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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>This page focuses on Iranian Persian, for transliteration rules concerning Classical Persian or Dari Persian see <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Persian_transliteration/Classical" title="Wiktionary:Persian transliteration/Classical">Persian transliteration/Classical</a>. For transliteration rules concerning Tajik, see <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Tajik_transliteration" title="Wiktionary:Tajik transliteration">Wiktionary:Tajik transliteration</a>. <br clear="all"/> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Persian_transliteration" data-mw-thread-id="h-Persian_transliteration"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Persian_transliteration"></span>Persian transliteration<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Persian_transliteration"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Persian_transliteration/Iranian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Persian transliteration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="text-align:center;border:1px solid #ccc;" summary="Persian transliteration system used in Wiktionary: UniPers."> <caption style="font-weight:bold;">Systems for Romanizing Persian </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top" style="background:#ccc;"> <th scope="col" width="12%">Persian </th> <th scope="col" width="12%" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary </th> <th scope="col" width="12%" title="IPA">IPA </th> <th scope="col" width="12%" title="IPA">Others (dispreferred) </th></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7#Persian" title="ا">ا</a></span> (word-initial)</td> <td>a, o, e</td> <td>(ʔ)æ, (ʔ)o, (ʔ)e</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7#Persian" title="ا">ا</a></span> (other positions)</td> <td>â</td> <td>ɒː</td> <td>ā </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A2#Persian" title="آ">آ</a></span></td> <td>â (word-initial)<br/>'â (other positions)</td> <td>(ʔ)ɒː (word-initial)<br/>ʔɒː (other positions)</td> <td>ʼā </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8#Persian" title="ب">ب</a></span></td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE#Persian" title="پ">پ</a></span></td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA#Persian" title="ت">ت</a></span></td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AB#Persian" title="ث">ث</a></span></td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>th, s̱, ṯ, s̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC#Persian" title="ج">ج</a></span></td> <td>j</td> <td>dʒ</td> <td>ǧ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%DA%86#Persian" title="چ">چ</a></span></td> <td>č</td> <td>tʃ</td> <td>ch, c </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD#Persian" title="ح">ح</a></span></td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>ḥ, ḩ </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE#Persian" title="خ">خ</a></span></td> <td>x</td> <td>x</td> <td>kh, k͟h, ḫ, ḵ </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF#Persian" title="د">د</a></span></td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B0#Persian" title="ذ">ذ</a></span></td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>dh, d͟h, ẕ, ḏ </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1#Persian" title="ر">ر</a></span></td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2#Persian" title="ز">ز</a></span></td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%DA%98#Persian" title="ژ">ژ</a></span></td> <td>ž</td> <td>ʒ</td> <td>zh, z͟h </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3#Persian" title="س">س</a></span></td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4#Persian" title="ش">ش</a></span></td> <td>š</td> <td>ʃ</td> <td>sh, s͟h </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5#Persian" title="ص">ص</a></span></td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>ṣ </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B6#Persian" title="ض">ض</a></span></td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>ḍ, ż, ẕ </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7#Persian" title="ط">ط</a></span></td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>ṭ, ţ </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B8#Persian" title="ظ">ظ</a></span></td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>ẓ, z̧ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9#Persian" title="ع">ع</a></span></td> <td>'</td> <td>ʔ, ː</td> <td>ʻ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%BA#Persian" title="غ">غ</a></span></td> <td>ğ</td> <td>ɣ, ɢ</td> <td>q, gh, g͟h, ġ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81#Persian" title="ف">ف</a></span></td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82#Persian" title="ق">ق</a></span></td> <td>ğ</td> <td>ɣ, ɢ</td> <td>q, gh, g͟h, ḳ </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9#Persian" title="ک">ک</a></span></td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF#Persian" title="گ">گ</a></span></td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84#Persian" title="ل">ل</a></span></td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85#Persian" title="م">م</a></span></td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86#Persian" title="ن">ن</a></span></td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88#Persian" title="و">و</a></span> (consonant)</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88#Persian" title="و">و</a></span> (long vowel)</td> <td>u, ô</td> <td>uː, oː</td> <td>ū, ō </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88#Persian" title="و">و</a></span> (diphthong<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td> <td>ow</td> <td>ow</td> <td>au, aw </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7#Persian" title="خوا">خوا</a></span> (e.g. <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86#Persian" title="خواندن">خواندن</a></i> etc.)</td> <td>xâ</td> <td>xɒː</td> <td>xwā-, khwā- </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8C#Persian" title="خوی">خوی</a></span> (e.g. <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF#Persian" title="خوید">خوید</a></i> etc.)</td> <td>xi</td> <td>xiː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%87#Persian" title="ه">ه</a></span> (consonant)</td> <td>h (may appear in final position after a vowel, e.g. <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87#Persian" title="ده">ده</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">dah</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>)</td> <td>h</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80%D9%87#Persian" title="ـه">ـه</a></span> (word-final vowel)</td> <td>e</td> <td>e, æ</td> <td>eh, a, ah </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C#Persian" title="ی">ی</a></span> (consonant)</td> <td>y</td> <td>j</td> <td>j </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C#Persian" title="ی">ی</a></span> (long vowel)</td> <td>i, ê</td> <td>iː, eː</td> <td>ī, ē </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C#Persian" title="ی">ی</a></span> (diphthong<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td> <td>ey</td> <td>ej</td> <td>ai, ay </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C#Persian" title="ی">یٰ</a></span> (always word-final)</td> <td>â</td> <td>ɒː</td> <td>ā, á </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79053813">.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-lower-alpha ol{list-style:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-upper-alpha ol{list-style:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-lower-roman ol{list-style:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-upper-roman ol{list-style:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-lower-greek ol{list-style:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-disc ol{list-style:disc}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-square ol{list-style:square}.mw-parser-output .reflist.list-style-none ol{list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .reflist.nobacklinks .mw-cite-backlink,.mw-parser-output .reflist.nobacklinks li>a{display:none}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-xx-small ol{font-size:xx-small}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-x-small ol{font-size:x-small}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-smaller ol{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-small ol{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-medium ol{font-size:medium}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-large ol{font-size:large}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-larger ol{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-x-large ol{font-size:x-large}.mw-parser-output .reflist.font-size-xx-large ol{font-size:xx-large}.mw-parser-output .reflist[data-column-count="2"] .mw-references-wrap{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output .reflist[data-column-count="3"] .mw-references-wrap{column-count:3}.mw-parser-output .reflist[data-column-count="4"] .mw-references-wrap{column-count:4}.mw-parser-output .reflist[data-column-count="5"] .mw-references-wrap{column-count:5}</style><div class="reflist"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"> ^ </a> <span class="reference-text">Unless bearing a <a href="/wiki/shadda" title="shadda">shadda</a>, in which case it is treated as consonant, e.g. <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84#Persian" title="اول">اوّل</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">avval</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, not *owval</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"> ^ </a> <span class="reference-text">Unless bearing a <a href="/wiki/shadda" title="shadda">shadda</a>, in which case it is treated as consonant, e.g. <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8#Persian" title="ایوب">ایّوب</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">ayyub</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, not *eyyub</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_symbols_or_combinations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_symbols_or_combinations-Persian_transliteration"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_symbols_or_combinations-Persian_transliteration"></span>Other symbols or combinations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_symbols_or_combinations-Persian_transliteration"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Persian_transliteration/Iranian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other symbols or combinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80%D8%A7#Persian" title="ـا">ـاً</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-an</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A1#Persian" title="ء">ءً</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">'an</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (always word-final) – an <small>(The position of [fatHatan] is after the alef, not before, as is the current practice with Arabic)</small></li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A1#Persian" title="ء">ء</a></span> – ' (others: ʼ)</li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A4#Persian" title="ؤ">ؤ</a></span> – ' (others: ʼ)</li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A6#Persian" title="ئ">ئ</a></span> – ' (others: ʼ)</li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80#Persian" title="ـ">ـِ</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-e</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (<a href="/wiki/ezafe" title="ezafe">ezâfe</a>) (always word-final, unmarked in regular writing) – -e</li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80%DB%8C#Persian" title="ـی">ـیِ</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">--ye</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (<a href="/wiki/ezafe" title="ezafe">ezâfe</a>) (after long vowels <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7#Persian" title="ا">ا</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">â</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> or <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88#Persian" title="و">و</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">u</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, unmarked in regular writing) - -ye <dl><dd><span class="h-usage-example"><i class="Arab fa-Arab mention e-example" lang="fa">آفْریقایِ جُنوبی</i> ― <i lang="fa-Latn" class="e-transliteration tr Latn">âfriğâ-ye jonubi</i> ― <span class="e-translation">South Africa</span></span></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80%DB%8C#Persian" title="ـی">ـیِ</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">--ye</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (<a href="/wiki/ezafe" title="ezafe">ezâfe</a>) (always word-final with <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C#Persian" title="ی">ی</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">i</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, unmarked in regular writing) - i-ye <dl><dd><span class="h-usage-example"><i class="Arab fa-Arab mention e-example" lang="fa">جُمْهوریِ تاجیکِسْتان</i> ― <i lang="fa-Latn" class="e-transliteration tr Latn">jomhuri-ye tâjikestân</i> ― <span class="e-translation">Republic of Tajikistan</span></span></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80%D9%87#Persian" title="ـه">ـهٔ</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-h-ye</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (U+0647 U+0654), sometimes written as <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%80%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ـه‌ی (page does not exist)">ـه‌ی</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">-h-i</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (always word-final) – e-ye. <small>(Articles don't contain the hamze above "he", it is considered a diacritic and only used in the dsplay using <code>|head=</code>. Templates link to words without the hamze.)</small> <dl><dd><span class="h-usage-example"><i class="Arab fa-Arab mention e-example" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87#Persian" title="خانه">خانِهٔ</a> بُزُرْگ</i> <span class="e-qualifier"><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">spelled with a hamze diacritic</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></span> ― <i lang="fa-Latn" class="e-transliteration tr Latn">xâne<b>-ye</b> bozorg</i> ― <span class="e-translation">a big house</span></span></dd> <dd><span class="h-usage-example"><i class="Arab fa-Arab mention e-example" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87#Persian" title="خانه">خانِه‌ی</a> بُزُرْگ</i> <span class="e-qualifier"><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">spelled with a a non-connecting ye</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></span> ― <i lang="fa-Latn" class="e-transliteration tr Latn">xâne<b>-ye</b> bozorg</i> ― <span class="e-translation">a big house</span></span></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%80%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ـه‌ای (page does not exist)">ـه‌ای</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-h-i</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> - e-yi</li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87#Persian" title="نه">نه</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">no, not</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> - na (an exception)</li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80#Persian" title="ـ">ـّ</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/tashdid" title="tashdid">tashdid</a>) – geminate consonant (Arabic shadda)</li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80#Persian" title="ـ">ـَ</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-a</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=fathe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="fathe (page does not exist)">fathe</a>/<a href="/wiki/zor" title="zor">zor</a>) – a (Arabic fatha)</li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80#Persian" title="ـ">ـِ</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-e</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=kasre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="kasre (page does not exist)">kasre</a>/<a href="/wiki/zir" title="zir">zir</a>) – e (in modern Iranian, <i>to check cases where it's "i"</i>) (Arabic kasra)</li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80#Persian" title="ـ">ـُ</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-o</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (<a href="/wiki/zamme" title="zamme">zamme</a>/<a href="/wiki/pish" title="pish">pish</a>) – o (in modern Iranian, <i>to check cases where it's "u"</i>) (Arabic damma). Used after consonants to make a short "o" sound. If used before <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88#Persian" title="و">و</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">o</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> produces a diphthong "ow": <dl><dd><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2#Persian" title="نوروز">نُوْروز</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">nowruz</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80#Persian" title="ـ">ـّ</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/shadda" title="shadda">shadda</a>) – geminate consonant</li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%80%DB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ـ۟ (page does not exist)">ـ۟</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/suk%C5%ABn" title="sukūn">sukūn</a>/sokun) - marks absence of a vowel. Rarely used in popular Persian vocalisations, especially on final consonants. It may be necessary to use consistently in strict vocalisations to avoid any misreadings, allow automation and signalling that a word IS vocalised.</li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80%D9%87#Persian" title="ـه">ـه</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-h</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (in the word-final position after consonants for a large number of words) - e (no hyphen) (note with <a href="/wiki/ezafe" title="ezafe">ezâfe</a> the preferred spelling is <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80%D9%87#Persian" title="ـه">ـهٔ</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-h-ye</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>) <dl><dd><span class="h-usage-example"><i class="Arab fa-Arab mention e-example" lang="fa">هَفْتِه</i> ― <i lang="fa-Latn" class="e-transliteration tr Latn">haft<b>e</b></i> ― <span class="e-translation">week</span></span></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80%D9%87#Persian" title="ـه">ـه</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-h</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> - when used as a colloquial copula in the 3rd person singular (he/she/it is) - -e (with a hyphen) <dl><dd><span class="h-usage-example"><i class="Arab fa-Arab mention e-example" lang="fa">تِهْرون پایْتَخْتِ ایرونِه.</i> <span class="e-qualifier"><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">colloquial</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></span> ― <i lang="fa-Latn" class="e-transliteration tr Latn">tehrun pâytaxt-e irun<b>-e</b>.</i> ― <span class="e-translation">Tehran <b>is</b> the capital of Iran.</span></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZWNJ" title="ZWNJ">ZWNJ</a> – - (hyphen)</li> <li><i>The use of hyphens for etymological reasons - suffixes, compound words, etc. when no ZWNJ is used is to be discussed. E.g. currently plural form suffix <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80%D9%87%D8%A7#Persian" title="ـها">ـها</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-hâ</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> is transliterated as "-hâ"</i> regardless if ZWNJ is present or not. <small>(Apart from cases described above and ZWNJ, the use of hyphen is otherwise dispreferred. A space is transliterated as a space and the absence of space or ZWNJ is transliterated as nothing.)</small> <dl><dd>Below are transliteration examples to contrast the use of ZWNJ on connecting letters, space, nothing and non-connecting letters:</dd> <dd>ZWNJ on joining letters <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7#Persian" title="کتاب‌ها">کتاب‌ها</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">ketâb-hâ</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (plural of <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8#Persian" title="کتاب">کتاب</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">ketâb</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>)</dd> <dd>Space <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%87%D8%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کتاب ها (page does not exist)">کتاب ها</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">ketâb hâ</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></dd> <dd>Nothing (joining letters are connected) <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کتابها (page does not exist)">کتابها</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">ketâbhâ</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></dd> <dd>Non-joining letters (no ZWNJ is used) <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="اتوها (page does not exist)">اتوها</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">otuhâ</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (plural of <span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88#Persian" title="اتو">اتو</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">otu</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>)</dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_loanwords" data-mw-thread-id="h-Arabic_loanwords-Persian_transliteration"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Arabic_loanwords-Persian_transliteration"></span>Arabic loanwords<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Arabic_loanwords-Persian_transliteration"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Persian_transliteration/Iranian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arabic loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%80%D8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ـة (page does not exist)">ـة</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">-h</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (always word-final) – a(t) <small>(rare, only in unadapted borrowings from Arabic, normally adapted into Persian as <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80%D8%AA#Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="ـت">ـت</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">at</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> or <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80%D9%87#Persian" title="ـه">ـه</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">e</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>)</small></li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80#Persian" title="الـ">الـ</a></span> - al (normally), can be "al-" (with a hyphen), if identified as the Arabic definite article. "l" can change to the following consonant if it's a "sun letter","a" can change to "o" (Arabic "u") in <a href="/wiki/ezafe" title="ezafe">ezâfe</a>, e.g. <dl><dd><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%BA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84#Persian" title="فارغ‌التحصیل">فارِغ‌ُالتَّحْصیل</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">fâreğo-t-tahsil</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> - here "l" is assimilated to "t" and "a" is changed to "o" following Arabic grammar rules.</dd></dl></li> <li><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80#Persian" title="الـ">الـ</a></span> - l or the next consonant (assimilated for Arabic "sun letters"). The alef is silent. <dl><dd><span class="Arab fa-Arab" lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84#Persian" title="بالفعل">بِٱلْفِعْل</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="fa-Latn" class="tr Latn">bel-fe'l</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> from Arabic <i class="Arab mention" lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84#Arabic" title="بالفعل">بِٱلْفِعْلِ</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ar-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">bi-l-fiʕli</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> where the alif is silent (<i class="Arab mention" lang="ar"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ألف الوصل (page does not exist)">أَلِف الوَصْل</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ar-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">ʔalif al-waṣl</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>)</dd></dl></li></ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Persian_transliteration/Iranian&oldid=80860535">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:Persian_transliteration/Iranian&oldid=80860535</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 July 2024, at 04:14.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Definitions and other text are available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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