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<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="noexcerpt noprint hanvisning_bas"> <dl> <dd> <i>För tunnelbanestationen i Stockholm, se <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitetet_(tunnelbanestation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitetet (tunnelbanestation)">Universitetet (tunnelbanestation)</a>. För tunnelbanestationen i Moskva, se <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet_(Moskvas_tunnelbana)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitet (Moskvas tunnelbana)">Universitet (Moskvas tunnelbana)</a>. </i> </dd> </dl> </div> <p><b>Universitet</b> är ett högre lärosäte med <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forskning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forskning">forskning</a> och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utbildning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utbildning">utbildning</a>. I <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sverige?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sverige">Sverige</a> har det administrativt motsvarats av att lärosätet tilldelats minst två <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vetenskapsomr%C3%A5de?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vetenskapsområde">vetenskapsområden</a> (fakulteter); ett högre lärosäte i Sverige med utbildning och forskning inom endast ett område har brukat benämnas <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%B6gskola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Högskola">högskola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedan 2010 är vetenskapsområdena avskaffade, och det är numera regeringen som beslutar om en statlig högskola har rätt att kalla sig universitet.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den äldre <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fakultet_(utbildning)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakultet (utbildning)">fakultetsindelningen</a> har inte längre någon betydelse i Sverige.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Inledning_och_sammanhang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#F%C3%B6rklara_sammanhanget" title="Wikipedia:Inledning och sammanhang">[<span title="Vad menas? Koppling till vetenskapsområden? (2012-08)"><i>förtydliga</i></span>]</a></sup></p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fil:Uppsala_University_2023.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Uppsala_University_2023.jpg/300px-Uppsala_University_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Uppsala_University_2023.jpg/450px-Uppsala_University_2023.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Uppsala_University_2023.jpg/600px-Uppsala_University_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2935" data-file-height="1870"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uppsala_universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uppsala universitet">Uppsala universitet</a> grundades <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1477?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1477">1477</a> och är det äldsta i Sverige. Det tillhör också <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coimbragruppen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coimbragruppen">Coimbragruppen</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Ordet universitet kommer <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etymologi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etymologi">etymologiskt</a> sett från <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">latin</a>, <i>universitas</i>, helhet eller samfund, och är i detta perspektiv en förkortning av <i>universitas magistrorum et scholarium</i>, samling av mästare och lärjungar. Detta har dylika lärosäten kallats sedan <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1200-talet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1200-talet">1200-talet</a>. Dessförinnan kallades de i den <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">latinskspråkiga</a> delen av den <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medeltiden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medeltiden">medeltida</a> världen <i>studium generale</i>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="sv" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Innehåll</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historik"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historik</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#F%C3%B6rebilder"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Förebilder</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Medeltiden"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Medeltiden</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Anglosaxisk_universitetsmodell"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Anglosaxisk universitetsmodell</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tysk_universitetsideologi"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Tysk universitetsideologi</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Universitet_i_svensktalande_l%C3%A4nder"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Universitet i svensktalande länder</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sverige"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sverige</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Finland"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Finland</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Svenskspr%C3%A5kiga_universitet_i_Finland"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Svenskspråkiga universitet i Finland</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Estland"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Estland</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Universitet_i_v%C3%A4rlden"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Universitet i världen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Se_%C3%A4ven"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Se även</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Referenser"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Referenser</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Noter"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Noter</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#K%C3%A4llor"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Källor</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Historik">Historik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historik" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fil:Raffael_058.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Raffael_058.jpg/250px-Raffael_058.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6045" data-file-height="4671"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Raffael_058.jpg/250px-Raffael_058.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Raffael_058.jpg/375px-Raffael_058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Raffael_058.jpg/500px-Raffael_058.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <i>Skolan i Aten</i> (1509-1510) av <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffaello Sanzio">Raffaello Sanzio</a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fresk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresk">fresk</a> i <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apostoliska_palatset?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apostoliska palatset">Apostoliska palatset</a> i <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vatikanstaten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vatikanstaten">Vatikanstaten</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Förebilder"><span id="F.C3.B6rebilder"></span>Förebilder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Förebilder" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Förebilden för de europeiska universiteten kommer från <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiken">antiken</a> och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platon">Platons</a> akademi. Den grundades i en lund nordväst om Aten <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/387_f.Kr.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="387 f.Kr.">387 f.Kr.</a> och liknade <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pythagoreerna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagoreerna">pythagoreernas</a> skolor i Syditalien, som Platon besökt. Ordet <i><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akademi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akademi">akademi</a></i> kom från att denna lund var förknippad med <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akademos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akademos">Akademos</a>. Akademin fortlevde i 900 år, tills kejsar <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justinianus_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Justinianus I">Justinianus I</a> stängde den <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/529?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="529">529</a> e.Kr. Studierna, som varade i tio år, utgjordes av huvudämnena <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aritmetik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aritmetik">aritmetik</a>, två- och tredimensionell <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geometri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geometri">geometri</a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronomi">astronomi</a> och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akustik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akustik">akustik</a> eller <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harmonik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonik">harmonik</a>. Syftet var framför allt att träna de praktiska färdigheterna, i stället för att lära ut <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kunskap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kunskap">kunskap</a>, och att eleverna skulle förstå sambanden i <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naturen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturen">naturen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Den antika grekisk-romerska undervisningen behandlade på grundnivå modersmålet jämte litteraturläsning och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammatik">grammatik</a>. Den högre undervisningen hade ytterligare två ämnen: <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Retorik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Retorik">retorik</a> och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dialektik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dialektik">dialektik</a> (<a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filosofi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filosofi">filosofi</a>). I Aten hade man sedan gammalt fyra filosofiska skolor:den platonska, den aristoteliska eller peripateiska, den stoiska och den epikureiska. Dessa fungerade i grunden som ekonomiska korporationer, och var fria anstalter som vilade på privata donationer.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>En annan viktig förebild till det moderna universitetet är <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitetet_i_Gundishapur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetet i Gundishapur">universitetet i Gundishapur</a> i <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Persien</a> som hade internationell inriktning och sekulär grund.</p> <p><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitetet_i_Konstantinopel&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Universitetet i Konstantinopel [inte skriven än]">Universitetet i Konstantinopel</a> är ett av de äldsta universiteten, samt <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taxila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nalanda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitetet_i_Ratnagiri&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Universitetet i Ratnagiri [inte skriven än]">universitetet i Ratnagiri</a> och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Azharuniversitetet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Azharuniversitetet">Al-Azharuniversitetet</a> i <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egypten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egypten">Egypten</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Medeltiden">Medeltiden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Medeltiden" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Universitetet anses allmänt som en formell institution som har sitt ursprung i den medeltida kristna traditionen. Den europeiska högre utbildningen ägde under hundratals år rum i kristna katedralskolor eller klosterskolor, där munkar och nunnor undervisade.</p> <p>Att säkert fastställa vilket universitetet som är äldst i världen innebär flera svårigheter. För det första gäller det att avgöra vad som krävs för att ett lärdomssäte rätteligen ska benämnas så, och för det andra att utreda hur ordet universitet har hängt samman med denna institution. Länge tillskrevs <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_den_store?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl den store">Karl den store</a> och dennes <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alkuin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alkuin">Alkuin</a> äran att ha grundat det första universitetet, nämligen <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris_universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris universitet">Paris universitet</a>, med <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platons_akademi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platons akademi">Platons akademi</a> i <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aten">Aten</a> som förebild. Så skriver till exempel <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles-Louis_de_Secondat_Montesquieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> i <i>Persiska brev</i>. Ungefär samtidigt skulle den store monarken enligt italienare ha grundat <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitetet_i_Pavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitetet i Pavia">universitetet i Pavia</a>. Det var mycket prestige på spel för ett land att ha det äldsta universitetet i världen, det märks inte minst genom att oerhört många har försökt besvara denna fråga, och de kontroverser mellan olika nationer som sprungit fram ur detta forskande. Numera är det helt avpolletterat att universitetet i Paris skulle vara äldst; den palatsskola som Karl den store lät instifta i <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aachen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> kan inte sägas vara ursprunget till den nuvarande institutionen i Paris (man trodde förr att palatsskolan var mobil och följde hovet). I likhet med andra europeiska lärdomssäten har universitet i Paris vuxit fram ur en katedralskola, den i <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Man beräknar att detta universitet tillkom omkring <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1100?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1100">1100</a>.</p> <p>Universiteten som institutioner, med den betydelse ordet har idag, grundades under <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medeltiden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medeltiden">medeltiden</a>. Universiteten uppstod som samfund av yrkeslärda, vars stånd då bildades vid sidan av samhällets gamla stånd. De motsvarade alltså hantverkarnas och köpmännens <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skr%C3%A5v%C3%A4sen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skråväsen">skrån</a> och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gille">gillen</a>. Deras sysselsättning utgjordes av <i><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_fria_konsterna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De fria konsterna">artes liberales</a></i> i motsats till hantverkarnas <i>artes illiberales</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Säkert kan sägas att <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karolinger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karolinger">karolingerna</a> grundade ett universitet i <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noyon">Noyon</a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Brexgata&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Brexgata [inte skriven än]">Brexgata</a> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/798?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="798">798</a>. <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/849?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="849">849</a> grundades ett nytt universitet i Konstantinopel av <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bardas&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bardas [inte skriven än]">Bardas</a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitetet_av_Magnaura&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Universitetet av Magnaura [inte skriven än]">universitetet av Magnaura</a>, och därefter grundades <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitetet_i_Salerno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitetet i Salerno">universitetet i Salerno</a> och sedan <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitetet_i_Bologna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitetet i Bologna">universitetet i Bologna</a>. Det var <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romersk-katolska_kyrkan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romersk-katolska kyrkan">katolska kyrkan</a> som inrättade de första europeiska universiteten, och det var vanligt att dessa uppstod som omorganisationer av redan existerande skolor, som med <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A5ve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Påve">påvligt</a> godkännande gavs rätt att ge högre undervisning. <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kloster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kloster">Klostren</a> var före detta ett centrum för utbildning.</p> <p>Vid mitten av 1100-talet visade det sig vid de mest besökta skolorna, framför allt de i Bologna och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris_universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris universitet">Paris</a>, nödvändigt att skapa en fast ordning för skolverksamheten och disciplinen. På så sätt bildades samfund, <i>Universitates</i>, skolmenigheter som blev ställda i motsats till stadsmenigheten. Samfunden möjliggjorde en självständig förvaltning av de egna angelägenheterna och gav de främmande lärda som bodde i staden det skydd som staden tillförsäkrade sina <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borgare">borgare</a>, framför allt ett säkert rättsskydd avpassat för deras förhållanden.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Under medeltiden hade universiteten fyra <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fakultet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fakultet">fakulteter</a>. Dessa var: <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teologi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teologi">teologi</a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juridik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juridik">juridik</a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medicin_(vetenskap)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medicin (vetenskap)">medicin</a> samt filosofi. Filosofistudierna grundades på sju huvudämnen, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_sju_fria_konsterna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="De sju fria konsterna">de sju fria konsterna</a>: grammatik, retorik, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dialektik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dialektik">dialektik</a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musik">musik</a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aritmetik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aritmetik">aritmetik</a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geometri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geometri">geometri</a> och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronomi">astronomi</a>. Grammatik, retorik och dialektik ingick i skolans första avdelning, <i>trivium</i>, som sattes högst i betydelsen att den var en förutsättning för de andra studierna. Dessa kretsade alla kring talkonsten - där kunskap uppstod i nuet i och med att de framfördes. Först av allt sattes studiet av grammatiken. Den högre avdelningen, <i>quadrivium</i>, bestod av de övriga ämnena. Quadrivium härleddes ur logiken och innebar kunskap som existerar utan sinnesupplevelser.</p> <p>Allt efter lärarens personliga kunskaper bedrevs vid vissa skolor företrädesvis <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humaniora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humaniora">humanistiska</a>, vid andra filosofiska studier. <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medicin_(vetenskap)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medicin (vetenskap)">Medicinska</a> studier bedrevs endast på några platser, såsom <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salernoskolan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salernoskolan">Salerno</a> och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montpelliers_universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montpelliers universitet">Montpellier</a>, och den <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romersk_r%C3%A4tt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romersk rätt">romerska rätten</a> studerades företrädesvis vid Italiens skolor, som mer hade karaktär av <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fackskola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fackskola">fackskolor</a>. I Tyskland, England och särskilt i Frankrike och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgund">Burgund</a> bildade sig en krets av lärda som hade till sitt levebröd att undervisa, medan lärarverksamheten på vissa ställen i Italien hade bibehållit sig sedan den <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romerska_riket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romerska riket">romerska tiden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fil:Harvard_college_-_annenberg_hall.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Harvard_college_-_annenberg_hall.jpg/250px-Harvard_college_-_annenberg_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Harvard_college_-_annenberg_hall.jpg/250px-Harvard_college_-_annenberg_hall.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Harvard_college_-_annenberg_hall.jpg/375px-Harvard_college_-_annenberg_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Harvard_college_-_annenberg_hall.jpg/500px-Harvard_college_-_annenberg_hall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvard_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harvard University">Harvarduniversitetet</a> i Cambridge, Massachusetts, grundades år <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1636?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1636">1636</a>. Det är <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="USA">USA</a>:s äldsta universitet. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Anglosaxisk_universitetsmodell">Anglosaxisk universitetsmodell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Anglosaxisk universitetsmodell" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>För den engelske 1800-talskardinalen <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Newman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Newman">John Newman</a> var universitetets syfte att ”förbereda [studenten] för att fylla varje post med heder och bemästra varje ämne”. Citatet är hämtat från hans ”The Idea of a University” från 1852, en bok som skrevs som en del av förberedelserna för upprättandet av ett katolskt universitet på Irland. Texten var emellertid helt präglad av ett universitetsideal hämtat från <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>. Det är dock troligt att Newman, som tvingats lämna sitt universitet som och var i full färd med att förbereda upprättandet av ett nytt i samma anda men präglat av hans egen tro, artikulerade detta ideal betydligt tydligare än vad som någonsin gjorts av de lärare som levde och verkade där hela sitt liv.</p> <p>Enligt Newmans – och Oxforduniversitetets – synsätt handlade universitetsutbildning inte om att lära ut specifika yrkesfärdigheter. Att bedriva forskning eller ens forskningsanknuten undervisning hörde heller inte till huvudsyftet. I stället handlade det om en fostran som i stor utsträckning utgick ifrån den grekiska <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Klassiska_litteraturen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Klassiska litteraturen">klassiska litteraturen</a> och som innebar mer än bara utbildning i vår moderna mening. Universiteten i Oxford och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> hade även under 1800- och 1900-talen lagt en större tonvikt på den uppfostrande aspekten och till och med uppfattat sig stå i föräldrarnas ställe – in loco parentis – under utbildningstiden. Detta hade lett till en mera allomfattande rolluppfattning hos universitetens verksamheter så att dessa innefattat även stora delar av studenternas fritid.</p> <p>Även om såväl inställningen till forskning som studenternas genomsnittsålder förändrats dröjer sig den uppfostrande ambitionen fortfarande ofta kvar. I Oxford och Cambridge, liksom vid de många universitet som inspirerats av dem, bor studenterna än i dag mycket riktigt i stor utsträckning i anslutning till de college de är medlemmar i och som även håller i huvuddelen av undervisningen.</p> <p>Även om Irland aldrig blev platsen för något katolskt Oxford har Newmans ”The Idea of a University” ändå varit en betydande inspirationskälla för universitetsväsendets senare utveckling. I The Modern University and Its Discontents (Cambridge University Press, 475 s) beskriver den amerikanske historikern Sheldon Rothblatt universitetstankens idéhistoria i framför allt den anglosaxiska världen med utgångspunkt i Newmans bok. Bakom de moderna universitetens ideal står emellertid en mängd olika influenser av vitt skilda ursprung.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fil:W.v.Humboldt.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/W.v.Humboldt.jpg/250px-W.v.Humboldt.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="318" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="798"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 318px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/W.v.Humboldt.jpg/250px-W.v.Humboldt.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="318" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/W.v.Humboldt.jpg/375px-W.v.Humboldt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/W.v.Humboldt.jpg/500px-W.v.Humboldt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>, grundare av det första moderna forskningsuniversitetet. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tysk_universitetsideologi">Tysk universitetsideologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tysk universitetsideologi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Mot Newmans idé ställer Rothblatt bland annat den tyska universitetsideologi som formulerades av framförallt <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>, verksam under början av 1800-talet. Där ligger tonvikten i betydligt högre grad på ämneskunskaper och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forskning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forskning">forskningsanknytning</a>. Till Humboldtmodellen hör också en mycket stark ställning för professorerna vid de olika ämnesinstitutioner som hade vuxit fram vid samma tid. En annan grundpelare är <i>Lern- und Lehrfreiheit</i>. Enligt denna princip präglades utbildningen av lärarnas frihet att undervisa om vad de med ledning av sin forskarkompetens ansåg mest centralt och riktigt (Lehrfreiheit) och studenternas motsvarande frihet att ta del av föreläsningar och övrig undervisning efter eget gottfinnande (Lernfreiheit). Inte ens det tyska kejsardömets mest ledande lärosäten svarade för studenternas fritid eller uppfostran. De studentverksamheter som karaktäriserar de tyska universiteten – alltifrån kejsardömets aristokratiska fäktklubbar till dåtidens och samtidens politiska studentgrupper – har följaktligen varit oberoende sammanslutningar.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fil:Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg/250px-Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="1680"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg/250px-Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg/375px-Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg/500px-Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruprecht-Karls-Universit%C3%A4t_Heidelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg">Heidelbergs universitet</a>, äldsta tyska universitetet. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Även i den anglosaxiska världen har idealet med forskningsanknytning slagit igenom med tiden. Detta gäller inte minst i Oxford som ju är känt för de eminenta forskningsmiljöer som utvecklats där sedan Newmans dagar. Man kan emellertid spåra en uppfostrande aspekt som är starkare där än vid mera Humboldtinspirerade universitet. Vid den anglosaxiska världens universitet läggs fortfarande stor tonvikt på bland annat individuell handledning så att samma akademiska handledare ofta följer varje student genom hela utbildningen som allmän vägledare och förebild. Ämnen som retorik och skriftlig framställning har också en helt annan position där än vid den europeiska kontinentens mer tyskt inspirerade universitet. I USA är den uppfostrande aspekten emellertid särskilt markant i den inledande collegenivån. Sociologen Martin Trow har lanserat tanken att den tydliga skillnaden mellan undergraduates och graduate students kan ha något att göra med att universitetsväsendet i USA etablerades innan landet hade ett helhetssystem för utbildningsnivåer motsvarande grundskola och gymnasium. Att denna mellannivå kommit att etableras innebär emellertid också att den klassiska bildningen länge hade en tämligen stark ställning bland välutbildade amerikaner.</p> <p>Det svenska systemet låg från början mycket nära det tyska med en tydlig betoning på forskningsanknytning och specialistutbildning. Även i fråga om studentaktiviteter låg de tidiga svenska universiteten mycket närmare den tyska modellen. Uppsalas nationer hade visserligen flera drag som påminde om Oxfords och Cambridges colleges: exempelvis svarade de för såväl bibliotek som för gemensamma matsalar och bostäder, däremot hade de aldrig någon roll i undervisningen. Denna styrdes i stället nästan helt av professorerna. Under 1900-talet inträdde emellertid ett nytt skede i de svenska universitetens utveckling, nämligen integrationen av dem i ett större statligt system. Vetenskapsteoretikern Aant Elzinga har beskrivit resultatet som ett enhetligt ”University of Sweden” under ledning av en gemensam universitetskansler, ett gemensamt centralkansli (Universitetskanslersämbetet, sedermera Universitets- och högskoleämbetet) och med kurs- och forskningsplanering styrda av riksdag och regering. Rikets samtliga professorer utsågs sedan gammalt av Kungl. Maj:t.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fil:Universitet_hogskola.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Universitet_hogskola.png/300px-Universitet_hogskola.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="612" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="932"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 612px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Universitet_hogskola.png/300px-Universitet_hogskola.png" data-width="300" data-height="612" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Universitet_hogskola.png/450px-Universitet_hogskola.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Universitet_hogskola.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Sveriges universitet och högskolor 2009. </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Universitet_i_svensktalande_länder"><span id="Universitet_i_svensktalande_l.C3.A4nder"></span>Universitet i svensktalande länder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Universitet i svensktalande länder" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sverige">Sverige</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Sverige" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>Huvudartikel: <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%B6gskolor_och_universitet_i_Sverige?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Högskolor och universitet i Sverige">Högskolor och universitet i Sverige</a>.</i></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Finland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Se <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_universitet_i_Finland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista över universitet i Finland">lista över universitet i Finland</a> för en komplett förteckning.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Svenskspråkiga_universitet_i_Finland"><span id="Svenskspr.C3.A5kiga_universitet_i_Finland"></span>Svenskspråkiga universitet i Finland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Svenskspråkiga universitet i Finland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aalto-universitetet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aalto-universitetet">Aalto-universitetet</a> – tvåspråkigt</li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helsingfors_universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helsingfors universitet">Helsingfors universitet</a> – tvåspråkigt</li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konstuniversitetet_(Helsingfors)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konstuniversitetet (Helsingfors)">Konstuniversitetet</a> – tvåspråkigt</li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svenska_handelsh%C3%B6gskolan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svenska handelshögskolan">Svenska handelshögskolan</a> i <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helsingfors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helsingfors">Helsingfors</a> och <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vasa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vasa">Vasa</a> – svenskspråkig</li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%85bo_Akademi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Åbo Akademi">Åbo Akademi</a> - svenskspråkig</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Estland">Estland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Estland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Se nedan.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Universitet_i_världen"><span id="Universitet_i_v.C3.A4rlden"></span>Universitet i världen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Universitet i världen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fil:University_of_Tartu_Estonia_optimized.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/University_of_Tartu_Estonia_optimized.jpg/250px-University_of_Tartu_Estonia_optimized.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4516" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/University_of_Tartu_Estonia_optimized.jpg/250px-University_of_Tartu_Estonia_optimized.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/University_of_Tartu_Estonia_optimized.jpg/375px-University_of_Tartu_Estonia_optimized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/University_of_Tartu_Estonia_optimized.jpg/500px-University_of_Tartu_Estonia_optimized.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Den nuvarande huvudbyggnaden vid <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tartu_universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tartu universitet">Tartu universitet</a> (som grundades på 1600-talet) byggdes på 1800-talet. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fil:Vasa_universitet,_huvudentr%C3%A9n,_sommaren_2003..jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Vasa_universitet%2C_huvudentr%C3%A9n%2C_sommaren_2003..jpg/250px-Vasa_universitet%2C_huvudentr%C3%A9n%2C_sommaren_2003..jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="582"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Vasa_universitet%2C_huvudentr%C3%A9n%2C_sommaren_2003..jpg/250px-Vasa_universitet%2C_huvudentr%C3%A9n%2C_sommaren_2003..jpg" data-width="250" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Vasa_universitet%2C_huvudentr%C3%A9n%2C_sommaren_2003..jpg/375px-Vasa_universitet%2C_huvudentr%C3%A9n%2C_sommaren_2003..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Vasa_universitet%2C_huvudentr%C3%A9n%2C_sommaren_2003..jpg/500px-Vasa_universitet%2C_huvudentr%C3%A9n%2C_sommaren_2003..jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vasa_universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vasa universitet">Vasa universitet</a> i <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vasa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vasa">Vasa</a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Finland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Finland">Finland</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australien">Australien</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_universitet_i_Australien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista över universitet i Australien">Lista över universitet i Australien</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danmark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danmark">Danmark</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danske_universiteter" class="extiw" title="da:Danske universiteter">Lista över danska universitet</a> <span style="font-size:.95em;font-weight:bold;color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(danska)</span></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estland">Estland</a> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ut.ee"><i>TÜ, Tartu Ülikool</i></a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tartu_universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tartu universitet">Tartu universitet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tlu.ee/?LangID%3D2"><i>TLÜ, Tallinna Ülikool</i></a> <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tallinns_universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tallinns universitet">Tallinns universitet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ttu.ee/?lang%3Den"><i>TTÜ, Tallinna Tehnikaülikool</i></a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tallinns_tekniska_universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tallinns tekniska universitet">Tallinns tekniska universitet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.audentes.eu"><i>International University Audentes</i>, Tallinn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ebs.ee/index.php?lang%3Deng"><i>Estonian Business School</i></a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estonian_Business_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estonian Business School">Estonian Business School</a>, Tallinn</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ema.aspitpro.com/?lang%3Deng"><i>Eesti Muusika- ja Teatriakadeemia</i>, Estlands Musik- och Teaterakademi, Tallinn</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B6da_l%C3%A4nkar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Döda länkar">[<span title="Denna externa länk fungerar inte (2018-09)"><i>död länk</i></span>]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.artun.ee/index.php?lang%3Deng"><i>Eesti Kunstiakadeemia</i>, Estlands Konstakademi, Tallinn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nord.ee/index.php?lang%3Deng"><i>Akadeemia Nord</i>, Tallinn</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankrike?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:List of universities in France">Lista över franska universitet</a> <span style="font-size:.95em;font-weight:bold;color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(engelska)</span></li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_universit%25C3%25A9s_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Liste des universités de France">Lista över franska universitet</a> <span style="font-size:.95em;font-weight:bold;color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(franska)</span></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italien">Italien</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_di_universit%25C3%25A0" class="extiw" title="it:Lista di università">Lista över italienska universitet</a> <span style="font-size:.95em;font-weight:bold;color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(italienska)</span></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitetet_i_Bologna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitetet i Bologna">Universitetet i Bologna</a> är Europas äldsta universitet grundat <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1088?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1088">1088</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitetet_i_Florens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitetet i Florens">Universitetet i Florens</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitetet_i_Siena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitetet i Siena">Universitetet i Siena</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Sapienza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Sapienza">La Sapienza</a>, Universitetet i Rom.</li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_degli_studi_di_Roma_Tor_Vergata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata">Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata</a>, Roma due, Universitetet i Rom.</li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_degli_studi_Roma_Tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Università degli studi Roma Tre">Università degli studi Roma Tre</a>, Roma tre, Universitetet i Rom.</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=University_of_Cape_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="University of Cape Coast [inte skriven än]">University of Cape Coast</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Ghana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a>, <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Accra">Accra</a> grundat <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1948?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1948">1948</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norge">Norge</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_universitet_i_Norge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista över universitet i Norge">Lista över universitet i Norge</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polen">Polen</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jagellonska_universitetet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jagellonska universitetet">Jagellonska universitetet</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitetet_i_Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitetet i Szczecin">Universitetet i Szczecin</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitetet_i_Warszawa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitetet i Warszawa">Universitetet i Warszawa</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitetet_i_Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitetet i Wrocław">Universitetet i Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ras_universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zielona Góras universitet">Zielona Góras universitet</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portugal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universidade_de_Coimbra&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Universidade de Coimbra [inte skriven än]">Universidade de Coimbra</a> grundat 1290 se <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coimbra-gruppen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coimbra-gruppen">Coimbra-gruppen</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanien">Spanien</a> <ul> <li>I <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanien">Spanien</a> har varje <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaniens_provinser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spaniens provinser">provins</a> (minst) ett allmänt universitet. <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_universidades_de_Espa%25C3%25B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Lista de universidades de España">Lista över spanska universitet</a> <span style="font-size:.95em;font-weight:bold;color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(spanska)</span></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Storbritannien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Cambridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Oxford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Birmingham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tyskland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freie_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freie Universität Berlin">Freie Universität Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humboldt-universitetet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt-universitetet">Humboldt-universitetet</a> i <a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruprecht-Karls-Universit%C3%A4t_Heidelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg">Heidelbergs universitet</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="USA">USA</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_universitet_i_USA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista över universitet i USA">Lista över universitet i USA</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Florida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%96sterrike?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Österrike">Österrike</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mall:Universitet_i_%C3%96sterrike?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mall:Universitet i Österrike">Universitet i Österrike</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coimbra-gruppen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coimbra-gruppen">Coimbra-gruppen</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%96verliggare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Överliggare">Överliggare</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitetsstad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitetsstad">Universitetsstad</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ne.se/lang/h%25C3%25B6gskola">"Högskola".</a> NE.se. Läst 2012-08-26.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/20130418070333/http://www.hsv.se/densvenskahogskolan/universitetochhogskolor/universitetellerhogskola.4.539a949110f3d5914ec800063518.html">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hsv.se/densvenskahogskolan/universitetochhogskolor/universitetellerhogskola.4.539a949110f3d5914ec800063518.html">originalet</a> den 18 april 2013<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/20130418070333/http://www.hsv.se/densvenskahogskolan/universitetochhogskolor/universitetellerhogskola.4.539a949110f3d5914ec800063518.html">https://archive.is/20130418070333/http://www.hsv.se/densvenskahogskolan/universitetochhogskolor/universitetellerhogskola.4.539a949110f3d5914ec800063518.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 augusti 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.is%2F20130418070333%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsv.se%2Fdensvenskahogskolan%2Funiversitetochhogskolor%2Funiversitetellerhogskola.4.539a949110f3d5914ec800063518.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Universitet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bertrand Russell, <i>Västerlandets visdom</i>, Forum Stockholm 1959, s.56-57</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Schück, Henrik, <i>Universitetens uppkomst</i>, Hemdals småskrifter 13 (Stockholm 1912), s. 5f.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Inge Jonsson, ”Karl den store och Parisuniversitetet”, <i>Vetenskapens träd : Idéhistoriska studier tillägnade Sten Lindroth</i>, W&W Stockholm 1974</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFHildebrandHjärnePflugk-Harttung">Hildebrand, Hans; Hjärne, Harald; Pflugk-Harttung, Julius von. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://runeberg.org/vrldhist/2/0342.html">”314 (Världshistoria / Medeltiden)”</a>. <i><span>runeberg.org</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://runeberg.org/vrldhist/2/0342.html">https://runeberg.org/vrldhist/2/0342.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 2 juli 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=314+%28V%C3%A4rldshistoria+%2F+Medeltiden%29&rft.atitle=runeberg.org&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Hildebrand%2C+Hans&rft.au=Hj%C3%A4rne%2C+Harald&rft.au=Pflugk-Harttung%2C+Julius+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fvrldhist%2F2%2F0342.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Universitet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFHildebrandHjärnePflugk-Harttung">Hildebrand, Hans; Hjärne, Harald; Pflugk-Harttung, Julius von. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://runeberg.org/vrldhist/2/0344.html">”316 (Världshistoria / Medeltiden)”</a>. <i><span>runeberg.org</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://runeberg.org/vrldhist/2/0344.html">https://runeberg.org/vrldhist/2/0344.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 2 juli 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=316+%28V%C3%A4rldshistoria+%2F+Medeltiden%29&rft.atitle=runeberg.org&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Hildebrand%2C+Hans&rft.au=Hj%C3%A4rne%2C+Harald&rft.au=Pflugk-Harttung%2C+Julius+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fvrldhist%2F2%2F0344.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Universitet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFHildebrandHjärnePflugk-Harttung">Hildebrand, Hans; Hjärne, Harald; Pflugk-Harttung, Julius von. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://runeberg.org/vrldhist/2/0343.html">”315 (Världshistoria / Medeltiden)”</a>. <i><span>runeberg.org</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://runeberg.org/vrldhist/2/0343.html">https://runeberg.org/vrldhist/2/0343.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 2 juli 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=315+%28V%C3%A4rldshistoria+%2F+Medeltiden%29&rft.atitle=runeberg.org&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Hildebrand%2C+Hans&rft.au=Hj%C3%A4rne%2C+Harald&rft.au=Pflugk-Harttung%2C+Julius+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fvrldhist%2F2%2F0343.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Universitet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Tobias Harding: "Universiteten som frihet eller fostringsanstalt<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.svd.se/kulturnoje/understrecket/artikel_311184.svd">[1]</a>" i SvD </span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Universitet&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redigera</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inge_Jonsson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inge Jonsson">Inge Jonsson</a>, ”Karl den store och Parisuniversitetet”, <i>Vetenskapens träd : Idéhistoriska studier tillägnade Sten Lindroth</i>, W&W Stockholm 1974</li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elof_Hellquist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elof Hellquist">Elof Hellquist</a>, <i>Svensk etymologisk ordbok</i> (1922)</li> <li>Sheldon Rotblatt, "The Modern University and its Discontents", 2006</li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bertrand_Russell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <i>Västerlandets visdom</i>, Forum Stockholm 1959</li> <li><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henrik_Sch%C3%BCck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henrik Schück">Henrik Schück</a>, <i>Universitetens uppkomst</i>, Heimdals småskrifter 13 (Stockholm 1912)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oru.se/oru/upload/%25C3%2596vrig%2520verksamhet/Projekt/Visionsprojektet/4%2520UK%2520-%2520symboliken/4-UKSymboliken.pdf">Universitetskulturen - symboliken och idén (pdf)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="https://sv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B6da_l%C3%A4nkar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Döda länkar">[<span title="Denna externa länk fungerar inte (2018-09)"><i>död länk</i></span>]</a></sup>, Örebro universitet</li> <li>Tobias Harding: "Universiteten som frihet eller fostringsanstalt" i SvD <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.svd.se/kulturnoje/understrecket/artikel_311184.svd">[2]</a></li> <li>Andreas Kaplan: Higher Education at the Crossroads of Disruption, the University of the 21st century <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.emeraldinsight.com/page/detail/Higher-Education-at-the-Crossroads-of-Disruption/?k%3D9781800715042">[3]</a></li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px 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class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit" title="Universiteit – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Universiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A9" title="جامعة – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidat" title="Universidat – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Universidat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%2592%25DC%259D%25DC%25AC_%25DC%25A8%25DC%2598%25DC%2592%25DC%2590" title="ܒܝܬ ܨܘܒܐ – arameiska" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܬ ܨܘܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%25C3%25A1" title="Universidá – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universidá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbo%2527ehaovusu" title="Mbo'ehaovusu – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbo'ehaovusu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitet" title="Universitet – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Universitet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2585_%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588" title="بیلیم یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیلیم یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC" title="বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C4%2581i-ha%25CC%258Dk" title="Tāi-ha̍k – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D1%258D%25D1%2582" title="Універсітэт – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Універсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D0%25B2%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D1%2582%25D1%258D%25D1%2582" title="Унівэрсытэт – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Унівэрсытэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%2580" title="यूनिवर्सिटी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूनिवर्सिटी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Университет – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Университет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni" title="Uni – bayerska" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Uni" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bayerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BE%25B3%25E0%25BD%25BC%25E0%25BD%2596%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BE%25B2%25E0%25BE%25AD%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2586%25E0%25BD%25BA%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%25BC%25E0%25BC%258D" title="སློབ་གྲྭ་ཆེན་མོ། – tibetanska" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སློབ་གྲྭ་ཆེན་མོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet" title="Univerzitet – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Univerzitet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat" title="Universitat – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Университет – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Университет" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad" title="Unibersidad – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Unibersidad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzita" title="Univerzita – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Univerzita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%25C3%25A0" title="Università – korsikanska" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Università" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol" title="Prifysgol – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prifysgol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitet" title="Universitet – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Universitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%25C3%25A4t" title="Universität – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Universität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259Clikool" title="Ülikool – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A0%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B5%25CF%2580%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25AE%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BF" title="Πανεπιστήμιο – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University" title="University – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="University" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad" title="Universidad – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato" title="Universitato – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibertsitate" title="Unibertsitate – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Unibertsitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4%25DA%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587" title="دانشگاه – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%25C3%25A9" title="Université – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit" title="Universiteit – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Universiteit" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%25C3%25A2t" title="Universitât – friulianska" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Universitât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollscoil" title="Ollscoil – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ollscoil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh" title="Oilthigh – skotsk gäliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oilthigh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gäliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade" title="Universidade – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Университет – ingusjiska" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Университет" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingusjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25AD%25B8" title="大學 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="大學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-ho%25CC%258Dk" title="Thai-ho̍k – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258C%2580%25ED%2595%2599" title="대학 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%2527a" title="Jami'a – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jami'a" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AC%25D5%25BD%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6" title="Համալսարան – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="विश्वविद्यालय – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersita" title="Uniwersita – högsorbiska" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Uniwersita" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="högsorbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveu%25C4%258Dili%25C5%25A1te" title="Sveučilište – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveučilište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato" title="Universitato – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Universitato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad" title="Unibersidad – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Unibersidad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas" title="Universitas – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitate" title="Universitate – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Universitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%25C3%25A1" title="Universitá – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Universitá" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25A1sk%25C3%25B3li" title="Háskóli – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Háskóli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%25C3%25A0" title="Università – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%2595%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A1%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%2594" title="אוניברסיטה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas" title="Universitas – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Universitas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25B6%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25A6%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25B2%25E0%25B2%25AF" title="ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598" title="უნივერსიტეტი – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2597%25D9%2586%25D9%2590%25D9%2588%25D9%258E%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%2590%25D9%25B9%25DB%258C" title="یوٗنِوَرسِٹی – kashmiriska" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یوٗنِوَرسِٹی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Университет – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Университет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo_Kikuu" title="Chuo Kikuu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuo Kikuu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniv%25C3%25A8site" title="Inivèsite – haitiska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Inivèsite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zan%25C3%25AEngeh" title="Zanîngeh – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zanîngeh" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Университет – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Университет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25AB%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%25A7%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%258D%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BB%2584%25E0%25BA%25A5" title="ມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລ – laotiska" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas" title="Universitas – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%25C4%2581te" title="Universitāte – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%25C3%25A9it" title="Universitéit – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Universitéit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitetas" title="Universitetas – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Universitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit" title="Universiteit – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Universiteit" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%25C9%2594%25CC%2581ng%25C9%2594" title="Bobɔ́ngɔ – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bobɔ́ngɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universia" title="Universia – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Universia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yliopisto" title="Yliopisto – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitaa" title="Universitaa – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Universitaa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyetem" title="Egyetem – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Универзитет – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Универзитет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oniversite" title="Oniversite – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Oniversite" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B6%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B2" title="സർവ്വകലാശാല – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സർവ്വകലാശാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A0" title="विद्यापीठ – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विद्यापीठ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598" title="უნივერსიტეტი – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D9%2587" title="جامعه – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25B5%25E1%2580%25AF" title="တက္ကသဵု – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="တက္ကသဵု" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1" title="دونشجار – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دونشجار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti" title="Universiti – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2587%25EA%25AF%25A5%25EA%25AF%25A2%25EA%25AF%2584%25EA%25AF%25AA_%25EA%25AF%2583%25EA%25AF%258D%25EA%25AF%25A9%25EA%25AF%2580%25EA%25AF%25A3%25EA%25AF%259C" title="ꯇꯥꯢꯄꯪ ꯃꯍꯩꯀꯣꯜ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯥꯢꯄꯪ ꯃꯍꯩꯀꯣꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas" title="Universitas – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Universitas" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A2i-h%25C5%258Fk" title="Dâi-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâi-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Университетсь – moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Университетсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%25BA" title="တက္ကသိုလ် – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တက္ကသိုလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hueyitlamachticalli" title="Hueyitlamachticalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Hueyitlamachticalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit" title="Universiteit – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteat" title="Universiteat – lågsaxiska" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Universiteat" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="lågsaxiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="विश्वविद्यालय – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25AD%25A6" title="大学 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uneverzet%25C3%25A0" title="Uneverzetà – napolitanska" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Uneverzetà" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DF%2596%25DF%258A%25DF%25AF%25DF%2593%25DF%2598%25DF%258A%25DF%25AB" title="ߖߊ߯ߓߘߊ߫ – n-kå" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߊ߯ߓߘߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n-kå" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Университет – tjetjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Университет" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersiteet" title="Uniwersiteet – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uniwersiteet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitet" title="Universitet – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Universitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitet" title="Universitet – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Universitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euniversita%25C3%25A9" title="Euniversitaé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Euniversitaé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitate" title="Universitate – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Universitate" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat" title="Universitat – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Universitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuunivarsitii" title="Yuunivarsitii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Yuunivarsitii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitet" title="Universitet – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Universitet" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AF%25E0%25A9%2582%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A9%2580%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%259F%25E0%25A9%2580" title="ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%25B9%25DB%258C" title="یونیورسٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%258F" title="တက္ကသိုလ်ႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တက္ကသိုလ်ႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidat" title="Universidat – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Universidat" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D9%2587%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="پوهنتون – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوهنتون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univarsit%25C3%25A8" title="Univarsitè – pikardiska" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Univarsitè" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%25C3%25A0" title="Università – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Università" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet" title="Uniwersytet – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniwersytet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade" title="Universidade – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitet" title="Universitet – karakalpakiska" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Universitet" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitate" title="Universitate – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachay_suntur" title="Yachay suntur – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yachay suntur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Университет – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iunivesite" title="Iunivesite – samoanska" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iunivesite" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25A1%25E1%25B1%25AE%25E1%25B1%259C%25E1%25B1%25AE%25E1%25B1%259B_%25E1%25B1%25B5%25E1%25B1%25A4%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%25AB%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%259C%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B2" title="ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱜᱟᱲ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱜᱟᱲ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade" title="Universidade – sardinska" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Universidade" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity" title="Varsity – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Varsity" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%25C3%25A4t" title="Universität – saterfrisiska" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Universität" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunibesithi" title="Yunibesithi – nordsotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Yunibesithi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="nordsotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti" title="Universiteti – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univirsitati" title="Univirsitati – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Univirsitati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B7%2581%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25AF%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25BD" title="විශ්වවිද්‍යාල – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විශ්වවිද්‍යාල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/University" title="University – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="University" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%25BD%25D9%258A" title="يونيورسٽي – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يونيورسٽي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzita" title="Univerzita – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Univerzita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza" title="Univerza – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaamacad" title="Jaamacad – somaliska" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jaamacad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25A9%25DB%2586" title="زانکۆ – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانکۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Универзитет – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Универзитет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet" title="Univerzitet – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yliopisto" title="Yliopisto – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamantasan" title="Pamantasan – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamantasan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D" title="பல்கலைக்கழகம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%258B_%25D1%2583%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583_%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D1%258B" title="Югары уку йорты – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Югары уку йорты" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2581%25B8%25E1%2581%25BC%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2589%25E1%2581%25B8%25E1%2580%25BD%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BA" title="ၸၼ်ႉၸွမ် – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၸၼ်ႉၸွမ်" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%25B6%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%25A6%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B0%2582" title="విశ్వవిద్యాలయం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విశ్వవిద్యాలయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25A2" title="มหาวิทยาลัย – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2588%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D2%25B3" title="Донишгоҳ – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunivesithi" title="Yunivesithi – venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Yunivesithi" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25B6%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B5_%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25A6%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25B2%25E0%25B2%25AF" title="ವಿಶ್ವ ವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವಿಶ್ವ ವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259Cniversite" title="Üniversite – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üniversite" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersitet" title="Uniwersitet – turkmeniska" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Uniwersitet" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunuvasi%25CC%25B1ti" title="Yunuvasi̱ti – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Yunuvasi̱ti" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Університет – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25DB%2581" title="جامعہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جامعہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%2587%25D9%2586%25D9%2589%25DB%258B%25DB%2590%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%2589%25D8%25AA%25DB%2590%25D8%25AA_(%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2589_%25D9%2585%25DB%2595%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25DB%2595%25D9%25BE)" title="ئۇنىۋېرسىتېت (ئالى مەكتەپ) – uiguriska" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۇنىۋېرسىتېت (ئالى مەكتەپ)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayoz" title="Dayoz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dayoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%25C3%25A0" title="Università – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Università" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%25E1%25BB%2587n_%25C4%2591%25E1%25BA%25A1i_h%25E1%25BB%258Dc" title="Viện đại học – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viện đại học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259Clikuul" title="Ülikuul – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ülikuul" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univiersit%25C3%25A9" title="Univiersité – vallonska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Univiersité" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekirajaap%25C3%25BClee" title="Ekirajaapülee – wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ekirajaapülee" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E5%25A0%2582" title="大學堂 – litterär kineiska" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="大學堂" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="litterär kineiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit" title="Universiteit – västflamländska" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Universiteit" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="västflamländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad" title="Unibersidad – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unibersidad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25AD%25A6" title="大学 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%2595%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%2595%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A1%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%25A2%25D7%2598" title="אוניווערסיטעט – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוניווערסיטעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunif%25C3%25A1s%25C3%25ADt%25C3%25AC" title="Yunifásítì – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Yunifásítì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25AD%25B8" title="大學 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers%25C4%25B1te" title="Universıte – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Universıte" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25AD%25B8" title="大學 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unipersitas" title="Unipersitas – batak-toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Unipersitas" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="batak-toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersit%25C3%25A8t" title="Uniwersitèt – betawiska" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Uniwersitèt" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas" title="Universitas – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Universitas" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti" title="Universiti – centraldusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Universiti" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="centraldusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpl%25C9%2594nyiji_alav%25C9%2594t%25C9%259Bn" title="Kplɔnyiji alavɔtɛn – fonspråket" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Kplɔnyiji alavɔtɛn" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="fonspråket" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti" title="Universiti – ibanska" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Universiti" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul 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