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<span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_Muhammad's_lifetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_Muhammad's_lifetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>During Muhammad's lifetime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_Muhammad's_lifetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Muhammad's_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Muhammad's_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>After Muhammad's death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Muhammad's_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunni_jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sunni jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sunni_jurisprudence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sunni jurisprudence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sunni_jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Applicability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Applicability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spoils_of_war_or_booty_(ghanima)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoils_of_war_or_booty_(ghanima)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Spoils of war <i>or</i> booty (<i>ghanima</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoils_of_war_or_booty_(ghanima)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treasure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Treasure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining_products_(maʻdin)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_products_(maʻdin)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Mining products (<i>maʻdin</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_products_(maʻdin)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Sea products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Division and distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_jurisprudence_(Ja'fari)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_jurisprudence_(Ja'fari)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Shia jurisprudence (Ja'fari)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_jurisprudence_(Ja'fari)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recipients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recipients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Recipients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recipients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khums_in_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khums_in_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Khums in history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Khums_in_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Khums in history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Khums_in_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Khums</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%85_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="أداء الخمس من المغنم (إسلام) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أداء الخمس من المغنم (إسلام)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%BCms" title="Xüms – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xüms" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8" title="খুমুস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খুমুস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Хумс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хумс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khums" title="Khums – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Khums" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khums" title="Khums – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Khums" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jums" title="Jums – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jums" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3" title="خمس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خمس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoms_(imp%C3%B4t)" title="Khoms (impôt) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Khoms (impôt)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="खुम्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खुम्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khums" title="Khums – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Khums" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khums" title="Khums – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Khums" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xums" title="Xums – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xums" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khums" title="Khums – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khums" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ခွမ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခွမ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0)" title="フムス (イスラーム) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フムス (イスラーム)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khums" title="Khums – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Khums" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xums" title="Xums – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xums" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3" title="خمس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خمس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chums" title="Chums – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chums" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Хумс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хумс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3" title="خومس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خومس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khums" title="Khums – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Khums" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khums" title="Khums – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khums" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="คุมส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คุมส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hums_(%C4%B0slam)" title="Hums (İslam) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hums (İslam)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3" title="خمس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خمس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="胡姆斯 (伊斯蘭教) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胡姆斯 (伊斯蘭教)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2020670#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_theology" title="Category:Islamic theology">a series</a> on </span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silhouette of a mosque"><img alt="Silhouette of a mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/110px-Mosque02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/165px-Mosque02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/220px-Mosque02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunni_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)#The_six_articles_of_the_Islamic_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Six Articles of Iman</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">The Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan" title="Fasting during Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunnī_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of theology</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Shia_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Shi'a</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Basic Tenets of Faith</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Commanding what is just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">Forbidding what is evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalla">Tawalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarra">Tabarra</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Twelver_theology" title="Twelver theology">Theology of the Twelvers</a></b><sup>4,</sup> <sup>5</sup><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">Adalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_(Shia_Islam)" title="Prophecy (Shia Islam)">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Resurrection_and_final_judgement" title="Islamic eschatology">Qiyamah</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism#Beliefs" title="Isma'ilism">Theology of the Ismailis</a></b><sup>6</sup><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Zaydism#Theology" title="Zaydism">Theology of the Zaydis</a></b></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Muhakkima" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Muhakkima</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_theology" title="Ibadi theology">Theology of the Ibadis</a></b></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyya" title="Jabriyya">Jabriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahmiyya" title="Jahmiyya">Jahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mujassimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadariyya">Qadariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quraniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <p><u>Including:</u><br /> </p> <div class="plainlist" style="font-weight:normal"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi school</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akhbarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhbarism">Akhbari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>5</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>6</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mustali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustali">Mustali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atba-e-Malak" title="Atba-e-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Fourteen Infallibles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;background:transparent;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia view of Fatimah">Fatimah</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;"> The <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">ar-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">al-Taqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">al-Naqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Principles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate of the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-Faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Usul al-fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Amr bi-l maʿrūf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidding_what_is_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbidding what is evil">Nahy ani l-Munkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalli">Tawalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarri">Tabarri</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een Pilgrimage">Arba'een Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Holy cities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other related sects and groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li>Sufi orders and <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%27matull%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Ni'matullāhī">Ni'matullāhī</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Maraji" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Maraji">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawza" title="Hawza">Hawza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ayatollahs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ayatollahs">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seghatoleslam" title="Seghatoleslam">Seghatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojatoleslam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojatoleslam">Hojatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hadith collections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Books" title="The Four Books">The Four Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_La_Yahduruhu_al-Faqih" title="Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih">Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahdhib_al-Ahkam" title="Tahdhib al-Ahkam">Tahdhib al-Ahkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Istibsar" title="Al-Istibsar">Al-Istibsar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Other hadith collections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Sulaym_ibn_Qays" title="The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays">Book of Sulaym ibn Qays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_al-Anwar" title="Bihar al-Anwar">Bihar al-Anwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C4%81%27il_al-Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasā'il al-Shīʿa">Wasā'il al-Shīʿa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_of_Certainty" title="Reality of Certainty">Reality of Certainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafatih_al-Jinan" title="Mafatih al-Jinan">Mafatih al-Jinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahifa_al-Sajjadiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya">Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sources of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> and jurisprudence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_books#Shia_collections" title="List of hadith books">Hadiths</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Infallibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijma'">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">Reason</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">List of Twelver Shia books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/16px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/24px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/32px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelvers" title="Template:Twelvers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Twelvers" title="Template talk:Twelvers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelvers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twelvers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence<br />(<i>fiqh</i>)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ALFiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/125px-ALFiqh.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/188px-ALFiqh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/250px-ALFiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ritual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">Raka'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a></i> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Nafl prayer</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj"><i>Mut'ah</i></a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">and <i>Hajj</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis-ash-Shura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-faqih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aman_(Islam)" title="Aman (Islam)">Aman</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Contract</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Halala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Urfi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Mut‘ah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">Khula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihar" title="Zihar">Zihar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafa%27ah" title="Kafa'ah">Kafa'ah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Islam">Abortion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Purification_and_hygiene" title="Sexuality in Islam">Hygiene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Masturbation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir"><i>Maisir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(gambling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina"><i>Zina</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(illicit sex)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah"><i>Hirabah</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(unlawful warfare and banditry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad"><i>Fasad</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("mischief")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("spreading corruption")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("sedition")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm"><i>Rajm</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(stoning)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir"><i>Tazir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(discretionary)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas"><i>Qisas</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(retaliation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)"><i>Diya</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(compensation)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khums</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></i>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam#Hygienical_Jurisprudence" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Hygiene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual hygienical jurisprudence">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Taharah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masah" title="Masah">Masah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Dietary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Pork" title="Islamic dietary laws">Pork</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_dietary_laws" title="Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison with <i>kashrut</i></a></span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">Hudna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istijarah" title="Istijarah"><i>Istijarah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(asylum)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fiqh" title="Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fiqh" title="Template talk:Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Religious_text_primary plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>uses <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts from within a religion or faith system</a></b> without referring to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PSTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PSTS">secondary sources</a> that critically analyze them.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit">improve this article</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <i>khums</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خُمْس</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[xums]</a></span>) is a tax on <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> which obligates them to pay one-fifth (20%) of their acquired wealth from the spoils of war and, according to most Muslim jurists, other specified types of income, towards various designated beneficiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is treated differently in <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. Historically, khums was paid to the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Islamic prophet Muhammad</a>, his close relatives, orphans, the needy and travelers. After Muhammad's death, disagreement arose about how to use the share once given to Muhammad and whether to continue to give his close relatives a share of the khums.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, this tax is understood to be paid to the imam, caliph or sultan, representing the state of Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-ziml_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ziml-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-as_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for distribution between the orphans, the needy, travelers, and, according to some jurists, the descendants of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-Malik_2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malik_2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jlep174_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jlep174-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khums is separate from other Islamic taxes<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ziml_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ziml-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sunni Islam, the khums tax is applicable on the spoils of war and, according to some jurists, on minerals extracted in regions under the control of the state. In Shia Islam, khums is to be paid on the spoils of war, objects obtained from the sea (<i>al-ghawṣ</i>), treasure (<i>al-kanz</i>), mineral resources (<i>al-maʼdin</i>), annual earning profits (<i>arbāḥ al-mākasib</i>), the lawful wealth (<i>al-ḥalāl</i>) which has become mixed with unlawful wealth (<i>al-ḥarām</i>), and the sale of land to a <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arabic term <i>khums</i> literally means <i>one-fifth</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGee_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Islamic legal terminology, it means one-fifth of certain items that a person acquires as wealth must be paid to the state of Islam. This is a tax in Islamic jurisprudence that applies on <i><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">ghanima</a></i> and, according to some jurists, on <i>fay'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early and middle history of Islam, <i>ghanima</i> was property and wealth that was looted by the Muslim army after attacking the <a href="/wiki/Unbelievers_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbelievers in Islam">unbelievers</a>. Fay' was that property and wealth that was gained from confiscation without strife, that is if the unbelievers refused to fight or violently oppose the raid.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the concept and scope of <i>ghanima</i> was expanded by Islamic scholars, and variations emerged between Sunni and Shia scholars over interpreting the definition of <i>ghanima</i>. Similarly, the percentage of <i>fay</i> was expanded to 100% using Quran 59:7,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus placing it beyond khums. The 80% amount left after paying the 20% khums, was distributed among the army commander and soldiers who attacked the unbelievers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sunni, <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shia</a> jurisprudence concerning khums differ in significant ways. Key topics of debate include the types of wealth subject to khums, the methods of its collection and distribution, and the categories of recipients (<i>asnāf</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The institution of khums has its origins in pre-Islamic Arab custom, where the chief received one-fourth (<i>mirbā'</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or one-fifth of the war booty along with the <i>ṣafw al-māl </i> (any part of the booty that particularly attracted him). The remaining booty was typically shared among the raiders who accompanied the chief, but the chief retained the right to dispose of the booty as he saw fit.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Islam, the management and distribution of war booty became a state responsibility due to the large amounts of booty involved. The straightforward pre-Islamic Arab practice of division was inadequate for the more complex circumstances resulting from the Muslim conquests.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim scholars agree that the khums was introduced in Islam when Quran 8:41 (called <i>āyat al-khums</i> or <i>āyat al-ghanīma</i>) was revealed:<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nc_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nc-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_double_page_from_part_ten_of_a_thirty_volume_Qur%27an_manuscript_penned_by_%27Uthman_ibn_Husayn_al-warraq_(Astan-i_Quds,_no._4316_ff.2v-3r).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabic text of verse 8:41 of the Quran"><img alt="Example alt text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Opening_double_page_from_part_ten_of_a_thirty_volume_Qur%27an_manuscript_penned_by_%27Uthman_ibn_Husayn_al-warraq_%28Astan-i_Quds%2C_no._4316_ff.2v-3r%29.jpg/220px-Opening_double_page_from_part_ten_of_a_thirty_volume_Qur%27an_manuscript_penned_by_%27Uthman_ibn_Husayn_al-warraq_%28Astan-i_Quds%2C_no._4316_ff.2v-3r%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Opening_double_page_from_part_ten_of_a_thirty_volume_Qur%27an_manuscript_penned_by_%27Uthman_ibn_Husayn_al-warraq_%28Astan-i_Quds%2C_no._4316_ff.2v-3r%29.jpg/330px-Opening_double_page_from_part_ten_of_a_thirty_volume_Qur%27an_manuscript_penned_by_%27Uthman_ibn_Husayn_al-warraq_%28Astan-i_Quds%2C_no._4316_ff.2v-3r%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Opening_double_page_from_part_ten_of_a_thirty_volume_Qur%27an_manuscript_penned_by_%27Uthman_ibn_Husayn_al-warraq_%28Astan-i_Quds%2C_no._4316_ff.2v-3r%29.jpg/440px-Opening_double_page_from_part_ten_of_a_thirty_volume_Qur%27an_manuscript_penned_by_%27Uthman_ibn_Husayn_al-warraq_%28Astan-i_Quds%2C_no._4316_ff.2v-3r%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4226" data-file-height="2353" /></a><figcaption>Arabic text of verse 8:41 of the Quran</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And know ye that whatever of a thing ye acquire a fifth of it is for God and for the <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">Apostle</a> and for the (Apostle's) near relatives and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer, if ye believe in God and that which we sent down...<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Regarding the circumstances of its revelation, there is disagreement between exegetes.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One account mentions that Abd Allah b. Jahsh independently designated one-fifth of the spoils taken from <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Nakhla" title="Raid on Nakhla">raiding the Quraysh at Nakhla</a> — the first spoils obtained under Islam — for Muhammad shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a> (2 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>/624 CE), and this practice was later confirmed by the Quran. Other sources suggest that khums was introduced at various times, including during Badr itself, after the victories over <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Banu al-Nadir</a> (4/625) or <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a> (5/627), during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">conquest of Khaybar</a> (7/628), or even as late as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a> (8/630).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is generally believed that Quran 8:41 <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">abrogated</a> Quran 8:1 (called <i>āyat al-anfāl</i>, which had allowed Muhammad to distribute the spoils from the Battle of Badr as he deemed appropriate). Thus, Quran 8:41 is thought to have been revealed sometime after Badr, with some sources indicating that the rule of khums was first applied to the booty acquired from <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">the victory over the Jewish tribe of Banu Qaynuqa</a> (2/624).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-as_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence khums is considered the first Islamic tax, imposed after the Battle of Badr, two years after the <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijra</a> (Muhammad’s migration from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> on 622 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_Muhammad's_lifetime"><span id="During_Muhammad.27s_lifetime"></span>During Muhammad's lifetime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: During Muhammad's lifetime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muhammad taught paying khums as a fundamental religious duty.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two people who collected khums for Muhammad are identified as Mahmiya b. Jaz' and Abd Allah b. Ka'b al-Ansari. <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali b. Abi Talib</a> was appointed by Muhammad to distribute the portion of khums allocated to his near relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad received one-fifth of the booty allocated to him in God's name, alongside two additional categories of shares from the booty: the <i>ṣafw al-māl</i> (the select item that Muhammad chose for himself before the booty was distributed) and his share as a participant in the battle alongside other warriors. The remaining four-fifths of the booty was to be distributed among the troops who accompanied the Prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_Muhammad's_death"><span id="After_Muhammad.27s_death"></span>After Muhammad's death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After Muhammad's death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after the death of Muhammad in 11 AH/632 CE, the allocation of khums to the various groups mentioned in Quran 8:41 became a source of disagreement. The main issue revolved around how to treat the first three groups specified in the verse—God, the Prophet, and his family—with particular contention regarding the latter two. Muhammad's successor and the first caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> (r. 632-34) reportedly sought the opinions of the Muslims regarding the shares belonging to Muhammad and his family, receiving a variety of perspectives on the matter. Some advised him to redistribute these shares among the other recipients, while others argued that they should be allocated for preparations for war, such as acquiring horses and weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Bakr removed the entitlement of Muhammad's family to the khums and allocated it to the clans of the Quraysh, thereby strengthening their support for his caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> (r. 634-44) proposed using the khums to cover marriage expenses and debts for the unmarried members of the Muhammad's family. When Muhammad's closest relatives demanded their entire share, Umar refused their request.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the caliphates of <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> (r. 644-56) and Ali (r. 656-61), the practice of dividing the khums into three parts—one for orphans, one for the poor, and one for travelers—became well-established. As a relative of Muhammad, Ali was inquired about the family's share and noted that while they had been compensated until the conquests of Sus and Ahwaz, their share was discontinued thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another account states that Ali once asked Muhammad to establish a law ensuring the continuation of his family's share after his death, which was enacted. This arrangement reportedly lasted until the final days of Umar, who ended the allocation of the share to the Prophet's family when revenues increased. There were subsequent concerns about Ali potentially making a similar decision.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sunni_jurisprudence">Sunni jurisprudence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sunni jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sunni exegetes interpret Quran 8:41 as specifically referring to war booty; however, there is considerable disagreement among them regarding the circumstances of its revelation, its interpretation, and how applicable it is after Muhammad's death.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applicability">Applicability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Applicability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jurists of the four Sunni <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools of law</a>—<a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a>—have differing views about the things khums is applicable on. In its original form, khums was applied at the rate of 20% to spoils of war. Over time, this tax was expanded to include treasure, mines, and all materials extracted from the sea or earth. Today, Sunni jurisprudence holds that khums is applicable only to excavated items from land, sea, mines, buried treasures, and spoils of war, at the rate of 20%. In this context, khums functions both as a “<a href="/wiki/Windfall_tax" title="Windfall tax">windfall tax</a>” and as a tax on specific natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spoils_of_war_or_booty_(ghanima)"><span id="Spoils_of_war_or_booty_.28ghanima.29"></span>Spoils of war <i>or</i> booty (<i>ghanima</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spoils of war or booty (ghanima)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jurists of all schools agree about the rules governing khums applying to <i>ghanima</i>, which is interpreted as the spoils of war or booty acquired through armed conflict. However, the Shafi'is and some Hanbalis, particularly al-Khiraqi (d. 334/945), extend the application of khums to property given up by non-Muslims without the use of force, known as <i>fay'</i>. The Malikis identify an intermediate category, <i>al-mukhtaṣṣ</i>, which includes property looted stealthily from the non-Muslim territory, and stipulate that the khums from this property must be privately distributed by the individual who seized it. There is ongoing debate regarding the obligation of khums on property taken by small groups of raiders acting independently.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food consumed by combatants or their animals does not count as booty subject to division. During Muhammad's lifetime, items he selected as personal prizes (<i>ṣafī</i>) were also not counted as booty subject to division. Khums is calculated on the total booty after deducting expenses like transport and safekeeping. According to the Hanbalis and Shafi'is, deductions also include the clothing, weapons, mounts, and other personal items (<i>salab</i>) of opponent soldiers claimed by the specific Muslim soldiers who have killed or disabled them. The Hanafis and Malikis treat claims to these personal items as "rewards" (<i>anfāl</i>; sing. <i>nafal</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-lower-alpha_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lower-alpha-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requiring an express grant from the ruler. The Hanafis provide rewards from the khums if the grant is made after the booty is secured in Islamic territory (<i>iḥrāz</i>); otherwise, it comes from the four-fifths of the booty. The Hanbalis also draw rewards from the four-fifths. The Malikis provide rewards from khums in all cases and the Shafi'is provide rewards from the one-fourth share of the khums designated for community needs.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rules for khums apply first and foremost to movable property: prisoners of war (including combatants, women and children) are enslaved and included in the booty to be divided. The captured slaves of the non-Muslims are also included in the booty to be divided. There is disagreement regarding real property: the Shafi'is divide it among the Muslim combatants and subject it to khums, while the Malikis do not. The Hanafis and Hanbalis leave the division to the ruler's discretion. When dividing the booty itself, rather than its sale price, the determination of khums is made by lot, with specific designations for khums (i.e., <i>li'llāh</i>, <i>li'l-maṣāliḥ</i>, <i>li-rasūl Allāh</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is debate regarding how much a ruler can bypass the general rules for dividing booty, including khums, by stating that each combatant may keep what they take as a reward. Many Hanafis argue that booty obtained under such a general offer of reward (<i>tanfīl ʻāmm</i>) is not subject to khums provided it is obtained by a detachment (sariyya), rather than the whole army, that is sent from within enemy territory.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treasure">Treasure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treasure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hanafis, Hanbalis and Malikis view the one-fifth due on the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">pre-Islamic</a> treasure, as enjoined by <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, as analogous to the one-fifth from booty (khums). The Shafi'is limit this obligation to gold and silver, applying the same minimum amount (<i><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">niṣāb</a></i>) as zakat on those metals. While the Hanafis distribute this one-fifth similarly to the khums from booty, the Hanbalis and Malikis classify it as <i>fay'</i> to be used for community needs, whereas the Shafi'is treat it as zakat.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mining_products_(maʻdin)"><span id="Mining_products_.28ma.CA.BBdin.29"></span>Mining products (<i>maʻdin</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mining products (maʻdin)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hanafis and some Malikis also extend the one-fifth rule to mining products, such as malleable metals according to the Hanafis and nearly pure pieces gold and silver (<i>nadra</i>) according to the Malikis.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sea_products">Sea products</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sea products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opinions from some early scholars suggested that a one-fifth share was also due on pearls, ambergris, and other sea products, including fish, but these views were not widely followed.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_and_distribution">Division and distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Division and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common Sunni view is that during Muhammad's lifetime, khums was divided into five shares, with Muhammad receiving a share allocated "for God and the Prophet" (referred to as <i>khums al-khums</i>). This share was used by Muhammad to support himself and his immediate family and the other shares were directed toward his kin and community needs. A minority, including the <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basran</a> Quran scholar Abu al-'Aliya Rufay b. Mihran al-Riyahi (d. 90/708 or 96/714) and, as reported occasionally, his mentor <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a> (d. 68/687-8), argued that a separate sixth share designated for God existed which was meant for the maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>. <a href="/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Muqatil b. Sulayman</a> (d. 150/767) stated that khums was divided into four parts, with one part representing the shares of God, Muhammad, and Muhammad's family.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shafi'is and Hanbalis continue to divide khums into five shares following Muhammad's death: (1) the share of God and the Prophet (previously given to Muhammad), which now supports the needs of the Muslim community (<i>sahm al-maṣālih</i>), (2) the share for the Prophet's relatives (<i>dhu'l-qurba</i>), given to the members of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a> (Muhammad's clan) and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Muttalib_ibn_Abd_Manaf" title="Al-Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf">Banu Muttalib</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> clans regardless of their needs, with males receiving twice the share of females, (3) orphans (yatāmā), defined as needy minors without a father, (4) the poor (masākīn), corresponding to the "poor and needy" in Quran 9:60, and (5) travelers, defined similarly as for zakat.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-as_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> (d. 204/820; the eponymous founder of the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islam) was from the Banu Hashim and extensively argued for the share of the nearest relatives, contending that it should be granted because the <i>ghanima</i> had increased—referring to Umar's denial of this share. He maintained that no Muslim has the right to deny the portion designated for them by Qur'anic command.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> stance is that after Muhammad's death, his share and that of his family ceased to exist. Hanafis support this stance with the practice of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">first four caliphs</a> (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali) as evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They teach that khums should be divided only among only three of the five categories mentioned in Surah 8:41, namely the orphans, the needy, and travelers.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they do give priority to needy members of Muhammad's family within these three categories, as his family members are religiously forbidden to receive alms like zakat.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hanafi stance is likely a later developed view as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf" title="Abu Yusuf">Abu Yusuf</a> (d. 182/798) reported that Hanafi jurists of his time believed khums should be divided into three shares: one for Muhammad (to be passed to the caliph after his death), another for Muhammad's family, and a third for orphans, the poor, and wayfarers. Abu Yusuf, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a> (d. 150/768), the founder of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, attributed to him the view that the shares of Muhammad and his family should be used for amassing troops and weapons instead, in line with the practices of the first two caliphs (Abu Bakr and Umar) who succeeded Muhammad. However, another disciple of Abu Hanifa, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Shaybani" title="Muhammad al-Shaybani">al-Shaybani</a> (d. 189/802), attributed to him the view that khums should be divided into three parts: one for the poor, one for orphans, and one for travelers. al-Baydawi (d. 1316) reported that Abu Hanifa held that the shares for the Prophet and his family ceased to exist after his death. These varying opinions among jurists within a single school reveal the confusion in the sources used to determine the distribution of khums and also the complexities arising from the extensive expansion of the Islamic empire.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Malikis</a> view the categories mentioned in Quran 8:41 as illustrative and consider the entire khums as <i>fay'</i>, to be allocated for the needs of Muslims at the discretion of the ruler, a position also supported by the Hanbali jurist <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> (d. 652/1254).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the ruler could choose to divide it evenly between the poor and the rich. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik</a> (d. 179/795), founder of the Maliki school of Sunni Islam, asserted that the ruler could, if he wished, allocate part of the khums to Muhammad's family.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Malikis also recommend that the distribution of khums should start with grants to members of the Banu Hashim.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Special allocations (<i>raḍkh</i>) of booty for slaves, women, and children participating in battle, who do not qualify as combatants, are distributed differently: according to the Hanafis from the total booty, according to the Shafi'is and Hanbalis from the four-fifths left after taking out the khums, and according to the Malikis from khums itself, although they generally disapprove of such allocations.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most later Muslim jurists agreed that the portion of the khums designated for Muhammad should be spent, among other things, to maintain the Muslim army and for the general good of the Muslims. These jurists also concurred that a portion of the khums should go to the "near relatives" of Muhammad, but they disagreed on who these rightful near relatives were, with some considering them to be the Banu Hashim only, and others including the Banu Muttalib with them.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shia_jurisprudence_(Ja'fari)"><span id="Shia_jurisprudence_.28Ja.27fari.29"></span>Shia jurisprudence (Ja'fari)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shia jurisprudence (Ja'fari)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Sunni <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">exegetes</a> consider Quran 8:41 to relate to war booty (<i>ghanīma</i>), Twelver and Zaydi scholars consider the phrase <i>annamā ghanimtum</i> ("what you acquire") to refer to wealth more generally.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to medieval Twelver Shia Muslim scholars Al-Tusi and Al-Hakim, seven items were subject to <i>khums</i> 20% tax:<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Al-ghanima</i>, booty seized during a raid and the spoils of war.</li> <li>The profit or the surplus of the income.</li> <li>The legitimately earned wealth which has become mixed with illegitimate wealth.</li> <li><i>Al-madin</i>, mines and mineral resources extracted anywhere within the Islamic state.</li> <li><i>Al-ghaws</i>, objects obtained from sea.</li> <li><i>Al-kanz</i>, treasure found.</li> <li>The land which is transferred to a non-Muslim <i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a></i> when the latter buys it from a Muslim, and which was previously acquired by the Islamic state by a treaty of surrender by the dhimmis.</li></ol> <p>Khums, in the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari</a> Shia tradition, is applied to the business profit, or surplus, of a business income. It is payable at the beginning of the financial year, though this is regarded as being the time at which the amount becomes clear. <i>Ghanima</i> and one-fifth tax of khums applies wherever gain or profit is involved. The Arabic word <i>ghanima</i> <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been interpreted to have several meanings:<sup id="cite_ref-ziml_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ziml-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>spoils of war, or war booty looted or confiscated from enemy / nonbelievers (of Islam)</li> <li>profit</li> <li>minerals or any other form of buried treasure</li></ol> <p>"Ghanima" has three meanings as mentioned above; the second meaning is illustrated by the common use of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic banking">Islamic banking</a> term "al-ghunm bil-ghurm" meaning "gains accompany liability for loss or risk"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 13th century Shia religion, the khums was divided into two portions. One portion went to the descendants of Muhammad, the other portion was divided equally with one part given to Imam and clergy, while the other part went to the orphaned and poor Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-jlep174_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jlep174-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The famous view of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">Faqihs</a> is that the Imam's portion (during the <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation (Islam)</a>) is used in the fields that the <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja' Taqlid</a> has outlined. The Imam would use it in those ways, such as reinforcing Islam and Seminary, promotion of Islam, building mosques in necessary situations, libraries and schools' affairs, assisting old people, and actually all blessing affairs in the order of their priority and their religious significance.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khums became a major source of income and financial independence for the clergy in Shia regions. This practice has continued among Shia Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Malik_2008_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malik_2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through a lengthy hadith recorded in <i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a></i>, Muhammad mentioned that those entitled to receive khums are his relatives whom Allah has mentioned in his words, "Warn your close relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the children of <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Muttalib">Abdul-Muttalib</a>, men and women. None of the other families of <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> or the Arabs or their slaves are lawful to receive Khums. The charities of the masses of people are lawful for their slaves to consume. One whose mother is from the family of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a> and his father from the masses of people, the charities are lawful for such person to consume. Such a person is not entitled to receive from khums "because Allah, the Most High has said, 'Call them by [the names of] their fathers'". <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kulayni2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulayni2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (October 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is narrated in <i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a></i> that Imam <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Kadhim">Musa al-Kadhim</a> would accept one <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirham</a> from the people, although he was one of the wealthiest in the city of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, to purify them. He compares this to Allah asking His creatures to lend to Him from their property, not because He is need, but rather it is His right as appointed guardian over His creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulayni2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulayni2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recipients">Recipients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recipients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Quran mentions, khums should be paid to:<sup id="cite_ref-Rizvi_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizvi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Allah: the share of Allah is devoted to the Prophet but some Sunni scholars believe that it should be devoted to the Prophet's relatives or Muslims in general</li> <li>The Messenger of Allah: the Shia considered it should be paid to the prophet's successor, after his death</li> <li>The near relative of the Messenger who the Shia know as Imam</li> <li>The orphans</li> <li>The needy</li> <li>Stranded travelers</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Khums_in_history">Khums in history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Khums in history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khums was practiced by Muslim commanders who raided African communities from the 8th century through the early 20th century. However, khums was treated as a concept and the share of booty transferred to the Islamic state was 50%. For example, in 1919, the West African Muslim ruler <a href="/wiki/Hamman_Yaji" title="Hamman Yaji">Hamman Yaji</a> recorded the following in his diary,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I raided the pagans of Rowa and captured 50 cattle and 33 slaves. We calculated my fifth share [khums] as 17 slaves and 25 cattle."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hamman Yaji, Translated by Humphrey Fisher<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Similarly, from 8th to 10th century, the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber people</a> in North Africa were treated as pagans, raided and the booty of seized wealth and slaves were subject to khums.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 8th century onwards, Southern Europe became a target of raids and military campaigns from Morocco and by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Sultanate</a>. After the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Cordoba</a> by Muslim armies, khums (20%) of all moveable booty seized from Christians and Jews after the war was transferred to the caliphal treasury, the rest was distributed among the commanders and Muslim soldiers of the invading army.<sup id="cite_ref-ps_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Musa Nusayr, the army commanders also set aside 20% of land vacated by non-Muslims to the caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-ps_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land that was surrendered by Christians and Jews, but not vacated, became subject to <i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i> payable by the <i>dhimmis</i>. However, Ibn Hazm states that Muslim soldiers did not set aside or pay khums from the looted property or riches from the annexed land, each kept the spoils for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-ps_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became one source of distrust and dispute between the Muslim rulers and clergy based in Africa and the new Caliphate of Cordoba in Southwestern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside Spain, <i>Ghanima</i> and <i>Fay</i> were sought from Muslim conquests in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasian</a> region of Europe. Khums was paid from all seized movable property to the caliphal treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 10th century through the 18th century, Muslim armies raided non-Muslim kingdoms of India. Some of these Muslim armies came from the northwest, consisting of Turko-Mongols, Persians and Afghans. In other times, these were commanders of <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>. War spoils and looted movable property from infidels (Hindus, Jains, Buddhists) was subject to khums.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20% tax was transferred to the treasury of the sultanate, and the 80% was distributed among the commanders, mounted soldiers and foot soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mounted soldiers were given two to three times as much of the war booty as the foot soldiers. The collected war booty from the treasuries and temples of Hindus were an incentive for war, and the Khums (<i>Ghanima</i> tax) was a source of wealth for the sultans in India.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One batch of loot was from <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a>, and it included the <a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor" title="Koh-i-Noor">Koh-i-Noor</a>, one of the largest known diamonds in human history.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qard_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qard al-Hassan">Qard al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">Kharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expeditions_of_Muhammad" title="List of expeditions of Muhammad">List of battles of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other religiously required taxes in Islam include <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">kharaj</a>, and <i>ushr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/59?startingVerse=7">59:7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3095">3095</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khums is mentioned in <i><a href="/wiki/Sahih" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih">Sahih</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, when the delegates of the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qays" title="Abd al-Qays">Abd al-Qays</a> met Muhammad and asked him for some advice, he told them to pay "Khums (i.e. one-fifth) of the war booty to Allah".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lower-alpha-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lower-alpha_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the terminology of Sunni Muslim jurists, <i>ghanīma</i> is distributed among all warriors but <i>anfāl</i> are awarded to those who excelled in battle. In this context, <i>anfāl</i> represent bonus shares that the ruler grants to certain warriors in addition to their standard portion of the booty. This promise of <i>anfāl</i> was made in advance to boost morale and enhance the fighting spirit of the army, thereby forming part of the ruler's military strategy. This practice of providing bonus shares is referred to as <i>tanfīl</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Banu Hashim and Banu Muttalib clans were descendants of <a href="/wiki/Abd_Manaf_ibn_Qusai" title="Abd Manaf ibn Qusai">Abd Manaf</a> through his two eponymous sons, Hashim and Muttalib.<sup id="cite_ref-as_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/26?startingVerse=214">26:214</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/33?startingVerse=5">33:5</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFA._ZysowR._Gleave2004" class="citation book cs1">A. Zysow; R. Gleave (2004). "KHUMS". In P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 12, Supplement</i> (2 ed.). Brill. pp. 531–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13974-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13974-5"><bdi>90-04-13974-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=KHUMS&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Vol.+12%2C+Supplement&rft.pages=531-5&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13974-5&rft.au=A.+Zysow&rft.au=R.+Gleave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhums" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-as-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdulaziz Sachedina (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/544332">Al-Khums: The Fifth in the Imāmī Shīʿī Legal System</a>, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct., 1980), pp. 275-289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ziml-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ziml_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ziml_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ziml_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zafar Iqbal and Mervyn Lewis, An Islamic Perspective on Governance, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847201386" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847201386">978-1847201386</a>, pp. 99-115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malik_2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malik_2008_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malik_2008_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2008" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Jamal (2008). <i>Islam in South Asia a short history</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 405–406, note 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16859-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16859-6"><bdi>978-90-04-16859-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+South+Asia+a+short+history&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=405-406%2C+note+6&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16859-6&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhums" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jlep174-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jlep174_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jlep174_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John L. Esposito (2004), The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195125597" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195125597">978-0195125597</a>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_F._March2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew F. March (2013). "constitutionalism". <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i>. 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Agarwal, Daan and Other Giving Traditions in India, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8191085402" title="Special:BookSources/978-8191085402">978-8191085402</a>, Chapter 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanselow1989" class="citation journal cs1">Fanselow, Frank (January 1989). "Muslim society in Tamil Nadu (India): an historical perspective". <i>Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal</i>. <b>10–1</b>: 264–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02666958908716118">10.1080/02666958908716118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs+Journal&rft.atitle=Muslim+society+in+Tamil+Nadu+%28India%29%3A+an+historical+perspective&rft.volume=10-1&rft.pages=264-289&rft.date=1989-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02666958908716118&rft.aulast=Fanselow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhums" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2007" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2007). <i>Medieval India: Pt. 1: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat 1206-1526</i>. Delhi: Har Anand Publications. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8124112670" title="Special:BookSources/978-8124112670"><bdi>978-8124112670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+Pt.+1%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+1206-1526&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=Har+Anand+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8124112670&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhums" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd Edition, Routledge, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15482-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15482-0">0-415-15482-0</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khums&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Khums" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Khums">Khums</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan Ṭūsī, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FO6CBMZU5xgC&pg=PA149">Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions</a></i>, p. 149, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Sections 12 and 13, pages 149-151; 11th Century Shia views on Khums, Ghana'im and Anfal</li> <li>Abdulaziz Sachedina, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct., 1980), pp. 275–289; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/544332">Al-Khums: The Fifth in the Imāmī Shīʿī Legal System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/khums-islamic-tax-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi">Khums, An Islamic Tax</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salatallayl.com/khums-calculator/">Khums Calculator</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khums&oldid=1257677436">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khums&oldid=1257677436</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_worship" title="Category:Islamic worship">Islamic worship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxation_in_Islam" title="Category:Taxation in Islam">Taxation in Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_words_and_phrases_in_Sharia" title="Category:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia">Arabic words and phrases in Sharia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sharia_legal_terminology" title="Category:Sharia legal terminology">Sharia legal terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from August 2020">Articles lacking reliable references from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_more_viewpoints_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles needing more viewpoints from August 2020">Articles needing more viewpoints from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Arabic IPA">Pages with Arabic IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from October 2024">Articles that may contain original research from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2015">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 03:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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