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id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc" class=""><span>Far un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Chad" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri" class=""><span>Crear un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Chad" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas non es 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connectar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Paginas pels editors non registrats. <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Mas_discussions" title="La pagina de discussion per aquesta adreça IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Geografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geografia_fisica_e_idrografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografia_fisica_e_idrografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Geografia fisica e idrografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografia_fisica_e_idrografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Clima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istòria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deis_originas_ai_reiaumes_chadians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deis_originas_ai_reiaumes_chadians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Deis originas ai reiaumes chadians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deis_originas_ai_reiaumes_chadians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_reiaumes_chadians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_reiaumes_chadians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lei reiaumes chadians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_reiaumes_chadians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lo_Reiaume_de_Kanem-Borno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_Reiaume_de_Kanem-Borno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Lo Reiaume de Kanem-Borno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_Reiaume_de_Kanem-Borno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_Reiaume_d'Oaddaï" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_Reiaume_d'Oaddaï"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Lo Reiaume d'Oaddaï</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_Reiaume_d'Oaddaï-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_Reiaume_de_Baguirmi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_Reiaume_de_Baguirmi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Lo Reiaume de Baguirmi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_Reiaume_de_Baguirmi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_coloniau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_coloniau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lo periòde coloniau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_coloniau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_Chad_independent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_Chad_independent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lo Chad independent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_Chad_independent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_de_François_N'Garta_Tombaldaye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_de_François_N'Garta_Tombaldaye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Lo periòde de François N'Garta Tombaldaye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_de_François_N'Garta_Tombaldaye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_Félix_Mayoum_a_Hissène_Habré" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Félix_Mayoum_a_Hissène_Habré"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>De Félix Mayoum a Hissène Habré</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Félix_Mayoum_a_Hissène_Habré-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_d'Idriss_Déby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_d'Idriss_Déby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Lo periòde d'Idriss Déby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_d'Idriss_Déby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 253 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-253" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">253 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - atjeh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="atjeh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - adigué" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigué" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%B5" title="ቻድ - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cead" title="Cead - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cead" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1" title="चैड - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चैड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%AB%DC%90%DC%95" title="ܬܫܐܕ - arameu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܫܐܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد - arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcada" title="Tcada - kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tcada" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - balinés" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cads" title="Čads - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čads" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad - betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad - bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆཱ་ཌ། - tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆཱ་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ - bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%9Bad" title="Tśad - cebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tśad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%97" title="ᏣᏗ - cheroqui" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cheroqui" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - còrs" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="còrs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiad" title="Tsiad - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad - dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad - baix sòrab" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="baix sòrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9D%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ޝާދު - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޝާދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyadi" title="Tsyadi - ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tsyadi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τσαντ - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ado" title="Ĉado - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caadi" title="Caadi - ful" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Caadi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="ful" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="article recomanat"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjad" title="Kjad - feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kjad" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sead" title="Sead - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sead" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - gagaús" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagaús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Siad" title="An t-Siad - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Siad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1de" title="Cháde - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Cháde" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%A1" title="ચૅડ - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચૅડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - gurenne" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="gurenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad" title="Shad - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shad" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi" title="Cadi - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cadi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%93" title="צ'אד - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'אד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - naut sorab" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="naut sorab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1d" title="Csád - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Չադ - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad" title="Tjad - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tjad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89" title="チャド - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcad" title="tcad - lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcad" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%8Dad" title="Ččad - cabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ččad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad%C9%A9" title="Caadɩ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caadɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad" title="Caad - tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Caad" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasadi" title="Tasadi - kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Tasadi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - kikuiu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A" title="ឆាដ - cambojian" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆាដ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="cambojian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಾಡ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%93%9C" title="차드 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadia" title="Tzadia - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tzadia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - ladin" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - lígur" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - ladí" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsadi" title="Tsadi - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tsadi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດຊາດ - laosian" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຊາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadas" title="Čadas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cada" title="Čada - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čada" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - madurès" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - mordovià moksa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mordovià moksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsady" title="Tsady - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsady" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ta" title="Kāta - maòri" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kāta" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maòri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഛാഡ് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛാഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B)" title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ) - manipurí" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aad" title="Ċad - maltés" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ċad" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade - mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - sotho septentrional" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9%C3%ADb%C4%85%C4%85h_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah - navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaad" title="Chaad - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaad" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - osseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1" title="ਚਾਡ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhad" title="Jhad - pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Jhad" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad - pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - papiament" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiament" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - pidgin de Nigèria" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="pidgin de Nigèria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chade" title="Chade - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat" title="Chat - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chat" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - romanch" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cade" title="Cade - ruandès" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Cade" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड - sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A0d" title="Ciàd - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ciàd" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%8A" title="چاڊ - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چاڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - sami septentrional" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2de" title="Sâde - sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sâde" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcad" title="Tcad - taixelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tcad" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="taixelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BB%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ - xan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="xan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="චෑඩ් - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෑඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad - sami d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhi" title="Chadhi - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chadhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad" title="Jad - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87adi" title="Çadi - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çadi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShedi" title="IShedi - swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IShedi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - soto del sud" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="soto del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad - saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad - silesià" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="சாட் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D" title="చాద్ - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చాద్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade - tètum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tètum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="ประเทศชาด - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศชาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - turcmèn" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcmèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad - talix" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد - oigor" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="oigor" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad - flamenc occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamenc occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad%C3%A4n" title="Tjadän - volapuc" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tjadän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchade" title="Tchade - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchade" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadd" title="Cadd - wòlof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Cadd" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wòlof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%93_(%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93)" title="טשאד (לאנד) - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשאד (לאנד)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaod" title="Tsjaod - zelandès" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tsjaod" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9B%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7" title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ - amazic estàndard marroquí" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazic estàndard marroquí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITshedi" title="ITshedi - zólo" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITshedi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zólo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina non existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chad"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bóstia d'aisinas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bóstia d'aisinas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aisinas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai d'opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chad"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=history"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General - Generau </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Paginas_ligadas/Chad" title="Lista de las paginas ligadas a aquesta. [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Paginas connèxas</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguit_dels_ligams/Chad" rel="nofollow" title="Lista dels darrièrs cambiaments de las paginas ligadas a aquesta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Seguiment dels ligams</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=oc" title="Mandar un imatge o fichièr mèdia sul servidor [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Importar un fichièr</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&oldid=2416692" title="Ligam permanent cap a aquesta version de la pagina"><span>Ligam permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=info" title="Mai d’informacion sus aquesta pagina"><span>Informacion sus la pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Chad&id=2416692&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacions sus cossí citar aquesta pagina"><span>Citar aqueste article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Foc.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChad"><span>Obténer una URL acorchida</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Foc.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChad"><span>Telecargar lo còdi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir / exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Chad"><span>Crear un libre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chad&action=show-download-screen"><span>Telecargar coma PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&printable=yes" title="Version imprimibla d'aquesta pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Imprimir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dins d'autres projèctes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tchad" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657" title="Ligam cap a l’element de referencial de las donadas connectadas [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparéncia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparéncia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l'enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2459348">.mw-parser-output .infobox{background:#f9f9f9;color:#000;font-size:90%;line-height:1.6em;float:right;clear:right;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;width:22.5em;border:1px solid #c2c2c1;border-spacing:5px}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:super;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #c2c2c1}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #e7e7e7}}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedtoprow,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedtoprow{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedrow,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedrow{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedbottomrow,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedbottomrow{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-text{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2459348" /> <table class="infobox infobox infobox geografia vcard" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">Chad <div style="padding-top: 0.25em;font-weight:normal"><i>République du Tchad</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><div style="display:grid; grid-template-columns:auto 50%; align-items:center; text-align:center;"> <div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/120px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/180px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/240px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="599" /></a></span> </div> <div><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165811" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q165811">Bandièra</a></div> <div><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188084" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q188084">Escut d'armas</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><center><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Localizacion"><img alt="Localizacion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/540px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></span><figcaption>Localizacion</figcaption></figure></center></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold">Capitala<div class="ib-geografia-text">e ciutat mai granda</div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a><br /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" title="Mapas, vistas aerianas, etc."><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=oc&pagename=Chad&params=15.46667_N_19.4_E_"><span class="h-geo geo-dms"><data class="p-latitude" value="15.46667">15° 28′ 00″ N</data>, <data class="p-longitude" value="19.4">19° 24′ 00″ E</data></span></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold">Forma de govèrn</div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right">Republica jos junta militara</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_dels_presidents_de_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista dels presidents de Chad (la pagina existís pas)">President del conselh militar de transicion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lista_dels_primi%C3%A8rs_ministres_de_Chad" title="Lista dels primièrs ministres de Chad">Primièr ministre</a></div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/Mahamat_Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Mahamat Idriss Déby">Mahamat Idriss Déby</a><br /><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succ%C3%A8s_Masra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Succès Masra (la pagina existís pas)">Succès Masra</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text">• Totala </div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right">1 284 000 <abbr title="quilometre(s) carrat(s)">km²</abbr></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text">• Aiga </div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><span class="nowrap">1,9 %</span> %</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Populacion" title="Populacion">Populacion</a></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/Lista_dels_pa%C3%AFses_per_populacion" title="Lista dels païses per populacion">66<sup>en</sup></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text">• Totala (2023)</div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right">18 523 165 ab.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Produch_interior_brut" title="Produch interior brut">PIB</a></b> (2023)</div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right">12,596 miliards <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda">Moneda</a></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right">Franc CFA (<code>XAF</code>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Lista_dels_indicatius_telefonics_internacionals_per_pa%C3%ADs" title="Lista dels indicatius telefonics internacionals per país">Indicatiu telefonic</a></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right">235</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166</a></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right">TD</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Domeni_de_primi%C3%A8r_niv%C3%A8l" title="Domeni de primièr nivèl">Domeni internet</a></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/.td" title=".td">.td</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chad</b>, oficialament la <b>Republica de Chad</b> (en <a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">francés</a>: <i>République du Tchad</i>; en <a href="/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi">arabi</a>: جمهورية تشاد), es un Estat d'<a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> Centrala qu'a pas cap de frontièra maritima, mas a la frontièra lacustra del <a href="/wiki/Lac_Chad" title="Lac Chad">lac Chad</a> al sud-oèst. Confronta <a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a> al nòrd, <a href="/wiki/Sodan" title="Sodan">Sodan</a> a l'èst, la <a href="/wiki/Republica_Centrafricana" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica Centrafricana">Republica Centrafricana</a> al sud, <a href="/wiki/Cameron" title="Cameron">Cameron</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nig%C3%A8r_(pa%C3%ADs)" title="Nigèr (país)">Nigèr</a> al sud-oèst e <a href="/wiki/Nig%C3%A8ria" title="Nigèria">Nigèria</a> a l'oèst. </p><p>La capitala es <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>. </p><p>Lo gentilici es <b>chadian -a</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografia">Geografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Geografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Geografia"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geografia_fisica_e_idrografia">Geografia fisica e idrografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Geografia fisica e idrografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Geografia fisica e idrografia"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chad es un país d'aperaquí 1,284 milion de quilomètres carrats que si situa entre lei latituds 7° e 24° N e lei longituds 13° e 24° E. A la particularitat d'èsser enclavat en <a href="/wiki/Sah%C3%A8l" title="Sahèl">Sahèl</a> e la distància entre sa capitala, <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, e lo pòrt pus pròche, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Douala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douala (la pagina existís pas)">Douala</a>, es de 1 700 quilomètres. La partida nòrd dau país fai partida de <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. Amb de precipitacions inferioras a 200 mm, es una region seca, pauc poblada e dominada per de relèus coma lo plan d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ennedi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ennedi (la pagina existís pas)">Ennedi</a> a l'èst ò lo massís de <a href="/wiki/Tibesti" title="Tibesti">Tibesti</a> au nòrd. D'origina <a href="/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan">volcanica</a>, lei montanhas de Tibesti cuerbon una superficia de 75 000 km². Sa cima pus auta, <a href="/wiki/Emi_Koussi" title="Emi Koussi">Emi Koussi</a>, es un volcan amorçat de 3 415 m d'altitud. Es tanben la cima pus auta dau territòri chadian. </p><p>La region centrala de Chad es constituïda per un platèu prefondament cavat per lei vaus de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logone (la pagina existís pas)">Logone</a> e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chari (la pagina existís pas)">Chari</a>, dos corrents d'aiga que si gitan dins lo <a href="/wiki/Lac_Chad" title="Lac Chad">lac Chad</a>. Aquelei flumes provènon de regions umidas de <a href="/wiki/Centrafrica" title="Centrafrica">Centrafrica</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Cameron" title="Cameron">Cameron</a>. Lei precipitacions dins la region son tanben pus importantas (entre 200 e 800 mm), çò que permet lo mantenement d'una <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A8pa" title="Estèpa">estèpa</a>. Lo <a href="/wiki/Lac_Chad" title="Lac Chad">lac Chad</a> es la formacion <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">geologica</a> principala de la zòna. Es lo vestigi d'un lac <a href="/wiki/Endore%C3%AFsme" title="Endoreïsme">endoreïc</a> que curbiá una superficia de 300 000 km² fai 7 000 ans (còntra 17 800 km² en 2020). </p><p>La partida sud dau territòri chadian es una region plana e <a href="/wiki/Argiela" class="mw-redirect" title="Argiela">argielosa</a>. Durant la sason dei pluèias, de paluns provisòris i ocupan de superficias importantas e geinan considerablament lei desplaçaments. Pasmens, lei precipitacions i permèton l'<a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a>. Es donc dins aquela region que s'obsèrvan lei densitats de populacion pus importantas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clima">Clima</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Clima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Clima"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Chad_-_Clima.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chad_-_Clima.png/250px-Chad_-_Clima.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chad_-_Clima.png/330px-Chad_-_Clima.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chad_-_Clima.png/500px-Chad_-_Clima.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Clima de Chad segon la classificacion de Köppen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chad es un país fòrça caud e eissuch. Au nòrd, lo clima es dominat per <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> e es de tipe desertic caud amb de precipitacions inferioras a 200 mm (e de còps inferioras a 10 mm). Au centre, en <a href="/wiki/Sah%C3%A8l" title="Sahèl">Sahèl</a>, lo clima es semidesertic, amb de precipitacions compresas entre 200 e 600 mm amb doas sasons eissuchas (« freja » en decembre-genier, cauda en abriu-junh) e una sason umida de dos a quatre mes. Enfin, lo sud es pus umide amb un caractèr <a href="/wiki/Clima_tropicau" class="mw-redirect" title="Clima tropicau">tropicau</a> marcat e de precipitacions anant de 600 a 1 000 mm (fins a 1 200 mm dins lo sud-oèst). La temperatura es auta e aganta sovent de valors maximalas de 43-44 °C. La sason umida i pòt durar sièis mes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Istòria"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deis_originas_ai_reiaumes_chadians">Deis originas ai reiaumes chadians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Deis originas ai reiaumes chadians" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Deis originas ai reiaumes chadians"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dempuei la descubèrta en <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a> e en <a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a> de rèstas d'ominides datant respectivament de 3,6 e de 7 milions d'<a href="/wiki/Annada" title="Annada">annadas</a>, lo territòri chadian es considerat coma un dei brèç de l'espècia umana. Ansin, lo país es una zòna de poblament uman anciana qu'assosta un patrimòni <a href="/wiki/Pre%C3%AFst%C3%B2ria" title="Preïstòria">preïstoric</a> important. D'efèct, d'aqueu temps, la region aviá un clima relativament umide que permetiá l'existéncia d'una fauna florissenta. L'usatge de la <a href="/wiki/Terralha" title="Terralha">terralha</a> i foguèt probablament anterior a la vau de <a href="/wiki/Nil" title="Nil">Nil</a> e lo pòble chadian es benlèu lo rèire de plusieurs pòbles africans que migrèron per la seguida vèrs lo sud dau <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>. Pasmens, aqueu desvolopament precòç foguèt rapidament limitat per l'avançada dau <a href="/wiki/Des%C3%A8rt" title="Desèrt">desèrt</a>. En parallèl, la superficia dau <a href="/wiki/Lac_Chad" title="Lac Chad">Lac Chad</a> (un milion de quilomètres carrats i a 6 000 ans) demeniguèt pauc a pauc segon un procès fòrça irregular<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lei_reiaumes_chadians">Lei reiaumes chadians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei reiaumes chadians" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Lei reiaumes chadians"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A la fin dau millenari I ap. JC, lo desvolopament dau comèrci transsaharian, la produccion agricòla e la demografia permetèron l'aparicion d'estats vertadiers en Chad. Situats au sud dei regions <a href="/wiki/Des%C3%A8rt" title="Desèrt">deserticas</a>, demorèron independents fins a la colonizacion <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francesa</a> e son a l'origina d'una partida importanta deis autoritats tradicionalas totjorn en plaça a l'ora d'ara. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_Reiaume_de_Kanem-Borno">Lo Reiaume de Kanem-Borno</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo Reiaume de Kanem-Borno" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Lo Reiaume de Kanem-Borno"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Reiaume_de_Kanem-Borno" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiaume de Kanem-Borno">Reiaume de Kanem-Borno</a>.</div> <p>Centrat sus lo <a href="/wiki/Lac_Chad" title="Lac Chad">Lac Chad</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Reiaume_de_Kanem-Borno" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiaume de Kanem-Borno">Reiaume de Kanem-Borno</a> pòrta diferents noms per destriar lei periòdes diferents de son istòria : Reiaume de Kanem entre sa creacion e <a href="/wiki/1395" class="mw-redirect" title="1395">1395</a>, Reiaume de Borno entre <a href="/wiki/1395" class="mw-redirect" title="1395">1395</a> e lo sègle XVI e Reiaume de Kanem-Borno entre lo sègle XVI e sa disparicion en <a href="/wiki/1900" class="mw-redirect" title="1900">1900</a>. Pasmens, es ben lo meteis estat. </p><p>Sa formacion se debanèt dins lo corrent dau sègle VIII e foguèt l'òbra dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanembu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanembu (la pagina existís pas)">Kanembu</a>, un pòble nomada <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">saharaian</a>. Dirigits per de sobeirans dichs <i>mai</i>, s'islamizèt rapidament e assaièt de s'estendèt a l'entorn dau <a href="/wiki/Lac_Chad" title="Lac Chad">Lac Chad</a>. Durant lo rèine de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunama_Dabbalemi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunama Dabbalemi (la pagina existís pas)">Dunama Dabbalemi</a> (<a href="/wiki/1221" class="mw-redirect" title="1221">1221</a>-<a href="/wiki/1259" class="mw-redirect" title="1259">1259</a>) teniá lo contraròtle dei rets caravanièrs dau <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> Centrau e ocupava <a href="/wiki/Tibesti" title="Tibesti">Tibesti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> e una partida d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oadda%C3%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oaddaï (la pagina existís pas)">Oaddaï</a>. Pasmens, après sa mòrt, una crisi de succession fragmentèt lo reiaume. Au sègle XIV, Kanem foguèt tanben menaçat per d'invasions de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sao (la pagina existís pas)">Sao</a> e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulala (la pagina existís pas)">Bulala</a>. Ansin, en <a href="/wiki/1385" class="mw-redirect" title="1385">1385</a>, lo <i>mai</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daud (la pagina existís pas)">Daud</a> (<a href="/wiki/1377" class="mw-redirect" title="1377">1377</a>-<a href="/wiki/1385" class="mw-redirect" title="1385">1385</a>) perdiguèt sa <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Njimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Njimi (la pagina existís pas)">Njimi</a>, foguèt tuat per lei Bulala. </p><p>Lei subrevivents de la dinastia se restabliguèron sus la riba oèst dau <a href="/wiki/Lac_Chad" title="Lac Chad">Lac Chad</a> onte restaurèron un estat centralizat (dich Reiaume de Borno). En <a href="/wiki/1460" class="mw-redirect" title="1460">1460</a>, lo mai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Dunamami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Dunamami (la pagina existís pas)">Ali Dunamami</a> capitèt de prendre l'avantatge sus seis adversaris e fondèt una capitala ben fortificada dicha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngazargamu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngazargamu (la pagina existís pas)">Ngazargamu</a>. A partir d'aquela posicion, son successor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idris_Katakarmabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idris Katakarmabe (la pagina existís pas)">Idris Katakarmabe</a> (<a href="/wiki/1487" class="mw-redirect" title="1487">1487</a>-<a href="/wiki/1509" class="mw-redirect" title="1509">1509</a>) capitèt de reconquistar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Njimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Njimi (la pagina existís pas)">Njimi</a>. Puei, durant lo rèine d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idris_Aluma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idris Aluma (la pagina existís pas)">Idris Aluma</a> (<a href="/wiki/1564" class="mw-redirect" title="1564">1564</a>-<a href="/wiki/1596" class="mw-redirect" title="1596">1596</a>) tornèt ocupar son territòri d'origina. Lo reiaume prenguèt alora lo nom de Reiaume de Kanem-Borno. </p><p>Gràcias a sa posicion estrategica entre lei rets comerciaus d'Africa de l'Oèst e d'Africa de l'Èst, Kanem-Borno demorèt una poissança importanta fins au començament dau sègle XVIII. Pasmens, lo declin dei rotas marchandas transsaharianas demeniguèt a cha pauc sa fòrça militara. Ansin, au sègle XIX, aguèt de dificultats fòrça importantas per arrestar leis atacas dau <a href="/wiki/Califat_de_Sokoto" title="Califat de Sokoto">Califat de Sokoto</a>. Puei, de conflictes dinastics contunièron de l'afeblir. Aprofichant aquelei trèbols, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabih_az-Zubayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabih az-Zubayr (la pagina existís pas)">Rabih az-Zubayr</a> ne prenguèt lo contraròtle en <a href="/wiki/1893" class="mw-redirect" title="1893">1893</a>. Pasmens, poguèt pas ne redreiçar la poissança e sa desfacha còntra <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Kouss%C3%A9ri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Kousséri (la pagina existís pas)">batalha de Kousséri</a> entraïnèt la disparicion dau reiaume en <a href="/wiki/1900" class="mw-redirect" title="1900">1900</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_Reiaume_d'Oaddaï"><span id="Lo_Reiaume_d.27Oadda.C3.AF"></span>Lo Reiaume d'Oaddaï</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo Reiaume d'Oaddaï" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Lo Reiaume d'Oaddaï"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reiaume_d%27Oadda%C3%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reiaume d'Oaddaï (la pagina existís pas)">Reiaume d'Oaddaï</a>.</div> <p>Lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reiaume_d%27Oadda%C3%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reiaume d'Oaddaï (la pagina existís pas)">Reiaume d'Oaddaï</a> èra situat au sud-èst dau Chad actuau. Foguèt creat en <a href="/wiki/1635" class="mw-redirect" title="1635">1635</a> quand un aventurier dich <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_Al_Karim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd Al Karim (la pagina existís pas)">Abd Al Karim</a> capitèt de federar divèrsei pòbles locaus sota son autoritat per sometre lei Tunjur que dominavan la region. Prenguèt rapidament lo contraròtle de certanei rotas caravanieras de <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> e lei revenguts marchands assegurèron son desvolopament. Au sègle XIX, aprofichant lo declin de Kanem-Borno, venguèt la principala poissança de la region gràcias a la creacion d'una rota novèla entre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ennebi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ennebi (la pagina existís pas)">Ennebi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bengazi" title="Bengazi">Bengazi</a>. Aquò li permetèt de batre la sieuna moneda e d'importar d'armas e de tecnologias modèrnas. Pasmens, au començament dau sègle XX, Oaddaï se turtèt a <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> que conquistèt lo reiaume a l'eissida d'una guèrra que durèt de <a href="/wiki/1909" class="mw-redirect" title="1909">1909</a> a <a href="/wiki/1912" class="mw-redirect" title="1912">1912</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_Reiaume_de_Baguirmi">Lo Reiaume de Baguirmi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo Reiaume de Baguirmi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Lo Reiaume de Baguirmi"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo Reiaume de Baguirmi es un estat mau conegut, fondat au sègle XVI, entre Kanem-Borno e Oaddaï. Sa <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a> èra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass%C3%A9nya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massénya (la pagina existís pas)">Massénya</a> e sei sobeirans avián lo títol de <i>mbang</i>. Lo sultan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malo (la pagina existís pas)">Malo</a> (<a href="/wiki/1546" class="mw-redirect" title="1546">1546</a>-<a href="/wiki/1568" class="mw-redirect" title="1568">1568</a>) organizèt un estat centralizat e foguèt benlèu a l'origina de la conversion a l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> de la region. Lo comèrci deis esclaus venguèt rapidament la basa de l'economia dau sultanat que foguèt successivament vassau de sei dos vesins pus poderós. En <a href="/wiki/1897" class="mw-redirect" title="1897">1897</a>, demandèt la proteccion de <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> e ne venguèt un <a href="/wiki/Protectorat" title="Protectorat">protectorat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_periòde_coloniau"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_coloniau"></span>Lo periòde coloniau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde coloniau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Lo periòde coloniau"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A la fin dau sègle XIX, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> comencèt de s'interessar a Chad per de rasons estrategicas. De mai, lei Francés s'inquietavan deis ambicions de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabih_az-Zubayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabih az-Zubayr (la pagina existís pas)">Rabih az-Zubayr</a>, marchand e aventurier d'origina <a href="/wiki/Sodan" title="Sodan">sodanesa</a>, que capitèt de reünir una armada de 35 000 òmes ben equipats e disciplinats. Amb aquela fòrça, arrestèt una expedicion <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francesa</a> mandada dins la region en <a href="/wiki/1891" class="mw-redirect" title="1891">1891</a> e prenguèt lo contraròtle de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baguirmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baguirmi (la pagina existís pas)">Baguirmi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Reiaume_de_Kanem-Borno" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiaume de Kanem-Borno">Kanem-Borno</a> en <a href="/wiki/1893" class="mw-redirect" title="1893">1893</a>. Pasmens, en <a href="/wiki/1899" class="mw-redirect" title="1899">1899</a>, après la revirada d'una segonda expedicion, lei Francés decidèron de concentrar de mejans importants còntra Chad e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabih_az-Zubayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabih az-Zubayr (la pagina existís pas)">Rabih</a> foguèt vencut e tuat en <a href="/wiki/1900" class="mw-redirect" title="1900">1900</a>. Puei, l'armada francesa conquistèt lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reiaume_d%27Oadda%C3%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reiaume d'Oaddaï (la pagina existís pas)">Reiaume d'Oaddaï</a> en <a href="/wiki/1909" class="mw-redirect" title="1909">1909</a>-<a href="/wiki/1912" class="mw-redirect" title="1912">1912</a> e acabèt la pacificacion dau sud en <a href="/wiki/1913" class="mw-redirect" title="1913">1913</a>. Dins lo nòrd, la dominacion francesa èra effectiva en <a href="/wiki/1916" class="mw-redirect" title="1916">1916</a> mai de combats contunièron durant leis annadas seguentas. Lei regions septentrionalas gardèron ansin un estatut militar fins a <a href="/wiki/1964" class="mw-redirect" title="1964">1964</a>. </p><p>Après la conquista, maugrat l'interès dei militars per la posicion centrala de Chad en <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, la metropòli s'interessèt gaire au desvolopament de la region que demorèt paura. Dins aquò, introduguèron la cultura de <a href="/wiki/Coton" title="Coton">coton</a> dins lo sud. Lei frontieras foguèron fixadas en <a href="/wiki/1936" class="mw-redirect" title="1936">1936</a>. Après la <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala">Segonda Guèrra Mondiala</a>, de reformas donèron mai d'autonòmia au territòri que veguèt l'aparicion d'una vida politica locala. Foguèt inicialament dominada per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lisette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Lisette (la pagina existís pas)">Gabriel Lisette</a> fondator dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partit_Progressista_Chadian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partit Progressista Chadian (la pagina existís pas)">Partit Progressista Chadian</a> (PPT). Pasmens, en <a href="/wiki/1959" class="mw-redirect" title="1959">1959</a>, perdiguèt leis eleccions au profiech de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_N%27Garta_Tombalbaye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François N'Garta Tombalbaye (la pagina existís pas)">François N'Garta Tombalbaye</a> que menèt lo país a l'<a href="/wiki/Independ%C3%A9ncia" title="Independéncia">independéncia</a> en <a href="/wiki/1960" class="mw-redirect" title="1960">1960</a> dins l'encastre dau desengatjament african de <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_Chad_independent">Lo Chad independent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo Chad independent" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Lo Chad independent"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_periòde_de_François_N'Garta_Tombaldaye"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_de_Fran.C3.A7ois_N.27Garta_Tombaldaye"></span>Lo periòde de François N'Garta Tombaldaye</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde de François N'Garta Tombaldaye" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Lo periòde de François N'Garta Tombaldaye"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_N%27Garta_Tombaldaye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François N'Garta Tombaldaye (la pagina existís pas)">Tombaldaye</a> gardèt lo poder fins a <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>. Metèt en plaça un regime fòrça autoritari ambé lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partit_Progressista_Chadian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partit Progressista Chadian (la pagina existís pas)">PPT</a> coma <a href="/wiki/Partit_politic" title="Partit politic">partit</a> unic (<a href="/wiki/1963" class="mw-redirect" title="1963">1963</a>). Dins aquò, mau capitèt d'obtenir lo sostèn de la populacion. En particular, leis abitants dau nòrd, ostils ai foncionaris originaris dau sud nomats per lo <a href="/wiki/Gov%C3%A8rn" title="Govèrn">govèrn</a>, èran fòrça maucontents. Puei, l'oposicion ganhèt tota la populacion <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulmana</a> que se revoutèt en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oadda%C3%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oaddaï (la pagina existís pas)">Oaddaï</a> en <a href="/wiki/1967" class="mw-redirect" title="1967">1967</a> e dins lei regions septentrionalas en <a href="/wiki/1968" class="mw-redirect" title="1968">1968</a>. Un còrs expedicionari <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francés</a> empachèt la desfacha dau govèrn mai leis insurgents, gropats au sen dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%B2nt_de_Liberacion_Nacionala_de_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frònt de Liberacion Nacionala de Chad (la pagina existís pas)">Frònt de Liberacion Nacionala de Chad</a> (Frolinat) poguèron se retirar en <a href="/wiki/Sodan" title="Sodan">Sodan</a>. Quatre ans pus tard, <a href="/wiki/Moammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Moammar al-Gaddafi">Moammar al-Gaddafi</a> aprofichèt aquela situacion caotica per ocupar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aozou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aozou (la pagina existís pas)">Aozou</a> qu'èra l'objècte de revendicacions libianas dempuei l'<a href="/wiki/Independ%C3%A9ncia" title="Independéncia">independéncia</a> dei dos país. Enfin, un grop de militars lassats de la situacion reversèt lo president e lo tuèt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="De_Félix_Mayoum_a_Hissène_Habré"><span id="De_F.C3.A9lix_Mayoum_a_Hiss.C3.A8ne_Habr.C3.A9"></span>De Félix Mayoum a Hissène Habré</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : De Félix Mayoum a Hissène Habré" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: De Félix Mayoum a Hissène Habré"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>, un conseu militar prenguèt la direccion de Chad. <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Malloum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix Malloum (la pagina existís pas)">Félix Malloum</a>, eissit de la rebellion dau sud, n'èra la figura principala. Pasmens, son autoritat foguèt constestada per lei <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulmans</a>. En <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a>, sostenguda per <a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a>, lo Frolinat comencèt donc de luchar tornarmai còntra lo regime novèu. En parallèl, un autre movement ostil au <a href="/wiki/Generau" title="Generau">generau</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Malloum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix Malloum (la pagina existís pas)">Malloum</a> se formèt (lei Fòrças Armadas dau Nòrd, FAN) a l'iniciativa de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hissène Habré (la pagina existís pas)">Hissène Habré</a>, un nacionalista chadian ostil ai Libians. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a>, lo Frolinat menacèt <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> mai l'armada <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francesa</a> mandèt una fòrça per protegir la <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a> e arrestar leis insurgents. Dins aquelei circonstàncias, <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Malloum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix Malloum (la pagina existís pas)">Malloum</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hissène Habré (la pagina existís pas)">Habré</a> s'alièron. Dins aquò, aquel acòrd durèt gaire e leis annadas <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>-<a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a> veguèron mai d'un cambiament de camp de part dei personalitats politicas principalas. En <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hissène Habré (la pagina existís pas)">Hissène Habré</a> capitèt d'eliminar <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Malloum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix Malloum (la pagina existís pas)">Malloum</a> gràcias a una aliança ambé <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goukouni_Ouedde%C3%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goukouni Oueddeï (la pagina existís pas)">Goukouni Oueddeï</a> (cap insurgent de <a href="/wiki/Tibesti" title="Tibesti">Tibesti</a>) e de caps dau sud. L'annada seguenta, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goukouni_Ouedde%C3%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goukouni Oueddeï (la pagina existís pas)">Goukouni Oueddeï</a> prenguèt lo contraròtle de <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goukouni_Ouedde%C3%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goukouni Oueddeï (la pagina existís pas)">Goukouni</a>, favorable ai Libians, mau capitèt d'obtenir lo sostèn de la populacion e en <a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a>, son projècte d'union de Chad ambé <a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a> se turtèt a l'ostilitat de la comunautat internacionala. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hissène Habré (la pagina existís pas)">Hissène Habré</a> recebèt alora un important sostèn francés que li permetèt de tornar conquistar la capitala en <a href="/wiki/1982" class="mw-redirect" title="1982">1982</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goukouni_Ouedde%C3%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goukouni Oueddeï (la pagina existís pas)">Goukouni Oueddeï</a> assaièt de reprendre lo contraròtle de Chad en <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a> e en <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a> mai sei temptativas, largament sostengudas per l'armada libiana, se turtèron a una viva resisténcia francochadiana. En <a href="/wiki/1987" class="mw-redirect" title="1987">1987</a>, foguèt lo torn dei Libians d'atacar mai lei Chadians capitèron de lei rebutar. </p><p>Pasmens, maugrat sei succès militaras, lo regime dictatoriau de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hissène Habré (la pagina existís pas)">Hissène Habré</a>, fòrça autoritari e repressiu, mau contentava la populacion. En <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>, son cap d'Estat-Major, <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>, se revoutèt e obtenguèt lo sostèn de <a href="/wiki/Sodan" title="Sodan">Sodan</a>. I fondèt lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Movement_Patriotic_dau_Salut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Movement Patriotic dau Salut (la pagina existís pas)">Movement Patriotic dau Salut</a> (MPS) que passèt a l'ofensiva en <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>. Aqueu còp, <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París">París</a> refusèt d'intervenir e <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> prenguèt lo poder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_periòde_d'Idriss_Déby"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_d.27Idriss_D.C3.A9by"></span>Lo periòde d'Idriss Déby</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde d'Idriss Déby" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Lo periòde d'Idriss Déby"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chad foguèt dirigit entre <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> e <a href="/wiki/2021" class="mw-redirect" title="2021">2021</a> per <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> qu'instaurèt a son torn un regime fòrça autoritari amb una façada democratica. Aquò foncionèt ben fins a <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> que permetèt de restablir la patz dins lo país. D'efèct, en <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Déby</a> acceptèt d'associar una partida de l'oposicion au <a href="/wiki/Gov%C3%A8rn" title="Govèrn">govèrn</a> e desvolopèt la produccion <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petroliera</a> per aumentar lei revenguts de l'Estat. Pasmens, a partir de <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>, de modificacions constitucionalas destinadas a li donar la possibilitat de se presentar tornarmai a l'eleccion presidenciala e la corrupcion fòrça importanta de son clan entraïnèron la formacion de rebellions novèlas. </p><p>Sostengudas per <a href="/wiki/Sodan" title="Sodan">Sodan</a>, plusors guerilhas ataquèron lo regime dins lei regions orientalas e li infligiguèron una tiera de desfachas. Pasmens, gràcias a una ajuda <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">francesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> capitèt de blocar leis atacas còntra la capitala e de rebutar lei rebèls en <a href="/wiki/2008" class="mw-redirect" title="2008">2008</a>. La conflicte se reglèt finalament en <a href="/wiki/2010" class="mw-redirect" title="2010">2010</a> ambé la signatura d'acòrds de patz favorizats per un melhorament dei relacions entre Chad e <a href="/wiki/Sodan" title="Sodan">Sodan</a>. Après aquela guèrra, assaièt sensa succès de s'opausar a l'intervencion occidentala en <a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a> per defugir l'arribada de mercenaris sensa emplech dins lo nòrd de Chad. En <a href="/wiki/2012" class="mw-redirect" title="2012">2012</a>, organizèt una operacion importanta per luchar còntra la corrupcion qu'a agantat de proporcions sensa precedents dins lo país. Enfin, se preocupa de la question environamentala pausada per la disparicion progressiva dau <a href="/wiki/Lac_Chad" title="Lac Chad">Lac Chad</a>. Dins aquò, lo regime demòra fòrça autoritari coma lo mòstra la repression rapida de manifestacions en <a href="/wiki/2016" class="mw-redirect" title="2016">2016</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura">Cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=15" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Cultura"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=16" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Liames intèrnes"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=17" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Bibliografia"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit&section=18" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lei variacions de superficia dau Lac Chad dins lo corrent dau temps son fòrça importantas. D'efèct, se vèrs 4 000 av. JC, formava una mar interiora d'un milion de quilomètres carrats, aviá una dimension similara a sa situacion actuala (aperaquí 2 400 km²) en <a href="/wiki/-1000" class="mw-redirect" title="-1000">1000 av. JC</a>. Dispareguèt totalament au sègle XV e au començament dau sègle XX. En revènge, aviá una talha importanta en <a href="/wiki/1810" class="mw-redirect" title="1810">1810</a>, en <a href="/wiki/1880" class="mw-redirect" title="1880">1880</a> e en <a href="/wiki/1963" class="mw-redirect" title="1963">1963</a> (aperaquí 25 000 km²).</span> </li> </ol> <div class="noprint wikiligam_alternatiu" style="clear:right; float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;width:250px;border:solid #AAAAAA 1px; background:#f9f9f9;padding:0px;font-size:90%;text-align:left;"> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr valign="middle"> <td style="line-height:50px;vertical-align:middle;position:relative" align="center" valign="middle"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="commons:"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/120px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td valign="middle"> <p><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> prepausa de documents multimèdia liures sus <b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chad?uselang=oc">Chad</a></b>.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" data-autocollapse-group="paleta" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand nowrap tnavbar" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8l:Paleta_Pa%C3%AFses_d%27Africa/Tabl%C3%A8u" title="Modèl:Paleta Païses d'Africa/Tablèu"><abbr class="abbr" title="Veire aqueste modèl.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Paleta_Pa%C3%AFses_d%27Africa/Tabl%C3%A8u&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modificar aqueste modèl. Mercé de previsualizar abans de salvar.">m</abbr></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:LocationAfrica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/45px-LocationAfrica.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/68px-LocationAfrica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/90px-LocationAfrica.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lista_dels_pa%C3%AFses_del_mond" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista dels païses del mond"><span style="background-color: #333333; color: #FFF;">Païses</span></a> d'<a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><span style="background-color: #333333; color: #FFF;">Africa</span></a></span></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><br style="clear:both;line-height:0.5em;" /> <table width="100%" align="center" border="1px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-bottom:1em;border:1px solid #999999;"> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;font-size:90%;"> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Africa_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Africa del Nòrd">Africa del Nòrd</a></b></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Africa-countries-northern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Africa-countries-northern.svg/50px-Africa-countries-northern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Africa-countries-northern.svg/75px-Africa-countries-northern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Africa-countries-northern.svg/100px-Africa-countries-northern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argeria" title="Argeria">Argeria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> • <a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marr%C3%B2c" title="Marròc">Marròc</a> <small><sup>3</sup></small> • <a href="/wiki/Maurit%C3%A0nia" title="Mauritània">Mauritània</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Occidental" title="Sahara Occidental">Sahara Occidental</a> <small><sup>4</sup></small> • <a href="/wiki/Sodan" title="Sodan">Sodan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st" title="Africa de l'Oèst">Africa de l'Oèst</a></b></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Africa-countries-western.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Africa-countries-western.svg/60px-Africa-countries-western.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Africa-countries-western.svg/120px-Africa-countries-western.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cap_Verd" title="Cap Verd">Cap Verd</a> <sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2sta_d%27Ev%C3%B2ri" title="Còsta d'Evòri">Còsta d'Evòri</a> • <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0mbia" title="Gàmbia">Gàmbia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guin%C3%A8a" title="Guinèa">Guinèa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guin%C3%A8a_Bissau" title="Guinèa Bissau">Guinèa Bissau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A8ria" title="Libèria">Libèria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nig%C3%A8r_(pa%C3%ADs)" title="Nigèr (país)">Nigèr</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nig%C3%A8ria" title="Nigèria">Nigèria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> • <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B2go" title="Tògo">Tògo</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;font-size:90%;"> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centrala" title="Africa Centrala">Africa Centrala</a></b></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Africa-countries-central.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Africa-countries-central.svg/50px-Africa-countries-central.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Africa-countries-central.svg/75px-Africa-countries-central.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Africa-countries-central.svg/100px-Africa-countries-central.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cameron" title="Cameron">Cameron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Centreafrica" class="mw-redirect" title="Centreafrica">Centreafrica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republica_de_C%C3%B2ngo" title="Republica de Còngo">Republica de Còngo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republica_Democratica_de_C%C3%B2ngo" title="Republica Democratica de Còngo">Republica Democratica de Còngo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guin%C3%A8a_Eq%C3%BCatoriala" title="Guinèa Eqüatoriala">Guinèa Eqüatoriala</a> • <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_e_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé e Príncipe">São Tomé e Príncipe</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Africa_de_l%27%C3%88st" title="Africa de l'Èst">Africa de l'Èst</a></b></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Africa-countries-eastern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Africa-countries-eastern.svg/50px-Africa-countries-eastern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Africa-countries-eastern.svg/75px-Africa-countries-eastern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Africa-countries-eastern.svg/100px-Africa-countries-eastern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jiboti" title="Jiboti">Jiboti</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eritr%C3%A8a" title="Eritrèa">Eritrèa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oganda" title="Oganda">Oganda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seich%C3%A8las" title="Seichèlas">Seichèlas</a> <sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Sodan_del_Sud" title="Sodan del Sud">Sodan del Sud</a> • <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;font-size:90%;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Africa_Australa" title="Africa Australa">Africa Australa</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Africa-countries-southern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Africa-countries-southern.svg/60px-Africa-countries-southern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Africa-countries-southern.svg/120px-Africa-countries-southern.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%B2la" title="Angòla">Angòla</a> • <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Union_de_las_Com%C3%B2ras" class="mw-redirect" title="Union de las Comòras">Comòras</a> <sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> • <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> <sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maurici" title="Maurici">Maurici</a> <sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%A7ambic" title="Moçambic">Moçambic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sud-Africa" title="Sud-Africa">Sud-Africa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td> <td><b>Autras entitats politicas</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a> •<a href="/wiki/Sahara_Occidental" title="Sahara Occidental">Sahara Occidental</a> <small><sup>4</sup></small> • <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="font-size: 90%;"> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="4"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><small><sup>1</sup></small> <small>parcialament african   </small></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>2</sup> <small>país insular   </small></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><small><sup>3</sup></small> <small>non membre de l'<a href="/wiki/Union_Africana" title="Union Africana">Union Africana</a>   </small></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><small><sup>4</sup></small> <small>pas reconegut per l'ensemble de la comunitat internacionala mas membre de l'<a href="/wiki/Union_Africana" title="Union Africana">Union Africana</a></small></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" 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