title="National Museum of Ireland">National Museum of Ireland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, then regarded as the national collection for all of Ireland, and have not been repatriated to Northern Ireland since the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a> in 1922; the <a href="/wiki/Broighter_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Broighter Hoard">Broighter Hoard</a> is an example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_objects_in_Ireland">Foreign objects in Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=52" title="Edit section: Foreign objects in Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland" title="National Museum of Ireland">National Museum of Ireland</a> holds over 15,000 objects in its ethnographic collections; in 2021, head of collections Audrey Whitty announced that the museum group would investigate its collections, with a view to repatriation of those viewed as "plunder".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Fintan_O%27Toole" title="Fintan O&#39;Toole">Fintan O'Toole</a> noted that much of the material in the NMI's ethnographic collection "lies in the grey area between <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> and coercive acquisition: an expansive terrain in imperial relations," but that other objects were unambiguously <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">loot</a>, taken in <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Punitive expeditions">punitive expeditions</a> in Africa, Asia and Oceania.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In April 2021, the National Museum announced that 21 <a href="/wiki/Benin_bronzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin bronzes">Benin bronzes</a> would be returned to Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Similar questions surround the <a href="/wiki/Hunt_Museum" title="Hunt Museum">Hunt Museum</a> (Limerick) and the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Museum" title="Ulster Museum">Ulster Museum</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, still part of the United Kingdom).<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Senator <a href="/wiki/Fintan_Warfield" title="Fintan Warfield">Fintan Warfield</a> called on Irish museums to return looted objects, saying that "such material should only be returned following a national conversation, as well as the public display and independent survey of such collections, and provided that their final destination is safe and secure [...] we should not forget that such collections are and always will be the heritage of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a> around the world; in locations such as <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>." The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism,_Culture,_Arts,_Gaeltacht,_Sport_and_Media" title="Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media">Department of Arts, Heritage and Gaeltacht</a> objected based on cost grounds, and noted that institutions such as National Museum and National Library enjoy curatorial independence.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irish_artefacts_abroad">Irish artefacts abroad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=53" title="Edit section: Irish artefacts abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very few older objects from Ireland have left the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, but many are in England, especially the British Museum, which was regarded as the appropriate national museum before the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland_%E2%80%93_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology">National Museum of Ireland</a> in 1877, and sometimes afterwards. Dr Laura McAtackney of <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a> has noted that "Amongst discussions on repatriation from colonial museums, Irish objects are almost absent, when of course most were deposited in the British Museum (amongst other museums) pre-independence."<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The skeleton of the "Irish Giant" <a href="/wiki/Charles_Byrne_(giant)" title="Charles Byrne (giant)">Charles Byrne</a> (1761–1783) is on public display in the <a href="/wiki/Hunterian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunterian Museum">Hunterian Museum</a>, despite it being Byrne's express wish to be <a href="/wiki/Buried_at_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buried at sea">buried at sea</a>. Author <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Mantel" title="Hilary Mantel">Hilary Mantel</a> called in 2020 for his remains to be buried in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pitt_Rivers" title="Augustus Pitt Rivers">Augustus Pitt Rivers</a> removed three 5th-century <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">ogham</a> stones from Roovesmoor Rath, <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a>; they are now in the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The British Museum also holds 200 <a href="/wiki/Irish-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish-language">Irish-language</a> manuscripts, many bequeathed by landowners but some passing in conflict, such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lismore" title="Book of Lismore">Book of Lismore</a>, seized by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Boyle,_1st_Viscount_Boyle_of_Kinalmeaky" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Boyle, 1st Viscount Boyle of Kinalmeaky">Lewis Boyle, 1st Viscount Boyle of Kinalmeaky</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2020 the Book of Lismore was donated to University College Cork by the Chatsworth Settlement Trust. The college plans to display it in their Boole Library.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other notable Irish artefacts in the British Museum include the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Shrine_of_St._Cuile%C3%A1in" title="Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin">Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Londesborough_Brooch" title="Londesborough Brooch">Londesborough Brooch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a>, half of the <a href="/wiki/Dowris_Hoard" title="Dowris Hoard">Dowris Hoard</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Mooghaun_North_Hoard" title="Mooghaun North Hoard">Mooghaun North Hoard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dunaverney_flesh-hook" title="Dunaverney flesh-hook">Dunaverney flesh-hook</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kells_Crozier" title="Kells Crozier">Kells Crozier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torcs</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_plaque" title="Crucifixion plaque">crucifixion plaques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armlets" class="mw-redirect" title="Armlets">armlets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seals</a>, religious plaques, and <a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">rings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a> also contains hundreds of Irish artefacts collected under British rule, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ballyshannon" title="Ballyshannon">Ballyshannon</a> Sun-Disc, presented to the museum in 1696, just after the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_war_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Williamite war in Ireland">Williamite War</a>; and two <a href="/wiki/Gold_lunula" title="Gold lunula">gold lunulae</a> from <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a>, collected by <a href="/wiki/John_Evans_(archaeologist)" title="John Evans (archaeologist)">John Evans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Within_Ireland">Within Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=54" title="Edit section: Within Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Important objects excavated in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> were mostly sent to London, then Dublin, then after <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Irish Independence</a> often London again, until 1962 when the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Museum" title="Ulster Museum">Ulster Museum</a> was formed as a national museum, receiving some of the London material, but not pieces such as the <a href="/wiki/Broighter_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Broighter Hoard">Broighter Hoard</a> in Dublin. </p><p>Victorian anthropologists from <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> removed skulls from monastic sites in the West of Ireland. The repatriation of these remains has also been requested, and in February 2023 the college announced that they would return 13 skulls stolen from <a href="/wiki/Inishbofin,_County_Galway" title="Inishbofin, County Galway">Inishbofin, County Galway</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=55" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though Turkey has launched an aggressive campaign to repatriate Ottoman-era artifacts it claims were looted by imperial powers, it has refused to return the <a href="/wiki/Siloam_inscription" title="Siloam inscription">Siloam inscription</a> (and other artifacts unearthed in Palestine and transferred to Turkey) to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This inconsistent position has been noted by <a href="/wiki/Hershel_Shanks" title="Hershel Shanks">Hershel Shanks</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=56" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euphronios_krater_side_A_MET_L.2006.10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Euphronios_krater_side_A_MET_L.2006.10.jpg/220px-Euphronios_krater_side_A_MET_L.2006.10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Euphronios_krater_side_A_MET_L.2006.10.jpg/330px-Euphronios_krater_side_A_MET_L.2006.10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Euphronios_krater_side_A_MET_L.2006.10.jpg/440px-Euphronios_krater_side_A_MET_L.2006.10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Euphronios Krater</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> negotiated the repatriation of the <a href="/wiki/Euphronios_Krater" title="Euphronios Krater">Euphronios Krater</a> to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, from where it was thought to have been looted in the early 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libya">Libya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=57" title="Edit section: Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, Italy returned to Libya the Venus of Cyrene, which had been transported to Italy almost 100 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morocco">Morocco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=58" title="Edit section: Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1612, the personal library of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Zaydan_An-Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydan An-Nasser">Zaydan An-Nasser</a> of Morocco was trusted to French consul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Phillipe_de_Castellane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Phillipe de Castellane (page does not exist)">Jean Phillipe de Castellane</a> for transportation. After Castellane waited for six days not receiving his pay, he sailed away. But four Spanish ships from Admiral <a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a>'s fleet captured the ship and took it to Lisbon (then part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>). In 1614, the <a href="/wiki/Zaydani_Library" title="Zaydani Library">Zaydani Library</a> was transmitted to <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>. Moroccan diplomats have since asked for the manuscripts to be returned. Some other Arabic manuscripts have been delivered by Spain, but not the Zaydani collection. In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Cultural_Heritage_Institute" title="Spanish Cultural Heritage Institute">Spanish Cultural Heritage Institute</a> presented microfilm copies of the manuscripts to Moroccan authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=59" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2010, Japan agreed to return some 1,000 cultural objects to South Korea that were plundered during its colonial occupation from 1910 to 1945. The collection includes a collection of royal books called <a href="/wiki/Uigwe" title="Uigwe">Uigwe</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon Dynasty">Joseon Dynasty</a> (1392–1910).<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=60" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), passed in 1990, provides a process for museums and federal agencies to return certain cultural items such as human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, etc. to lineal descendants and culturally affiliated Indian tribes and <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Native Hawaiian</a> organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slower_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slower-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, the legislation has its limitations and has been successfully contested both domestically and extraterritorially.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jewish_Archive" title="Iraqi Jewish Archive">Iraqi Jewish Archive</a> is a collection of 2,700 books and tens of thousands of historical documents from <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Jews">Iraq's Jewish community</a> discovered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> in the basement of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s intelligence headquarters during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">US invasion of Iraq in 2003</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These materials were abandoned during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah" title="Operation Ezra and Nehemiah">Operation Ezra and Nehemiah</a> in the 1950s, when almost all Iraqi Jews made <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a> to Israel on the condition (imposed by the Iraqi government) that they leave their property behind. The archive has been in temporary US custody since 2003, and is scheduled to be transferred permanently to Iraq in 2018. This plan is controversial: some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2020)">who?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Middle-East scholars and Jewish organizations have opined that because the materials were abandoned under duress, and because almost no Jews live in Iraq today, the archive should instead be housed in Israel or the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_metmuseum_Mask_Mukudj_Punu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/WLA_metmuseum_Mask_Mukudj_Punu.jpg/220px-WLA_metmuseum_Mask_Mukudj_Punu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/WLA_metmuseum_Mask_Mukudj_Punu.jpg/330px-WLA_metmuseum_Mask_Mukudj_Punu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/WLA_metmuseum_Mask_Mukudj_Punu.jpg/440px-WLA_metmuseum_Mask_Mukudj_Punu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Wooden Mask from <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York</figcaption></figure> <p>Even prior to the report by Sarr and Savoy, many collections in the US had already looked into the provenance of their objects representing African or other non-Western art. In 2008, the American Association of Museum Directors adopted guidelines for the acquisition of artefacts.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, provenance research and awareness to keep their collections above reproach are increasingly prompting museum curators to favourably respond to demands for restitution. Looking at the numbers of objects, however, there are relatively few known items that have been "de-accessed" and restituted, for example to Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> voluntarily returned to <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> a 10th-century sculpture of the Hindu monkey god <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, after a curator from the museum uncovered evidence that it had been looted. Tess Davis, an archaeologist and lawyer for the <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Coalition" title="Antiquities Coalition">Antiquities Coalition</a>, praised the museum's decision, but said, "The Hanuman first surfaced on the market, while Cambodia was in the midst of a war and facing genocide. How could anyone not know this was stolen property? The only answer is that no one wanted to know."<sup id="cite_ref-:22_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2021, some 17,000 artworks from ancient Mesopotamia dating back to more than 4,000 years were returned to Iraq from museums in the U.S. They had been looted after the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> and, despite their illegal provenance, been sold on the international market. One of these items, the so-called the Gilgamesh Dream Tablet, a historical stone slab with inscriptions, had been bought in 2014 through international auction house <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie&#39;s">Christie's</a> for more than $1.6 million by a museum in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2023 the Metropolitan Museum of Art deacessioned <a href="/wiki/Standing_Shiva" title="Standing Shiva">Standing Shiva</a>, which had been looted from Thailand, and restituted it.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=61" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Gli%C5%84ski" title="Piotr Gliński">Piotr Gliński</a>, Poland's culture minister, announced a formal request for Russia's <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_Museum" title="Pushkin Museum">Pushkin Museum</a> to return seven paintings that were looted by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This request concerns seven paintings by Italian artists dating from the 14th to the 18th century, including <i>Two Saints</i> by <a href="/wiki/Spinello_Aretino" title="Spinello Aretino">Spinello Aretino</a> and <i>Adoration of the Child</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Credi" title="Lorenzo di Credi">Lorenzo di Credi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=62" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_discovery" title="Art discovery">Art discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Fresco_Chapel,_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Fresco Chapel, Houston">Byzantine Fresco Chapel, Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_and_reburial_of_human_remains" title="Repatriation and reburial of human remains">Repatriation and reburial of human remains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_artefacts_in_museums_outside_Wales" title="Welsh artefacts in museums outside Wales">Welsh artefacts in museums outside Wales</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=63" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGilks2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gilks, David (1 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0018246X12000453/type/journal_article">"Attitudes to the Displacement of Cultural Property in the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon"</a>. <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>56</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">113–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X12000453">10.1017/S0018246X12000453</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146537855">146537855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Attitudes+to+the+Displacement+of+Cultural+Property+in+the+Wars+of+the+French+Revolution+and+Napoleon&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&amp;rft.date=2013-02-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146537855%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=0018-246X&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X12000453&amp;rft.aulast=Gilks&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0018246X12000453%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOltermann2021" class="citation web cs1">Oltermann, Philip (23 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/mar/23/berlins-plan-to-return-benin-bronzes-piles-pressure-on-uk-museums">"Berlin's plan to return Benin bronzes piles pressure on UK museums"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Berlin%27s+plan+to+return+Benin+bronzes+piles+pressure+on+UK+museums&amp;rft.date=2021-03-23&amp;rft.aulast=Oltermann&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2021%2Fmar%2F23%2Fberlins-plan-to-return-benin-bronzes-piles-pressure-on-uk-museums&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the Sumerian poem titled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curse_of_Akkad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Curse of Akkad (page does not exist)">Curse of Akkad</a></i>, Naram-Sin was responsible for the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> as he looted and destroyed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Enlil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Temple of Enlil (page does not exist)">Temple of Enlil</a> and incited the wrath of the gods as a result, see Miles, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated8-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isager, Jacob, <i>Pliny on Art and Society: The Elder Pliny's Chapters On The History Of Art</i>, p. 173, 2013, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-135-08580-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-135-08580-3">1-135-08580-3</a>, 978-1-135-08580-3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIwWTaEXQM0C&amp;pg=PA173">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Well-known examples include <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mummius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Mummius">Lucius Mummius</a>' sack of Corinth or <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcus Claudius Marcellus</a>' plunder of Syracuse, See Miles, p. 320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated12-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated12_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated12_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated12_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated12_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated13-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated13_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated13_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Laocoön was the fabled Trojan priest who warned the Trojans not to accept the Wooden Horse that the Greeks offered to Athena. A god hostile to Troy sent sea serpents to kill him and his sons, which led to the fall of Troy and heralded the eventual founding of Rome, see Miles, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ironically one of the names included <a href="/wiki/Vivant_Denon" title="Vivant Denon">Vivant Denon</a>, the future Director of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> and future facilitator of Napoleon's despoliation of artifacts from Egypt (see Miles, p. 326)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated11-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated11_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated11_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated11_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hardy, Samuel Andrew (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0940739121000084">"Conflict antiquities' rescue or ransom: The cost of buying back stolen cultural property in contexts of political violence"</a>. <i>International Journal of Cultural Property</i>. <b>28</b>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0940739121000084">10.1017/S0940739121000084</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cultural+Property&amp;rft.atitle=Conflict+antiquities%27+rescue+or+ransom%3A+The+cost+of+buying+back+stolen+cultural+property+in+contexts+of+political+violence&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0940739121000084&amp;rft.aulast=Hardy&amp;rft.aufirst=Samuel+Andrew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0940739121000084&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://traffickingculture.org/publications/brodie-n-2004-the-circumstances-and-consequences-of-the-british-librarys-1994-acquisition-of-some-kharosthi-manuscript-fragments-culture-without-context-17-5/,%20https://traffickingculture.org/publications/brodie-n-2004-the-circumstances-and-consequences-of-the-british-librarys-1994-acquisition-of-some-kharosthi-manuscript-fragments-culture-without-context-17-5/">"Brodie, N. (2005), 'The circumstances and consequences of the British Library's 1994 acquisition of some Kharosthi manuscript fragments', Culture Without Context (17), 5–12. «&#160;Trafficking Culture"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Brodie%2C+N.+%282005%29%2C+%27The+circumstances+and+consequences+of+the+British+Library%27s+1994+acquisition+of+some+Kharosthi+manuscript+fragments%27%2C+Culture+Without+Context+%2817%29%2C+5%E2%80%9312.+%C2%AB+Trafficking+Culture&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftraffickingculture.org%2Fpublications%2Fbrodie-n-2004-the-circumstances-and-consequences-of-the-british-librarys-1994-acquisition-of-some-kharosthi-manuscript-fragments-culture-without-context-17-5%2F%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Ftraffickingculture.org%2Fpublications%2Fbrodie-n-2004-the-circumstances-and-consequences-of-the-british-librarys-1994-acquisition-of-some-kharosthi-manuscript-fragments-culture-without-context-17-5%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.org/napoleon-italy-culture-looting/">"Napoleon's appropriation of Italian cultural treasures"</a>. <i>smarthistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=smarthistory.org&amp;rft.atitle=Napoleon%27s+appropriation+of+Italian+cultural+treasures&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmarthistory.org%2Fnapoleon-italy-culture-looting%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See film, <i>Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe's Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War</i> by L.H. Nicholas, New York, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1997-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1997_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1997_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Unplundering Art". <i>Economist</i>. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Economist&amp;rft.atitle=Unplundering+Art&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Meier_and_James_Glanz2006" class="citation news cs1">Barry Meier and James Glanz (26 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/26/world/africa/26iht-treasure.2300298.html?_r=1">"Looted treasure returning to Iraq national museum"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Looted+treasure+returning+to+Iraq+national+museum&amp;rft.date=2006-07-26&amp;rft.au=Barry+Meier+and+James+Glanz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F07%2F26%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F26iht-treasure.2300298.html%3F_r%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfield, p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poole1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poole1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poole1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2008" class="citation news cs1">Poole, Robert M. (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201090708/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/monument-sidebar.html">"Looting Iraq"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/monument-sidebar.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Looting+Iraq&amp;rft.date=2008-02&amp;rft.aulast=Poole&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fmonument-sidebar.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfield, p. 268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfield, p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated7-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris_138–153-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_138–153_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_138–153_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2015" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Faye (15 March 2015). "Understanding human remains repatriation: practice procedures at the British Museum and the Natural History Museum". <i>Museum Management and Curatorship</i>. <b>30</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">138–</span>153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09647775.2015.1022904">10.1080/09647775.2015.1022904</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0964-7775">0964-7775</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144304347">144304347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Museum+Management+and+Curatorship&amp;rft.atitle=Understanding+human+remains+repatriation%3A+practice+procedures+at+the+British+Museum+and+the+Natural+History+Museum&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&amp;rft.date=2015-03-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144304347%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=0964-7775&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09647775.2015.1022904&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.aufirst=Faye&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassmanOdegaardPowell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cassman, Vicki; Odegaard, Nancy; Powell, Joseph (2007). "Human Remains: Guide for Museums and Academic Institutions". <i>AltaMira Press</i>: <span class="nowrap">21–</span>27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=AltaMira+Press&amp;rft.atitle=Human+Remains%3A+Guide+for+Museums+and+Academic+Institutions&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Cassman&amp;rft.aufirst=Vicki&amp;rft.au=Odegaard%2C+Nancy&amp;rft.au=Powell%2C+Joseph&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/00%2001%20BM%20Policy%20Human%20Remains%206%20Oct%202006.pdf">THE BRITISH MUSEUM POLICY ON HUMAN REMAINS</a>, <i>britishmuseum.org,</i> Retrieved 2024-01-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStamatoudi2011" class="citation book cs1">Stamatoudi, Irini A. (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5WKDBTKT3FgC&amp;q=UK+and+cultural+restitution&amp;pg=PR1"><i>Cultural Property Law and Restitution: A Commentary to International Conventions and European Union Law</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85793-030-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85793-030-9"><bdi>978-0-85793-030-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cultural+Property+Law+and+Restitution%3A+A+Commentary+to+International+Conventions+and+European+Union+Law&amp;rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2011-01-01&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-85793-030-9&amp;rft.aulast=Stamatoudi&amp;rft.aufirst=Irini+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5WKDBTKT3FgC%26q%3DUK%2Band%2Bcultural%2Brestitution%26pg%3DPR1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1983" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Geoffrey (1983). "ATTITUDES TOWARDS CULTURAL PROPERTY: Some thoughts in the context of the return of cultural property to its country of origin". <i>Newsletter (Museum Ethnographers Group)</i> (14): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-0366">0260-0366</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40838690">40838690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsletter+%28Museum+Ethnographers+Group%29&amp;rft.atitle=ATTITUDES+TOWARDS+CULTURAL+PROPERTY%3A+Some+thoughts+in+the+context+of+the+return+of+cultural+property+to+its+country+of+origin&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40838690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.issn=0260-0366&amp;rft.aulast=Lewis&amp;rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfield, p. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riviere2009-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-riviere2009_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-riviere2009_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiviere2009" class="citation journal cs1">Riviere, Francoise (2009). "Editorial". <i>Museum International</i>. 1–2. <b>61</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0033.2009.01686.x">10.1111/j.1468-0033.2009.01686.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218510782">218510782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Museum+International&amp;rft.atitle=Editorial&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0033.2009.01686.x&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218510782%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Riviere&amp;rft.aufirst=Francoise&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouchenaki2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bouchenaki, Mounir (2009). "Return and restitution of cultural property in the wake of the 1970 Convention". <i>Museum International</i>. 1–2. <b>61</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">139–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0033.2009.01676.x">10.1111/j.1468-0033.2009.01676.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143352763">143352763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Museum+International&amp;rft.atitle=Return+and+restitution+of+cultural+property+in+the+wake+of+the+1970+Convention&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0033.2009.01676.x&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143352763%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Bouchenaki&amp;rft.aufirst=Mounir&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326162020/http://www.unidroit.org/english/conventions/1995culturalproperty/1995culturalproperty-e.htm">"FORTHCOMING EVENTS – Index"</a>. <i>www.unidroit.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unidroit.org//english/conventions/1995culturalproperty/1995culturalproperty-e.htm">the original</a> on 26 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.unidroit.org&amp;rft.atitle=FORTHCOMING+EVENTS+%E2%80%93+Index&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unidroit.org%2F%2Fenglish%2Fconventions%2F1995culturalproperty%2F1995culturalproperty-e.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiti2023" class="citation book cs1">Titi, Catharine (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6"><i>The Parthenon Marbles and International Law</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-26357-6">10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-26356-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-26356-9"><bdi>978-3-031-26356-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258846977">258846977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+Marbles+and+International+Law&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258846977%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-26357-6&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-031-26356-9&amp;rft.aulast=Titi&amp;rft.aufirst=Catharine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-26357-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silberman, pp. 249–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Said 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Colla 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colla 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Colla 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated10-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated10_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated10_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated10_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated10_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diaz-Andreu, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated9-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated9_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated9_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Colla 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohl, Fawcett, pp. 3–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohl, Fawcett, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, pp. xx–xxxvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, pp. xxxv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuensmeyer2014" class="citation cs2">Tuensmeyer, Vanessa M. (2014), "Repatriation and Multilevel Heritage Legislation in Canada and Australia: A Comparative Analysis of the Challenges in Repatriating Religious Artefacts to Indigenous Communities", in Vadi, Valentina; Schneider, Hildegard E. G. S. (eds.), <i>Art, Cultural Heritage and the Market</i>, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">183–</span>206, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-45094-5_8">10.1007/978-3-642-45094-5_8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-45093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-45093-8"><bdi>978-3-642-45093-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Repatriation+and+Multilevel+Heritage+Legislation+in+Canada+and+Australia%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis+of+the+Challenges+in+Repatriating+Religious+Artefacts+to+Indigenous+Communities&amp;rft.btitle=Art%2C+Cultural+Heritage+and+the+Market&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-45094-5_8&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-642-45093-8&amp;rft.aulast=Tuensmeyer&amp;rft.aufirst=Vanessa+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYupsanis2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yupsanis, Athanasios (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/netherlands-international-law-review/article/cultural-property-aspects-in-international-law-the-case-of-the-still-inadequate-safeguarding-of-indigenous-peoples-tangible-cultural-heritage/3511380D5D7B225C8C3917C64E5D0CDE">"Cultural Property Aspects in International Law: The Case of the (Still) Inadequate Safeguarding of Indigenous Peoples' (Tangible) Cultural Heritage"</a>. <i>Netherlands International Law Review</i>. <b>58</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">335–</span>361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0165070X11300022">10.1017/S0165070X11300022</a> (inactive 18 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-6191">1741-6191</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143559885">143559885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Netherlands+International+Law+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Cultural+Property+Aspects+in+International+Law%3A+The+Case+of+the+%28Still%29+Inadequate+Safeguarding+of+Indigenous+Peoples%27+%28Tangible%29+Cultural+Heritage&amp;rft.volume=58&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143559885%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1741-6191&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0165070X11300022&amp;rft.aulast=Yupsanis&amp;rft.aufirst=Athanasios&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fnetherlands-international-law-review%2Farticle%2Fcultural-property-aspects-in-international-law-the-case-of-the-still-inadequate-safeguarding-of-indigenous-peoples-tangible-cultural-heritage%2F3511380D5D7B225C8C3917C64E5D0CDE&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafzigerNicgorski2011" class="citation journal cs1">Nafziger, James A. R.; Nicgorski, Ann (2011). "Conference on Cultural Heritage Issues: The Legacy of Conquest, Colonization and Commerce, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon October 12–14, 2006". <i>International Journal of Cultural Property</i>. <b>14</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0940739107070300">10.1017/s0940739107070300</a> (inactive 18 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0940-7391">0940-7391</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163091191">163091191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cultural+Property&amp;rft.atitle=Conference+on+Cultural+Heritage+Issues%3A+The+Legacy+of+Conquest%2C+Colonization+and+Commerce%2C+Willamette+University%2C+Salem%2C+Oregon+October+12%E2%80%9314%2C+2006&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163091191%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=0940-7391&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0940739107070300&amp;rft.aulast=Nafziger&amp;rft.aufirst=James+A.+R.&amp;rft.au=Nicgorski%2C+Ann&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dx.doi.org-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConaty2015" class="citation book cs1">Conaty, Gerald, ed. (23 March 2015). <i>We Are Coming Home: Repatriation and the Restoration of Blackfoot Cultural Confidence</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15215%2Faupress%2F9781771990172.01">10.15215/aupress/9781771990172.01</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77199-018-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77199-018-9"><bdi>978-1-77199-018-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=We+Are+Coming+Home%3A+Repatriation+and+the+Restoration+of+Blackfoot+Cultural+Confidence&amp;rft.date=2015-03-23&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15215%2Faupress%2F9781771990172.01&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-77199-018-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf">"United Nation Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=United+Nation+Declaration+on+the+Rights+of+Indigenous+Peoples&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Findigenouspeoples%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F19%2F2018%2F11%2FUNDRIP_E_web.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashColwell2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nash, Stephen E.; Colwell, Chip (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-anthro-010220-075435">"NAGPRA at 30: The Effects of Repatriation"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>49</b>: <span class="nowrap">225–</span>239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-anthro-010220-075435">10.1146/annurev-anthro-010220-075435</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6570">0084-6570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&amp;rft.atitle=NAGPRA+at+30%3A+The+Effects+of+Repatriation&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-anthro-010220-075435&amp;rft.issn=0084-6570&amp;rft.aulast=Nash&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&amp;rft.au=Colwell%2C+Chip&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-anthro-010220-075435&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1998–1999" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro, Daniel (1998–1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/nyuilp31&amp;id=103&amp;div=&amp;collection=">"Repatriation: A Modest Proposal"</a>. <i>New York University Journal of International Law and Politics</i>. <b>31</b>: 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+University+Journal+of+International+Law+and+Politics&amp;rft.atitle=Repatriation%3A+A+Modest+Proposal&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.pages=95&amp;rft.date=1998%2F1999&amp;rft.aulast=Shapiro&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fnyuilp31%26id%3D103%26div%3D%26collection%3D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerryman1986" class="citation journal cs1">Merryman, John Henry (1986). "Two Ways of Thinking About Cultural Property". <i>American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>80</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">831–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2202065">10.2307/2202065</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2202065">2202065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146867967">146867967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law&amp;rft.atitle=Two+Ways+of+Thinking+About+Cultural+Property&amp;rft.volume=80&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E831-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146867967%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2202065%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2202065&amp;rft.aulast=Merryman&amp;rft.aufirst=John+Henry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/286961946/declaration-of-the-importance-and-value-of-universal-museums">"Declaration of The Importance and Value of Universal Museums | PDF | Museum | Sculpture"</a>. <i>Scribd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Scribd&amp;rft.atitle=Declaration+of+The+Importance+and+Value+of+Universal+Museums+%7C+PDF+%7C+Museum+%7C+Sculpture&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F286961946%2Fdeclaration-of-the-importance-and-value-of-universal-museums&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hallman, Robert (2005). "Museums and Cultural Property: A Retreat from the Internationalist Approach". <i>International Journal of Cultural Property</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">201–</span>224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0940739105050095">10.1017/S0940739105050095</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145709758">145709758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cultural+Property&amp;rft.atitle=Museums+and+Cultural+Property%3A+A+Retreat+from+the+Internationalist+Approach&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0940739105050095&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145709758%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Hallman&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox2006" class="citation journal cs1">Knox, Christine K (2006). "They've Lost Their Marbles: 2002 Universal Museums' Declaration, The Elgin Marbles and the Future of the Repatriation Movement". <i>Suffolk Transnational Law Review</i>. <b>29</b>: <span class="nowrap">315–</span>336.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Suffolk+Transnational+Law+Review&amp;rft.atitle=They%27ve+Lost+Their+Marbles%3A+2002+Universal+Museums%27+Declaration%2C+The+Elgin+Marbles+and+the+Future+of+the+Repatriation+Movement&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E336&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=Knox&amp;rft.aufirst=Christine+K&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rapport-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rapport_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rapport_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Felwine Sarr, Bénédicte Savoy: "Rapport sur la restitution du patrimoine culturel africain. Vers une nouvelle éthique relationnelle". Paris 2018; "The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage. Toward a New Relational Ethics" (Download French original and English version, pdf, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://restitutionreport2018.com/">http://restitutionreport2018.com/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815041636/http://restitutionreport2018.com/">Archived</a> 15 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuno2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cuno, James (2014). "Culture War: The Case Against Repatriating Museum Artifacts". <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>93</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24483927">24483927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&amp;rft.atitle=Culture+War%3A+The+Case+Against+Repatriating+Museum+Artifacts&amp;rft.volume=93&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24483927%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.issn=0015-7120&amp;rft.aulast=Cuno&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnanSudduthDietzAdams1991" class="citation journal cs1">Donnan, Christopher B.; Sudduth, W. M.; Dietz, Park Elliott; Adams, Richard E. W. (1991). "Archeology and Looting: Preserving the Record". <i>Science</i>. <b>251</b> (4993): <span class="nowrap">498–</span>499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.251.4993.498">10.1126/science.251.4993.498</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2875056">2875056</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17840843">17840843</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5270999">5270999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Archeology+and+Looting%3A+Preserving+the+Record&amp;rft.volume=251&amp;rft.issue=4993&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E498-%3C%2Fspan%3E499&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5270999%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.251.4993.498&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2875056%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17840843&amp;rft.aulast=Donnan&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher+B.&amp;rft.au=Sudduth%2C+W.+M.&amp;rft.au=Dietz%2C+Park+Elliott&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+Richard+E.+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuno2008" class="citation book cs1">Cuno, James (2008). <i>Who Owns Antiquity? The Battle Over Our Ancient Heritage</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Who+Owns+Antiquity%3F+The+Battle+Over+Our+Ancient+Heritage&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Cuno&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuno2010" class="citation web cs1">Cuno, James (2 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2010/10/20101022140412aidan0.7519953.html#By_James_Cuno">"Who's Right? Repatriation of Cultural Property"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Who%27s+Right%3F+Repatriation+of+Cultural+Property&amp;rft.date=2010-11-02&amp;rft.aulast=Cuno&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiipdigital.usembassy.gov%2Fst%2Fenglish%2Fpublication%2F2010%2F10%2F20101022140412aidan0.7519953.html%23By_James_Cuno&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/1436606/Egypt-demands-return-of-the-Rosetta-Stone.html">Egypt demands return of the Rosetta Stone</a> The Telegraph. By Charlotte Edwardes and Catherine Milner, 20 July 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Shuchen (2 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10286632.2020.1842382">"Museum coloniality: displaying Asian art in the whitened context"</a>. <i>International Journal of Cultural Policy</i>. <b>27</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">720–</span>737. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10286632.2020.1842382">10.1080/10286632.2020.1842382</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-6632">1028-6632</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229412013">229412013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cultural+Policy&amp;rft.atitle=Museum+coloniality%3A+displaying+Asian+art+in+the+whitened+context&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E720-%3C%2Fspan%3E737&amp;rft.date=2020-12-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229412013%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1028-6632&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10286632.2020.1842382&amp;rft.aulast=Wang&amp;rft.aufirst=Shuchen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10286632.2020.1842382&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napried.com/">"Napried Exploration"</a>. <i>napried.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=napried.com&amp;rft.atitle=Napried+Exploration&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnapried.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, Moira (1 May 2009). "Museums and restorative justice: heritage, repatriation and cultural education". <i>Museum International</i>. <b>61</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0033.2009.01669.x">10.1111/j.1468-0033.2009.01669.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-0775">1350-0775</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31432460">31432460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Museum+International&amp;rft.atitle=Museums+and+restorative+justice%3A+heritage%2C+repatriation+and+cultural+education&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&amp;rft.date=2009-05-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31432460%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1350-0775&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0033.2009.01669.x&amp;rft.aulast=Simpson&amp;rft.aufirst=Moira&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Dodson, 'Cultural Rights and Educational Responsibilities', The <a href="/wiki/Frank_Archibald_Memorial_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Archibald Memorial Lecture">Frank Archibald Memorial Lecture</a>, University of New England, 5 September 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2023" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Henry (31 October 2023). "The Meanings and Values of Repatriation". <i>The Long Way Home</i>. Berghahn Books. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">15–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-958-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-958-1"><bdi>978-1-84545-958-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcnn7.5">j.ctt9qcnn7.5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Meanings+and+Values+of+Repatriation&amp;rft.btitle=The+Long+Way+Home&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&amp;rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&amp;rft.date=2023-10-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qcnn7.5%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84545-958-1&amp;rft.aulast=Atkinson&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglasHayes2019" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas, Susan; Hayes, Melanie (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fheritage2020081">"Giving Diligence its Due: Accessing Digital Images in Indigenous Repatriation Efforts"</a>. <i>Heritage</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1260–</span>1273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fheritage2020081">10.3390/heritage2020081</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Heritage&amp;rft.atitle=Giving+Diligence+its+Due%3A+Accessing+Digital+Images+in+Indigenous+Repatriation+Efforts&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1260-%3C%2Fspan%3E1273&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fheritage2020081&amp;rft.aulast=Douglas&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan&amp;rft.au=Hayes%2C+Melanie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fheritage2020081&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAranui2020" class="citation journal cs1">Aranui, Amber Kiri (23 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.le.ac.uk/ojs1/index.php/mas/article/view/3245">"Restitution or a Loss to Science? Understanding the Importance of Māori Ancestral Remains"</a>. <i>Museum and Society</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29311%2Fmas.v18i1.3245">10.29311/mas.v18i1.3245</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-8360">1479-8360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Museum+and+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Restitution+or+a+Loss+to+Science%3F+Understanding+the+Importance+of+M%C4%81ori+Ancestral+Remains&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&amp;rft.date=2020-03-23&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29311%2Fmas.v18i1.3245&amp;rft.issn=1479-8360&amp;rft.aulast=Aranui&amp;rft.aufirst=Amber+Kiri&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.le.ac.uk%2Fojs1%2Findex.php%2Fmas%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3245&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkelmann2020" class="citation journal cs1">Winkelmann, Andreas (23 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.le.ac.uk/ojs1/index.php/mas/article/view/3232">"Repatriations of human remains from Germany – 1911 to 2019"</a>. <i>Museum and Society</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29311%2Fmas.v18i1.3232">10.29311/mas.v18i1.3232</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-8360">1479-8360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Museum+and+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Repatriations+of+human+remains+from+Germany+%E2%80%93+1911+to+2019&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&amp;rft.date=2020-03-23&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29311%2Fmas.v18i1.3232&amp;rft.issn=1479-8360&amp;rft.aulast=Winkelmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Andreas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.le.ac.uk%2Fojs1%2Findex.php%2Fmas%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3232&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoirila2021" class="citation journal cs1">Soirila, Pauno (1 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10286632.2021.1908275">"Indeterminacy in the cultural property restitution debate"</a>. <i>International Journal of Cultural Policy</i>. <b>28</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10286632.2021.1908275">10.1080/10286632.2021.1908275</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-6632">1028-6632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cultural+Policy&amp;rft.atitle=Indeterminacy+in+the+cultural+property+restitution+debate&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&amp;rft.date=2021-04-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10286632.2021.1908275&amp;rft.issn=1028-6632&amp;rft.aulast=Soirila&amp;rft.aufirst=Pauno&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10286632.2021.1908275&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsterling2020" class="citation book cs1">Esterling, Shea Elizabeth (28 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004424159/BP000008.xml">"Legitimacy, Participation and International Law-Making: 'Fixing' the Restitution of Cultural Property to Indigenous Peoples"</a>. <i>Changing Actors in International Law</i>. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">158–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004424159_008">10.1163/9789004424159_008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42415-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42415-9"><bdi>978-90-04-42415-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Legitimacy%2C+Participation+and+International+Law-Making%3A+%27Fixing%27+the+Restitution+of+Cultural+Property+to+Indigenous+Peoples&amp;rft.btitle=Changing+Actors+in+International+Law&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&amp;rft.date=2020-10-28&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004424159_008&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-42415-9&amp;rft.aulast=Esterling&amp;rft.aufirst=Shea+Elizabeth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004424159%2FBP000008.xml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2010" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Tiffany (14 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wowvCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1"><i>Contesting Human Remains in Museum Collections: The Crisis of Cultural Authority</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-89786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-89786-3"><bdi>978-1-136-89786-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Contesting+Human+Remains+in+Museum+Collections%3A+The+Crisis+of+Cultural+Authority&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2010-12-14&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-136-89786-3&amp;rft.aulast=Jenkins&amp;rft.aufirst=Tiffany&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwowvCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slower-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slower_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slower_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookRussell2016" class="citation web cs1">Cook, Myles Russell; Russell, Lynette (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/museums-are-returning-indigenous-human-remains-but-progress-on-repatriating-objects-is-slow-67378">"Museums are returning indigenous human remains but progress on repatriating objects is slow"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&amp;rft.atitle=Museums+are+returning+indigenous+human+remains+but+progress+on+repatriating+objects+is+slow&amp;rft.date=2016-12-01&amp;rft.aulast=Cook&amp;rft.aufirst=Myles+Russell&amp;rft.au=Russell%2C+Lynette&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fmuseums-are-returning-indigenous-human-remains-but-progress-on-repatriating-objects-is-slow-67378&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardman-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardman_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardman_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday2019" class="citation news cs1">Halliday, Josh (21 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/nov/20/manchester-museum-returns-stolen-sacred-artefacts-to-australians">"Manchester museum returns stolen sacred artefacts to Indigenous Australians"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Manchester+museum+returns+stolen+sacred+artefacts+to+Indigenous+Australians&amp;rft.date=2019-11-21&amp;rft.aulast=Halliday&amp;rft.aufirst=Josh&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2019%2Fnov%2F20%2Fmanchester-museum-returns-stolen-sacred-artefacts-to-australians&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abram2021-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abram2021_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abram2021_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abram2021_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbram2021" class="citation news cs1">Abram, Mitchell (20 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-19/sacred-indigenous-objects-returned-rom-england/100148528">"Sacred Arrernte objects returned to Alice Springs from English museum"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Sacred+Arrernte+objects+returned+to+Alice+Springs+from+English+museum&amp;rft.date=2021-05-20&amp;rft.aulast=Abram&amp;rft.aufirst=Mitchell&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-05-19%2Fsacred-indigenous-objects-returned-rom-england%2F100148528&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govt-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-govt_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arts.gov.au/what-we-do/cultural-heritage/indigenous-repatriation">"Indigenous repatriation"</a>. <i>Australian Government. Department of Communications and the Arts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Australian+Government.+Department+of+Communications+and+the+Arts&amp;rft.atitle=Indigenous+repatriation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gov.au%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fcultural-heritage%2Findigenous-repatriation&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-creative-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-creative_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/people/aboriginal-remains-repatriation">"Aboriginal remains repatriation"</a>. <i>Creative Spirits</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Creative+Spirits&amp;rft.atitle=Aboriginal+remains+repatriation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativespirits.info%2Faboriginalculture%2Fpeople%2Faboriginal-remains-repatriation&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: There was previously also a domestic Return of Indigenous Cultural Property (RICP) program run by the former <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment,_Water,_Heritage_and_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts">Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenan2018" class="citation web cs1">Keenan, Sarah (18 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927130851/https://acrawsa.org.au/2018/05/18/how-the-british-museum-changed-its-story-about-the-gweagal-shield/">"How the British Museum changed its story about the Gweagal Shield"</a>. Australian Critical Race and Whiteness Studies Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acrawsa.org.au/2018/05/18/how-the-british-museum-changed-its-story-about-the-gweagal-shield/">the original</a> on 27 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=How+the+British+Museum+changed+its+story+about+the+Gweagal+Shield&amp;rft.pub=Australian+Critical+Race+and+Whiteness+Studies+Association&amp;rft.date=2018-05-18&amp;rft.aulast=Keenan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facrawsa.org.au%2F2018%2F05%2F18%2Fhow-the-british-museum-changed-its-story-about-the-gweagal-shield%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/once-were-warriors-20021111-gdft6f.html">"Once were warriors"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 11 November 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&amp;rft.atitle=Once+were+warriors&amp;rft.date=2002-11-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fonce-were-warriors-20021111-gdft6f.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gibson, Jason (4 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09647775.2018.1549506">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'You're my kwertengerl': transforming models of care for central Australian aboriginal museum collections"</a>. <i>Museum Management and Curatorship</i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">240–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09647775.2018.1549506">10.1080/09647775.2018.1549506</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0964-7775">0964-7775</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149957344">149957344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Museum+Management+and+Curatorship&amp;rft.atitle=%27You%27re+my+kwertengerl%27%3A+transforming+models+of+care+for+central+Australian+aboriginal+museum+collections&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&amp;rft.date=2019-05-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149957344%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=0964-7775&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09647775.2018.1549506&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=Jason&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09647775.2018.1549506&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzSimons2019" class="citation news cs1">FitzSimons, Peter (11 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/morrison-needs-to-get-behind-push-to-bring-precious-aussie-artefacts-home-20191209-p53i45.html">"Morrison needs to get behind push to bring precious Aussie artefacts home"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&amp;rft.atitle=Morrison+needs+to+get+behind+push+to+bring+precious+Aussie+artefacts+home&amp;rft.date=2019-12-11&amp;rft.aulast=FitzSimons&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fmorrison-needs-to-get-behind-push-to-bring-precious-aussie-artefacts-home-20191209-p53i45.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beavan2019-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beavan2019_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beavan2019_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeavan" class="citation news cs1">Beavan, Katrina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-07/indigenous-artefact-repatriation-nt/11677810">"Sacred Indigenous artefacts handed back to Aranda and Bardi Jawi elders after 100 years in US"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Sacred+Indigenous+artefacts+handed+back+to+Aranda+and+Bardi+Jawi+elders+after+100+years+in+US&amp;rft.aulast=Beavan&amp;rft.aufirst=Katrina&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-11-07%2Findigenous-artefact-repatriation-nt%2F11677810&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandenParishMoodie" class="citation news cs1">Standen, Susan; Parish, Rebecca; Moodie, Claire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-01/community-celebrates-nyamal-repatriation/11750252">"Indigenous artefacts returned after decades in overseas museums"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Indigenous+artefacts+returned+after+decades+in+overseas+museums&amp;rft.aulast=Standen&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan&amp;rft.au=Parish%2C+Rebecca&amp;rft.au=Moodie%2C+Claire&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-12-01%2Fcommunity-celebrates-nyamal-repatriation%2F11750252&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/sep/25/they-belong-to-waramungu-new-zealand-museum-agrees-to-return-items-to-indigenous-australians">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'They belong to Waramungu': New Zealand museum agrees to return items to Indigenous Australians"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 25 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=%27They+belong+to+Waramungu%27%3A+New+Zealand+museum+agrees+to+return+items+to+Indigenous+Australians&amp;rft.date=2022-09-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2022%2Fsep%2F25%2Fthey-belong-to-waramungu-new-zealand-museum-agrees-to-return-items-to-indigenous-australians&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKampfner2023" class="citation news cs1">Kampfner, Constance (7 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/manchester-museum-returns-indigenous-australians-objects-australia-repatriation-scheme-gtxb6tfwp">"Manchester Museum returns dozens of objects to indigenous Australians"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Manchester+Museum+returns+dozens+of+objects+to+indigenous+Australians&amp;rft.date=2023-09-07&amp;rft.issn=0140-0460&amp;rft.aulast=Kampfner&amp;rft.aufirst=Constance&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fmanchester-museum-returns-indigenous-australians-objects-australia-repatriation-scheme-gtxb6tfwp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2020" class="citation journal cs1">Turnbull, Paul (23 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.le.ac.uk/ojs1/index.php/mas/article/view/3246">"International Repatriations of Indigenous Human Remains and Its Complexities: the Australian Experience"</a>. <i>Museum and Society</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29311%2Fmas.v18i1.3246">10.29311/mas.v18i1.3246</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F270143">1885/270143</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-8360">1479-8360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216515783">216515783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Museum+and+Society&amp;rft.atitle=International+Repatriations+of+Indigenous+Human+Remains+and+Its+Complexities%3A+the+Australian+Experience&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&amp;rft.date=2020-03-23&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F270143&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216515783%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1479-8360&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29311%2Fmas.v18i1.3246&amp;rft.aulast=Turnbull&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.le.ac.uk%2Fojs1%2Findex.php%2Fmas%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3246&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseums_&amp;_Galleries_NSW2010–2011" class="citation web cs1">Museums &amp; Galleries NSW (2010–2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgnsw.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/keeping_places_and_beyondnew2.pdf">"Keeping Places &amp; Beyond: A reader"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Building Cultural Futures in NSW<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Keeping+Places+%26+Beyond%3A+A+reader&amp;rft.series=Building+Cultural+Futures+in+NSW&amp;rft.date=2010%2F2011&amp;rft.au=Museums+%26+Galleries+NSW&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmgnsw.org.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F01%2Fkeeping_places_and_beyondnew2.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aboriginalheritage.org/museum/">"The Aboriginal Heritage Museum and Keeping Place"</a>. <i>Aboriginal Heritage Office</i>. 18 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Aboriginal+Heritage+Office&amp;rft.atitle=The+Aboriginal+Heritage+Museum+and+Keeping+Place&amp;rft.date=2011-08-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboriginalheritage.org%2Fmuseum%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonTrigger1988" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison, Julia D.; Trigger, Bruce (December 1988). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Spirit Sings' and the Future of Anthropology". <i>Anthropology Today</i>. <b>4</b> (6): 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3032945">10.2307/3032945</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-540X">0268-540X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3032945">3032945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Anthropology+Today&amp;rft.atitle=%27The+Spirit+Sings%27+and+the+Future+of+Anthropology&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=6&amp;rft.date=1988-12&amp;rft.issn=0268-540X&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3032945%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3032945&amp;rft.aulast=Harrison&amp;rft.aufirst=Julia+D.&amp;rft.au=Trigger%2C+Bruce&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museums.in1touch.org/uploaded/web/docs/Task_Force_Report_1994.pdf">"Task Force Report on Reconciliation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Task+Force+Report+on+Reconciliation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseums.in1touch.org%2Fuploaded%2Fweb%2Fdocs%2FTask_Force_Report_1994.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews,_Maureen_Anne2016" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Maureen Anne (2016). <i>Naamiwan's drum: the story of a contested repatriation of Anishinaabe artefacts</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-2243-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-2243-2"><bdi>978-1-4426-2243-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/965828368">965828368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Naamiwan%27s+drum%3A+the+story+of+a+contested+repatriation+of+Anishinaabe+artefacts&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F965828368&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4426-2243-2&amp;rft.au=Matthews%2C+Maureen+Anne&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddley2023" class="citation news cs1">Addley, Esther (13 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/feb/13/how-one-derbyshire-buxton-museum-took-initiative-in-returning-indigenous-artefacts">"How one Derbyshire museum took initiative in returning Indigenous artefacts"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=How+one+Derbyshire+museum+took+initiative+in+returning+Indigenous+artefacts&amp;rft.date=2023-02-13&amp;rft.issn=0261-3077&amp;rft.aulast=Addley&amp;rft.aufirst=Esther&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2023%2Ffeb%2F13%2Fhow-one-derbyshire-buxton-museum-took-initiative-in-returning-indigenous-artefacts&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAires2006" class="citation web cs1">Aires, Buenos (18 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/technology/easter-island-statue-heads-home-20060418-ge25co.html">"Easter Island statue heads home"</a>. <i>The Age</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Age&amp;rft.atitle=Easter+Island+statue+heads+home&amp;rft.date=2006-04-18&amp;rft.aulast=Aires&amp;rft.aufirst=Buenos&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Ftechnology%2Feaster-island-statue-heads-home-20060418-ge25co.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlotte_EdwardesCatherine_Milner2003" class="citation news cs1">Charlotte Edwardes &amp; Catherine Milner (20 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/1436606/Egypt-demands-return-of-the-Rosetta-Stone.html">"Egypt demands return of the Rosetta Stone"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329172613/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/1436606/Egypt-demands-return-of-the-Rosetta-Stone.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft.atitle=Egypt+demands+return+of+the+Rosetta+Stone&amp;rft.date=2003-07-20&amp;rft.au=Charlotte+Edwardes&amp;rft.au=Catherine+Milner&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fegypt%2F1436606%2FEgypt-demands-return-of-the-Rosetta-Stone.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Huttinger2005" class="citation web cs1">Henry Huttinger (28 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051201070256/http://www.cairomagazine.com/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=1238&amp;format=html">"Stolen Treasures: Zahi Hawass wants the Rosetta Stone back, among other things"</a>. <i>Cairo Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairomagazine.com/?module=displaystory&amp;story_id=1238&amp;format=html">the original</a> on 1 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Cairo+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Stolen+Treasures%3A+Zahi+Hawass+wants+the+Rosetta+Stone+back%2C+among+other+things&amp;rft.date=2005-07-28&amp;rft.au=Henry+Huttinger&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairomagazine.com%2F%3Fmodule%3Ddisplaystory%26story_id%3D1238%26format%3Dhtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGareth_Harris2022" class="citation news cs1">Gareth Harris (22 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/08/22/return-rosetta-stone-to-egypt-demands-countrys-leading-archaeologist-zahi-hawass">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Return Rosetta Stone to Egypt' demands country's leading archaeologist Zahi Hawass"</a>. <i>Art Newspaper</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Art+Newspaper&amp;rft.atitle=%27Return+Rosetta+Stone+to+Egypt%27+demands+country%27s+leading+archaeologist+Zahi+Hawass&amp;rft.date=2022-08-22&amp;rft.au=Gareth+Harris&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2F2022%2F08%2F22%2Freturn-rosetta-stone-to-egypt-demands-countrys-leading-archaeologist-zahi-hawass&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aton-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aton_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesca_Aton2022" class="citation news cs1">Francesca Aton (22 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/what-rosetta-stone-return-egypt-british-museum-1234637096/">"Renowned Egyptian Archaeologist Calls for British Museum to Return the Rosetta Stone"</a>. <i>ARTNews</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ARTNews&amp;rft.atitle=Renowned+Egyptian+Archaeologist+Calls+for+British+Museum+to+Return+the+Rosetta+Stone&amp;rft.date=2022-08-22&amp;rft.au=Francesca+Aton&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2Fart-news%2Fnews%2Fwhat-rosetta-stone-return-egypt-british-museum-1234637096%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/our-work/departments/human-remains/request-repatriation-human-remains-tasmania">"Request for Repatriation of Human Remains to Tasmania"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&amp;rft.atitle=Request+for+Repatriation+of+Human+Remains+to+Tasmania&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Four-work%2Fdepartments%2Fhuman-remains%2Frequest-repatriation-human-remains-tasmania&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/30/section/47">"Human Tissue Act 2004"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Tissue+Act+2004&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2004%2F30%2Fsection%2F47&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuthie2011" class="citation journal cs1">Duthie, Emily (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fphrj.v18i0.1523">"The British Museum: An Imperial Museum in a Post-Imperial World"</a>. <i>Public History Review</i>. <b>18</b>: 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fphrj.v18i0.1523">10.5130/phrj.v18i0.1523</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159078544">159078544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Public+History+Review&amp;rft.atitle=The+British+Museum%3A+An+Imperial+Museum+in+a+Post-Imperial+World&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.pages=17&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5130%2Fphrj.v18i0.1523&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159078544%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Duthie&amp;rft.aufirst=Emily&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5130%252Fphrj.v18i0.1523&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/2877/stages">"Charities Act 2022 Stages - Parliamentary Bills - UK Parliament"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Charities+Act+2022+Stages+-+Parliamentary+Bills+-+UK+Parliament&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbills.parliament.uk%2Fbills%2F2877%2Fstages&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/sep/25/museums-england-wales-powers-to-dispose-objects-moral-grounds">"Museums in England and Wales to gain powers to dispose of objects on moral grounds"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 25 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Museums+in+England+and+Wales+to+gain+powers+to+dispose+of+objects+on+moral+grounds&amp;rft.date=2022-09-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2022%2Fsep%2F25%2Fmuseums-england-wales-powers-to-dispose-objects-moral-grounds&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowitt-Marshall" class="citation web cs1">Howitt-Marshall, Duncan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekathimerini.com/culture/1194535/new-charities-act-may-compel-museums-to-return-cultural-artifacts/">"New Charities Act may compel museums to return cultural artifacts | eKathimerini.com"</a>. <i>www.ekathimerini.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.ekathimerini.com&amp;rft.atitle=New+Charities+Act+may+compel+museums+to+return+cultural+artifacts+%7C+eKathimerini.com&amp;rft.aulast=Howitt-Marshall&amp;rft.aufirst=Duncan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekathimerini.com%2Fculture%2F1194535%2Fnew-charities-act-may-compel-museums-to-return-cultural-artifacts%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/nov/28/london-museum-returns-looted-benin-city-artefacts-to-nigeria">"London museum returns looted Benin City artefacts to Nigeria"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 28 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=London+museum+returns+looted+Benin+City+artefacts+to+Nigeria&amp;rft.date=2022-11-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2022%2Fnov%2F28%2Flondon-museum-returns-looted-benin-city-artefacts-to-nigeria&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12036383.the-return-north-of-jacobs-pillow-may-prove-cold-comfort-to-mr-major-argues-malcolm-dickson-tory-moment-of-destiny/">"The return north of Jacob's pillow may prove cold comfort to Mr Major, argues Malcolm Dickson Tory moment of destiny"</a>. <i>The Glasgow Herald</i>. 4 July 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Herald&amp;rft.atitle=The+return+north+of+Jacob%27s+pillow+may+prove+cold+comfort+to+Mr+Major%2C+argues+Malcolm+Dickson+Tory+moment+of+destiny&amp;rft.date=1996-07-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2F12036383.the-return-north-of-jacobs-pillow-may-prove-cold-comfort-to-mr-major-argues-malcolm-dickson-tory-moment-of-destiny%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nation.cymru/news/buried-treasure-calls-for-important-welsh-artefacts-to-be-brought-back-home/">"Buried treasure: calls for important Welsh artefacts to be brought back home"</a>. <i>Nation.Cymru</i>. 25 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Nation.Cymru&amp;rft.atitle=Buried+treasure%3A+calls+for+important+Welsh+artefacts+to+be+brought+back+home&amp;rft.date=2021-09-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.cymru%2Fnews%2Fburied-treasure-calls-for-important-welsh-artefacts-to-be-brought-back-home%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/cymrufyw/35919530">"Yn ôl i Gymru?"</a>. <i>BBC Cymru Fyw</i> (in Welsh). 3 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+Cymru+Fyw&amp;rft.atitle=Yn+%C3%B4l+i+Gymru%3F&amp;rft.date=2016-04-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fcymrufyw%2F35919530&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"TV Sting reveals illegal art deal" (12 February 1997). <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Smuggled art clampdown by Sotheby's" (17 December 1997). The Times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boland-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boland_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoland2014" class="citation news cs1">Boland, Michaela (2 October 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/doubts-emerge-over-indian-idols-at-art-gallery-of-south-australia/news-story/e8bbd710dc4bf5ee0467df6d20027405">"Doubts shroud idol deals"</a></span>. <i>The Australian</i>. [Alternative title? Doubts emerge over Indian idols at Art Gallery of South Australia]. p.&#160;11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Australian&amp;rft.atitle=Doubts+shroud+idol+deals&amp;rft.pages=11&amp;rft.date=2014-10-02&amp;rft.aulast=Boland&amp;rft.aufirst=Michaela&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Farts%2Fdoubts-emerge-over-indian-idols-at-art-gallery-of-south-australia%2Fnews-story%2Fe8bbd710dc4bf5ee0467df6d20027405&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615183515/http://www.elginism.com/20070401/702/">"Greece requests return of Parthenon marbles&#160;» Elginism"</a>. 15 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elginism.com/20070401/702/">the original</a> on 15 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Greece+requests+return+of+Parthenon+marbles+%C2%BB+Elginism&amp;rft.date=2009-06-15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elginism.com%2F20070401%2F702%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsweek_staff2009" class="citation web cs1">Newsweek staff (5 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/who-owns-elgin-marbles-80661">"Who owns the Elgin marbles?"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsweek&amp;rft.atitle=Who+owns+the+Elgin+marbles%3F&amp;rft.date=2009-06-05&amp;rft.au=Newsweek+staff&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fwho-owns-elgin-marbles-80661&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:52_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/restitution-report-museums-directors-respond">"Restitution Report: museum directors respond"</a>. <i>www.theartnewspaper.com</i>. 27 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.theartnewspaper.com&amp;rft.atitle=Restitution+Report%3A+museum+directors+respond&amp;rft.date=2018-11-27&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2Fcomment%2Frestitution-report-museums-directors-respond&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson2019" class="citation news cs1">Sanderson, David (22 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/minister-rules-out-return-of-treasures-2jlf3qh63">"Minister rules out return of treasures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Minister+rules+out+return+of+treasures&amp;rft.date=2019-04-22&amp;rft.issn=0140-0460&amp;rft.aulast=Sanderson&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fminister-rules-out-return-of-treasures-2jlf3qh63&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2020" class="citation news cs1">Marshall, Alex (23 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/arts/design/benin-bronzes.html">"This art was looted 123 years ago. Will it ever be returned?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=This+art+was+looted+123+years+ago.+Will+it+ever+be+returned%3F&amp;rft.date=2020-01-23&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Marshall&amp;rft.aufirst=Alex&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F01%2F23%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fbenin-bronzes.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOltermann2021" class="citation web cs1">Oltermann, Philip (23 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/mar/23/berlins-plan-to-return-benin-bronzes-piles-pressure-on-uk-museums">"Berlin's plan to return Benin bronzes piles pressure on UK museums"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Berlin%27s+plan+to+return+Benin+bronzes+piles+pressure+on+UK+museums&amp;rft.date=2021-03-23&amp;rft.aulast=Oltermann&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2021%2Fmar%2F23%2Fberlins-plan-to-return-benin-bronzes-piles-pressure-on-uk-museums&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhomami2021" class="citation web cs1">Khomami, Nadia (15 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/oct/15/cambridge-college-to-be-first-uk-return-looted-benin-bronze">"Cambridge college to be first in UK to return looted Benin bronze"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Cambridge+college+to+be+first+in+UK+to+return+looted+Benin+bronze&amp;rft.date=2021-10-15&amp;rft.aulast=Khomami&amp;rft.aufirst=Nadia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2021%2Foct%2F15%2Fcambridge-college-to-be-first-uk-return-looted-benin-bronze&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakare2021" class="citation web cs1">Bakare, Lanre (26 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/26/regional-museums-break-ranks-with-uk-government-on-return-of-benin-bronzes">"Regional museums break ranks with UK government on return of Benin bronzes"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Regional+museums+break+ranks+with+UK+government+on+return+of+Benin+bronzes&amp;rft.date=2021-03-26&amp;rft.aulast=Bakare&amp;rft.aufirst=Lanre&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fmar%2F26%2Fregional-museums-break-ranks-with-uk-government-on-return-of-benin-bronzes&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Pitt_Rivers_Museum" class="citation web cs1">The Pitt Rivers Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/committed-to-change">"Committed to Change"</a>. <i>www.prm.ox.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.prm.ox.ac.uk&amp;rft.atitle=Committed+to+Change&amp;rft.au=The+Pitt+Rivers+Museum&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prm.ox.ac.uk%2Fcommitted-to-change&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoshy2018" class="citation news cs1">Koshy, Yohann (4 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/dec/04/pitt-rivers-museum-oxford-maasai-colonial-artefacts">"Hey, that's our stuff: Maasai tribespeople tackle Oxford's Pitt Rivers Museum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Hey%2C+that%27s+our+stuff%3A+Maasai+tribespeople+tackle+Oxford%27s+Pitt+Rivers+Museum&amp;rft.date=2018-12-04&amp;rft.issn=0261-3077&amp;rft.aulast=Koshy&amp;rft.aufirst=Yohann&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2018%2Fdec%2F04%2Fpitt-rivers-museum-oxford-maasai-colonial-artefacts&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTechnische_Universität_Berlin" class="citation web cs1">Technische Universität Berlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tu.berlin/en/about/profile/press-releases-news/2020/oktober/restitution-of-knowledge/">"Restitution of knowledge"</a>. <i>www.tu.berlin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.tu.berlin&amp;rft.atitle=Restitution+of+knowledge&amp;rft.au=Technische+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tu.berlin%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fprofile%2Fpress-releases-news%2F2020%2Foktober%2Frestitution-of-knowledge%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-311008548/view?partId=nla.obj-311023107#page/n8/mode/1up">"King Cakobau's Club"</a>. <i>III(3) Pacific Islands Monthly</i>. 19 October 1932<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=III%283%29+Pacific+Islands+Monthly&amp;rft.atitle=King+Cakobau%27s+Club&amp;rft.date=1932-10-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-311008548%2Fview%3FpartId%3Dnla.obj-311023107%23page%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-times-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-times_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Boyes2009" class="citation news cs1">Roger Boyes (20 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article6881619.ece">"Neues Museum refuses to return the bust of Queen Nefertiti to Egyptian museum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Neues+Museum+refuses+to+return+the+bust+of+Queen+Nefertiti+to+Egyptian+museum&amp;rft.date=2009-10-20&amp;rft.au=Roger+Boyes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Farticle6881619.ece&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">&#8205;</span>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin" class="citation web cs1">Berlin, Staatliche Museen zu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/ethnologisches-museum/collection-research/about-the-collection/">"Staatliche Museen zu Berlin: About the collection"</a>. <i>Staatliche Museen zu Berlin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Staatliche+Museen+zu+Berlin&amp;rft.atitle=Staatliche+Museen+zu+Berlin%3A+About+the+collection&amp;rft.aulast=Berlin&amp;rft.aufirst=Staatliche+Museen+zu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smb.museum%2Fen%2Fmuseums-institutions%2Fethnologisches-museum%2Fcollection-research%2Fabout-the-collection%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsche_Welle_(www.dw.com)2019" class="citation web cs1">Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com) (5 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/looted-colonial-art-is-there-the-political-will-to-return-pilfered-artifacts/a-46961670">"Looted colonial art: Is there the political will to return pilfered artifacts?"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&amp;rft.atitle=Looted+colonial+art%3A+Is+there+the+political+will+to+return+pilfered+artifacts%3F&amp;rft.date=2019-01-05&amp;rft.au=Deutsche+Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Flooted-colonial-art-is-there-the-political-will-to-return-pilfered-artifacts%2Fa-46961670&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkelmann2020" class="citation journal cs1">Winkelmann, Andreas (23 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.le.ac.uk/ojs1/index.php/mas/article/view/3232">"Repatriations of human remains from Germany – 1911 to 2019"</a>. <i>Museum and Society</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29311%2Fmas.v18i1.3232">10.29311/mas.v18i1.3232</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-8360">1479-8360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216344287">216344287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Museum+and+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Repatriations+of+human+remains+from+Germany+%E2%80%93+1911+to+2019&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&amp;rft.date=2020-03-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216344287%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1479-8360&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29311%2Fmas.v18i1.3232&amp;rft.aulast=Winkelmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Andreas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.le.ac.uk%2Fojs1%2Findex.php%2Fmas%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3232&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulke2019" class="citation web cs1">Mulke, Wolfgang (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goethe.de/ins/ts/en/kul/mag/21648911.html">"The restitution of colonial artefacts is going slowly"</a>. <i>@GI_weltweit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%40GI_weltweit&amp;rft.atitle=The+restitution+of+colonial+artefacts+is+going+slowly&amp;rft.date=2019-09&amp;rft.aulast=Mulke&amp;rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goethe.de%2Fins%2Fts%2Fen%2Fkul%2Fmag%2F21648911.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickley2019" class="citation web cs1">Hickley, Catherine (14 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theartnewspaper.com/news/culture-ministers-from-16-german-states-agree-to-repatriate-artefacts-looted-in-colonial-era">"Culture ministers from 16 German states agree to repatriate artefacts looted in colonial era"</a>. <i>theartnewspaper.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=theartnewspaper.com&amp;rft.atitle=Culture+ministers+from+16+German+states+agree+to+repatriate+artefacts+looted+in+colonial+era&amp;rft.date=2019-03-14&amp;rft.aulast=Hickley&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheartnewspaper.com%2Fnews%2Fculture-ministers-from-16-german-states-agree-to-repatriate-artefacts-looted-in-colonial-era&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaatliche_Museen_zu_Berlin" class="citation web cs1">Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/ethnologisches-museum/collection-research/research/tanzania-germany-shared-object-histories.html">"Staatliche Museen zu Berlin: Museums &amp; institutions – Ethnologisches Museum – Collection &amp; research – Research – Tanzania–Germany: Shared Object Histories?"</a>. <i>Staatliche Museen zu Berlin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Staatliche+Museen+zu+Berlin&amp;rft.atitle=Staatliche+Museen+zu+Berlin%3A+Museums+%26+institutions+%E2%80%93+Ethnologisches+Museum+%E2%80%93+Collection+%26+research+%E2%80%93+Research+%E2%80%93+Tanzania%E2%80%93Germany%3A+Shared+Object+Histories%3F&amp;rft.au=Staatliche+Museen+zu+Berlin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smb.museum%2Fen%2Fmuseums-institutions%2Fethnologisches-museum%2Fcollection-research%2Fresearch%2Ftanzania-germany-shared-object-histories.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HelenaSmith2020-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HelenaSmith2020_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelena_Smith2020" class="citation news cs1">Helena Smith (20 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/product-of-theft-greece-urges-uk-to-return-parthenon-marbles">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Product of theft': Greece urges UK to return Parthenon marbles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=%27Product+of+theft%27%3A+Greece+urges+UK+to+return+Parthenon+marbles&amp;rft.date=2020-06-20&amp;rft.au=Helena+Smith&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjun%2F20%2Fproduct-of-theft-greece-urges-uk-to-return-parthenon-marbles&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2019" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Jonathan (29 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/jan/29/british-museum-director-is-right-the-parthenon-marbles-belong-to-us-all">"Let's not lose our marbles over the British Museum boss's remarks"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Let%27s+not+lose+our+marbles+over+the+British+Museum+boss%27s+remarks&amp;rft.date=2019-01-29&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2019%2Fjan%2F29%2Fbritish-museum-director-is-right-the-parthenon-marbles-belong-to-us-all&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2019" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Mark (28 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/jan/28/british-museum-chief-taking-the-parthenon-marbles-was-creative">"British Museum chief: taking the Parthenon marbles was 'creative'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=British+Museum+chief%3A+taking+the+Parthenon+marbles+was+%27creative%27&amp;rft.date=2019-01-28&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2019%2Fjan%2F28%2Fbritish-museum-chief-taking-the-parthenon-marbles-was-creative&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArkouli2013" class="citation news cs1">Arkouli, Maria (30 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greekreporter.com/2013/08/30/greece-wants-victory-of-samothrace-back/">"Greece Wants Victory of Samothrace Back"</a>. <i>GreekReporter.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=GreekReporter.com&amp;rft.atitle=Greece+Wants+Victory+of+Samothrace+Back&amp;rft.date=2013-08-30&amp;rft.aulast=Arkouli&amp;rft.aufirst=Maria&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekreporter.com%2F2013%2F08%2F30%2Fgreece-wants-victory-of-samothrace-back%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsbeast.gr/entertainment/arthro/1924713/i-magemenes-epistrefoun-ke-pali-sti-thessaloniki">"Οι «Μαγεμένες» επιστρέφουν και πάλι στη Θεσσαλονίκη"</a> &#91;"Las Incantadas" return to Thessaloniki again&#93;. <i>www.newsbeast.gr</i> (in Greek). 27 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.newsbeast.gr&amp;rft.atitle=%CE%9F%CE%B9+%C2%AB%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82%C2%BB+%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B7&amp;rft.date=2015-08-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsbeast.gr%2Fentertainment%2Farthro%2F1924713%2Fi-magemenes-epistrefoun-ke-pali-sti-thessaloniki&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmeet_Kaur2021" class="citation web cs1">Harmeet Kaur (26 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/maya-artifact-returned-to-guatemala-scn-cec/index.html">"A private collector is returning a Mayan artifact to Guatemala"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft.atitle=A+private+collector+is+returning+a+Mayan+artifact+to+Guatemala&amp;rft.date=2021-10-26&amp;rft.au=Harmeet+Kaur&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fstyle%2Farticle%2Fmaya-artifact-returned-to-guatemala-scn-cec%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adst.org/2014/12/a-crown-for-hungary/">"Returning the Crown of Saint Stephen to post-Cold War Hungary"</a>. <i>Association for Diplomatic Studies &amp; Training</i>. 29 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Association+for+Diplomatic+Studies+%26+Training&amp;rft.atitle=Returning+the+Crown+of+Saint+Stephen+to+post-Cold+War+Hungary&amp;rft.date=2014-12-29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadst.org%2F2014%2F12%2Fa-crown-for-hungary%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann1978" class="citation news cs1">Hofmann, Paul (7 January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/07/archives/crown-of-st-stephen-formally-returned-to-hungary-emotion-was.html">"Crown of St.Stephen Formally Returned to Hungary"</a>. <i>United Press International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&amp;rft.atitle=Crown+of+St.Stephen+Formally+Returned+to+Hungary&amp;rft.date=1978-01-07&amp;rft.aulast=Hofmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1978%2F01%2F07%2Farchives%2Fcrown-of-st-stephen-formally-returned-to-hungary-emotion-was.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tunio, Hafeez, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/409184/with-king-priest-in-hiding-dancing-girl-yet-to-take-the-road-back-home">"With King Priest 'in hiding', Dancing Girl yet to take the road back home"</a>, 16 July 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anglocelt.ie/2021/06/07/cavan-gems-on-display-virtually/">"Cavan gems on display virtually"</a>. <i>Anglo Celt</i>. 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Anglo+Celt&amp;rft.atitle=Cavan+gems+on+display+virtually&amp;rft.date=2021-06-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglocelt.ie%2F2021%2F06%2F07%2Fcavan-gems-on-display-virtually%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyle2023" class="citation news cs1">Coyle, Colin (23 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/national-museum-of-ireland-looks-to-hand-back-colonial-plunder-z3bdfkxqp">"National Museum of Ireland looks to hand back colonial plunder"</a> &#8211; via www.thetimes.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=National+Museum+of+Ireland+looks+to+hand+back+colonial+plunder&amp;rft.date=2023-06-23&amp;rft.aulast=Coyle&amp;rft.aufirst=Colin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fnational-museum-of-ireland-looks-to-hand-back-colonial-plunder-z3bdfkxqp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO&#39;Toole" class="citation news cs1">O'Toole, Fintan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/culture-shock-never-mind-the-nazis-what-about-ireland-s-own-stolen-treasures-1.1587443">"Culture Shock: Never mind the Nazis. What about Ireland's own stolen treasures?"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Culture+Shock%3A+Never+mind+the+Nazis.+What+about+Ireland%27s+own+stolen+treasures%3F&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Toole&amp;rft.aufirst=Fintan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-shock-never-mind-the-nazis-what-about-ireland-s-own-stolen-treasures-1.1587443&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShortall2023" class="citation news cs1">Shortall, Eithne (23 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/national-museum-ireland-plan-return-looted-benin-bronzes-rmx7rdtpk">"National Museum of Ireland forges plan to return looted Benin bronzes"</a> &#8211; via www.thetimes.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=National+Museum+of+Ireland+forges+plan+to+return+looted+Benin+bronzes&amp;rft.date=2023-06-23&amp;rft.aulast=Shortall&amp;rft.aufirst=Eithne&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fnational-museum-ireland-plan-return-looted-benin-bronzes-rmx7rdtpk&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarfield" class="citation web cs1">Warfield,&#160;» Fintan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/28130">"Stolen goods will always be Stolen goods"</a>. <i>www.anphoblacht.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.anphoblacht.com&amp;rft.atitle=Stolen+goods+will+always+be+Stolen+goods&amp;rft.aulast=Warfield&amp;rft.aufirst=%C2%BB+Fintan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anphoblacht.com%2Fcontents%2F28130&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosford2017" class="citation web cs1">Hosford, Paul (22 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-museums-3506595-Jul2017/">"Ireland should 'give back its looted and stolen treasures'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>TheJournal.ie</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&amp;rft.atitle=Ireland+should+%27give+back+its+looted+and+stolen+treasures%27&amp;rft.date=2017-07-22&amp;rft.aulast=Hosford&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Fireland-museums-3506595-Jul2017%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLMcAtackney2020" class="citation web cs1">@LMcAtackney (2 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/LMcAtackney/status/1311931629561151488">"Amongst discussions on repatriation..."</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) &#8211; via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Amongst+discussions+on+repatriation...&amp;rft.date=2020-10-02&amp;rft.au=LMcAtackney&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FLMcAtackney%2Fstatus%2F1311931629561151488&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2020" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Darragh Peter (15 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2020/oct/15/hilary-mantel-calls-for-skeleton-of-irish-giant-to-be-repatriated">"Hilary Mantel calls for skeleton of Irish 'giant' to be repatriated"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Hilary+Mantel+calls+for+skeleton+of+Irish+%27giant%27+to+be+repatriated&amp;rft.date=2020-10-15&amp;rft.aulast=Murphy&amp;rft.aufirst=Darragh+Peter&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2020%2Foct%2F15%2Fhilary-mantel-calls-for-skeleton-of-irish-giant-to-be-repatriated&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-20248312.html">"Stolen moments in British Museum"</a>. <i>Irish Examiner</i>. 4 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&amp;rft.atitle=Stolen+moments+in+British+Museum&amp;rft.date=2013-11-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Flifestyle%2Farid-20248312.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kildarestreet.com/sendebates/?id=2021-02-12a.32">"Cultural Objects: 12 Feb 2021: Seanad debates (KildareStreet.com)"</a>. <i>www.kildarestreet.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.kildarestreet.com&amp;rft.atitle=Cultural+Objects%3A+12+Feb+2021%3A+Seanad+debates+%28KildareStreet.com%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kildarestreet.com%2Fsendebates%2F%3Fid%3D2021-02-12a.32&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2020" class="citation news cs1">Crowley, Sinéad (28 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2020/1027/1174296-book-of-lismore/">"Ancient Irish book about saints and sagas returns home to Cork"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89&amp;rft.atitle=Ancient+Irish+book+about+saints+and+sagas+returns+home+to+Cork&amp;rft.date=2020-10-28&amp;rft.aulast=Crowley&amp;rft.aufirst=Sin%C3%A9ad&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2020%2F1027%2F1174296-book-of-lismore%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2020" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (28 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/oct/28/historic-book-of-lismore-returning-ireland-after-centuries-in-british-hands">"Historic Book of Lismore returning to Ireland after centuries in British hands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Historic+Book+of+Lismore+returning+to+Ireland+after+centuries+in+British+hands&amp;rft.date=2020-10-28&amp;rft.aulast=Flood&amp;rft.aufirst=Alison&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2020%2Foct%2F28%2Fhistoric-book-of-lismore-returning-ireland-after-centuries-in-british-hands&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/kells-s-request-for-loan-of-its-treasures-strikes-snags-1.254971">"Kells's request for loan of its treasures strikes snags"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Kells%27s+request+for+loan+of+its+treasures+strikes+snags&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fkells-s-request-for-loan-of-its-treasures-strikes-snags-1.254971&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ashmolean.org/article/summer-artworks">"Summer artworks"</a>. <i>www.ashmolean.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.ashmolean.org&amp;rft.atitle=Summer+artworks&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashmolean.org%2Farticle%2Fsummer-artworks&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.ashmolean.org/collection/search/per_page/100/offset/100/sort_by/relevance/object/75671">"Ashmolean"</a>. <i>collections.ashmolean.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=collections.ashmolean.org&amp;rft.atitle=Ashmolean&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.ashmolean.org%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2Fper_page%2F100%2Foffset%2F100%2Fsort_by%2Frelevance%2Fobject%2F75671&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britisharchaeology.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/highlights/sun-disc.html">"Ashmolean Museum: British Archaeology Collections – Ballyshannon Sun Disc"</a>. <i>britisharchaeology.ashmus.ox.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=britisharchaeology.ashmus.ox.ac.uk&amp;rft.atitle=Ashmolean+Museum%3A+British+Archaeology+Collections+%E2%80%93+Ballyshannon+Sun+Disc&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritisharchaeology.ashmus.ox.ac.uk%2Fhighlights%2Fsun-disc.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TkpAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=ashmolean+Lunulae+cork">"The Archaeological Journal"</a>. Longman, Rrown [sic], Green, and Longman. Oxford: J. H. Parker. – Cambridge: J. &amp; J.J. Deighton. 23 June 1935 &#8211; via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Archaeological+Journal&amp;rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rrown+%5Bsic%5D%2C+Green%2C+and+Longman.+Oxford%3A+J.+H.+Parker.+%E2%80%93+Cambridge%3A+J.+%26+J.J.+Deighton.&amp;rft.date=1935-06-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-TkpAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dashmolean%2BLunulae%2Bcork&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2021" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, Ciarán (11 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2021/0411/1209153-skulls-inishbofin-stolen-return-head-hunter/">"The case of the missing skulls from Inishbofin"</a> &#8211; via www.rte.ie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+case+of+the+missing+skulls+from+Inishbofin&amp;rft.date=2021-04-11&amp;rft.aulast=Walsh&amp;rft.aufirst=Ciar%C3%A1n&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fbrainstorm%2F2021%2F0411%2F1209153-skulls-inishbofin-stolen-return-head-hunter%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/news-events/webinar-human-remains-museums-and-other-collections-9pm-sept-2-2020">"Webinar on Human Remains in Museums and other Collections, 9pm, Sept 2, 2020 &#124; Maynooth University"</a>. <i>www.maynoothuniversity.ie</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.maynoothuniversity.ie&amp;rft.atitle=Webinar+on+Human+Remains+in+Museums+and+other+Collections%2C+9pm%2C+Sept+2%2C+2020+%26%23124%3B+Maynooth+University&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maynoothuniversity.ie%2Fnews-events%2Fwebinar-human-remains-museums-and-other-collections-9pm-sept-2-2020&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2023" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory (23 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/23/trinity-college-dublin-to-return-skulls-stolen-from-inishbofin">"Trinity College Dublin to return skulls stolen from Inishbofin"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Trinity+College+Dublin+to+return+skulls+stolen+from+Inishbofin&amp;rft.date=2023-02-23&amp;rft.aulast=Carroll&amp;rft.aufirst=Rory&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Ffeb%2F23%2Ftrinity-college-dublin-to-return-skulls-stolen-from-inishbofin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZion2017" class="citation web cs1">Zion, Ilan Ben (19 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/despite-detente-ancient-hebrew-text-proving-jewish-ties-to-jerusalem-set-to-stay-in-istanbul/">"Despite detente, ancient Hebrew text 'proving' Jewish ties to Jerusalem set to stay in Istanbul"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&amp;rft.atitle=Despite+detente%2C+ancient+Hebrew+text+%27proving%27+Jewish+ties+to+Jerusalem+set+to+stay+in+Istanbul&amp;rft.date=2017-01-19&amp;rft.aulast=Zion&amp;rft.aufirst=Ilan+Ben&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fdespite-detente-ancient-hebrew-text-proving-jewish-ties-to-jerusalem-set-to-stay-in-istanbul%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/17/3/3">"Please Return the Siloam Inscription to Jerusalem"</a>. <i>The BAS Library</i>. 24 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+BAS+Library&amp;rft.atitle=Please+Return+the+Siloam+Inscription+to+Jerusalem&amp;rft.date=2015-08-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baslibrary.org%2Fbiblical-archaeology-review%2F17%2F3%2F3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*For details of the incident see: Chantal de la Véronne, Histoire sommaire des Sa'diens au Maroc, 1997, p. 78. <ul><li>Catalogue: Dérenbourg, Hartwig, Les manuscrits arabes de l'Escurial / décrits par Hartwig Dérenbourg. – Paris&#160;: Leroux [etc.], 1884–1941. – 3 volumes.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal of Early Modern History 18 (2014) 535–538 "Traveling Libraries: The Arabic Manuscripts of Muley Zidan and the Escorial Library" by Daniel Hershenzon of University of Connecticut (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/9151680/_Traveling_Libraries_the_Arabic_Manuscripts_of_Muley_Zidan_and_the_Escorial_Library_Journal_of_Early_Modern_History_18_2014_535-558">[1]</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTong2010" class="citation news cs1">Tong, Xiong (8 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813115301/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-11/08/c_13596596.htm">"S Korea to retrieve stolen cultural property from Japan: media"</a>. <i>Xinhua News Agency</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-11/08/c_13596596.htm">the original</a> on 13 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Xinhua+News+Agency&amp;rft.atitle=S+Korea+to+retrieve+stolen+cultural+property+from+Japan%3A+media&amp;rft.date=2010-11-08&amp;rft.aulast=Tong&amp;rft.aufirst=Xiong&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish2010%2Fculture%2F2010-11%2F08%2Fc_13596596.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/nagpra/FAQ/INDEX.HTM">"FAQ"</a>. <i>NAGPRA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NAGPRA&amp;rft.atitle=FAQ&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnagpra%2FFAQ%2FINDEX.HTM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin P. Ray, NAGPRA and Its Limitations: Repatriation of Indigenous Cultural Heritage, 15 J.MARSHALL REV.INTELL.PROP.L.472(2016).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=http://theconversation.com/museums-are-returning-indigenous-human-remains-but-progress-on-repatriating-objects-is-slow-67378&amp;httpsredir=1&amp;article=1386&amp;context=ripl">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandi_Fox2014" class="citation web cs1">Sandi Fox (29 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/stolen-treasures-iraqi-jewish-community/">"Who owns the Jewish treasures that were hidden in Saddam Hussein's basement?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. PBS Newshour.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=PBS&amp;rft.atitle=Who+owns+the+Jewish+treasures+that+were+hidden+in+Saddam+Hussein%27s+basement%3F&amp;rft.date=2014-04-29&amp;rft.au=Sandi+Fox&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fupdates%2Fstolen-treasures-iraqi-jewish-community%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_183-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_183-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2015" class="citation web cs1">Tharoor, Kanishk (29 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/jun/29/museums-looting-art-artefacts-world-culture">"Museums and looted art: the ethical dilemma of preserving world cultures"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Museums+and+looted+art%3A+the+ethical+dilemma+of+preserving+world+cultures&amp;rft.date=2015-06-29&amp;rft.aulast=Tharoor&amp;rft.aufirst=Kanishk&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2015%2Fjun%2F29%2Fmuseums-looting-art-artefacts-world-culture&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScher2019" class="citation web cs1">Scher, Robin (11 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnews.com/2019/06/11/african-art-repatriation-american-museums/">"Better safe than sorry: American museums take measures mindful of repatriation of African art"</a>. <i>ARTnews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ARTnews&amp;rft.atitle=Better+safe+than+sorry%3A+American+museums+take+measures+mindful+of+repatriation+of+African+art&amp;rft.date=2019-06-11&amp;rft.aulast=Scher&amp;rft.aufirst=Robin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2F2019%2F06%2F11%2Fafrican-art-repatriation-american-museums%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2021" class="citation web cs1">Holland, Oscar (5 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/iraq-us-artifacts-repatriation/index.html">"US returns over 17,000 looted artifacts to Iraq"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft.atitle=US+returns+over+17%2C000+looted+artifacts+to+Iraq&amp;rft.date=2021-08-05&amp;rft.aulast=Holland&amp;rft.aufirst=Oscar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fstyle%2Farticle%2Firaq-us-artifacts-repatriation%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2024" class="citation web cs1">Ho, Karen K. (21 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/thailand-sculptures-bronze-metropolitan-museum-repatriation-1234707669/">"Thailand Celebrates Return of 11th Century Sculptures Repatriated by the Met Museum"</a>. <i>ARTnews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ARTnews.com&amp;rft.atitle=Thailand+Celebrates+Return+of+11th+Century+Sculptures+Repatriated+by+the+Met+Museum&amp;rft.date=2024-05-21&amp;rft.aulast=Ho&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen+K.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2Fart-news%2Fnews%2Fthailand-sculptures-bronze-metropolitan-museum-repatriation-1234707669%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39097">"Restituted in December 2023 Standing Shiva (?) Thailand 11th century"</a>. <i>metmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=metmuseum.org&amp;rft.atitle=Restituted+in+December+2023+Standing+Shiva+%28%3F%29+Thailand+11th+century&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F39097&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/14/poland-to-ask-russia-to-return-paintings-looted-by-red-army-in-ww2">"Poland to ask Russia to return paintings looted by Red Army in WW2"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. 14 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Poland+to+ask+Russia+to+return+paintings+looted+by+Red+Army+in+WW2&amp;rft.date=2022-09-14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fsep%2F14%2Fpoland-to-ask-russia-to-return-paintings-looted-by-red-army-in-ww2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/poland-russia-return-paintings-looted-wwii-89885488">"Poland wants Russia to return paintings looted during WWII"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 14 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Poland+wants+Russia+to+return+paintings+looted+during+WWII&amp;rft.date=2022-09-14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FEntertainment%2FwireStory%2Fpoland-russia-return-paintings-looted-wwii-89885488&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_works">Cited works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=64" title="Edit section: Cited works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Anderson, Benedict</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imaginedcommunit00ande_933"><i>Imagined Communities</i></a></span>. Verso. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imaginedcommunit00ande_933/page/n178">163</a>–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-086-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-086-4"><bdi>978-1-84467-086-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Imagined+Communities&amp;rft.pages=163-186&amp;rft.pub=Verso&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84467-086-4&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson&amp;rft.aufirst=Benedict&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimaginedcommunit00ande_933&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColla2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Colla" title="Elliott Colla">Colla, Elliot</a> (2007). <i>Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity</i>. Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Conflicted+Antiquities%3A+Egyptology%2C+Egyptomania%2C+Egyptian+Modernity&amp;rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Colla&amp;rft.aufirst=Elliot&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuno2008" class="citation book cs1">Cuno, James (2008). <i>Who Owns Antiquity? The Battle Over Our Ancient Heritage</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Who+Owns+Antiquity%3F+The+Battle+Over+Our+Ancient+Heritage&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Cuno&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaz-Andreu1993" class="citation journal cs1">Diaz-Andreu, M. (1993). "Theory and Theology: Spanish Archaeology under the Franco Regime". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>67</b>: <span class="nowrap">74–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00045075">10.1017/S0003598X00045075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163485510">163485510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Antiquity&amp;rft.atitle=Theory+and+Theology%3A+Spanish+Archaeology+under+the+Franco+Regime&amp;rft.volume=67&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00045075&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163485510%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Diaz-Andreu&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlFawcett1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_L._Kohl" title="Philip L. Kohl">Kohl, Philip</a>; Fawcett, Clare (1995). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalismpolit00kohl"><i>Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalismpolit00kohl/page/n14">3</a>–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Practice+of+Archaeology&amp;rft.pages=3-18&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.aulast=Kohl&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.au=Fawcett%2C+Clare&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalismpolit00kohl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2008" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Margaret M. (2008). <i>Art as Plunder: The Ancient Origins of Debate About Cultural Property</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Art+as+Plunder%3A+The+Ancient+Origins+of+Debate+About+Cultural+Property&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Miles&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2009" class="citation news cs1">Moss, Paul (16 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7830416.stm">"Masada legend galvanises Israel"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC&amp;rft.atitle=Masada+legend+galvanises+Israel&amp;rft.date=2009-01-16&amp;rft.aulast=Moss&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7830416.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said, Edward</a> (1994). <i>Orientalism</i>. Vintage Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Orientalism&amp;rft.pub=Vintage+Books&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.aulast=Said&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberman1982" class="citation book cs1">Silberman, N.A. (1982). <i>Digging for God and Country</i>. Knoph, New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Digging+for+God+and+Country&amp;rft.pub=Knoph%2C+New+York.&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.aulast=Silberman&amp;rft.aufirst=N.A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=65" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=66" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2021" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Alexander (2021). <i>Restitution: The Return of Cultural Artefacts</i>. London: Lund Humphries. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84822-536-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84822-536-7"><bdi>978-1-84822-536-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Restitution%3A+The+Return+of+Cultural+Artefacts&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Lund+Humphries&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84822-536-7&amp;rft.aulast=Herman&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Jenkins" title="Tiffany Jenkins">Jenkins, Tiffany</a> (2016). <i>Keeping Their Marbles: how the treasures of the past ended up in museums – and why they should stay there</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965759-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965759-9"><bdi>978-0-19-965759-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Keeping+Their+Marbles%3A+how+the+treasures+of+the+past+ended+up+in+museums+%E2%80%93+and+why+they+should+stay+there&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-965759-9&amp;rft.aulast=Jenkins&amp;rft.aufirst=Tiffany&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerryman2006" class="citation book cs1">Merryman, John Henry (2006). <i>Imperialism, Arts and Restitution</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Imperialism%2C+Arts+and+Restitution&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=Merryman&amp;rft.aufirst=John+Henry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2002" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Donald Malcolm (2002). <i>Whose Pharaohs?: archaeology, museums, and Egyptian national identity from Napoleon to World War I</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Whose+Pharaohs%3F%3A+archaeology%2C+museums%2C+and+Egyptian+national+identity+from+Napoleon+to+World+War+I&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Reid&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald+Malcolm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuhmacher2024" class="citation book cs1">Schuhmacher, Jacques (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10190231/1/The-Nazi-Era-Provenance-of-Museum-Collections.pdf"><i>Nazi-Era Provenance of Museum Collections: A Research Guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80008-689-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80008-689-0"><bdi>978-1-80008-689-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nazi-Era+Provenance+of+Museum+Collections%3A+A+Research+Guide&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=UCL+Press&amp;rft.date=2024&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-80008-689-0&amp;rft.aulast=Schuhmacher&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacques&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F10190231%2F1%2FThe-Nazi-Era-Provenance-of-Museum-Collections.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiti2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catharine_Titi" title="Catharine Titi">Titi, Catharine</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/9783031263569"><i>The Parthenon Marbles and International Law</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-26356-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-26356-9"><bdi>978-3-031-26356-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+Marbles+and+International+Law&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-031-26356-9&amp;rft.aulast=Titi&amp;rft.aufirst=Catharine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F9783031263569&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Waxman" title="Sharon Waxman">Waxman, Sharon</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lootbattleoverth00waxm"><i>Loot: The Battle Over the Stolen Treasures of the Ancient World</i></a></span>. Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8653-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8653-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-8653-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Loot%3A+The+Battle+Over+the+Stolen+Treasures+of+the+Ancient+World&amp;rft.pub=Times+Books&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8653-9&amp;rft.aulast=Waxman&amp;rft.aufirst=Sharon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flootbattleoverth00waxm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=67" title="Edit section: Online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Ann Marie (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&amp;context=rip">"Cultural Heritage &amp; New Media: A Future for the Past"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Review_of_Intellectual_Property_Law" title="John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law">John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law</a></i>. <b>15</b> (3): 604.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=John+Marshall+Review+of+Intellectual+Property+Law&amp;rft.atitle=Cultural+Heritage+%26+New+Media%3A+A+Future+for+the+Past&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=604&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.aulast=Sullivan&amp;rft.aufirst=Ann+Marie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.jmls.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1392%26context%3Drip&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepatriation+%28cultural+property%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Art repatriation</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/443425812"><i>The Return Address: Where Does Heritage Belong?</i> (2020, dir. Issabella Orlando) Documentary Film</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.inter.nl.net/users/Paul.Treanor/return.art.html">Discussion of ethics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190908012840/http://web.inter.nl.net/users/Paul.Treanor/return.art.html">Archived</a> 8 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whyfiles.org/235loot/index.php?g=1.txt">2006 article from the University of Wisconsin</a></li></ul> <p><b>Looted art</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/More-voices-demanding-repatriation-of-looted-art-2664774.php"><i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>, 2003 article on repatriation of looted art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalmuseums.org.uk/resources/press_releases/pr_spol_research_June02/">Attempts to locate looted art in British regional museums</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kjqem">Quedlinburg Art Affair</a></li></ul> <p><b>Cultural repatriation</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.gov/intl/links-and-information-international-repatriation">US National Park Service on International Repatriation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3001369.stm">Return of Aboriginal Australian remains from England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/anthropology/programs/repatriation-office">Smithsonian cultural repatriation program</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_heritage_and_historic_preservation527" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Template:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Template talk:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_heritage_and_historic_preservation527" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">historic preservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agents_of_deterioration" title="Agents of deterioration">Agents of deterioration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_processing" title="Archival processing">Archival processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(archives)" title="Calendar (archives)">Calendar (archives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural property">Conservation and restoration of cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_science_(cultural_property)" title="Conservation science (cultural property)">Conservation science (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collecting" title="Collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(museum)" title="Collection (museum)">Collection (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_catalog" title="Collection catalog">Collection catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_maintenance" title="Collections maintenance">Collections maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management" title="Collections management">Collections management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management_system" title="Collections management system">Collections management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage_management" title="Cultural heritage management">Cultural heritage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_documentation" title="Cultural property documentation">Cultural property documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_exhibition" title="Cultural property exhibition">Cultural property exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_imaging" title="Cultural property imaging">Cultural property imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_storage" title="Cultural property storage">Cultural property storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_resource_management" title="Cultural resource management">Cultural resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_preservation" title="Database preservation">Database preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning" title="Deaccessioning">Deaccessioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photograph_restoration" title="Digital photograph restoration">Digital photograph restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property)" title="Disaster preparedness (cultural property)">Disaster preparedness (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_preservation" title="Film preservation">Film preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">Finding aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">Fonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_in_collection" title="Found in collection">Found in collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_asset" title="Heritage asset">Heritage asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_science" title="Heritage science">Heritage science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_vice" title="Inherent vice">Inherent vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management_(cultural_property)" title="Integrated pest management (cultural property)">Integrated pest management (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(museums)" title="Inventory (museums)">Inventory (museums)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_preservation" title="Media preservation">Media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_control_and_prevention_(library_and_archive)" title="Mold control and prevention (library and archive)">Mold control and prevention (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_media_preservation" title="Optical media preservation">Optical media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_metadata" title="Preservation metadata">Preservation metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_survey" title="Preservation survey">Preservation survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_preservation" title="Sustainable preservation">Sustainable preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure" title="Treasure">Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">Web archiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles<br /> and expertise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">Archivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Art dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_handler" title="Art handler">Art handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">Auctioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_manager" title="Collection manager">Collection manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_scientist" title="Conservation scientist">Conservation scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_technician" title="Conservation technician">Conservation technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_designer" title="Exhibition designer">Exhibition designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_maker" title="Mount maker">Mount maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objects_conservator" title="Objects conservator">Objects conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">Paintings conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_conservator" title="Photograph conservator">Photograph conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registrar_(cultural_property)" title="Registrar (cultural property)">Registrar (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_conservator" title="Textile conservator">Textile conservator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods<br /> and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(artwork)" title="Aging (artwork)">Aging (artwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastylosis" title="Anastylosis">Anastylosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrested_decay" title="Arrested decay">Arrested decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradling_(paintings)" title="Cradling (paintings)">Cradling (paintings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_radiography" title="Cultural property radiography">Cultural property radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_of_wall_paintings" title="Detachment of wall paintings">Detachment of wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmet_method" title="Desmet method">Desmet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_case" title="Display case">Display case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_repository_audit_method_based_on_risk_assessment" title="Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment">Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_paint_analysis" title="Historic paint analysis">Historic paint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inpainting" title="Inpainting">Inpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintsugi" title="Kintsugi">Kintsugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leafcasting" title="Leafcasting">Leafcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_of_paintings" title="Lining of paintings">Lining of paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_deacidification" title="Mass deacidification">Mass deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpainting" title="Overpainting">Overpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-inspiration" title="Paleo-inspiration">Paleo-inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_splitting" title="Paper splitting">Paper splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_(architecture)" title="Reconstruction (architecture)">Reconstruction (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissverklebung" title="Rissverklebung">Rissverklebung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_stabilization" title="Textile stabilization">Textile stabilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_panel_paintings" title="Transfer of panel paintings">Transfer of panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVC-based_preservation" title="UVC-based preservation">UVC-based preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualAudio" title="VisualAudio">VisualAudio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of immovable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">Frescos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_artworks" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor artworks">Outdoor artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_bronze_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor bronze objects">Outdoor bronze objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_murals" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor murals">Outdoor murals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of movable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery">Ancient Greek pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_bone,_horn,_and_antler_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of bone, horn, and antler objects">Bone, horn, and antler objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents,_and_ephemera" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents, and ephemera">Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ceramic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ceramic objects">Ceramic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_clocks" title="Conservation and restoration of clocks">Clocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_copper-based_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of copper-based objects">Copper-based objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_feathers" title="Conservation and restoration of feathers">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_flags_and_banners" title="Conservation and restoration of flags and banners">Flags and banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_fur_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of fur objects">Fur objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_glass_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of glass objects">Glass objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_herbaria" title="Conservation and restoration of herbaria">Herbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains" title="Conservation and restoration of human remains">Human remains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_insect_specimens" title="Conservation and restoration of insect specimens">Insect specimens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_iron_and_steel_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of iron and steel objects">Iron and steel objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ivory_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ivory objects">Ivory objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica" title="Conservation and restoration of Judaica">Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lacquerware" title="Conservation and restoration of lacquerware">Lacquerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_leather_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of leather objects">Leather objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lighthouses" title="Conservation and restoration of lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_metals" title="Conservation and restoration of metals">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_musical_instruments" title="Conservation and restoration of musical instruments">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_neon_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of neon objects">Neon objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_new_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of new media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_painting_frames" title="Conservation and restoration of painting frames">Painting frames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_panel_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of panel paintings">Panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_papyrus" title="Conservation and restoration of papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_parchment" title="Conservation and restoration of parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_performance_art" title="Conservation and restoration of performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">Photographic plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_plastic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of plastic objects">Plastic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_rail_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles">Rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_road_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of road vehicles">Road vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_shipwreck_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of shipwreck artifacts">Shipwreck artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_silver_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of silver objects">Silver objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_South_Asian_household_shrines" title="Conservation of South Asian household shrines">South Asian household shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_stained_glass" title="Conservation and restoration of stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_taxidermy" title="Conservation and restoration of taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles" title="Conservation and restoration of textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Tibetan_thangkas" title="Conservation and restoration of Tibetan thangkas">Tibetan thangkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_time-based_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of time-based media art">Time-based media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_totem_poles" title="Conservation and restoration of totem poles">Totem poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_vinyl_discs" title="Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs">Vinyl discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_woodblock_prints" title="Conservation and restoration of woodblock prints">Woodblock prints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts">Wooden artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_furniture" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden furniture">Wooden furniture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible<br /> cultural heritage</a><br /> preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_folklore" title="Applied folklore">Applied folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">Dance notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnochoreology" title="Ethnochoreology">Ethnochoreology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_folklore" title="Family folklore">Family folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_process" title="Folk process">Folk process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">Folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language" title="Heritage language">Heritage language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language_learning" title="Heritage language learning">Heritage language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous culture">Indigenous culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Language death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_preservation" title="Language preservation">Language preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Language revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">Living history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">Oral history preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_of_meaning" title="Preservation of meaning">Preservation of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition#Preservation" title="Tradition">Tradition preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_issues_of_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum">Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Garc%C3%ADa_Mart%C3%ADnez_and_Gim%C3%A9nez)" title="Ecce Homo (García Martínez and Giménez)">Conservation-restoration of <i>Ecce Homo</i> by Elías García Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Thomas_Eakins%27_The_Gross_Clinic" title="Conservation-restoration of Thomas Eakins&#39; The Gross Clinic">Conservation-restoration of <i>The Gross Clinic</i> by Thomas Eakins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_The_Last_Supper" title="Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci&#39;s The Last Supper">Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's <i>The Last Supper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Pompeian_frescoes" title="Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes">Pompeian frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Shroud_of_Turin" title="Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin">Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty">Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_H.L._Hunley" title="Conservation-restoration of the H.L. Hunley">Conservation-restoration of the <i>H.L. Hunley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_flood_of_the_Arno" title="1966 flood of the Arno">Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_and_Contemporary_Art_Research_Initiative" title="Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative">Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_Metadata:_Implementation_Strategies" title="Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies">Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q873642#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97000184">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007549217205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐868759585b‐6r2hb Cached time: 20250215193703 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.407 seconds Real time usage: 1.658 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10241/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 346406/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9384/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 15/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 572265/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.843/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7722204/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1363.666 1 -total 59.14% 806.526 1 Template:Reflist 17.15% 233.846 29 Template:Cite_journal 16.47% 224.637 62 Template:Cite_web 11.37% 154.990 38 Template:Cite_news 7.31% 99.616 9 Template:Fix 6.96% 94.875 22 Template:Cite_book 6.06% 82.655 1 Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration 6.04% 82.418 1 Template:Short_description 5.67% 77.288 1 Template:Navbox --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:4327126:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250215193703 and revision id 1275316305. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;oldid=1275316305">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;oldid=1275316305</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_heritage" title="Category:Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_and_cultural_repatriation" title="Category:Art and cultural repatriation">Art and cultural repatriation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Welsh-language_sources_(cy)" title="Category:CS1 Welsh-language sources (cy)">CS1 Welsh-language sources (cy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2024">Articles with dead external links from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Greek-language_sources_(el)" title="Category:CS1 Greek-language sources (el)">CS1 Greek-language sources (el)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2023">Use dmy dates from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2019">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2015" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2015">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_May_2019" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from May 2019">Vague or ambiguous time from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2020">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 February 2025, at 08:41<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_(cultural_property)&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Repatriation (cultural property)</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>10 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-54bc5bdf84-bt7jn","wgBackendResponseTime":212,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.407","walltime":"1.658","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10241,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":346406,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9384,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":572265,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1363.666 1 -total"," 59.14% 806.526 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.15% 233.846 29 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.47% 224.637 62 Template:Cite_web"," 11.37% 154.990 38 Template:Cite_news"," 7.31% 99.616 9 Template:Fix"," 6.96% 94.875 22 Template:Cite_book"," 6.06% 82.655 1 Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration"," 6.04% 82.418 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.67% 77.288 1 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.843","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7722204,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-868759585b-6r2hb","timestamp":"20250215193703","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Repatriation (cultural property)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Repatriation_(cultural_property)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q873642","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q873642","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-09T04:06:46Z","dateModified":"2025-02-12T08:41:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bb\/Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg","headline":"return of art or cultural heritage (often ancient or looted) to their country of origin or (heirs of) former owners"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10