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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Solidarity_(1988–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Solidarity_(1988–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Second Solidarity (1988–1989) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Solidarity_(1988–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_and_trade_union_(1989–2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_and_trade_union_(1989–2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Party and trade union (1989–2020) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_and_trade_union_(1989–2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" 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hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Solidarność" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Historia de Solidarność – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Solidarność" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="تاریخ همبستگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ همبستگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">History of the Polish trade union</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the history of other organizations of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Solidarity (disambiguation)">Solidarity (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is missing information about the history of Solidarity after 2020. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Solidarity" title="Talk:History of Solidarity">talk page</a>. (August 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astilleros_de_Gdansk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Astilleros_de_Gdansk.jpg/350px-Astilleros_de_Gdansk.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Astilleros_de_Gdansk.jpg/525px-Astilleros_de_Gdansk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Astilleros_de_Gdansk.jpg/700px-Astilleros_de_Gdansk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2281" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, 25th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a>, summer 2005</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: „Solidarność”, pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[sɔliˈdarnɔɕt͡ɕ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4d\/Pl-solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg\/Pl-solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-solidarno\u015b\u0107.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Pl-solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg/Pl-solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87.ogg" title="File:Pl-solidarność.ogg">ⓘ</a>), a Polish non-governmental <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a>, was founded on August 14, 1980, at the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Shipyard" title="Gdańsk Shipyard">Lenin Shipyards</a> (now Gdańsk Shipyards) by <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> and others. In the early 1980s, it became the first independent labor union in a <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> country. Solidarity gave rise to a broad, non-violent, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communist">anti-Communist</a> social movement that, at its height, claimed some 9.4 million members. It is considered to have contributed greatly to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Communism">Fall of Communism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> attempted to destroy the union by instituting <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law</a> on 13 December 1981, followed by several years of political repression but in the end was forced into negotiation. The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Roundtable Talks</a> (6 February to 5 April 1989) between the Communist government and the Solidarity-led opposition resulted in <a href="/wiki/1989_Polish_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Polish legislative elections">semi-free elections of 1989</a>. By the end of August 1989, a Solidarity-led coalition government had been formed, and Wałęsa <a href="/wiki/1990_Polish_presidential_election" title="1990 Polish presidential election">was elected</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">president</a> in December 1990. This was soon followed by the dismantling of the Communist governmental system and by Poland's transformation into a modern democratic state. Solidarity's early survival represented a break in the hard-line stance of the Communist <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> (PZPR), and was an unprecedented event; not only for the People's Republic of Poland — a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite</a> of the Soviet Union ruled by a <a href="/wiki/One-party" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a> — but for the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. Solidarity's example led to the spread of anti-Communist ideas and movements throughout the Eastern Bloc, weakening Communist governments. This process later culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>. In the 1990s, Solidarity's influence on <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">politics of Poland</a> waned. A political arm of the Solidarity movement, <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action" title="Solidarity Electoral Action">Solidarity Electoral Action</a> (AWS), was founded in 1996 and would win the <a href="/wiki/1997_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1997 Polish parliamentary election">1997 Polish parliamentary election</a>, only to lose the subsequent <a href="/wiki/2001_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2001 Polish parliamentary election">2001 Polish parliamentary election</a>. Thereafter, Solidarity had little influence as a political party, though it became the largest trade union in Poland. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-1980_roots_(1970s)">Pre-1980 roots (1970s)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-1980 roots (1970s)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope-poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pope-poland.jpg/300px-Pope-poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Pope-poland.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Millions cheered <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> during his first visit to Poland as <a href="/wiki/Pontiff" title="Pontiff">pontiff</a> in 1979.</figcaption></figure> In the 1970s and 1980s, the initial success of Solidarity in particular, and of dissident movements in general, was fed by a deepening crisis within Soviet-influenced societies. There was declining morale and worsening economic conditions (a <a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">shortage economy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> After a brief boom period, from 1975 the policies of the Polish government, led by Party First Secretary <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a>, precipitated a slide into increasing depression, as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign debt">foreign debt</a> mounted.<a href="#cite_note-Lepak-100-2">[2]</a> In June 1976, the first workers' <a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">strikes</a> took place, involving violent incidents at factories in <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ursus_(district_in_Warsaw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus (district in Warsaw)">Ursus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Falk-34-3">[3]</a> When these incidents were quelled by the government, the worker's movement received support from <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intellectual dissidents</a>, many of them associated with the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Defence_Committee" title="Workers' Defence Committee">Committee for Defense of the Workers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Komitet Obrony Robotników, abbreviated KOR), formed in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Falk-35-4">[4]</a> The following year, KOR was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Social_Self-defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for Social Self-defence">Committee for Social Self-defence</a> (KSS-KOR). On October 16, 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Kraków">Bishop of Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karol_Wojty%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Karol Wojtyła">Karol Wojtyła</a>, was elected <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. A year later, during his first pilgrimage to Poland, his masses were attended by hundreds of thousands of his countrymen. The Pope called for the respecting of <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">national</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> traditions and advocated for freedom and human rights, while denouncing violence. To many Poles, he represented a spiritual and moral force that could be set against brute material forces, he was a <a href="/wiki/Bellwether" title="Bellwether">bellwether</a> of change, and became an important symbol—and supporter—of changes to come.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-Pope-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weigel-Witness-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_strikes_(1980)">Early strikes (1980)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early strikes (1980)">edit</a>]</div> Strikes did not occur merely due to problems that had emerged shortly before the labor unrest, but due to governmental and economic difficulties spanning more than a decade. In July 1980, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a>'s government, facing economic crisis, decided to raise prices while slowing the growth of wages. At once there ensued a wave of strikes and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_factories" title="Occupation of factories">factory occupations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Lublin_1980_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lublin 1980 strikes">biggest strikes</a> taking place in the area of <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>. The first strike started on July 8, 1980 in the <a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwowe_Zak%C5%82ady_Lotnicze" title="Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze">State Aviation Works</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awidnik" title="Świdnik">Świdnik</a>. Although the strike movement had no coordinating center, the workers had developed an information network to spread news of their struggle. A "dissident" group, the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Defence_Committee" title="Workers' Defence Committee">Workers' Defence Committee</a> (KOR), which had originally been set up in 1976 to organize aid for victimized workers, attracted small groups of working-class militants in major industrial centers.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin Shipyard">Lenin Shipyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, the firing of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Walentynowicz" title="Anna Walentynowicz">Anna Walentynowicz</a>, a popular crane operator and activist, galvanized the outraged workers into action.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-80-7">[7]</a> On August 14, the shipyard workers began their strike, organized by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Unions_of_the_Coast" title="Free Trade Unions of the Coast">Free Trade Unions of the Coast</a> (Wolne Związki Zawodowe Wybrzeża).<a href="#cite_note-B&S-8">[8]</a> The workers were led by electrician <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, a former shipyard worker who had been dismissed in 1976, and who arrived at the shipyard late in the morning of August 14.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> The strike committee demanded the rehiring of Walentynowicz and Wałęsa, as well as the according of respect to workers' rights and other social concerns. In addition, they called for the raising of a <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_fallen_Shipyard_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Monument to fallen Shipyard Workers">monument to the shipyard workers</a> who had been killed in 1970 and for the legalization of independent trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-Perdue-39-9">[9]</a> The workers may have timed the strike to coincide with the nearby <a href="/wiki/Intervision_Song_Contest" title="Intervision Song Contest">Intervision Song Contest</a>, which many international journalists attended.<a href="#cite_note-rosenberg20120514-10">[10]</a> The Polish government enforced censorship, and official media said little about the "sporadic labor disturbances in Gdańsk"; as a further precaution, all phone connections between the coast and the rest of Poland were soon cut.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> Nonetheless, the government failed to contain the information: a spreading wave of <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdats</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: bibuła),<a href="#cite_note-bibula-11">[11]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Robotnik_(1983-1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotnik (1983-1990)">Robotnik</a> (The Worker), and <a href="/wiki/Grapevine_(gossip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapevine (gossip)">grapevine gossip</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> broadcasts that penetrated the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RFE-12">[12]</a> ensured that the ideas of the emerging Solidarity movement quickly spread. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_the_Fallen_Shipyard_Workers_of_1970_in_Gda%C5%84sk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Monument_to_the_Fallen_Shipyard_Workers_of_1970_in_Gda%C5%84sk.jpg/220px-Monument_to_the_Fallen_Shipyard_Workers_of_1970_in_Gda%C5%84sk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Monument_to_the_Fallen_Shipyard_Workers_of_1970_in_Gda%C5%84sk.jpg/330px-Monument_to_the_Fallen_Shipyard_Workers_of_1970_in_Gda%C5%84sk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Monument_to_the_Fallen_Shipyard_Workers_of_1970_in_Gda%C5%84sk.jpg/440px-Monument_to_the_Fallen_Shipyard_Workers_of_1970_in_Gda%C5%84sk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="3506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_fallen_Shipyard_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Monument to fallen Shipyard Workers">Monument to Shipyard Workers Fallen in 1970</a>, created following the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a>, and unveiled December 16, 1980</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wachtende_stakers_van_de_Leninwerf,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8309.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wachtende_stakers_van_de_Leninwerf%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8309.jpg/270px-Wachtende_stakers_van_de_Leninwerf%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8309.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wachtende_stakers_van_de_Leninwerf%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8309.jpg/405px-Wachtende_stakers_van_de_Leninwerf%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8309.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wachtende_stakers_van_de_Leninwerf%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8309.jpg/540px-Wachtende_stakers_van_de_Leninwerf%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8309.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Strikers waiting in front of the Lenin Shipyard</figcaption></figure> On August 16, delegations from other strike committees arrived at the shipyard.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> Delegates (<a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Lis" title="Bogdan Lis">Bogdan Lis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Gwiazda" title="Andrzej Gwiazda">Andrzej Gwiazda</a> and others) together with shipyard strikers agreed to create an <a href="/wiki/Inter-Enterprise_Strike_Committee" title="Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee">Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee</a> (Międzyzakładowy Komitet Strajkowy, or MKS).<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> On August 17 a priest, <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Jankowski" title="Henryk Jankowski">Henryk Jankowski</a>, performed a mass outside the shipyard's gate, at which <a href="/wiki/21_demands_of_MKS" title="21 demands of MKS">21 demands of the MKS</a> were put forward. The list went beyond purely local matters, beginning with a demand for new, independent trade unions and going on to call for a relaxation of the <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, a right to strike, new rights for the Church, the freeing of political prisoners, and improvements in the national health service.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> Next day, a delegation of KOR <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Tadeusz Mazowiecki</a>, arrived to offer their assistance with negotiations. A <a href="/wiki/Bibu%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibuła">bibuła</a> news-sheet, Solidarność, produced on the shipyard's <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> with KOR assistance, reached a daily print run of 30,000 copies.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Kaczmarski" title="Jacek Kaczmarski">Jacek Kaczmarski</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">protest song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mury_(song)" title="Mury (song)">Mury</a> (Walls), gained popularity with the workers.<a href="#cite_note-Kaczmarski-13">[13]</a> On August 18, the <a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Shipyard" title="Szczecin Shipyard">Szczecin Shipyard</a> joined the strike, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Marian_Jurczyk" title="Marian Jurczyk">Marian Jurczyk</a>. A tidal wave of strikes swept the coast, closing ports and bringing the economy to a halt. With KOR assistance and support from many intellectuals, workers occupying factories, mines and shipyards across Poland joined forces. Within days, over 200 factories and enterprises had joined the strike committee.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-80-7">[7]</a> By August 21, most of Poland was affected by the strikes, from coastal shipyards to the mines of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesian Industrial Area">Upper Silesian Industrial Area</a> (in Upper Silesia, the city of <a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój">Jastrzębie-Zdrój</a> became center of the strikes, with a separate committee organized there, see <a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j_1980_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój 1980 strikes">Jastrzębie-Zdrój 1980 strikes</a>). More and more new unions were formed, and joined the federation. In September 1980 in <a href="/wiki/Prudnik" title="Prudnik">Prudnik</a>, over 1500 workers of <a href="/wiki/Zak%C5%82ady_Przemys%C5%82u_Bawe%C5%82nianego_%22Frotex%22" title="Zakłady Przemysłu Bawełnianego "Frotex"">ZPB "Frotex"</a> along with other factories and <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a> from Prudnik's <a href="/wiki/Fire_brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire brigade">fire brigade</a> went on the biggest anti-Communist strike in <a href="/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship" title="Opole Voivodeship">Opole Voivodeship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Thanks to popular support within Poland, as well as to international support and media coverage, the Gdańsk workers held out until the government gave in to their demands. On August 21 a Governmental Commission (Komisja Rządowa) including <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Jagielski" title="Mieczysław Jagielski">Mieczysław Jagielski</a> arrived in Gdańsk, and another one with <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Barcikowski" title="Kazimierz Barcikowski">Kazimierz Barcikowski</a> was dispatched to Szczecin. On August 30 and 31, and on September 3, representatives of the workers and the government signed an agreement ratifying many of the workers' demands, including the right to strike.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> This agreement came to be known as the August or <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdańsk agreement">Gdańsk agreement</a> (Porozumienia sierpniowe).<a href="#cite_note-BBC-80-7">[7]</a> Other agreements were signed in Szczecin (the <a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Agreement" title="Szczecin Agreement">Szczecin Agreement</a> of August 30), and <a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój">Jastrzębie-Zdrój</a> on September 3. It was called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jastrz%C4%99bie_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jastrzębie Agreement (page does not exist)">Jastrzębie Agreement</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porozumienia_jastrz%C4%99bskie" class="extiw" title="pl:Porozumienia jastrzębskie">pl</a>] (Porozumienia jastrzebskie) and as such is regarded as part of the Gdańsk agreement. Though concerned with labor-union matters, the agreement enabled citizens to introduce democratic changes within the Communist political structure and was regarded as a first step toward dismantling the Party's monopoly of power.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-15">[15]</a> The workers' main concerns were the establishment of a labor union independent of Communist-party control, and recognition of a legal right to strike. Workers' needs would now receive clear representation.<a href="#cite_note-Seleny-100-16">[16]</a> Another consequence of the Gdańsk Agreement was the replacement, in September 1980, of Edward Gierek by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kania" title="Stanisław Kania">Stanisław Kania</a> as Party First Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-Seleny-115-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Solidarity_(1980–1981)">First Solidarity (1980–1981)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Solidarity (1980–1981)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OLIVIA-Gdansk-2004_ubt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/OLIVIA-Gdansk-2004_ubt.JPG/250px-OLIVIA-Gdansk-2004_ubt.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/OLIVIA-Gdansk-2004_ubt.JPG/375px-OLIVIA-Gdansk-2004_ubt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/OLIVIA-Gdansk-2004_ubt.JPG/500px-OLIVIA-Gdansk-2004_ubt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>Hala Olivia, Gdańsk. The place where the first national Congress was held.</figcaption></figure> Encouraged by the success of the August strikes, on September 17 workers' representatives, including Lech Wałęsa, formed a nationwide labor union, Solidarity (Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy (NSZZ) "Solidarność").<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-80-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> It was the first independent labor union in a Soviet-bloc country.<a href="#cite_note-EB-19">[19]</a> Its name was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Karol_Modzelewski" title="Karol Modzelewski">Karol Modzelewski</a>, and its famous <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_logo" title="Solidarity logo">logo</a> was conceived by <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Janiszewski" title="Jerzy Janiszewski">Jerzy Janiszewski</a>, designer of many Solidarity-related posters. The new union's supreme powers were vested in a <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative body</a>, the Convention of Delegates (Zjazd Delegatów). The <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> was the <a href="/wiki/National_Coordinating_Commission" title="National Coordinating Commission">National Coordinating Commission</a> (Krajowa Komisja Porozumiewawcza), later renamed the National Commission (Komisja Krajowa). The Union had a regional structure, comprising 38 regions (region) and two districts (okręg).<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> On December 16, 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_fallen_Shipyard_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Monument to fallen Shipyard Workers">Monument to Fallen Shipyard Workers</a> was unveiled in Gdańsk, and on June 28, 1981, another monument was unveiled in Poznan, which commemorated the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_1956_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań 1956 protests">Poznań 1956 protests</a>. On January 15, 1981, a Solidarity delegation, including Lech Wałęsa, met in Rome with <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. From September 5 to 10, and from September 26 to October 7, Solidarity's first national congress was held in <a href="/wiki/Hala_Olivia" title="Hala Olivia">Hala Olivia</a>, Gdańsk, and Lech Wałęsa was elected its president.<a href="#cite_note-Kalendarium-20">[20]</a> The last accord of the congress was the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> program "Self-governing Republic".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg/300px-WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg/450px-WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg/600px-WieczorWroclawia20marca1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>March 20–21, 1981, issue of Wieczór Wrocławia (The <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> Evening). Blank spaces remain after the government censor has pulled articles from page 1 (right, "What happened at <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>?") and from the last page (left, "Country-wide strike alert"), leaving only their titles. The printers—<a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity-trade-union</a> members—have decided to run the newspaper as is, with blank spaces intact. The bottom of page 1 of this master copy bears the hand-written Solidarity confirmation of that decision.</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, Solidarity had been transforming itself from a trade union into a social movement<a href="#cite_note-Misztal-22">[22]</a> or more specifically, a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement" title="Revolutionary movement">revolutionary movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-23">[23]</a> Over the 500 days following the Gdańsk Agreement, 9–10 million workers, intellectuals and students joined it or its suborganizations,<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Students_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Students Union">Independent Student Union</a> (Niezależne Zrzeszenie Studentów, created in September 1980), the Independent Farmers' Trade Union (NSZZ Rolników Indywidualnych "Solidarność" or <a href="/wiki/Rural_Solidarity" title="Rural Solidarity">Rural Solidarity</a>, created in May 1981) and the Independent Craftsmen's Trade Union.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> It was the only time in recorded history that a quarter of a country's population (some 80% of the total Polish work force) had voluntarily joined a single organization.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> "History has taught us that there is no bread without freedom," the Solidarity program stated a year later. "What we had in mind was not only bread, butter and sausages, but also justice, democracy, truth, legality, human dignity, freedom of convictions, and the repair of the republic."<a href="#cite_note-BBC-80-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tygodnik_Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Tygodnik Solidarność">Tygodnik Solidarność</a>, a Solidarity-published newspaper, was started in April 1981. Using strikes and other protest actions, Solidarity sought to force a change in government policies. In some cases, as in <a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a>, Solidarity <a href="/wiki/1981_general_strike_in_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="1981 general strike in Bielsko-Biała">managed to force corrupt officials of the government to lose their jobs</a>. At the same time, it was careful never to use force or violence, so as to avoid giving the government any excuse to bring security forces into play.<a href="#cite_note-Wehr-24">[24]</a> After 27 <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a> Solidarity members, including <a href="/wiki/Jan_Rulewski" title="Jan Rulewski">Jan Rulewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_events" title="Bydgoszcz events">were beaten up</a> on March 19, a <a href="/wiki/1981_Warning_strike_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Warning strike in Poland">four-hour warning strike on March 27</a>, involving around twelve million people, paralyzed the country.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> This was the largest strike in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MacEachin-25">[25]</a> and it forced the government to promise an investigation into the beatings.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> This concession, and Wałęsa's agreement to defer further strikes, proved a setback to the movement, as the euphoria that had swept Polish society subsided.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> Nonetheless the Polish Communist party—the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> (PZPR)—had lost its total control over society.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-15">[15]</a> Yet while Solidarity was ready to take up negotiations with the government,<a href="#cite_note-BBC-81-26">[26]</a> the Polish Communists were unsure what to do, as they issued empty declarations and bided their time.<a href="#cite_note-Seleny-115-17">[17]</a> Against the background of a deteriorating Communist shortage economy and unwillingness to negotiate seriously with Solidarity, it became increasingly clear that the Communist government would eventually have to suppress the Solidarity movement as the only way out of the impasse, or face a truly revolutionary situation. The atmosphere was increasingly tense, with various local chapters conducting a growing number of uncoordinated strikes as well as street protests, such as the <a href="/wiki/Summer_1981_hunger_demonstrations_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer 1981 hunger demonstrations in Poland">Summer 1981 hunger demonstrations in Poland</a>, in response to the worsening economic situation.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> On December 3, 1981, Solidarity announced that a 24-hour strike would be held if the government were granted additional powers to suppress dissent, and that a general strike would be declared if those powers were used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Martial_law_(1981–1983)">Martial law (1981–1983)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Martial law (1981–1983)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a>, the Polish government was under increasing pressure from the Soviet Union to take action and strengthen its position. <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kania" title="Stanisław Kania">Stanisław Kania</a> was viewed by Moscow as too independent, and on October 18, 1981, the Party Central Committee put him in the minority. Kania lost his post as First Secretary, and was replaced by Prime Minister (and Minister of Defence) Gen. <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a>, who adopted a strong-arm policy.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-81-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidarity_Memorial,_Paris.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Solidarity_Memorial%2C_Paris.JPG/220px-Solidarity_Memorial%2C_Paris.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Solidarity_Memorial%2C_Paris.JPG/330px-Solidarity_Memorial%2C_Paris.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Solidarity_Memorial%2C_Paris.JPG/440px-Solidarity_Memorial%2C_Paris.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the "martyrs"of Solidarity outside <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a> in Paris, Easter 1982</figcaption></figure> On December 13, 1981, Jaruzelski began a crack-down on Solidarity, declaring <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law</a> and creating a <a href="/wiki/Military_Council_of_National_Salvation" title="Military Council of National Salvation">Military Council of National Salvation</a> (Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego, or WRON). Solidarity's leaders, gathered at <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, were arrested and isolated in facilities guarded by the Security Service (<a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Bezpieczeństwa">Służba Bezpieczeństwa</a> or SB), and some 5,000 Solidarity supporters were arrested in the middle of the night.<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> Censorship was expanded, and military forces appeared on the streets.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-81-26">[26]</a> A couple of hundred strikes and occupations occurred, chiefly at the largest plants and at several <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesian</a> coal mines, but were broken by <a href="/wiki/ZOMO" class="mw-redirect" title="ZOMO">ZOMO</a> paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Riot_police" title="Riot police">riot police</a>. One of the largest demonstrations, on December 16, 1981, took place at the <a href="/wiki/Wujek_Coal_Mine" title="Wujek Coal Mine">Wujek Coal Mine</a>, where government forces opened fire on demonstrators, killing 9<a href="#cite_note-Int_Soc-1">[1]</a> and seriously injuring 22.<a href="#cite_note-Kalendarium-20">[20]</a> The next day, during protests at <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, government forces again fired at demonstrators, killing 1 and injuring 2. By December 28, 1981, strikes had ceased, and Solidarity appeared crippled. <a href="/wiki/1981_strike_at_Piast_Coal_Mine_in_Bieru%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 strike at Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń">The last strike in the 1981 Poland</a>, which ended on December 28, took place in the <a href="/wiki/Piast_Coal_Mine" title="Piast Coal Mine">Piast Coal Mine</a> in the Upper Silesian town of <a href="/wiki/Bieru%C5%84" title="Bieruń">Bieruń</a>. It was the longest underground strike in the history of Poland, lasting 14 days. Some 2000 miners began it on December 14, going 650 meters underground. Out of the initial 2000, half remained until the last day. Starving, they gave up after military authorities promised they would not be prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> On October 8, 1982, Solidarity was banned.<a href="#cite_note-Perdue-28">[28]</a> The range of support for the Solidarity was unique: no other movement in the world was supported by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Carrillo" title="Santiago Carrillo">Santiago Carrillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legion_of_American_Veterans" title="Polish Legion of American Veterans">Polish Legion of American Veterans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a>, Communist Polish Defectors, East Bloc Defectors, peace campaigners, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> Spokesman, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Spokesmen, Christians, Western Communists, Conservatives, Liberals, Socialists.<a href="#cite_note-Ash-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> condemned Jaruzelski's actions and declared support for Solidarity; dedicated organizations were formed for that purpose (like <a href="/wiki/Polish_Solidarity_Campaign" title="Polish Solidarity Campaign">Polish Solidarity Campaign</a> in Great Britain).<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> US President Ronald Reagan imposed <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a> on Poland, which eventually would force the Polish government into liberalizing its policies.<a href="#cite_note-Neier-30">[30]</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a><a href="#cite_note-Schweizer-31">[31]</a> together with the Catholic Church and various Western trade unions such as the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a> provided funds, equipment and advice to the Solidarity underground.<a href="#cite_note-Hannaford-32">[32]</a> The political alliance of Reagan and the Pope would prove important to the future of Solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-Hannaford-32">[32]</a> The Polish public also supported what was left of Solidarity; a major medium for demonstrating support of Solidarity became masses held by priests such as <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Popie%C5%82uszko" title="Jerzy Popiełuszko">Jerzy Popiełuszko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Auer-33">[33]</a> Besides the Communist authorities, Solidarity was also opposed by some of the Polish (émigré) radical right, believing Solidarity or KOR to be disguised communist groups, dominated by Jewish Trotskyite Zionists.<a href="#cite_note-DavidOst-34">[34]</a> In July 1983, martial law was formally lifted, though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life, as well as food rationing, remained in place through the mid-to-late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-HSE-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Underground_Solidarity_(1982–1988)">Underground Solidarity (1982–1988)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Underground Solidarity (1982–1988)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dewiza-SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dewiza-SW.jpg/180px-Dewiza-SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dewiza-SW.jpg/270px-Dewiza-SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dewiza-SW.jpg/360px-Dewiza-SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Fighting_Solidarity" title="Fighting Solidarity">Fighting Solidarity</a>" poster, modeled after World War II "<a href="/wiki/Kotwica" title="Kotwica">Kotwica</a>" <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">emblem</a></figcaption></figure> Almost immediately after the legal Solidarity leadership had been arrested, underground structures began to arise.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> On April 12, 1982, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Solidarity" title="Radio Solidarity">Radio Solidarity</a> began broadcasting.<a href="#cite_note-Kalendarium-20">[20]</a> On April 22, <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Bujak" title="Zbigniew Bujak">Zbigniew Bujak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Lis" title="Bogdan Lis">Bogdan Lis</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Frasyniuk" title="Władysław Frasyniuk">Władysław Frasyniuk</a> and Władysław Hardek created an Interim Coordinating Commission (Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna) to serve as an underground leadership for Solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet-36">[36]</a> On May 6 another underground Solidarity organization, an NSSZ "S" Regional Coordinating Commission (Regionalna Komisja Koordynacyjna NSZZ "S"), was created by <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Borusewicz" title="Bogdan Borusewicz">Bogdan Borusewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Hall" title="Aleksander Hall">Aleksander Hall</a>, Stanisław Jarosz, <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Lis" title="Bogdan Lis">Bogdan Lis</a> and Marian Świtek.<a href="#cite_note-Kalendarium-20">[20]</a> June 1982 saw the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Fighting_Solidarity" title="Fighting Solidarity">Fighting Solidarity</a> (Solidarność Walcząca) organization.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kenney-Carnival-30-37">[37]</a> Throughout the mid-1980s, Solidarity persevered as an exclusively underground organization.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-82-83-38">[38]</a> Its activists were dogged by the Security Service (SB), but managed to strike back: on May 1, 1982, a series of anti-government protests brought out thousands of participants—several dozen thousand in Kraków, Warsaw and Gdańsk.<a href="#cite_note-Kalendarium-20">[20]</a> On May 3 more protests took place, during celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_May_3,_1791" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of May 3, 1791">Constitution of May 3, 1791</a>. On that day, Communist secret services killed four demonstrators – three in Warsaw and one in Wrocław. Another wave of demonstrations occurred on August 31, 1982, on the second anniversary of the Gdańsk Agreement (see <a href="/wiki/August_31,_1982_demonstrations_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="August 31, 1982 demonstrations in Poland">August 31, 1982 demonstrations in Poland</a>). Altogether, on that day six demonstrators were killed – three in <a href="/wiki/Lubin" title="Lubin">Lubin</a>, one in <a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a>, one in Wrocław and one in Gdańsk. Another person was killed on the next day, during a demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a>. Further strikes occurred at Gdańsk and Nowa Huta between October 11 and 13.<a href="#cite_note-Kalendarium-20">[20]</a> In Nowa Huta, a 20-year-old student Bogdan Wlosik was shot by a secret service officer. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerzy_Popieluszko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jerzy_Popieluszko.jpg/180px-Jerzy_Popieluszko.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jerzy_Popieluszko.jpg/270px-Jerzy_Popieluszko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jerzy_Popieluszko.jpg/360px-Jerzy_Popieluszko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1874" /></a><figcaption>A wave of protests was sparked by the 1984 murder of Warsaw priest <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Popie%C5%82uszko" title="Jerzy Popiełuszko">Jerzy Popiełuszko</a>.</figcaption></figure> On November 14, 1982, <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Wałęsa</a> was released.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> However, on December 9 the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Bezpieczeństwa">SB</a> carried out a large anti-Solidarity operation, brutally beating and arresting over 10,000 activists. On December 27 Solidarity's assets were transferred by the authorities to a pro-government trade union, the <a href="/wiki/All-Poland_Alliance_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions">All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions</a> (Ogólnopolskie Porozumienie Związków Zawodowych, or OPZZ). Yet Solidarity was far from broken: by early 1983 the underground had over 70,000 members, whose activities included publishing over 500 <a href="/wiki/Bibu%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibuła">underground newspapers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet2-39">[39]</a> In the first half of 1983 street protests were frequent; on May 1, two persons were killed in Kraków and one in Wrocław. Two days later, two additional demonstrators were killed in Warsaw. On July 22, 1983, martial law was lifted, and amnesty was granted to many imprisoned Solidarity members, who were released.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-82-83-38">[38]</a> On October 5, Wałęsa was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-84-88-40">[40]</a> The Polish government, however, refused to issue him a passport to travel to <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>; Wałęsa's prize was accepted on his behalf by his wife.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Noble-41">[41]</a> It later transpired that the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Bezpieczeństwa">SB</a> had prepared bogus documents, accusing Wałęsa of immoral and illegal activities that had been given to the Nobel committee in an attempt to derail his nomination.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> On October 19, 1984 a popular pro-Solidarity priest, <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Popie%C5%82uszko" title="Jerzy Popiełuszko">Jerzy Popiełuszko</a> was killed.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-43">[43]</a> As the facts emerged, thousands of people declared their solidarity with the deceased priest by attending his funeral, held on November 3, 1984. The government attempted to smooth over the situation by releasing thousands of <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>;<a href="#cite_note-BBC-84-88-40">[40]</a> a year later, however, there followed a new wave of arrests.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> Frasyniuk, Lis and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Michnik" title="Adam Michnik">Adam Michnik</a>, members of the "S" underground, were brutally beaten and arrested on February 13, 1985, starved, tortured, interrogated, placed on a <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">trial</a>, and sentenced to several years' imprisonment for committing several acts of terror against Polish state and its people.<a href="#cite_note-Kalendarium-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kenney-Carnival-25-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Solidarity_(1988–1989)">Second Solidarity (1988–1989)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second Solidarity (1988–1989)">edit</a>]</div> On March 11, 1985, power in the Soviet Union was assumed by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. The worsening economic situation in the entire Eastern Bloc, including the Soviet Union, together with other factors, forced Gorbachev to carry out a number of reforms, not only in the field of economics (<a href="/wiki/Uskoreniye" class="mw-redirect" title="Uskoreniye">uskoreniye</a>) but in the political and social realms (<a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Gorb-45">[45]</a> Gorbachev's policies soon caused a corresponding shift in the policies of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet satellites">Soviet satellites</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-84-88-40">[40]</a> On September 11, 1986, 225 Polish political prisoners were released—the last of those connected with Solidarity, and arrested during the previous years.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-84-88-40">[40]</a> Following amnesty on September 30, Wałęsa created the first public, legal Solidarity entity since the declaration of martial law—the Temporary Council of NSZZ Solidarność (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Tymczasowa Rada NSZZ Solidarność)—with <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Borusewicz" title="Bogdan Borusewicz">Bogdan Borusewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Bujak" title="Zbigniew Bujak">Zbigniew Bujak</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Frasyniuk" title="Władysław Frasyniuk">Władysław Frasyniuk</a>, Tadeusz Janusz Jedynak, <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Lis" title="Bogdan Lis">Bogdan Lis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Pa%C5%82ubicki" title="Janusz Pałubicki">Janusz Pałubicki</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pinior" title="Józef Pinior">Józef Pinior</a>. Soon afterwards, the new Council was – exceptionally – admitted to both the <a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unions" title="International Confederation of Free Trade Unions">International Confederation of Free Trade Unions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Confederation_of_Labour" title="World Confederation of Labour">World Confederation of Labour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> Many local Solidarity chapters now broke their cover throughout Poland, and on October 25, 1987, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Executive_Committee_(Solidarity)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Executive Committee (Solidarity) (page does not exist)">National Executive Committee of NSZZ Solidarność</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajowa_Komisja_Wykonawcza_NSZZ_%E2%80%9ESolidarno%C5%9B%C4%87%E2%80%9D" class="extiw" title="pl:Krajowa Komisja Wykonawcza NSZZ „Solidarność”">pl</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Krajowa Komisja Wykonawcza NSZZ Solidarność) was created. Nonetheless, Solidarity members and activists continued to be persecuted and discriminated, if less so than during the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Kalendarium-20">[20]</a> In the late 1980s, a rift between Wałęsa's faction and a more radical <a href="/wiki/Fighting_Solidarity" title="Fighting Solidarity">Fighting Solidarity</a> grew as the former wanted to negotiate with the government, while the latter planned for an anti-Communist revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-P-A-47">[47]</a> By 1988, Poland's economy was in worse condition than it had been eight years earlier. International sanctions, combined with the government's unwillingness to introduce reforms, intensified the old problems.<a href="#cite_note-Neier-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-84-88-40">[40]</a> Inefficient government-run <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned-economy enterprises</a> wasted <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">labor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">resources</a>, producing substandard goods for which there was little <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demand</a>. Polish exports were low, both because of the sanctions and because the goods were as unattractive abroad as they were at home. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign debt">Foreign debt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> mounted. There were no funds to modernize factories, and the promised "<a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialism</a>" materialized as a <a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">shortage economy</a> characterized by long queues and empty shelves.<a href="#cite_note-EKP-Econ-48">[48]</a> Reforms introduced by Jaruzelski and <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Rakowski" title="Mieczysław Rakowski">Mieczysław Rakowski</a> came too little and too late, especially as changes in the Soviet Union had bolstered the public's expectation that change must come, and the Soviets ceased their efforts to prop up Poland's failing regime.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-84-88-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-89-2-49">[49]</a> In February 1988, the government hiked <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> by 40%.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-84-88-40">[40]</a> On April 21, a new wave of strikes hit the country.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-84-88-40">[40]</a> On May 2, workers at the Gdańsk Shipyard went on strike.<a href="#cite_note-Kalendarium-20">[20]</a> That strike was broken by the government between May 5 and 10, but only temporarily: on August 15, a new strike took place at the "<a href="/wiki/July_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="July Manifesto">July Manifesto</a>" mine in <a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój">Jastrzębie-Zdrój</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kalendarium-20">[20]</a> By August 20 the strike had spread to many other mines, and on August 22 the Gdańsk Shipyard joined the strike.<a href="#cite_note-Kalendarium-20">[20]</a> Poland's Communist government then decided to negotiate.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-84-88-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W_samo_poludnie_4_6_89-Tomasz_Sarnecki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/W_samo_poludnie_4_6_89-Tomasz_Sarnecki.jpg/150px-W_samo_poludnie_4_6_89-Tomasz_Sarnecki.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/W_samo_poludnie_4_6_89-Tomasz_Sarnecki.jpg/225px-W_samo_poludnie_4_6_89-Tomasz_Sarnecki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b2/W_samo_poludnie_4_6_89-Tomasz_Sarnecki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>"High Noon, June 4, 1989", Solidarity Citizens' Committee election poster by Tomasz Sarnecki</figcaption></figure> On August 26, <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Kiszczak" title="Czesław Kiszczak">Czesław Kiszczak</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Internal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Internal Affairs">Minister of Internal Affairs</a>, declared on television that the government was willing to negotiate, and five days later he met with Wałęsa. The strikes ended the following day, and on November 30, during a televised debate between Wałęsa and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Miodowicz" title="Alfred Miodowicz">Alfred Miodowicz</a> (leader of the pro-government trade union, the <a href="/wiki/All-Poland_Alliance_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions">All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions</a>, or OPZZ), Wałęsa scored a public-relations victory.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-84-88-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On December 18, a hundred-member <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Citizens%27_Committee" title="Solidarity Citizens' Committee">Citizens' Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Komitet Obywatelski) was formed within Solidarity. It comprised several sections, each responsible for presenting a specific aspect of opposition demands to the government. Wałęsa and the majority of Solidarity leaders supported negotiation, while a minority wanted an anti-Communist revolution. Under Wałęsa's leadership, Solidarity decided to pursue a peaceful solution, and the pro-violence faction never attained any substantial power, nor did it take any action.<a href="#cite_note-Wehr-24">[24]</a> On January 27, 1989, in a meeting between Wałęsa and Kiszczak, a list was drawn up of members of the main negotiating teams. The conference that began on February 6 would be known as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Talks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-89-51">[51]</a> The 56 participants included 20 from "S", 6 from OPZZ, 14 from the PZPR, 14 "independent authorities", and two priests. The Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw from February 6 to April 4, 1989. The Communists, led by General Jaruzelski, hoped to co-opt prominent opposition leaders into the ruling group without making major changes in the structure of political power. Solidarity, while hopeful, did not anticipate major changes. In fact, the talks would radically alter the shape of the Polish government and society.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-89-2-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-89-51">[51]</a> On April 17, 1989, Solidarity was legalized, and its membership soon reached 1.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalendarium-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Citizens%27_Committee" title="Solidarity Citizens' Committee">Solidarity Citizens' Committee</a> (Komitet Obywatelski "Solidarność") was given permission to field candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1989_Polish_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Polish legislative elections">upcoming elections</a>. <a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a> allowed Solidarity to put forward candidates for only 35% of the seats in the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>, but there were no restrictions in regard to <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senat</a> candidates.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-52">[52]</a> Agitation and propaganda continued legally up to election day. Despite its shortage of resources, Solidarity managed to carry on an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral campaign">electoral campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-89-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-DSM-52">[52]</a> On May 8, the first issue of a new pro-Solidarity newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a> (The Election Gazette), was published.<a href="#cite_note-Wyborcza-53">[53]</a> Posters of Wałęsa supporting various candidates, appeared throughout the country. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lech_Walesa_George_H_Bush.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lech_Walesa_George_H_Bush.PNG/150px-Lech_Walesa_George_H_Bush.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Lech_Walesa_George_H_Bush.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="156" /></a><figcaption>Solidarity Chairman Wałęsa (center) with US President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (right) and Barbara Bush (left) in Warsaw, July 1989</figcaption></figure> Pre-election <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Public opinion poll">public-opinion polls</a> had promised victory to the Communists.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-89-51">[51]</a> Thus the total defeat of the PZPR and its satellite parties came as a surprise to all involved: after the first round of elections, it became evident that Solidarity had fared extremely well,<a href="#cite_note-BBC-89-2-49">[49]</a> capturing 160 of 161 contested Sejm seats, and 92 of 100 Senate seats. After the second round, it had won virtually every seat—all 161 in the Sejm, and 99 in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-52">[52]</a> These elections, in which anti-Communist candidates won a striking victory, inaugurated a series of <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">peaceful anti-Communist revolutions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a><a href="#cite_note-Steger-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kenney-Carnival-15-55">[55]</a> that eventually culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Fall of Communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kenney2-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kenney-Carnival-2-57">[57]</a> The new <a href="/wiki/Contract_Sejm" title="Contract Sejm">Contract Sejm</a>, named for the agreement that had been reached by the Communist party and the Solidarity movement during the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Talks</a>, would be dominated by Solidarity. As agreed beforehand, <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> was elected president;<a href="#cite_note-BBC-89-2-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-DSM-52">[52]</a> however, the Communist candidate for Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Kiszczak" title="Czesław Kiszczak">Czesław Kiszczak</a>, who replaced <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Rakowski" title="Mieczysław Rakowski">Mieczysław Rakowski</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC-89-2-49">[49]</a> failed to gain enough support to form a government.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-RJH-58">[58]</a> On June 23, a Solidarity Citizens' Parliamentary Club (Obywatelski Klub Parliamentarny "Solidarność") was formed, led by <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-89-2-49">[49]</a> It formed a <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a> with two ex-satellite parties of the PZPR — <a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="United People's Party (Poland)">United People's Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Poland)">Democratic Party</a> — which had now chosen to "rebel" against the PZPR, which found itself in the minority.<a href="#cite_note-RJH-58">[58]</a> On August 24, the Sejm elected <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Tadeusz Mazowiecki</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> representative, to be <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-89-2-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-DSM-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-RJH-58">[58]</a> Not only was he a first non-Communist Polish Prime Minister since 1945, he became the first non-Communist prime minister in Eastern Europe for nearly 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-89-2-49">[49]</a> In his speech he talked about the "<a href="/wiki/Thick_line" title="Thick line">thick line</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Gruba kreska) which would separate his government from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">the Communist past</a><a href="#cite_note-JM-59">[59]</a> By the end of August 1989, a Solidarity-led <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> had been formed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_and_trade_union_(1989–2020)">Party and trade union (1989–2020)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Party and trade union (1989–2020)">edit</a>]</div> The fall of the Communist regime marked <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">a new chapter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">history of Poland</a> and in the history of Solidarity. Having defeated the Communist government, Solidarity found itself in a role it was much less prepared for — that of a political party — and soon began to lose popularity.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-WCC-60">[60]</a> Conflicts among Solidarity factions intensified.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lip-61">[61]</a> Wałęsa was elected Solidarity chairman, but support for him could be seen to be crumbling. One of his main opponents, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Frasyniuk" title="Władysław Frasyniuk">Władysław Frasyniuk</a>, withdrew from elections altogether. In September 1990, Wałęsa declared that <a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a> had no right to use the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_logo" title="Solidarity logo">Solidarity logo</a>. Later that month, Wałęsa announced his intent to run for <a href="/wiki/1990_Polish_presidential_election" title="1990 Polish presidential election">president of Poland</a>. In December 1990, he was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">president</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> He resigned his Solidarity post and became the first president of Poland ever to be elected by popular vote. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balcerowicz.wywiad.do.radia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Balcerowicz.wywiad.do.radia.jpg/170px-Balcerowicz.wywiad.do.radia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Balcerowicz.wywiad.do.radia.jpg/255px-Balcerowicz.wywiad.do.radia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Balcerowicz.wywiad.do.radia.jpg/340px-Balcerowicz.wywiad.do.radia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Leszek Balcerowicz</a>, framer of the <a href="/wiki/Balcerowicz_Plan" title="Balcerowicz Plan">Balcerowicz Plan</a></figcaption></figure> In February 1991, <a href="/wiki/Marian_Krzaklewski" title="Marian Krzaklewski">Marian Krzaklewski</a> was elected the leader of Solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> President Wałęsa's vision and that of the new Solidarity leadership were diverging. Far from supporting Wałęsa, Solidarity was becoming increasingly critical of the government, and decided to create its own political party for action in the upcoming <a href="/wiki/1991_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Polish parliamentary election">1991 parliamentary elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kubicek-62">[62]</a> The 1991 elections were characterized by a large number of competing parties, many claiming the legacy of anti-Communism, and the Solidarity party garnered only 5% of the votes. On January 13, 1992, Solidarity declared its first strike against the democratically elected government: a one-hour strike against a proposal to raise energy prices. Another, two-hour strike took place on December 14. On May 19, 1993, Solidarity deputies proposed a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">no-confidence motion</a>—which passed—against the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Suchocka" title="Hanna Suchocka">Hanna Suchocka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> President Wałęsa declined to accept the prime minister's resignation, and dismissed the parliament. It was in the ensuing <a href="/wiki/1993_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1993 Polish parliamentary election">1993 parliamentary elections</a> that it became evident how much Solidarity's support had eroded in the previous three years. Even though some Solidarity deputies sought to assume a more left-wing stance and to distance themselves from the right-wing government, Solidarity remained identified in the public mind with that government. Hence it suffered from the growing disillusionment of the populace, as the transition from a Communist to a capitalist system failed to generate instant wealth and raise Poland's <a href="/wiki/Living_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Living standards">living standards</a> to those in the West, and the government's financial "<a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a>" (the <a href="/wiki/Balcerowicz_Plan" title="Balcerowicz Plan">Balcerowicz Plan</a>) generated much opposition.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kubicek-62">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ETUC,_Solidarity_Trade_Union_-_Budapest,_2011_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ETUC%2C_Solidarity_Trade_Union_-_Budapest%2C_2011_%282%29.JPG/220px-ETUC%2C_Solidarity_Trade_Union_-_Budapest%2C_2011_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ETUC%2C_Solidarity_Trade_Union_-_Budapest%2C_2011_%282%29.JPG/330px-ETUC%2C_Solidarity_Trade_Union_-_Budapest%2C_2011_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ETUC%2C_Solidarity_Trade_Union_-_Budapest%2C_2011_%282%29.JPG/440px-ETUC%2C_Solidarity_Trade_Union_-_Budapest%2C_2011_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Solidarity, ETUC Demonstration, Budapest, 2011</figcaption></figure> In the elections, Solidarity received only 4.9% of the votes, 0.1% less than the 5% required in order to enter parliament (Solidarity still had nine senators, two fewer than in the previous <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate</a>). The victorious party was the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_(Poland)" title="Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)">Democratic Left Alliance</a> (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej or SLD), a <a href="/wiki/Post-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Communist">post-Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> party.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> Solidarity now joined forces with its erstwhile enemy, the <a href="/wiki/All-Poland_Alliance_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions">All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions</a> (OPZZ), and some protests were organized by both trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-Kubicek-62">[62]</a> The following year, Solidarity organized many strikes over the state of the Polish mining industry. In 1995, a demonstration before the Polish parliament was broken up by the police (now again known as <a href="/wiki/Policja" class="mw-redirect" title="Policja">policja</a>) using batons and water cannons. Nonetheless, Solidarity decided to support Wałęsa in the <a href="/wiki/1995_Polish_presidential_election" title="1995 Polish presidential election">1995 Polish presidential election</a>. In a second major defeat for the Polish <a href="/wiki/Right_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right wing">right wing</a>, the elections were won by an SLD candidate, <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</a>, who received 51.72% of votes. A Solidarity call for new elections went unheeded, but the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> still managed to pass a resolution condemning the 1981 martial law (despite the SLD voting against). Meanwhile, the left-wing OPZZ trade union had acquired 2.5 million members, twice as many as the contemporary Solidarity (with 1.3 million).<a href="#cite_note-Kubicek-62">[62]</a> In June 1996, <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action" title="Solidarity Electoral Action">Solidarity Electoral Action</a> (Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność) was founded as a coalition of over 30 parties, uniting <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">liberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian democrats">Christian-democratic</a> forces. As the public became disillusioned with the SLD and its allies, AWS was victorious in the <a href="/wiki/1997_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1997 Polish parliamentary election">1997 parliamentary elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Jerzy Buzek</a> became the new prime minister; however, controversies over domestic reforms, Poland's 1999 entry into <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and the accession process to the European Union, combined with AWS' fights with its political allies (the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Union_(Poland)" title="Freedom Union (Poland)">Freedom Union</a>—Unia Wolności) and infighting within AWS itself, as well as <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a>, eventually resulted in the loss of much public support.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> AWS leader <a href="/wiki/Marian_Krzaklewski" title="Marian Krzaklewski">Marian Krzaklewski</a> lost the <a href="/wiki/2000_Polish_presidential_election" title="2000 Polish presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/2001_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2001 Polish parliamentary election">2001 parliamentary elections</a> AWS failed to elect a single deputy to the parliament.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> After this debacle, Krzaklewski was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Janusz_%C5%9Aniadek" title="Janusz Śniadek">Janusz Śniadek</a> (in 2002) but the union decided to distance itself from politics.<a href="#cite_note-WIEM-18">[18]</a> In 2006, Solidarity had some 1.5 million members making it the largest trade union in Poland. Its <a href="/wiki/Mission_statement" title="Mission statement">mission statement</a> declares that <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a>, "basing its activities on <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teachings" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic social teachings">Catholic social teachings</a>, works to protect workers' interests and to fulfill their material, social and cultural aspirations."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Solidarity_Centre" title="European Solidarity Centre">European Solidarity Centre</a>, a museum and library devoted to the history of Solidarity and other opposition movements of the Eastern Bloc, opened in Gdańsk on August 31, 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Onet-64">[64]</a> In 2020, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the creation of the Solidarity movement many important landmarks around the world were lit up in white and red colours including the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)" title="Christ the Redeemer (statue)">Christ the Redeemer Statue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Chain_Bridge" title="Széchenyi Chain Bridge">Széchenyi Chain Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Building" title="Wrigley Building">Wrigley Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar" title="Qutb Minar">Qutb Minar</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> with posters and Solidarity logos being displayed in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, NATO headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Monica">Santa Monica</a> in California.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/42px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/56px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Organized labour">Organized labour portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Int_Soc-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Int_Soc_1-21">v</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarker2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Barker" title="Colin Barker">Barker, Colin</a> (October 17, 2005) [Autumn 2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=136&issue=108">"The Rise of Solidarnosc"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Socialism_(magazine)" title="International Socialism (magazine)">International Socialism</a> (108). Retrieved September 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialism&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Solidarnosc&rft.issue=108&rft.date=2005-10-17&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isj.org.uk%2Findex.php4%3Fid%3D136%26issue%3D108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lepak-100-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Lepak-100_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepak1989" class="citation book cs1">Lepak, Keith John (1989). Prelude to Solidarity. Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQRcqE5Kht4C&pg=PA100">p. 100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06608-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-06608-2"><bdi>0-231-06608-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prelude+to+Solidarity&rft.pages=p.+100&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-231-06608-2&rft.aulast=Lepak&rft.aufirst=Keith+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falk-34-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Falk-34_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_J._Falk2003" class="citation book cs1">Barbara J. Falk (2003). The Dilemmas of Dissidence in East-Central Europe: Citizen Intellectuals and Philosopher Kings. Central European University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsR0CGdWCC0C&pg=PA34">p.34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9241-39-3" title="Special:BookSources/963-9241-39-3"><bdi>963-9241-39-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dilemmas+of+Dissidence+in+East-Central+Europe%3A+Citizen+Intellectuals+and+Philosopher+Kings&rft.pages=p.34&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=963-9241-39-3&rft.au=Barbara+J.+Falk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falk-35-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Falk-35_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_J._Falk2003" class="citation book cs1">Barbara J. Falk (2003). The Dilemmas of Dissidence in East-Central Europe: Citizen Intellectuals and Philosopher Kings. Central European University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsR0CGdWCC0C&pg=PA35">p.35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9241-39-3" title="Special:BookSources/963-9241-39-3"><bdi>963-9241-39-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dilemmas+of+Dissidence+in+East-Central+Europe%3A+Citizen+Intellectuals+and+Philosopher+Kings&rft.pages=p.35&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=963-9241-39-3&rft.au=Barbara+J.+Falk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weigel-Pope-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Weigel-Pope_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Weigel" title="George Weigel">Weigel, George</a> (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finalrevolutionr00weig">The Final Revolution: The Resistance Church and the Collapse of Communism</a> (ebook). Oxford University Press US. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finalrevolutionr00weig/page/136">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516664-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516664-7"><bdi>0-19-516664-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Revolution%3A+The+Resistance+Church+and+the+Collapse+of+Communism&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2003-05&rft.isbn=0-19-516664-7&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffinalrevolutionr00weig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weigel-Witness-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Weigel-Witness_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigel2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Weigel" title="George Weigel">Weigel, George</a> (2005). Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II. 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Paradox of Change: The Rise and Fall of Solidarity in the New Poland. Praeger/Greenwood. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?d=6WnLe3_hhgUC&pg=PA39">p.39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95295-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95295-9"><bdi>0-275-95295-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradox+of+Change%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Solidarity+in+the+New+Poland&rft.pages=p.39&rft.pub=Praeger%2FGreenwood&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-275-95295-9&rft.au=William+D+Perdue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosenberg20120514-10"><a href="#cite_ref-rosenberg20120514_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2012" class="citation news cs1">Rosenberg, Steve (May 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18006446">"The Cold War rival to Eurovision"</a>. 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Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofdemocra0000bern/page/149">p. 149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08093-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08093-X"><bdi>0-231-08093-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Democratization+in+Poland&rft.pages=p.+149&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-231-08093-X&rft.au=Michael+H.+Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFE-12"><a href="#cite_ref-RFE_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._R._Urban1997" class="citation book cs1">G. R. Urban (1997). 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Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a4BFvTBOT6oC&pg=PA147">p. 147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06921-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06921-9"><bdi>0-300-06921-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Free+Europe+and+the+Pursuit+of+Democracy%3A+My+War+Within+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=p.+147&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-300-06921-9&rft.au=G.+R.+Urban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaczmarski-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaczmarski_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/9158/">"Yalta 2.0"</a>. Warsaw Voice. August 31, 2005. Retrieved August 31, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yalta+2.0&rft.pub=Warsaw+Voice&rft.date=2005-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawvoice.pl%2Fview%2F9158%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauchmann2014" class="citation book cs1">Strauchmann, Krzysztof (2014). Wielka księga opozycji na pograniczu: władza, społeczeństwo i działalność opozycyjna na pograniczu Śląska Opolskiego i Czechosłowacji w latach 1945–1989. Prudnik: Starostwo Powiatowe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8361419402" title="Special:BookSources/978-8361419402"><bdi>978-8361419402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wielka+ksi%C4%99ga+opozycji+na+pograniczu%3A+w%C5%82adza%2C+spo%C5%82ecze%C5%84stwo+i+dzia%C5%82alno%C5%9B%C4%87+opozycyjna+na+pograniczu+%C5%9Al%C4%85ska+Opolskiego+i+Czechos%C5%82owacji+w+latach+1945%E2%80%931989&rft.place=Prudnik&rft.pub=Starostwo+Powiatowe&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8361419402&rft.aulast=Strauchmann&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Playground" title="God's Playground">God's Playground</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/483">p. 483</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12819-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12819-3"><bdi>0-231-12819-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground&rft.pages=p.+483&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-231-12819-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seleny-100-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Seleny-100_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeleny2006" class="citation book cs1">Seleny, Anna (2006). 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The Political Economy of State-Society Relations in Hungary and Poland: From Communism to the. 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Last accessed on October 10, 2006 (in Polish) </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-19"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9068595/Solidarity">"Solidarity"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solidarity25.pap.pl/kalendarium-NSZZ-pl.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KALENDARIUM+NSZZ+%22SOLIDARNO%C5%9A%C4%86%22+1980%E2%80%931989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solidarity25.pap.pl%2Fkalendarium-NSZZ-pl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> (185 KB). Last accessed on October 15, 2006 (in Polish) </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Piotr Gliński, The Self-governing Republic in the Third Republic, "Polish Sociological Review", 2006, no.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-Misztal-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Misztal_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisztal1985" class="citation book cs1">Misztal, Bronisław (1985). Poland after Solidarity: Social Movements Vs. the State. Transaction Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5yeK_1TXSVwC&pg=PA4">p.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-049-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-049-2"><bdi>0-88738-049-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+after+Solidarity%3A+Social+Movements+Vs.+the+State&rft.pages=p.4&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-88738-049-2&rft.aulast=Misztal&rft.aufirst=Bronis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodwin-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_23-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Goodwin" title="Jeff Goodwin">Jeff Goodwin</a>, No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Chapter 1 and 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wehr-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wehr_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wehr_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_WehrGuy_BurgessHeidi_Burgess1994" class="citation book cs1">Paul Wehr; Guy Burgess; Heidi Burgess, eds. (February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o8ipY9HVHmcC&pg=PA28">Justice Without Violence</a> (ebook). Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55587-491-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55587-491-6"><bdi>1-55587-491-6</bdi></a>. 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Penn State Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02528-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-02528-X"><bdi>0-271-02528-X</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Intelligence+and+the+Confrontation+in+Poland%2C+1980%E2%80%931981&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2004-08&rft.isbn=0-271-02528-X&rft.aulast=MacEachin&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93eUER87BmsC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-81-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-81_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-81_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-81_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/09/99/iron_curtain/timelines/poland_81.stm">"Martial law (1981)"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved July 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Martial+law+%281981%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fspecial_report%2F1999%2F09%2F99%2Firon_curtain%2Ftimelines%2Fpoland_81.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teberia.pl/news.php?id=5049">25th anniversary of the strike in Piast coal mine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629133708/http://www.teberia.pl/news.php?id=5049">Archived</a> June 29, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perdue-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Perdue_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerdue1995" class="citation book cs1">Perdue, William D (October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6WnLe3_hhgUC&pg=PA9">Paradox of Change: The Rise and Fall of Solidarity in the New Poland</a> (ebook). Praeger/Greenwood. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95295-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95295-9"><bdi>0-275-95295-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradox+of+Change%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Solidarity+in+the+New+Poland&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Praeger%2FGreenwood&rft.date=1995-10&rft.isbn=0-275-95295-9&rft.aulast=Perdue&rft.aufirst=William+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6WnLe3_hhgUC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ash-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Ash_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarton_Ash2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Garton Ash, Timothy</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polishrevolution00timo">The Polish Revolution: Solidarity</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09568-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09568-6"><bdi>0-300-09568-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Revolution%3A+Solidarity&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-300-09568-6&rft.aulast=Garton+Ash&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolishrevolution00timo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neier-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neier_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neier_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAryeh_Neier2003" class="citation book cs1">Aryeh Neier (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/takingliberties00arye/page/">Taking Liberties: Four Decades in the Struggle for Rights</a>. Public Affairs. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5_hgLHYUiwC&pg=PA251">p. 251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891620-82-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-891620-82-7"><bdi>1-891620-82-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Liberties%3A+Four+Decades+in+the+Struggle+for+Rights&rft.pages=p.+251&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-891620-82-7&rft.au=Aryeh+Neier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftakingliberties00arye%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schweizer-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Schweizer_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweizer1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schweizer" title="Peter Schweizer">Schweizer, Peter</a> (May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfia4MnyOykC&q=Solidarity+Poland+left&pg=PA86">Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet...</a> (ebook). Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87113-633-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87113-633-3"><bdi>0-87113-633-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory%3A+The+Reagan+Administration%27s+Secret+Strategy+That+Hastened+the+Collapse+of+the+Soviet...&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=1996-05&rft.isbn=0-87113-633-3&rft.aulast=Schweizer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drfia4MnyOykC%26q%3DSolidarity%2BPoland%2Bleft%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannaford-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hannaford_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hannaford_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_D._Hannaford2000" class="citation book cs1">Peter D. Hannaford (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780895265142">Remembering Reagan</a>. Regnery Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HJf1be87bgC&pg=PA70">p. 170, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8HJf1be87bgC&pg=PA71 p. 171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-514-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-514-1"><bdi>0-89526-514-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Reagan&rft.pages=p.+170%2C+p.+171&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-89526-514-1&rft.au=Peter+D.+Hannaford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780895265142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auer-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Auer_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Auer2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Auer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Auer">Stefan Auer</a> (2004). Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2IRot3UaQ0C&pg=PA70">p. 70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87722-900-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87722-900-7"><bdi>0-87722-900-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+Nationalism+in+Central+Europe&rft.pages=p.+70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-87722-900-7&rft.au=Stefan+Auer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidOst-34"><a href="#cite_ref-DavidOst_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Ost1991" class="citation book cs1">David Ost (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780895265142/page/250">Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics: Opposition and Reform in Poland Since 1968</a>. Temple University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780895265142/page/250">250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-514-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-514-1"><bdi>0-89526-514-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solidarity+and+the+Politics+of+Anti-Politics%3A+Opposition+and+Reform+in+Poland+Since+1968&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-89526-514-1&rft.au=David+Ost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780895265142%2Fpage%2F250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSE-35"><a href="#cite_ref-HSE_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Clyde_HufbauerJeffrey_J._SchottKimberly_Ann_Elliott1990" class="citation book cs1">Gary Clyde Hufbauer; Jeffrey J. Schott; Kimberly Ann Elliott (1990). Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy. Institute for International Economics. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBJ9LgZ58vYC&pg=PA193">p. 193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88132-136-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88132-136-2"><bdi>0-88132-136-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Sanctions+Reconsidered%3A+History+and+Current+Policy&rft.pages=p.+193&rft.pub=Institute+for+International+Economics&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-88132-136-2&rft.au=Gary+Clyde+Hufbauer&rft.au=Jeffrey+J.+Schott&rft.au=Kimberly+Ann+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet" title="Sabrina P. Ramet">Ramet, Sabrina P.</a> (1995). Social Currents in Eastern Europe. Duke University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialcurrentsin01rame/page/89">p. 89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1548-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1548-3"><bdi>0-8223-1548-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Currents+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=p.+89&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8223-1548-3&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenney-Carnival-30-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Kenney-Carnival-30_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenney2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Padraic_Kenney" title="Padraic Kenney">Kenney, Padraic</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hELsX6c3hcYC&pg=PA30">A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989</a>. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11627-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11627-X"><bdi>0-691-11627-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Carnival+of+Revolution%3A+Central+Europe+1989&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-691-11627-X&rft.aulast=Kenney&rft.aufirst=Padraic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhELsX6c3hcYC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-82-83-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-82-83_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-82-83_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/09/99/iron_curtain/timelines/poland_8283.stm">"Keeping the fire burning: the underground movement (1982–83)"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved July 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Keeping+the+fire+burning%3A+the+underground+movement+%281982%E2%80%9383%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fspecial_report%2F1999%2F09%2F99%2Firon_curtain%2Ftimelines%2Fpoland_8283.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet2-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet2_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1995" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (1995). Social Currents in Eastern Europe: The Sources and Consequences of the Great Transformation. Duke University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialcurrentsin01rame/page/90">p.90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1548-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1548-3"><bdi>0-8223-1548-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Currents+in+Eastern+Europe%3A+The+Sources+and+Consequences+of+the+Great+Transformation&rft.pages=p.90&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8223-1548-3&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-84-88-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-84-88_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-84-88_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-84-88_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-84-88_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-84-88_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-84-88_40-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-84-88_40-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-84-88_40-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-84-88_40-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-84-88_40-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/09/99/iron_curtain/timelines/poland_8488.stm">"Negotiations and the big debate (1984–88)"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved July 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Negotiations+and+the+big+debate+%281984%E2%80%9388%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fspecial_report%2F1999%2F09%2F99%2Firon_curtain%2Ftimelines%2Fpoland_8488.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Noble-41"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Noble_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E4D71139F933A05752C1A965948260&sec=&pagewanted=print">"AROUND THE WORLD; Poland Says Mrs. Walesa Can Accept Nobel Prize"</a>. The New York Times. November 30, 1983. Retrieved January 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=AROUND+THE+WORLD%3B+Poland+Says+Mrs.+Walesa+Can+Accept+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=1983-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E01E4D71139F933A05752C1A965948260%26sec%3D%26pagewanted%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Gottesman2000" class="citation news cs1">K. Gottesman (December 8, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031213081336/http://www.rzeczpospolita.pl/gazeta/wydanie_000812/kraj/kraj_a_1.html">"Prawdziwe oświadczenie Lecha Wałęsy"</a>. Rzeczpospolita (no. 188). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rzeczpospolita.pl/gazeta/wydanie_000812/kraj/kraj_a_1.html">the original</a> on December 13, 2003. Retrieved January 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prawdziwe+o%C5%9Bwiadczenie+Lecha+Wa%C5%82%C4%99sy&rft.date=2000-12-08&rft.au=K.+Gottesman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rzeczpospolita.pl%2Fgazeta%2Fwydanie_000812%2Fkraj%2Fkraj_a_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weigel-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Weigel_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Weigel" class="citation book cs1">Weigel, George (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finalrevolutionr00weig">The Final Revolution: The Resistance Church and the Collapse of Communism</a> (ebook). Oxford University Press US. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finalrevolutionr00weig/page/149">149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516664-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516664-7"><bdi>0-19-516664-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Revolution%3A+The+Resistance+Church+and+the+Collapse+of+Communism&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2003-05&rft.isbn=0-19-516664-7&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffinalrevolutionr00weig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenney-Carnival-25-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Kenney-Carnival-25_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenney2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Padraic_Kenney" title="Padraic Kenney">Kenney, Padraic</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hELsX6c3hcYC&pg=PA25">A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11627-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11627-X"><bdi>0-691-11627-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Carnival+of+Revolution%3A+Central+Europe+1989&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-691-11627-X&rft.aulast=Kenney&rft.aufirst=Padraic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhELsX6c3hcYC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorb-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Gorb_45-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Barkley_Rosser" class="mw-redirect" title="John Barkley Rosser">John Barkley Rosser</a>, Marina V. Rosser, Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy, MIT Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-18234-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-18234-3">0-262-18234-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3Mr6TgalqMC&pg=PA283">Google Print, p.283</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_D._Kennedy2002" class="citation book cs1">Michael D. Kennedy (2002). Cultural Formations of Postcommunism: Emancipation, Transition, Nation, and War. University of Minnesota Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MS3kMFAyLZ0C&pg=PA71">p.71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-3857-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-3857-8"><bdi>0-8166-3857-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Formations+of+Postcommunism%3A+Emancipation%2C+Transition%2C+Nation%2C+and+War&rft.pages=p.71&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8166-3857-8&rft.au=Michael+D.+Kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-P-A-47"><a href="#cite_ref-P-A_47-0">^</a> Mary Patrice Erdmans, Helena Znaniecka Lopata, Polish Americans, Transaction Publishers, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-100-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-100-3">1-56000-100-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F84749XfsDoC&pg=PA221">p. 221</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EKP-Econ-48"><a href="#cite_ref-EKP-Econ_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._JacksonJacek_KlichKrystyna_Poznanska2005" class="citation book cs1">John E. Jackson; Jacek Klich; Krystyna Poznanska (2005). The Political Economy of Poland's Transition: New Firms and Reform Governments. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfptbHVD20UC&pg=PA21">p. 21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83895-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83895-9"><bdi>0-521-83895-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Poland%27s+Transition%3A+New+Firms+and+Reform+Governments&rft.pages=p.+21&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-83895-9&rft.au=John+E.+Jackson&rft.au=Jacek+Klich&rft.au=Krystyna+Poznanska&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-89-2-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-89-2_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-89-2_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-89-2_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-89-2_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-89-2_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-89-2_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-89-2_49-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-89-2_49-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/09/99/iron_curtain/timelines/poland_68.stm">"Solidarity victorious (1989)"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved July 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Solidarity+victorious+%281989%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fspecial_report%2F1999%2F09%2F99%2Firon_curtain%2Ftimelines%2Fpoland_68.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> The Spring Will Be Ours </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-89-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-89_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-89_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-89_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-89_51-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/09/99/iron_curtain/timelines/poland_89.stm">"Free elections (1989)"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved July 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Free+elections+%281989%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fspecial_report%2F1999%2F09%2F99%2Firon_curtain%2Ftimelines%2Fpoland_89.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSM-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_52-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_52-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_S._Mason1997" class="citation book cs1">David S. Mason (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutiontransi00maso/page/">Revolution and Transition in East-Central Europe</a>. Westview Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RWVy79Opi1kC&pg=PA53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-2835-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-2835-7"><bdi>0-8133-2835-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Transition+in+East-Central+Europe&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8133-2835-7&rft.au=David+S.+Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutiontransi00maso%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyborcza-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Wyborcza_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061006024800/http://www.poland.gov.pl/Changes,in,the,Polish,media,since,1989.,515.html">"Changes in the Polish media since 1989"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poland.gov.pl/Changes,in,the,Polish,media,since,1989.,515.html">the original</a> on October 6, 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changes+in+the+Polish+media+since+1989.&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poland.gov.pl%2FChanges%2Cin%2Cthe%2CPolish%2Cmedia%2Csince%2C1989.%2C515.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steger-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Steger_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteger2004" class="citation book cs1">Steger, Manfred B. (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEcHo6QcIUwC&pg=PA114">Judging Nonviolence: The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists</a> (ebook). Routledge. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93397-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93397-8"><bdi>0-415-93397-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 6, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judging+Nonviolence%3A+The+Dispute+Between+Realists+and+Idealists&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-01&rft.isbn=0-415-93397-8&rft.aulast=Steger&rft.aufirst=Manfred+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVEcHo6QcIUwC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenney-Carnival-15-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Kenney-Carnival-15_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenney2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Padraic_Kenney" title="Padraic Kenney">Kenney, Padraic</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hELsX6c3hcYC&pg=PA15">A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11627-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11627-X"><bdi>0-691-11627-X</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Carnival+of+Revolution%3A+Central+Europe+1989&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-691-11627-X&rft.aulast=Kenney&rft.aufirst=Padraic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhELsX6c3hcYC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenney2-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Kenney2_56-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Padraic_Kenney" title="Padraic Kenney">Padraic Kenney</a>, Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists, 1945–1950, Cornell University Press, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3287-1">0-8014-3287-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_Z_nJnzTp4C&dq=Solidarity+fall+of+communism&pg=PA4">Google Print, p.4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenney-Carnival-2-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Kenney-Carnival-2_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadraic_Kenney2002" class="citation book cs1">Padraic Kenney (2002). A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hELsX6c3hcYC&dq=Solidarity+fall+of+communism&pg=PA2">p.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05028-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05028-7"><bdi>0-691-05028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Carnival+of+Revolution%3A+Central+Europe+1989&rft.pages=p.2&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-691-05028-7&rft.au=Padraic+Kenney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RJH-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RJH_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RJH_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RJH_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_J._Hill1992" class="citation book cs1">Ronald J. Hill (1992). Beyond Stalinism: Communist Political Evolution. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9K2-6qPb18C&pg=PA51">p. 51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-3463-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-3463-8"><bdi>0-7146-3463-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Stalinism%3A+Communist+Political+Evolution&rft.pages=p.+51&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7146-3463-8&rft.au=Ronald+J.+Hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JM-59"><a href="#cite_ref-JM_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan-Werner_Müller2002" class="citation book cs1">Jan-Werner Müller (2002). Memory and Power in Post-War Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wOsSG0K8hCYC&pg=PA267">p.267</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00070-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00070-X"><bdi>0-521-00070-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+and+Power+in+Post-War+Europe%3A+Studies+in+the+Presence+of+the+Past&rft.pages=p.267&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-00070-X&rft.au=Jan-Werner+M%C3%BCller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCC-60"><a href="#cite_ref-WCC_60-0">^</a> William C. Cockerham, Health and Social Change in Russia and Eastern Europe, Routledge, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92080-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92080-9">0-415-92080-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOZFhIBmN1gC&dq=Solidarity+Walesa+factions&pg=PA157">Google Print, p.157</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lip-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Lip_61-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arend_Lijphart" title="Arend Lijphart">Arend Lijphart</a>, Institutional Design in New Democracies, Westview Press, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-2109-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-2109-3">0-8133-2109-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n7OZMmRjIScC&dq=Solidarity+Walesa+factions&pg=PA62">Google Print, p.62</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kubicek-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kubicek_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubicek_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubicek_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubicek_62-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubicek2000" class="citation book cs1">Kubicek, Paul A (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sf8BcUgMSMC&pg=PA188">Unbroken Ties: The State, Interest Associations, and Corporatism in Post-Soviet Ukraine</a> (ebook). University of Michigan Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-11030-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-11030-6"><bdi>0-472-11030-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbroken+Ties%3A+The+State%2C+Interest+Associations%2C+and+Corporatism+in+Post-Soviet+Ukraine&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2000-04&rft.isbn=0-472-11030-6&rft.aulast=Kubicek&rft.aufirst=Paul+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Sf8BcUgMSMC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061025162832/http://www.solidarnosc.org.pl/eng1.htm">"Welcome to NSZZ Solidarnosc Web Site!"</a>. National Commission of Independent Self-Governing Trade Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solidarnosc.org.pl/eng1.htm">the original</a> on October 25, 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+NSZZ+Solidarnosc+Web+Site%21&rft.pub=National+Commission+of+Independent+Self-Governing+Trade+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solidarnosc.org.pl%2Feng1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Onet-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Onet_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20151213151647/http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/trojmiasto/w-gdansku-otwarto-europejskie-centrum-solidarnosci">"W Gdańsku otwarto Europejskie Centrum Solidarności"</a> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Onet.pl" title="Onet.pl">Onet.pl</a>. August 31, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/trojmiasto/w-gdansku-otwarto-europejskie-centrum-solidarnosci">the original</a> on December 13, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=W+Gda%C5%84sku+otwarto+Europejskie+Centrum+Solidarno%C5%9Bci&rft.date=2014-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.onet.pl%2Ftrojmiasto%2Fw-gdansku-otwarto-europejskie-centrum-solidarnosci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/from-the-niagara-falls-to-rio-de-janeiros-statue-of-christ-the-redeemer-the-colours-of-poland-light-up-to-mark-40-years-since-historic-pro-democracy-agreements-15333">"From the Niagara falls to Rio de Janeiro's statue of Christ the Redeemer, the colours of Poland light up to mark 40 years since historic pro-democracy agreements"</a>. Retrieved August 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+the+Niagara+falls+to+Rio+de+Janeiro%27s+statue+of+Christ+the+Redeemer%2C+the+colours+of+Poland+light+up+to+mark+40+years+since+historic+pro-democracy+agreements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefirstnews.com%2Farticle%2Ffrom-the-niagara-falls-to-rio-de-janeiros-statue-of-christ-the-redeemer-the-colours-of-poland-light-up-to-mark-40-years-since-historic-pro-democracy-agreements-15333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/pl-pl/wiadomosci/polska/mural-w-berlinie-most-nad-dunajem-iluminacja-w-waszyngtonie-na-40-lat-porozumie%C5%84-sierpniowych/ar-BB18zMcR?ocid=msedgntp">"Mural w Berlinie, most nad Dunajem, iluminacja w Waszyngtonie na 40 lat Porozumień Sierpniowych"</a>. Retrieved September 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mural+w+Berlinie%2C+most+nad+Dunajem%2C+iluminacja+w+Waszyngtonie+na+40+lat+Porozumie%C5%84+Sierpniowych&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fpl-pl%2Fwiadomosci%2Fpolska%2Fmural-w-berlinie-most-nad-dunajem-iluminacja-w-waszyngtonie-na-40-lat-porozumie%25C5%2584-sierpniowych%2Far-BB18zMcR%3Focid%3Dmsedgntp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEringer1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eringer" title="Robert Eringer">Eringer, Robert</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strikeforfreedom00erin">Strike for Freedom: The Story of Lech Wałęsa and Polish Solidarity</a>. Dodd Mead. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-08065-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-08065-0"><bdi>0-396-08065-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strike+for+Freedom%3A+The+Story+of+Lech+Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa+and+Polish+Solidarity&rft.pub=Dodd+Mead&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-396-08065-0&rft.aulast=Eringer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrikeforfreedom00erin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (May 19, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_30121987_sollicitudo-rei-socialis.html">"Sollicitudo Rei Socialis"</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sollicitudo+Rei+Socialis&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2003-05-19&rft.au=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_enc_30121987_sollicitudo-rei-socialis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenney2006" class="citation book cs1">Kenney, Patrick (2006). The Burdens of Freedom. Zed Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84277-662-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84277-662-2"><bdi>1-84277-662-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burdens+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Zed+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84277-662-2&rft.aulast=Kenney&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatynia2009" class="citation book cs1">Matynia, Elzbieta (2009). Performative Democracy. Paradigm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594516566" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594516566"><bdi>978-1594516566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performative+Democracy&rft.pub=Paradigm&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1594516566&rft.aulast=Matynia&rft.aufirst=Elzbieta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsa2003" class="citation book cs1">Osa, Maryjane (2003). Solidarity and Contention: Networks of Polish Opposition. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-3874-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-3874-8"><bdi>0-8166-3874-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solidarity+and+Contention%3A+Networks+of+Polish+Opposition&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8166-3874-8&rft.aulast=Osa&rft.aufirst=Maryjane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOst2005" class="citation book cs1">Ost, David (2005). The Defeat of Solidarity: Anger and Politics in Postcommunist Europe (ebook). Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4318-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-4318-0"><bdi>0-8014-4318-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defeat+of+Solidarity%3A+Anger+and+Politics+in+Postcommunist+Europe&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8014-4318-0&rft.aulast=Ost&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Paczkowski, Andrzej. Revolution and Counterrevolution in Poland, 1980-1989: Solidarity, Martial Law, and the End of Communism in Europe (Boydell & Brewer, 2015).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenn2005" class="citation book cs1">Penn, Shana (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/solidarityssecre00penn">Solidarity's Secret: The Women Who Defeated Communism in Poland</a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-11385-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-11385-2"><bdi>0-472-11385-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solidarity%27s+Secret%3A+The+Women+Who+Defeated+Communism+in+Poland&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-472-11385-2&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=Shana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsolidarityssecre00penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerdue1995" class="citation book cs1">Perdue, William D. (1995). Paradox of Change: The Rise and Fall of Solidarity in the New Poland. Praeger/Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95295-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95295-9"><bdi>0-275-95295-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradox+of+Change%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Solidarity+in+the+New+Poland&rft.pub=Praeger%2FGreenwood&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-275-95295-9&rft.aulast=Perdue&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaniszkis1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_Staniszkis" title="Jadwiga Staniszkis">Staniszkis, Jadwiga</a> (1984). Poland's Self-Limiting Revolution. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Self-Limiting+Revolution&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Staniszkis&rft.aufirst=Jadwiga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzporer2012" class="citation book cs1">Szporer, Michael (2012). Solidarity: The Great Workers Strike of 1980. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739174883" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739174883"><bdi>978-0739174883</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solidarity%3A+The+Great+Workers+Strike+of+1980&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0739174883&rft.aulast=Szporer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Solidarity" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Solidarity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Solidarność">History of Solidarność</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Polish <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="pl" style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/pl:Statut_NSZZ_SOLIDARNO%C5%9A%C4%86" class="extiw" title="s:pl:Statut NSZZ SOLIDARNOŚĆ">Statut NSZZ SOLIDARNOŚĆ (Polish)</a> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10822/552575">Interview with Henry Kissinger on US – Soviet Relations during Solidarity</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222100250/http://www.solidarnosc.gov.pl/">Presentation The Solidarity Phenomenon</a> (in Polish, English, German, French, Spanish, and Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061025162832/http://www.solidarnosc.org.pl/eng1.htm">Solidarity official English homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207104753/http://www.solidarity.org.pl/cgi-bin/news.pl?lang=en">Solidarity 25th Anniversary Press Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404074508/http://www.solidarnosc25.pl/">International Conference 'From Solidarity to Freedom'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/08/8b89d311-5067-4c03-9aa6-72500d1f986d.html">Poland: Solidarity – The Trade Union That Changed The World</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915050748/http://metropolitanka.ikm.gda.pl/who-is-anna-walentynowicz-film/">Who Is Anna Walentynowicz?, a documentary film about Solidarity</a> (in English and German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/poland.htm">Advice for East German propagandists on how to deal with the Solidarity movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012082458/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/poland.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art52.html">Solidarity, Freedom and Economical Crisis in Poland, 1980–81</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110308234448/http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art52.html">Archived</a> March 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090918102350/http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/issues/summer2005/puddington.htm">Arch Puddington, How American Unions Helps Solidarity Win</a></li> <li>Michael Bernhard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528005247/http://test.scripts.psu.edu/users/m/h/mhb5/Solid3.pdf">The Polish Opposition and the Technology of Resistance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/polpress/indepres1.html">The Independent Press in Poland, 1976–1990</a> – this site of the Library of Congress contains a list of Polish abbreviations and their English translations; many of which were used in this article</li> <li>(In Polish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fcs.org.pl/">Solidarity Center Foundation – Fundacja Centrum Solidarności</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.coinupdate.com/silver-coin-marks-the-anniversary-of-polands-solidarity-movement-0452/">Silver Coin Marks the 30th Anniversary of Poland's Solidarity Movement</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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