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id="toc-In_pre-1996_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_pre-1996_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 In pre-1996 orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_pre-1996_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Switzerland and Liechtenstein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origin and development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Standardization of use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_Roman_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_Roman_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Use in Roman type </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_Roman_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_and_attempted_abolitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_and_attempted_abolitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Abolition and attempted abolitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_and_attempted_abolitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_a_capital_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_a_capital_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Development of a capital form </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_a_capital_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Representation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Representation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Representation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graphical_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphical_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Graphical variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphical_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typing_the_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typing_the_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Typing the character </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typing_the_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Unicode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">ß</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%9E" title="ẞ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ẞ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%9E" title="ẞ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="ẞ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eszett" title="Eszett – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eszett" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%9E" title="ẞ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ẞ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esceto" title="Esceto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Esceto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eszett" title="Eszett – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eszett" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="ß үзг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="ß үзг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ესცეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესცეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%9E" title="ẞ – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="ẞ" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escetas" title="Escetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Escetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%9E" title="ẞ – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ẞ" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F" title="អេសសេត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេសសេត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Эсцет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эсцет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5)" title="ß (слово латинице) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ß (слово латинице)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%97" title="เอ็สเซ็ท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอ็สเซ็ท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ß" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Letter of the Latin alphabet; used in German</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the German eszett. For the Greek letter that looks similar, see <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a>. For the Chinese radical, see <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%9D" title="阝">阝</a>. For the Malayalam script, see <a href="/wiki/Bha_(Indic)#Malayalam_Bha" title="Bha (Indic)">Bha (Indic) § Malayalam Bha</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:lightblue; color:black;;">ẞ</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">ẞ ß</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_eszett.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Latin_letter_eszett.svg/200px-Latin_letter_eszett.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Latin_letter_eszett.svg/300px-Latin_letter_eszett.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Latin_letter_eszett.svg/400px-Latin_letter_eszett.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound values</th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>U+1E9E, U+00DF</code></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 1.25em;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M40.png?36181" height="38" title="M40" alt="M40" /></td><td>,</td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticS-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-Sinaitic Shin"><img alt="Proto-Sinaitic Shin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticZ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-Sinaitic Zayin"><img alt="Proto-Sinaitic Zayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Proto-semiticZ-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticZ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Proto-semiticZ-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticZ-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Proto-semiticZ-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticZ-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Sin"><img alt="Phoenician Sin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/20px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/30px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/40px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_zayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Zayin"><img alt="Phoenician Zayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/20px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/30px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/40px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">ς</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">ζ</a><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%94" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌔">𐌔</a>, <a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%86" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌆">𐌆</a><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">ſ</a><a href="/wiki/Ezh" title="Ezh">ʒ</a><ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li>ẞ ß</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time period</th><td class="infobox-data">~1300s to present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendants</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sisters</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Transliterations</th><td class="infobox-data">ss, sz</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated graphs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#S" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">ss, sz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="skin-invert-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:S-sharp-s-Cambria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/S-sharp-s-Cambria.svg/117px-S-sharp-s-Cambria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/S-sharp-s-Cambria.svg/176px-S-sharp-s-Cambria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/S-sharp-s-Cambria.svg/234px-S-sharp-s-Cambria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="132" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:S-sharp-s-Lucida-Sans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/S-sharp-s-Lucida-Sans.svg/117px-S-sharp-s-Lucida-Sans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/S-sharp-s-Lucida-Sans.svg/176px-S-sharp-s-Lucida-Sans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/S-sharp-s-Lucida-Sans.svg/234px-S-sharp-s-Lucida-Sans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="132" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Theuerdank_szlig.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Theuerdank_szlig.png/80px-Theuerdank_szlig.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Theuerdank_szlig.png/120px-Theuerdank_szlig.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Theuerdank_szlig.png/160px-Theuerdank_szlig.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="498" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurrent_%C3%9F.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kurrent_%C3%9F.svg/154px-Kurrent_%C3%9F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="154" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kurrent_%C3%9F.svg/231px-Kurrent_%C3%9F.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kurrent_%C3%9F.svg/308px-Kurrent_%C3%9F.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="139" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Variant forms of Eszett (from top-left to bottom-right): <a href="/wiki/Cambria_(typeface)" title="Cambria (typeface)">Cambria</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Lucida_Sans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucida Sans">Lucida Sans</a> (1985), <a href="/wiki/Theuerdank#Theuerdank_font" title="Theuerdank">Theuerdank</a> blackletter (1933, based on a 1517 type), handwritten <a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a> (1865)</div></div></div></div></div> In <a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German orthography</a>, the letter ß, called Eszett (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɛsˈtsɛt]</a>, S-Z) or scharfes S (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˌʃaʁfəs ˈʔɛs]</a>, "sharp S"), represents the /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> when following <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>. The letter-name <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Eszett#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Eszett">Eszett</a> combines the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of the letters">names of the letters</a> of ⟨s⟩ (Es) and ⟨z⟩ (Zett) in German. The character's <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> names in English are double s,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> sharp s<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_00DF-2">[2]</a> and eszett.<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_00DF-2">[2]</a> The Eszett letter is currently used only in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, and can be typographically replaced with the double-s digraph ⟨ss⟩, if the ß-character is unavailable. In the 20th century, the ß-character was replaced with ss in the spelling of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a> (Switzerland and <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>), while remaining <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> spelling in other varieties of the German language.<a href="#cite_note-Swiss-3">[3]</a> The letter originates as the ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">sz</a>⟩ <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> as used in <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">late medieval and early modern German</a> orthography, represented as a <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a> of ⟨ſ⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long s</a>) and ⟨ʒ⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Z#Variant_and_derived_forms" title="Z">tailed z</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> typefaces, yielding ⟨ſʒ⟩.<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> This developed from an earlier usage of ⟨z⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> to represent a separate <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> sound from ⟨s⟩; when the difference between the two sounds was lost in the 13th century, the two symbols came to be combined as ⟨sz⟩ in some situations. Traditionally, ⟨ß⟩ did not have a capital form, although some <a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">type designers</a> introduced de facto capitalized variants. In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_German_Orthography" title="Council for German Orthography">Council for German Orthography</a> officially adopted a capital, ⟨ẞ⟩, as an acceptable variant in German orthography, ending a long orthographic debate.<a href="#cite_note-Long_debate-5">[4]</a> Since 2024 the capital ⟨ẞ⟩ (ligature) has been preferred over ⟨SS⟩ (two letters).<a href="#cite_note-Amtliches_Regelwerk-6">[5]</a> Lowercase ⟨ß⟩ was <a href="/wiki/Codepoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Codepoint">encoded</a> by <a href="/wiki/ECMA-94" class="mw-redirect" title="ECMA-94">ECMA-94</a> (1985) at position 223 (hexadecimal DF), inherited by <a href="/wiki/Latin-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin-1">Latin-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+00DF ß LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S).<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">HTML entity</a> <code>&szlig;</code> was introduced with <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML 2.0</a> (1995). The capital ⟨ẞ⟩ was encoded by Unicode in 2008 at (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1E9E ẞ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_usage">Current usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current usage">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">standard German</a>, three letters or combinations of letters commonly represent <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[s]</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">voiceless alveolar fricative</a>) depending on its position in a word: ⟨s⟩, ⟨ss⟩, and ⟨ß⟩. According to <a href="/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1996" title="German orthography reform of 1996">current German orthography</a>, ⟨ß⟩ represents the sound <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[s]</a>: <ol><li>when it is written after a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> or <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowel</a> and is not followed by another consonant in the <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">word stem</a>: Straße, Maß, groß, heißen [Exceptions: aus and words with <a href="/wiki/Final_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final devoicing">final devoicing</a> (e.g., Haus)];<a href="#cite_note-IDS-8">[7]</a> and</li> <li>when a word stem ending with ⟨ß⟩ takes an <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> ending beginning with a consonant: heißt, größte.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></li></ol> In verbs with roots where the vowel changes length, this means that some forms may be written with ⟨ß⟩, others with ⟨ss⟩: wissen, er weiß, er wusste.<a href="#cite_note-IDS-8">[7]</a> The use of ⟨ß⟩ distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> such as reißen (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁaɪsn̩]</a>, to rip) and reisen (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁaɪzn̩]</a>, to travel) on the one hand (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[s]</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[z]</a>), and Buße (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbuːsə]</a>, penance) and Busse (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbʊsə]</a>, buses) on the other (long vowel before ⟨ß⟩, short vowel before ⟨ss⟩).<a href="#cite_note-augst-10">[9]</a>: 123  Some proper names may use ⟨ß⟩ after a short vowel, following the old orthography; this is also true of some words derived from proper names (e.g., Litfaßsäule; <a href="/wiki/Advertising_column" title="Advertising column">advertising column</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Litfa%C3%9F" title="Ernst Litfaß">Ernst Litfaß</a>).<a href="#cite_note-poschenrieder-11">[10]</a>: 180  If no ⟨ß⟩ is available in a font, then the official orthography calls for ⟨ß⟩ to be replaced with ⟨ss⟩.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> As of 2024, when writing in capital letters ⟨ẞ⟩ is preferred, but ⟨SS⟩ may be used instead.<a href="#cite_note-Amtliches_Regelwerk-6">[5]</a> Previously, ⟨SS⟩ was the preferred form.<a href="#cite_note-DRR_und_W-2017-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_pre-1996_orthography">In pre-1996 orthography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In pre-1996 orthography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RechtschreibreformBeiStrassennamen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RechtschreibreformBeiStrassennamen.jpg/220px-RechtschreibreformBeiStrassennamen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RechtschreibreformBeiStrassennamen.jpg/330px-RechtschreibreformBeiStrassennamen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RechtschreibreformBeiStrassennamen.jpg/440px-RechtschreibreformBeiStrassennamen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Replacement street sign in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, adapted to the 1996 spelling reform (old: Kongreßstraße, new: Kongressstraße)</figcaption></figure> According to the orthography in use in German prior to the <a href="/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1996" title="German orthography reform of 1996">German orthography reform of 1996</a>, ⟨ß⟩ was written to represent <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[s]</a>: <ol><li>word internally following a long vowel or diphthong: Straße, reißen; and</li> <li>at the end of a syllable or before a consonant, so long as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[s]</a> is the end of the word stem: muß, faßt, wäßrig.<a href="#cite_note-poschenrieder-11">[10]</a>: 176 </li></ol> In the old orthography, <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">word stems</a> spelled ⟨ss⟩ internally could thus be written ⟨ß⟩ in certain instances, without this reflecting a change in vowel length: küßt (from küssen), faßt (from fassen), verläßlich and Verlaß (from verlassen), kraß (comparative: krasser).<a href="#cite_note-augst-10">[9]</a>: 121–23 <a href="#cite_note-munske-15">[14]</a> In rare occasions, the difference between ⟨ß⟩ and ⟨ss⟩ could help differentiate words: Paßende (expiration of a pass) and passende (appropriate).<a href="#cite_note-poschenrieder-11">[10]</a>: 178  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABSCHUSZGERAET.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ABSCHUSZGERAET.jpg/220px-ABSCHUSZGERAET.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ABSCHUSZGERAET.jpg/330px-ABSCHUSZGERAET.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ABSCHUSZGERAET.jpg/440px-ABSCHUSZGERAET.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Capitalization as SZ on a <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a> crate (ABSCHUSZGERAET for the pre-reform spelling Abschußgerät 'launcher')</figcaption></figure> As in the new orthography, it was possible to write ⟨ss⟩ for ⟨ß⟩ if the character was not available. When using all capital letters, the pre-1996 rules called for rendering ⟨ß⟩ as ⟨SS⟩ except when there was ambiguity, in which case it should be rendered as ⟨SZ⟩. The common example for such a case is IN MASZEN (in Maßen "in moderate amounts") vs. IN MASSEN (in Massen "in massive amounts"); in this example the spelling difference between ⟨ß⟩ vs. ⟨ss⟩ produces completely different meanings.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Switzerland and Liechtenstein">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a>, ⟨ss⟩ usually replaces every ⟨ß⟩.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> This is officially sanctioned by the reformed German orthography rules, which state in §25 E2: "In der Schweiz kann man immer „ss“ schreiben" ("In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, one may always write 'ss'"). <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> follows the same practice. There are very few instances where the difference between spelling ⟨ß⟩ and ⟨ss⟩ affects the meaning of a word, and these can usually be told apart by context.<a href="#cite_note-walder-18">[17]</a>: 230 <a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirche_O%C3%9Fling_AB_2011_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kirche_O%C3%9Fling_AB_2011_14.JPG/220px-Kirche_O%C3%9Fling_AB_2011_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kirche_O%C3%9Fling_AB_2011_14.JPG/330px-Kirche_O%C3%9Fling_AB_2011_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kirche_O%C3%9Fling_AB_2011_14.JPG/440px-Kirche_O%C3%9Fling_AB_2011_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Use of ß (blackletter 'ſz') in <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a>: wyßokoſcʒ́i ("highest", now spelled wysokosći). Text of <a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">Luke 2</a>:14, in a church in <a href="/wiki/O%C3%9Fling" title="Oßling">Oßling</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BibliaWujka.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BibliaWujka.PNG/220px-BibliaWujka.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BibliaWujka.PNG/330px-BibliaWujka.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BibliaWujka.PNG/440px-BibliaWujka.PNG 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="124" /></a><figcaption>Use of ß in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, in 1599 <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Wujek_Bible" title="Jakub Wujek Bible">Jakub Wujek Bible</a>, in the word náßéy, which means our, and would be spelled naszej in modern orthography</figcaption></figure> Occasionally, ⟨ß⟩ has been used in unusual ways: <ul><li>As the Greek lowercase ⟨β⟩ (<a href="/wiki/Beta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta (letter)">beta</a>). The original IBM PC <a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">CP437</a> contains a glyph that minimizes their differences placed between ⟨α⟩ (alpha) and ⟨γ⟩ (gamma) but named "Sharp s Small".<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Substitution was also done using other character sets such as <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">ISO/IEC 8859-1</a> even though they contain no other Greek letters. The lowercase eszett has also been misused as ⟨β⟩ in scientific writing and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></li> <li>In Prussian <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, as in the first book published in Lithuanian, <a href="/wiki/Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Martynas Mažvydas">Martynas Mažvydas</a>' <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas">Simple Words of Catechism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> (see example on the left).</li> <li>For <a href="/wiki/Sadhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhe">sadhe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> glosses, in place of the standard ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2" title="Ṣ">ṣ</a>⟩, when that character is unavailable due to limitations of <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></li> <li>The letter appeared in the alphabet made by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a>, that was used from the 16th until the 18th century. It represented the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a> ([ʃ]) sound.<a href="#cite_note-p1-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-p2-25">[24]</a> It was for example used in the <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Wujek_Bible" title="Jakub Wujek Bible">Jakub Wujek Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></li> <li>Some authors have used it in German at the beginning of words to transcribe the voiceless s of certain accents.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_and_development">Origin and development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origin and development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nibelungenlied_manuscript_-_%E2%80%9Cgrozer%E2%80%9D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Nibelungenlied_manuscript_-_%E2%80%9Cgrozer%E2%80%9D.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="108" /></a><figcaption>Use of <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> letter “z” for modern “ß” in the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a>: "grozer" = "großer"</figcaption></figure> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> developed a sound generally spelled ⟨zz⟩ or ⟨z⟩ that was probably pronounced [s] and was contrasted with a sound, probably pronounced [⁠s̠] (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant">voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant</a>) or [z̠] (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_retracted_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant">voiced alveolar retracted sibilant</a>), depending on the place in the word, and spelled ⟨s⟩.<a href="#cite_note-Salmons-2018-28">[27]</a> Given that ⟨z⟩ could also represent the <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> [ts], some attempts were made to differentiate the sounds by spelling [s] as ⟨zss⟩ or ⟨zs⟩: wazssar (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Wasser), fuozssi (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Füße), heizsit (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: heißt).<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>, ⟨zz⟩ simplified to ⟨z⟩ at the end of a word or after a long vowel, but was retained word internally after a short vowel: wazzer (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Wasser) vs. lâzen (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: lassen) and fuoz (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Fuß).<a href="#cite_note-Paul-1998-30">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crop_of_vsz_from_History_vom_Herr_Flordimar_Cod_Don_140_fol_37r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Crop_of_vsz_from_History_vom_Herr_Flordimar_Cod_Don_140_fol_37r.jpg/220px-Crop_of_vsz_from_History_vom_Herr_Flordimar_Cod_Don_140_fol_37r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Crop_of_vsz_from_History_vom_Herr_Flordimar_Cod_Don_140_fol_37r.jpg/330px-Crop_of_vsz_from_History_vom_Herr_Flordimar_Cod_Don_140_fol_37r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Crop_of_vsz_from_History_vom_Herr_Flordimar_Cod_Don_140_fol_37r.jpg/440px-Crop_of_vsz_from_History_vom_Herr_Flordimar_Cod_Don_140_fol_37r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Use of the late medieval ligature ⟨ſz⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_F%C3%BCetrer" title="Ulrich Füetrer">Ulrich Füetrer</a>'s Buch der Abenteuer: "uſz" (modern German aus)</figcaption></figure> In the thirteenth century, the phonetic difference between ⟨z⟩ and ⟨s⟩ was lost at the beginning and end of words in all dialects except for <a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salmons-2018-28">[27]</a> Word-internally, Old and Middle High German ⟨s⟩ came to be pronounced [z] (the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar sibilant">voiced alveolar sibilant</a>), while Old and Middle High German ⟨z⟩ continued to be pronounced [s]. This produces the contrast between modern standard German reisen and reißen. The former is pronounced <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁaɪzn̩]</a> and comes from <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle High German language">Middle High German</a>: reisen, while the latter is pronounced <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁaɪsn̩]</a> and comes from <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle High German language">Middle High German</a>: reizen.<a href="#cite_note-penzl-31">[30]</a> In the late medieval and early modern periods, [s] was frequently spelled ⟨sz⟩ or ⟨ss⟩. The earliest appearance of <a href="/wiki/Orthographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthographic ligature">ligature</a> resembling the modern ⟨ß⟩ is in a fragment of a <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> of the poem <a href="/wiki/Wolfdietrich" title="Wolfdietrich">Wolfdietrich</a> from around 1300.<a href="#cite_note-walder-18">[17]</a>: 214 <a href="#cite_note-penzl-31">[30]</a> In the Gothic <a href="/wiki/Book_hand" title="Book hand">book hands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bastarda" title="Bastarda">bastarda</a> scripts of the <a href="/wiki/Late_medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Late medieval">late medieval</a> period, ⟨sz⟩ is written with <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long s</a> and the Blackletter "tailed z", as ⟨ſʒ⟩. A recognizable <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a> representing the ⟨sz⟩ digraph develops in handwriting in the early 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-brekle-32">[31]</a>: 67–76  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crop_of_Der_Bierbreuwer_from_Jost_Amman%27s_St%C3%A4nde_und_Handwerker_Wellcome_L0069606.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Crop_of_Der_Bierbreuwer_from_Jost_Amman%27s_St%C3%A4nde_und_Handwerker_Wellcome_L0069606.jpg/220px-Crop_of_Der_Bierbreuwer_from_Jost_Amman%27s_St%C3%A4nde_und_Handwerker_Wellcome_L0069606.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Crop_of_Der_Bierbreuwer_from_Jost_Amman%27s_St%C3%A4nde_und_Handwerker_Wellcome_L0069606.jpg/330px-Crop_of_Der_Bierbreuwer_from_Jost_Amman%27s_St%C3%A4nde_und_Handwerker_Wellcome_L0069606.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Crop_of_Der_Bierbreuwer_from_Jost_Amman%27s_St%C3%A4nde_und_Handwerker_Wellcome_L0069606.jpg/440px-Crop_of_Der_Bierbreuwer_from_Jost_Amman%27s_St%C3%A4nde_und_Handwerker_Wellcome_L0069606.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1877" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>An early modern printed rhyme by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a> showing several instances of ß as a clear ligature of ⟨ſz⟩: "groß", "stoß", "Laß", "baß" (= modern "besser"), and "Faß"</figcaption></figure> By the late 1400s, the choice of spelling between ⟨sz⟩ and ⟨ss⟩ was usually based on the sound's position in the word rather than etymology: ⟨sz⟩ (⟨ſz⟩) tended to be used in word final position: uſz (<a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle High German language">Middle High German</a>: ûz, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: aus), -nüſz (<a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle High German language">Middle High German</a>: -nüss(e), <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: -nis); ⟨ss⟩ (⟨ſſ⟩) tended to be used when the sound occurred between vowels: groſſes (<a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle High German language">Middle High German</a>: grôzes, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: großes).<a href="#cite_note-young-33">[32]</a>: 171  While <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s early 16th-century printings also contain spellings such as heyße (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: heiße), early modern printers mostly changed these to ⟨ſſ⟩: heiſſe. Around the same time, printers began to systematically distinguish between das (the, that [pronoun]) and daß (that [conjunction]).<a href="#cite_note-young-33">[32]</a>: 215  In modern German, the Old and Middle High German ⟨z⟩ is now represented by either ⟨ss⟩, ⟨ß⟩, or, if there are no related forms in which [s] occurs intervocalically, with ⟨s⟩: messen (<a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle High German language">Middle High German</a>: mezzen), Straße (<a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle High German language">Middle High German</a>: strâze), and was (<a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle High German language">Middle High German</a>: waz).<a href="#cite_note-Paul-1998-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardization_of_use">Standardization of use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standardization of use">edit</a>]</div> The pre-1996 German use of ⟨ß⟩ was codified by the eighteenth-century grammarians <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Gottsched" title="Johann Christoph Gottsched">Johann Christoph Gottsched</a> (1748) and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Adelung" title="Johann Christoph Adelung">Johann Christoph Adelung</a> (1793) and made official for all German-speaking countries by the <a href="/wiki/German_Orthographic_Conference_of_1901" title="German Orthographic Conference of 1901">German Orthographic Conference of 1901</a>. In this orthography, the use of ⟨ß⟩ was modeled after the use of <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long</a> and "round"-s in Fraktur. ⟨ß⟩ appeared both word internally after long vowels and also in those positions where Fraktur required the second s to be a "round" or "final" s, namely the ends of syllables or the ends of words.<a href="#cite_note-walder-18">[17]</a>: 217–18  In his <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Deutsches Wörterbuch">Deutsches Wörterbuch</a> (1854) <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> called for ⟨ß⟩ or ⟨sz⟩ to be written for all instances of Middle and Old High German etymological ⟨z⟩ (e.g., eß instead of es from <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle High German language">Middle High German</a>: ez); however, his etymological proposal could not overcome established usage.<a href="#cite_note-young-33">[32]</a>: 269  In <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> prior to the German Orthographic Conference of 1902, an alternative rule formulated by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_August_Heyse" title="Johann Christian August Heyse">Johann Christian August Heyse</a> in 1829 had been officially taught in the schools since 1879, although this spelling was not widely used. Heyse's rule matches current usage after the <a href="/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1996" title="German orthography reform of 1996">German orthography reform of 1996</a> in that ⟨ß⟩ was only used after long vowels.<a href="#cite_note-walder-18">[17]</a>: 219  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_Roman_type">Use in Roman type</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use in Roman type">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9F_from_Hieronymi_Aleandri_Mottensis_Tabulae_utili%C3%9Fimae,_K%C3%B6ln_1541.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/%C3%9F_from_Hieronymi_Aleandri_Mottensis_Tabulae_utili%C3%9Fimae%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1541.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="48" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="48" /></a><figcaption>The ſs ligature used for Latin in 16th-century printing (utiliſsimæ)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang-s-Rund-s_Blaeu_Essen.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Lang-s-Rund-s_Blaeu_Essen.gif" decoding="async" width="161" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a> with ſs-ligature reads Eßen (Latin <a href="/wiki/Joan_Blaeu" title="Joan Blaeu">Blaeu</a> atlas, text printed in Antiqua, 1650s).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Eszett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/French_Eszett.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="145" /></a><figcaption>French usage as a ligature for ⟨ss⟩ in 1784 from <a href="/wiki/Galerie_des_Modes_et_Costumes_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Galerie des Modes et Costumes Français">Gallerie des Modes</a></figcaption></figure> In early modern Latin type (<a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">antiqua</a>), a ligature similar to modern ⟨ß⟩ developed out of a long s followed by a round s (⟨ſs⟩), and as such was used in languages such as Italian in alternation with ⟨ſſ⟩, usually based on requirements of space on the page.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a>: 76  However, despite its resemblance to the modern ⟨ß⟩, this ligature was not commonly used as an equivalent to the Fraktur ⟨sz⟩ in German.<a href="#cite_note-mosley-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-jamra-36">[35]</a> This ligature generally fell out of use in the eighteenth century, together with the use of long s in antiqua.<a href="#cite_note-brekle-32">[31]</a>: 73  German works printed in Roman type in the late 18th and early 19th centuries such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>'s Wissenschaftslehre did not provide any equivalent to the ⟨ß⟩.<a href="#cite_note-brekle-32">[31]</a>: 74  <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> began using ⟨ß⟩ in his Deutsche Grammatik (1819); however, it varied with ⟨ſſ⟩ word internally.<a href="#cite_note-brekle-32">[31]</a>: 74  Grimm eventually rejected the use of the character; in their <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Deutsches Wörterbuch">Deutsches Wörterbuch</a> (1838), the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> favored writing it as ⟨sz⟩.<a href="#cite_note-jamra-36">[35]</a>: 2  The <a href="/wiki/First_Orthographic_Conference_(German)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Orthographic Conference (German)">First Orthographic Conference</a> in Berlin (1876) recommended that ß be represented as ⟨ſs⟩ – however, both suggestions were ultimately rejected.<a href="#cite_note-young-33">[32]</a>: 269 <a href="#cite_note-walder-18">[17]</a>: 222  In 1879, a proposal for various letter forms was published in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_f%C3%BCr_Buchdruckerkunst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal für Buchdruckerkunst (page does not exist)">Journal für Buchdruckerkunst</a>. A committee of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Typographic_Society_of_Leipzig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Typographic Society of Leipzig (page does not exist)">Typographic Society of Leipzig</a> chose the "Sulzbacher form". In 1903, it was proclaimed as the new standard for the Eszett in Roman type.<a href="#cite_note-jamra-36">[35]</a>: 3–5  Until the abolition of Fraktur in 1941, it was common for <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family names</a> to be written with ⟨ß⟩ in Fraktur and ⟨ss⟩ in Roman type. The formal abolition resulted in inconsistencies in how names are written in modern German (such as between Heuss and Heuß).<a href="#cite_note-poschenrieder-11">[10]</a>: 176  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_and_attempted_abolitions">Abolition and attempted abolitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abolition and attempted abolitions">edit</a>]</div> The Swiss and Liechtensteiners ceased to use ⟨ß⟩ in the twentieth century. This has been explained variously by the early adoption of Roman type in Switzerland, the use of <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a> in Switzerland that did not include ⟨ß⟩ in favor of French and Italian characters, and peculiarities of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> that cause words spelled with ⟨ß⟩ or ⟨ss⟩ to be pronounced with <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-walder-18">[17]</a>: 221–22  The Education Council of <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> had decided to stop teaching the letter in 1935, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a> continued to write ⟨ß⟩ until 1971.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Swiss newspapers continued to print in Fraktur until the end of the 1940s, and the abandonment of ß by most newspapers corresponded to them switching to Roman typesetting.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> When the Nazi German government abolished the use of blackletter typesetting in 1941, it was originally planned to also abolish the use of ⟨ß⟩. However, Hitler intervened to retain ⟨ß⟩, while deciding against the creation of a capital form.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> In 1954, a group of reformers in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> similarly proposed, among other changes to German spelling, the abolition of ⟨ß⟩; their proposals were publicly opposed by German-language writers <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a> and were never implemented.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Although the German Orthography Reform of 1996 reduced the use of ⟨ß⟩ in standard German, Adrienne Walder writes that an abolition outside of Switzerland appears unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-walder-18">[17]</a>: 235  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_a_capital_form">Development of a capital form</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Development of a capital form">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eszett_Leipziger_Duden_1957.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Eszett_Leipziger_Duden_1957.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="108" /></a><figcaption>Uppercase ß on a book cover from 1957</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gie%C3%9Fener_Zeitung_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gie%C3%9Fener_Zeitung_Logo.svg/220px-Gie%C3%9Fener_Zeitung_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gie%C3%9Fener_Zeitung_Logo.svg/330px-Gie%C3%9Fener_Zeitung_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gie%C3%9Fener_Zeitung_Logo.svg/440px-Gie%C3%9Fener_Zeitung_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="54" /></a><figcaption>Logo of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gie%C3%9Fener_Zeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gießener Zeitung (page does not exist)">Gießener Zeitung</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fener_Zeitung" class="extiw" title="de:Gießener Zeitung">de</a>] ("GIEẞENER ZEITUNG", 2008 design)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stra%C3%9Fenschild-Versal-%C3%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stra%C3%9Fenschild-Versal-%C3%9F.jpg/220px-Stra%C3%9Fenschild-Versal-%C3%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stra%C3%9Fenschild-Versal-%C3%9F.jpg/330px-Stra%C3%9Fenschild-Versal-%C3%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stra%C3%9Fenschild-Versal-%C3%9F.jpg/440px-Stra%C3%9Fenschild-Versal-%C3%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Street sign with Versal-Eszett ("MÜHLFELDSTRAẞE") in <a href="/wiki/Heiligkreuzsteinach" title="Heiligkreuzsteinach">Heiligkreuzsteinach</a> (2011 photograph)</figcaption></figure> Because ⟨ß⟩ had been treated as a ligature, rather than as a full letter of the German alphabet, it had no capital form in early modern typesetting. Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Allcaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Allcaps">allcaps</a> was not normally used in Fraktur printing.<a href="#cite_note-Long_debate-5">[4]</a> There were, however, proposals to introduce capital forms of ⟨ß⟩ for use in allcaps writing (where ⟨ß⟩ would otherwise usually be represented as either ⟨SS⟩ or ⟨SZ⟩). A capital was first seriously proposed in 1879, but did not enter official or widespread use.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The Orthographic Conference of 1903 called for the use of ⟨SZ⟩ in allcaps until a capital letter could be proposed.<a href="#cite_note-Long_debate-5">[4]</a> Historical typefaces offering a capitalized eszett mostly date to the time between 1905 and 1930. The first known typefaces to include capital eszett were produced by the Schelter & Giesecke foundry in Leipzig, in 1905/06. Schelter & Giesecke at the time widely advocated the use of this type, but its use nevertheless remained very limited. The preface to the 1925 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a> dictionary expressed the desirability of a separate glyph for capital ⟨ß⟩: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Die Verwendung zweier Buchstaben für einen Laut ist nur ein Notbehelf, der aufhören muss, sobald ein geeigneter Druckbuchstabe für das große ß geschaffen ist.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The use of two letters for a single phoneme is makeshift, to be abandoned as soon as a suitable type for the capital ß has been developed.</blockquote> The Duden was edited separately in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> during the 1950s to 1980s. The East German Duden of 1957 (15th ed.) introduced a capital ⟨ß⟩ in its typesetting without revising the rule for capitalization. The 16th edition of 1969 still announced that an uppercase ⟨ß⟩ was in development and would be introduced in the future. The 1984 edition again removed this announcement and simply stated that there is no capital version of ⟨ß⟩.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> In the 2000s, there were renewed efforts on the part of certain <a href="/wiki/Typographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographer">typographers</a> to introduce a capital, ⟨ẞ⟩. A proposal to include a corresponding character in the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> set submitted in 2004<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> A second proposal submitted in 2007 was successful, and the character was included in Unicode version 5.1.0 in April 2008 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1E9E ẞ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S).<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The international standard associated with Unicode (UCS), <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10646" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 10646">ISO/IEC 10646</a>, was updated to reflect the addition on 24 June 2008. The capital letter was finally adopted as an option in standard German orthography in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-DRR_und_W-2017-13">[12]</a> As of 2024, ⟨ẞ⟩ is now the preferred option for depicting the character in capital letters, with ⟨SS⟩ as a second option.<a href="#cite_note-Amtliches_Regelwerk-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation">Representation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Representation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphical_variants">Graphical variants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Graphical variants">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/%C3%9F" title="Special:EditPage/ß">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%C3%9F%22">"ß"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22%C3%9F%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22%C3%9F%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22%C3%9F%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22%C3%9F%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22%C3%9F%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (March 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The recommendation of the Sulzbacher form (1903) was not followed universally in 20th-century printing. There were four distinct variants of ⟨ß⟩ in use in Antiqua fonts: <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sz_modern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sz_modern.svg/245px-Sz_modern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="245" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sz_modern.svg/368px-Sz_modern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sz_modern.svg/490px-Sz_modern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Four forms of Antiqua Eszett: 1. ſs, 2. ſs ligature, 3. ſʒ ligature, 4. Sulzbacher form</figcaption></figure> <ol><li>⟨ſs⟩ without ligature, but as a single type, with reduced spacing between the two letters;</li> <li>the ligature of ⟨ſ⟩ and ⟨s⟩ inherited from the 16th-century Antiqua typefaces;</li> <li>a ligature of ⟨ſ⟩ and ⟨ʒ⟩, adapting the blackletter ligature to Antiqua; and</li> <li>the Sulzbacher form.</li></ol> The first variant (no ligature) has become practically obsolete. Most modern typefaces follow either 2 or 4, with 3 retained in occasional usage, notably in street signs in Bonn and Berlin. The design of modern ⟨ß⟩ tends to follow either the Sulzbacher form, in which ⟨ʒ⟩ (tailed z) is clearly visible, or else be made up of a clear ligature of ⟨ſ⟩ and ⟨s⟩.<a href="#cite_note-jamra-36">[35]</a>: 2  <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9F_handwritten_sample.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%C3%9F_handwritten_sample.gif/232px-%C3%9F_handwritten_sample.gif" decoding="async" width="232" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%C3%9F_handwritten_sample.gif/348px-%C3%9F_handwritten_sample.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%C3%9F_handwritten_sample.gif/464px-%C3%9F_handwritten_sample.gif 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>Three contemporary handwritten forms of 'ß' demonstrated in the word aß, "(I/he/she/it) ate"</figcaption></figure> Use of typographic variants in street signs: <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Waldstra%C3%9FePirna.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Unligatured ſs variant in a street sign in Pirna, Saxony"><img alt="Unligatured ſs variant in a street sign in Pirna, Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Waldstra%C3%9FePirna.JPG/120px-Waldstra%C3%9FePirna.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Waldstra%C3%9FePirna.JPG/180px-Waldstra%C3%9FePirna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Waldstra%C3%9FePirna.JPG/240px-Waldstra%C3%9FePirna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="127" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Un<a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatured</a> ſs variant in a street sign in <a href="/wiki/Pirna" title="Pirna">Pirna</a>, Saxony</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Berliner_Stra%C3%9Fe.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Antiqua form of the ſʒ ligature (Berlin street signs)"><img alt="Antiqua form of the ſʒ ligature (Berlin street signs)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Berliner_Stra%C3%9Fe.JPG/120px-Berliner_Stra%C3%9Fe.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Berliner_Stra%C3%9Fe.JPG/180px-Berliner_Stra%C3%9Fe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Berliner_Stra%C3%9Fe.JPG/240px-Berliner_Stra%C3%9Fe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="786" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a> form of the ſʒ ligature (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> street signs)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlo%C3%9F%C5%BFtra%C3%9Fe,_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_-_street_signs_in_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blackletter form of the ſʒ ligature (Erfurt street signs)"><img alt="Blackletter form of the ſʒ ligature (Erfurt street signs)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Schlo%C3%9F%C5%BFtra%C3%9Fe%2C_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_-_street_signs_in_2008.jpg/120px-Schlo%C3%9F%C5%BFtra%C3%9Fe%2C_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_-_street_signs_in_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Schlo%C3%9F%C5%BFtra%C3%9Fe%2C_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_-_street_signs_in_2008.jpg/180px-Schlo%C3%9F%C5%BFtra%C3%9Fe%2C_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_-_street_signs_in_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Schlo%C3%9F%C5%BFtra%C3%9Fe%2C_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_-_street_signs_in_2008.jpg/240px-Schlo%C3%9F%C5%BFtra%C3%9Fe%2C_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_-_street_signs_in_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a> form of the ſʒ ligature (<a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> street signs)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberg_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sulzbacher form (Nuremberg street signs)"><img alt="Sulzbacher form (Nuremberg street signs)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/N%C3%BCrnberg_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg/120px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/N%C3%BCrnberg_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg/180px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/N%C3%BCrnberg_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg/240px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="#Sulzbacher_form">Sulzbacher form</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> street signs)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MainzStrSchilder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two distinct blackletter typefaces in Mainz. The red sign spells Straße with ſs; the blue sign uses the standard blackletter ſʒ ligature."><img alt="Two distinct blackletter typefaces in Mainz. The red sign spells Straße with ſs; the blue sign uses the standard blackletter ſʒ ligature." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MainzStrSchilder.jpg/120px-MainzStrSchilder.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MainzStrSchilder.jpg/180px-MainzStrSchilder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MainzStrSchilder.jpg/240px-MainzStrSchilder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="213" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two distinct blackletter typefaces in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>. The red sign spells Straße with ſs; the blue sign uses the standard blackletter ſʒ ligature.</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Versal-Eszett-in-Webanwendung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Screenshot of a web application with a button "SCHLIEẞEN" ("Close") using capital letters and capital ẞ. Above the button, a message says "Für Videoanrufe in Hangouts wird jetzt Google Meet verwendet. Weitere Informationen"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Versal-Eszett-in-Webanwendung.png/220px-Versal-Eszett-in-Webanwendung.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Versal-Eszett-in-Webanwendung.png 1.5x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>Capital ß in a web application</figcaption></figure> The inclusion of a capital ⟨ẞ⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> in 2008 revived the century-old debate among font designers as to how such a character should be represented. The main difference in the shapes of ⟨ẞ⟩ in contemporary fonts is the depiction with a diagonal straight line vs. a curved line in its upper right part, reminiscent of the ligature of <a href="/wiki/Ezh" title="Ezh">tailed z</a> or of <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">round s</a>, respectively. The code chart published by the Unicode Consortium favours the former possibility,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> which has been adopted by Unicode capable fonts including <a href="/wiki/Arial" title="Arial">Arial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calibri" title="Calibri">Calibri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambria_(typeface)" title="Cambria (typeface)">Cambria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courier_New" class="mw-redirect" title="Courier New">Courier New</a>, <a href="/wiki/DejaVu_fonts" title="DejaVu fonts">Dejavu Serif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Sans" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Sans">Liberation Sans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Mono" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Mono">Liberation Mono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux_Libertine" title="Linux Libertine">Linux Libertine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Times_New_Roman" title="Times New Roman">Times New Roman</a>; the second possibility is more rare, adopted by <a href="/wiki/DejaVu_fonts" title="DejaVu fonts">Dejavu Sans</a>. Some fonts adopt a third possibility in representing ⟨ẞ⟩ following the <a href="/wiki/Sulzbacher_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulzbacher form">Sulzbacher form</a> of ⟨ß⟩, reminiscent of the Greek ⟨<a href="/wiki/%CE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Β">β</a>⟩ (beta); such a shape has been adopted by <a href="/wiki/FreeSans" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeSans">FreeSans</a> and <a href="/wiki/FreeSerif" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeSerif">FreeSerif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Serif" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Serif">Liberation Serif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verdana" title="Verdana">Verdana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typing_the_character">Typing the character</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Typing the character">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/%C3%9F" title="Special:EditPage/ß">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%C3%9F%22">"ß"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22%C3%9F%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22%C3%9F%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22%C3%9F%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22%C3%9F%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22%C3%9F%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_typewriter_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/German_typewriter_detail.jpg/200px-German_typewriter_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/German_typewriter_detail.jpg/300px-German_typewriter_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/German_typewriter_detail.jpg/400px-German_typewriter_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>The ß key (as well as <a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ü</a>) on a 1964 German <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a> </figcaption></figure> In Germany and Austria, a 'ß' key is present on computer and typewriter keyboards, normally to the right-hand end on the number row. The German typewriter keyboard layout was defined in <a href="/wiki/DIN" class="mw-redirect" title="DIN">DIN</a> 2112, first issued in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In other countries, the letter is not marked on the keyboard, but a combination of other keys can produce it. Often, the letter is input using a modifier and the 's' key. The details of the keyboard layout depend on the input language and operating system: on some keyboards with <a href="/wiki/US-International" class="mw-redirect" title="US-International">US-International</a> (or local 'extended') setting, the symbol is created using <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">s</kbd> (or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">s</kbd>) in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a>; in <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">MacOS</a>, one uses <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⌥ Option</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">s</kbd> on the US, US-Extended, and UK keyboards. In Windows, one can use <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alt_code" title="Alt code">Alt</a></kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">0</kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">2</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">2</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">3</kbd>. On Linux <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Compose_key" title="Compose key">Compose</a></kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">s</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">s</kbd> works, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Compose</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">S</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">S</kbd> for uppercase. Some modern <a href="/wiki/Virtual_keyboards" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual keyboards">virtual keyboards</a> show ß when the user presses and holds the 's' key. The <a href="/wiki/HTML_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML entity">HTML entity</a> (for the lowercase form) is <code>&szlig;</code>. In <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> and <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>, <code>\ss</code> produces ß.<a href="#cite_note-latexnames-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[b]</a> A German language support package for LaTeX exists in which ß is produced by <code>"s</code> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlauts</a>, which are produced by <code>"a</code>, <code>"o</code>, and <code>"u</code> with this package).<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Additionally, there are keyboard layouts that accommodate <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">ẞ</kbd>, such as <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_2137" class="extiw" title="de:DIN 2137">DIN 2137</a>-2 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">H</kbd>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode">Unicode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Unicode">edit</a>]</div> There are two code points in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+00DF ß LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1E9E ẞ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S</li></ul> In modern browsers, lowercase "ß" will be converted to "SS" when the element containing it is set to uppercase using <code>text-transform: uppercase</code> in <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a>. The <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> in <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> will convert "ß" to "SS" when converted to uppercase (e.g., <code>"ß".toUpperCase()</code>).<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> The lower-case letter exists in many earlier encodings that covered European languages. In several <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859">ISO 8859</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[c]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows-125x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows-125x">Windows</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[d]</a> encodings it is at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">0xDF, the value inherited by Unicode. In <a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">DOS code pages</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[e]</a> it is at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">0xE1. <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Roman" title="Mac OS Roman">Mac OS encodings</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[f]</a> put it at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">0xA7. Some <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> codes<a href="#cite_note-88">[g]</a> put it at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">0x59. The upper-case form was rarely, if ever, encoded in single-byte encodings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">Long s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">β</a> – Second letter of the Greek alphabet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%9D" title="阝">阝</a> – Element used in Chinese writing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a> – Digraph of the Latin script</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The IPA symbol <a href="/wiki/Ezh" title="Ezh">ezh</a> (ʒ) is the most similar to the Blackletter z (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {z}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">z</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {z}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/66cbe4423d376d7d25e051dea95d58585335fb8f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.015ex; width:0.924ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {z}}}">) and is used in this article for convenience despite its technical inaccuracy. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\SS</code> macro exists as the uppercase counterpart of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\ss</code>, but produces a doubled capital S. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Parts <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-1">1</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-2">2</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-3">3</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-4" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-4">4</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-9">9</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-10" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-10">10</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-13">13</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-14" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-14">14</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-15" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-15">15</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-16" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-16">16</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Code pages <a href="/wiki/Windows-1250" title="Windows-1250">1250</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">1252</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows-1254" title="Windows-1254">1254</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows-1257" title="Windows-1257">1257</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows-1258" title="Windows-1258">1258</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Code pages <a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">437</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Code_page_850" title="Code page 850">850</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Mac OS <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Roman" title="Mac OS Roman">Roman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Icelandic_encoding" title="Mac OS Icelandic encoding">Icelandic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Croatian_encoding" title="Mac OS Croatian encoding">Croatian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Central_European_encoding" title="Mac OS Central European encoding">Central European</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Celtic" title="Mac OS Celtic">Celtic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gaelic" title="Mac OS Gaelic">Gaelic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Romanian_encoding" title="Mac OS Romanian encoding">Romanian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/MacGreek_encoding" title="MacGreek encoding">Greek</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Turkish_encoding" title="Mac OS Turkish encoding">Turkish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> 037 <a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> 500,<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> 1026<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9F&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Köktas2022" class="citation web cs1">Sandra Köktas (20 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lingoda.com/blog/en/german-double-s-eszett/">"German double s and eszett"</a>. Lingoda. Retrieved 7 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+double+s+and+eszett&rft.pub=Lingoda&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft.au=Sandra+K%C3%B6ktas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingoda.com%2Fblog%2Fen%2Fgerman-double-s-eszett%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicode_00DF-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_00DF_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_00DF_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnicode_Consortium2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a> (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf">"C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement, Range 0080–00FF"</a> (PDF), The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0, retrieved 2018-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+11.0&rft.atitle=C1+Controls+and+Latin-1+Supplement%2C+Range+0080%E2%80%9300FF&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Unicode+Consortium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU0080.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swiss-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Swiss_3-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.so.ch/fileadmin/internet/dbk/evkaa/Infos/Unterricht/Rechtschreibung_Leitfaden.pdf">Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung ("Guide to German Orthography")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708004012/http://www.so.ch/fileadmin/internet/dbk/evkaa/Infos/Unterricht/Rechtschreibung_Leitfaden.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-07-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 3rd edition (2007) (in German) from the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Chancellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Chancellery">Swiss Federal Chancellery</a>, retrieved 22-Apr-2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-Long_debate-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long_debate_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_debate_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_debate_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHa2017" class="citation web cs1">Ha, Thu-Huong (20 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1033265/germanys-century-long-debate-over-a-missing-letter-in-its-alphabet">"Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet"</a>. Retrieved 9 August 2017. <q>According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It's also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße — STRASSE — STRAẞE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+has+ended+a+century-long+debate+over+a+missing+letter+in+its+alphabet&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.aulast=Ha&rft.aufirst=Thu-Huong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1033265%2Fgermanys-century-long-debate-over-a-missing-letter-in-its-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amtliches_Regelwerk-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amtliches_Regelwerk_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amtliches_Regelwerk_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amtliches_Regelwerk_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/RfdR_Amtliches-Regelwerk_2024.pdf">"Amtliches Regelwerk der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Auf der Grundlage des Beschlusses des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung vom 15.12.2023"</a> (PDF). §25, E3. Retrieved 28 August 2024. <q>E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben ist neben der Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ auch die Schreibung SS möglich: Straße – STRAẞE – STRASSE. [When writing with capital letters, in addition to using the capital letter ẞ, the spelling SS is also possible. Example: Straße – STRAẞE – STRASSE.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amtliches+Regelwerk+der+deutschen+Rechtschreibung.+Auf+der+Grundlage+des+Beschlusses+des+Rats+f%C3%BCr+deutsche+Rechtschreibung+vom+15.12.2023&rft.pages=%C2%A725%2C+E3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rechtschreibrat.com%2FDOX%2FRfdR_Amtliches-Regelwerk_2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf">C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement</a> glossed 'uppercase is "SS" or 1E9E ẞ; typographically the glyph for this character can be based on a ligature of 017F ſ, with either 0073 s or with an old-style glyph for 007A z (the latter similar in appearance to 0292 ʒ). Both forms exist interchangeably today.' </li> <li id="cite_note-IDS-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IDS_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDS_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grammis.ids-mannheim.de/rechtschreibung/6180">"Deutsche Rechtschreibung: 2.3 Besonderheiten bei [s] § 25"</a>. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Rechtschreibung%3A+2.3+Besonderheiten+bei+%5Bs%5D+%C2%A7+25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrammis.ids-mannheim.de%2Frechtschreibung%2F6180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Duden: Die Grammatik (9 ed.). 2016. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duden%3A+Die+Grammatik&rft.pages=84&rft.edition=9&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-augst-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-augst_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-augst_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugstStock1997" class="citation book cs1">Augst, Gerhard; Stock, Eberhard (1997). "Laut-Buchstaben-Zuordnung". In Augst, Gerhard; et al. (eds.). Zur Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung: Begründung und Kritik. Max Niemeyer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-484-31179-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-484-31179-7"><bdi>3-484-31179-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Laut-Buchstaben-Zuordnung&rft.btitle=Zur+Neuregelung+der+deutschen+Rechtschreibung%3A+Begr%C3%BCndung+und+Kritik&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=3-484-31179-7&rft.aulast=Augst&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Stock%2C+Eberhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-poschenrieder-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poschenrieder_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-poschenrieder_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-poschenrieder_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-poschenrieder_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoschenrieder1997" class="citation book cs1">Poschenrieder, Thorwald (1997). "S-Schreibung - Überlieferung oder Reform?". In Eroms, Hans-Werner; Munske, Horst Haider (eds.). Die Rechtschreibreform: Pro und Kontra. Erich Schmidt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-50303786-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-50303786-1"><bdi>3-50303786-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S-Schreibung+-+%C3%9Cberlieferung+oder+Reform%3F&rft.btitle=Die+Rechtschreibreform%3A+Pro+und+Kontra&rft.pub=Erich+Schmidt&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=3-50303786-1&rft.aulast=Poschenrieder&rft.aufirst=Thorwald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grammis.ids-mannheim.de/rechtschreibung">"Deutsche Rechtschreibung: Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis"</a>. 2.3 E3. Retrieved 20 September 2023. <q>Steht der Buchstabe ß nicht zur Verfügung, so schreibt man ss. [If the letter ß is unavailable, then one writes ss.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Rechtschreibung%3A+Regeln+und+W%C3%B6rterverzeichnis&rft.pages=2.3+E3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrammis.ids-mannheim.de%2Frechtschreibung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRR_und_W-2017-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DRR_und_W-2017_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DRR_und_W-2017_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706162042/http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2017.pdf">"Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016"</a> (PDF). 2017. §25, E3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2017.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 29 June 2017. <q>E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben schreibt man SS. Daneben ist auch die Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ möglich. Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE. [When writing in all caps, one writes SS. It is also permitted to write ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Rechtschreibung+Regeln+und+W%C3%B6rterverzeichnis%3A+Aktualisierte+Fassung+des+amtlichen+Regelwerks+entsprechend+den+Empfehlungen+des+Rats+f%C3%BCr+deutsche+Rechtschreibung+2016&rft.pages=%C2%A725%2C+E3&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rechtschreibrat.com%2FDOX%2Frfdr_Regeln_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2011.pdf">"Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2006"</a> (PDF). 2006. §25, E3. Retrieved 20 September 2023. <q>E3: Bei Schreibung mit Groẞbuchstaben schreibt man SS, zum Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE. [When writing in all caps, one writes SS, for example: Straße – STRASSE.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Rechtschreibung+Regeln+und+W%C3%B6rterverzeichnis%3A+Aktualisierte+Fassung+des+amtlichen+Regelwerks+entsprechend+den+Empfehlungen+des+Rats+f%C3%BCr+deutsche+Rechtschreibung+2006&rft.pages=%C2%A725%2C+E3&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rechtschreibrat.com%2FDOX%2Frfdr_Regeln_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-munske-15"><a href="#cite_ref-munske_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunske2005" class="citation book cs1">Munske, Horst Haider (2005). Lob der Rechtschreibung: Warum wir schreiben, wie wir schreiben. C. H. Beck. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-52861-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-52861-9"><bdi>3-406-52861-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lob+der+Rechtschreibung%3A+Warum+wir+schreiben%2C+wie+wir+schreiben&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-406-52861-9&rft.aulast=Munske&rft.aufirst=Horst+Haider&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Gallmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Gallmann (page does not exist)">Peter Gallmann.</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gallmann" class="extiw" title="de:Peter Gallmann">de</a>] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~x1gape/Pub/Eszett_1997.pdf">"Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben."</a> in Die Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik. Gerhard Augst, et al., eds. Niemayer: 1997. 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Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-34005-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-34005-2"><bdi>3-525-34005-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eine+Schifffahrt+mit+drei+f%3A+Positives+zur+Rechtschreibreform&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+und+Ruprecht&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-525-34005-2&rft.aulast=Kranz&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Signa – Beiträge zur Signographie. Heft 9, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Vorbemerkungen, XII. In: Duden – Rechtschreibung. 9. Auflage, 1925 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Der Große Duden. 25. Auflage, Leipzig 1984, S. 601, K 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Stötzner" class="citation web cs1">Andreas Stötzner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2888.pdf">"Proposal to encode Latin Capital Letter Double S (rejected)"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 2021-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal+to+encode+Latin+Capital+Letter+Double+S+%28rejected%29&rft.au=Andreas+St%C3%B6tzner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn2888.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04361.htm#101-C22">"Approved Minutes of the UTC 101 / L2 198 Joint Meeting, Cupertino, CA – November 15-18, 2004"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. 2005-02-10. Retrieved 2021-06-25. <q>The UTC concurs with Stoetzner that Capital Double S is a typographical issue. Therefore the UTC believes it is inappropriate to encode it as a separate character.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Approved+Minutes+of+the+UTC+101+%2F+L2+198+Joint+Meeting%2C+Cupertino%2C+CA+%E2%80%93+November+15-18%2C+2004&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2005-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2004%2F04361.htm%23101-C22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/alloc/nonapprovals.html">"Archive of Notices of Non-Approval"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. Retrieved 2021-06-25. <q>2004-Nov-18, rejected by the UTC as a typographical issue, inappropriate for encoding as a separate character. Rejected also on the grounds that it would cause casing implementation issues for legacy German data.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive+of+Notices+of+Non-Approval&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Falloc%2Fnonapprovals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3227.pdf">"DIN_29.1_SCHARF_S_1.3_E"</a> (PDF). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+8859-13%3A1998+to+Unicode&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft.aulast=Whistler&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FISO8859%2F8859-13.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhnWhistler2015" class="citation web cs1">Kuhn, Markus; Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-14.TXT">"ISO/IEC 8859-14:1999 to Unicode"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+8859-14%3A1999+to+Unicode&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft.au=Whistler%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FISO8859%2F8859-14.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhnWhistler2015" class="citation web cs1">Kuhn, Markus; Whistler, Ken (2015-12-02) [1999-07-27]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-15.TXT">"ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999 to Unicode"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+8859-15%3A1999+to+Unicode&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft.au=Whistler%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FISO8859%2F8859-15.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2015" class="citation web cs1">Kuhn, Markus (2015-12-02) [2001-07-26]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-16.TXT">"ISO/IEC 8859-16:2001 to Unicode"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+8859-16%3A2001+to+Unicode&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FISO8859%2F8859-16.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1998" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1250.TXT">"cp1250 to Unicode table"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cp1250+to+Unicode+table&rft.pub=Microsoft+%2F+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=1998-04-15&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FMICSFT%2FWINDOWS%2FCP1250.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1998" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1252.TXT">"cp1252 to Unicode table"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cp1252+to+Unicode+table&rft.pub=Microsoft+%2F+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=1998-04-15&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FMICSFT%2FWINDOWS%2FCP1252.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1998" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1254.TXT">"cp1254 to Unicode table"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cp1254+to+Unicode+table&rft.pub=Microsoft+%2F+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=1998-04-15&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FMICSFT%2FWINDOWS%2FCP1254.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1998" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1257.TXT">"cp1257 to Unicode table"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cp1257+to+Unicode+table&rft.pub=Microsoft+%2F+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=1998-04-15&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FMICSFT%2FWINDOWS%2FCP1257.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1998" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Shawn (1998-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1258.TXT">"cp1258 to Unicode table"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cp1258+to+Unicode+table&rft.pub=Microsoft+%2F+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=1998-04-15&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FMICSFT%2FWINDOWS%2FCP1258.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1996" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/PC/CP437.TXT">"cp437_DOSLatinUS to Unicode table"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cp437_DOSLatinUS+to+Unicode+table&rft.pub=Microsoft+%2F+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=1996-04-24&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FMICSFT%2FPC%2FCP437.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1996" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/PC/CP850.TXT">"cp850_DOSLatin1 to Unicode table"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cp850_DOSLatin1+to+Unicode+table&rft.pub=Microsoft+%2F+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=1996-04-24&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FMICSFT%2FPC%2FCP850.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple_Computer,_Inc.2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer, Inc.">Apple Computer, Inc.</a> (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/ROMAN.TXT">"Map (external version) from Mac OS Roman character set to Unicode 2.1 and later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+%28external+version%29+from+Mac+OS+Roman+character+set+to+Unicode+2.1+and+later&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft.au=Apple+Computer%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FAPPLE%2FROMAN.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple_Computer,_Inc.2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer, Inc.">Apple Computer, Inc.</a> (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/ICELAND.TXT">"Map (external version) from Mac OS Icelandic character set to Unicode 2.1 and later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+%28external+version%29+from+Mac+OS+Icelandic+character+set+to+Unicode+2.1+and+later&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft.au=Apple+Computer%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FAPPLE%2FICELAND.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple_Computer,_Inc.2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer, Inc.">Apple Computer, Inc.</a> (2005-04-04) [1995-04-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/CROATIAN.TXT">"Map (external version) from Mac OS Croatian character set to Unicode 2.1 and later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+%28external+version%29+from+Mac+OS+Croatian+character+set+to+Unicode+2.1+and+later&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2005-04-04&rft.au=Apple+Computer%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FAPPLE%2FCROATIAN.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple_Computer,_Inc.2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer, Inc.">Apple Computer, Inc.</a> (2005-04-04) [1995-04-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/CENTEURO.TXT">"Map (external version) from Mac OS Central European character set to Unicode 2.1 and later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+%28external+version%29+from+Mac+OS+Central+European+character+set+to+Unicode+2.1+and+later&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2005-04-04&rft.au=Apple+Computer%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FAPPLE%2FCENTEURO.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple_Computer,_Inc.2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer, Inc.">Apple Computer, Inc.</a> (2005-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/CELTIC.TXT">"Map (external version) from Mac OS Celtic character set to Unicode 2.1 and later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+%28external+version%29+from+Mac+OS+Celtic+character+set+to+Unicode+2.1+and+later&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.au=Apple+Computer%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FAPPLE%2FCELTIC.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple_Computer,_Inc.2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer, Inc.">Apple Computer, Inc.</a> (2005-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/GAELIC.TXT">"Map (external version) from Mac OS Gaelic character set to Unicode 3.0 and later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+%28external+version%29+from+Mac+OS+Gaelic+character+set+to+Unicode+3.0+and+later&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.au=Apple+Computer%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FAPPLE%2FGAELIC.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple_Computer,_Inc.2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer, Inc.">Apple Computer, Inc.</a> (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/ROMANIAN.TXT">"Map (external version) from Mac OS Romanian character set to Unicode 3.0 and later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+%28external+version%29+from+Mac+OS+Romanian+character+set+to+Unicode+3.0+and+later&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft.au=Apple+Computer%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FAPPLE%2FROMANIAN.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple_Computer,_Inc.2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer, Inc.">Apple Computer, Inc.</a> (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/GREEK.TXT">"Map (external version) from Mac OS Greek character set to Unicode 2.1 and later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+%28external+version%29+from+Mac+OS+Greek+character+set+to+Unicode+2.1+and+later&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft.au=Apple+Computer%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FAPPLE%2FGREEK.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple_Computer,_Inc.2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer, Inc.">Apple Computer, Inc.</a> (2005-04-05) [1995-04-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/TURKISH.TXT">"Map (external version) from Mac OS Turkish character set to Unicode 2.1 and later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+%28external+version%29+from+Mac+OS+Turkish+character+set+to+Unicode+2.1+and+later&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft.au=Apple+Computer%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FAPPLE%2FTURKISH.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1996" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/EBCDIC/CP037.TXT">"cp037_IBMUSCanada to Unicode table"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cp037_IBMUSCanada+to+Unicode+table&rft.pub=Microsoft+%2F+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=1996-04-24&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FMICSFT%2FEBCDIC%2FCP037.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1996" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/EBCDIC/CP500.TXT">"cp500_IBMInternational to Unicode table"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cp500_IBMInternational+to+Unicode+table&rft.pub=Microsoft+%2F+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=1996-04-24&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FMICSFT%2FEBCDIC%2FCP500.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1996" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/EBCDIC/CP1026.TXT">"cp1026_IBMLatin5Turkish to Unicode table"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cp1026_IBMLatin5Turkish+to+Unicode+table&rft.pub=Microsoft+%2F+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=1996-04-24&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FMAPPINGS%2FVENDORS%2FMICSFT%2FEBCDIC%2FCP1026.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9F" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script492" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script492" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letter S with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A" title="Ś">Śś</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṥ">Ṥṥ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9C" title="Ŝ">Ŝŝ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">Šš</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṧ">Ṧṧ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/S%CC%88" title="S̈">S̈s̈</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A0" title="Ṡ">Ṡṡ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E" title="Ş">Şş</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2" title="Ṣ">Ṣṣ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṩ">Ṩṩ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/S-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="S-comma">Șș</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/S%CC%A9" title="S̩">S̩s̩</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%A8" title="Ꞩ">Ꞩꞩ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9F%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ꟊ (page does not exist)">Ꟊꟊ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/S_with_swash_tail" title="S with swash tail">Ȿȿ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9F%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʂ">Ʂʂ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶊ">ᶊ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵴ">ᵴ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9D%BC%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𝼞 (page does not exist)">𝼞</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9D%BC%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𝼩 (page does not exist)">𝼩</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ꟍ (page does not exist)">Ꟍꟍ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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