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mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ius vigens (current law)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnium_in_mentem" title="Omnium in mentem">Omnium in mentem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_principium" title="Magnum principium">Magnum principium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_tuendam_fidem" title="Ad tuendam fidem">Ad tuendam fidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_corde_Ecclesiae" title="Ex corde Ecclesiae">Ex corde Ecclesiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulgentiarum_Doctrina" title="Indulgentiarum Doctrina">Indulgentiarum Doctrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praedicate_evangelium" title="Praedicate evangelium">Praedicate evangelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritatis_gaudium" title="Veritatis gaudium">Veritatis gaudium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Custom (Catholic canon law)">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_nullity_trial_reforms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis">Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis</a></li> <li>Documents of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christus_Dominus" title="Christus Dominus">Christus Dominus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optatam_Totius" title="Optatam Totius">Optatam totius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium ecclesiarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterorum_Ordinis" title="Presbyterorum Ordinis">Presbyterorum ordinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum concilium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precepts_of_the_Church" title="Precepts of the Church">Precepts of the Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Jus_antiquum" title="Jus antiquum">Jus antiquum</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 33-1140) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Church Orders">Ancient Church Orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">The Apostolic Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Canons of the Apostles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_of_ancient_canons" title="Collections of ancient canons">Collections of ancient canons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectiones_canonum_Dionysianae" title="Collectiones canonum Dionysianae">Collectiones canonum Dionysianae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectio_canonum_quadripartita" title="Collectio canonum quadripartita">Collectio canonum quadripartita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectio_canonum_Quesnelliana" title="Collectio canonum Quesnelliana">Collectio canonum Quesnelliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectio_canonum_Wigorniensis" title="Collectio canonum Wigorniensis">Collectio canonum Wigorniensis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmachian_forgeries" title="Symmachian forgeries">Symmachian forgeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Isidorian_Decretals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals">Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Lay investiture controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatus_papae" title="Dictatus papae">Dictatus papae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_ecclesiae" title="Libertas ecclesiae">Libertas ecclesiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenitudo_potestatis" title="Plenitudo potestatis">Plenitudo potestatis</a></li></ul></li></ul> Jus novum (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1140-1563) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Canonici" title="Corpus Juris Canonici">Corpus Juris Canonici</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretist" title="Decretist">Decretist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Episcopi" title="Canon Episcopi">Canon Episcopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaritae" title="Margaritae">Margaritae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_commune" title="Jus commune">Jus commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretales_Gregorii_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Decretales Gregorii IX">Decretals of Gregory IX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretalist" title="Decretalist">Decretalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regul%C3%A6_Juris#Catholic_canonical_use" title="Regulæ Juris">Regulæ Juris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravagantes" title="Extravagantes">Extravagantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Septimus" title="Liber Septimus">Liber Septimus</a></li></ul></li></ul> Jus novissimum (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1563-1918) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_Deus_(Pius_IV)" title="Benedictus Deus (Pius IV)">Benedictus Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tametsi" title="Tametsi">Tametsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolicae_Sedis_moderationi" title="Apostolicae Sedis moderationi">Apostolicae Sedis moderationi</a></li></ul> Jus codicis (1918-present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiae_Sanctae" title="Ecclesiae Sanctae">Ecclesiae Sanctae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contractum_trinius" title="Contractum trinius">Contractum trinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_judge-delegate" title="Papal judge-delegate">Papal judge-delegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_Option" title="Right of Option">Right of option</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_canon_law" title="Eastern Catholic canon law">Eastern law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_canonical_reforms_of_Pius_XII" title="Eastern canonical reforms of Pius XII">Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomocanon" title="Nomocanon">Nomocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarch#Modern_Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Exarch">Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholic_faithful" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful">Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protosyncellus" title="Protosyncellus">Protosyncellus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgical law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">Latin Church <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Instruction_of_the_Roman_Missal" title="General Instruction of the Roman Missal">General Instruction of the Roman Missal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Rubrics" title="Code of Rubrics">Code of Rubrics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum Concilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysterii_Paschalis" title="Mysterii Paschalis">Mysterii Paschalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicam_sacram" title="Musicam sacram">Musicam sacram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripturarum_thesaurus" title="Scripturarum thesaurus">Scripturarum thesaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgiam_authenticam" title="Liturgiam authenticam">Liturgiam authenticam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattuor_abhinc_annos" title="Quattuor abhinc annos">Quattuor abhinc annos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Dei" title="Ecclesia Dei">Ecclesia Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_principium" title="Magnum principium">Magnum principium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Mass" title="Red Mass">Red Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">Holy day of obligation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacramental law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_844" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon 844">Communicatio in sacris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">Ex opere operato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnium_in_mentem" title="Omnium in mentem">Omnium in mentem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">Validity and liceity</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments in the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy Orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediment (Catholic canon law)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstemius" title="Abstemius">Abstemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defect_of_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Defect of birth">Defect of birth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Obligation of celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">Nullity of Sacred Ordination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolicae_curae" title="Apostolicae curae">Apostolicae curae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimissorial_letters" title="Dimissorial letters">Dimissorial letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrator#Catholic_Church" title="Consecrator">Episcopal consecrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approbation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Approbation (Catholic canon law)">Approbation (Catholic canon law)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Confession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penitential_canons" title="Penitential canons">Penitential canons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paenitentiale_Theodori" title="Paenitentiale Theodori">Paenitentiale Theodori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confessional_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the Confessional in the Catholic Church">Seal of the Confessional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_and_external_forum_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal and external forum (Catholic canon law)">Internal and external forum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Note_on_the_importance_of_the_internal_forum_and_the_inviolability_of_the_Sacramental_Seal" title="Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal">Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_penitentiary" title="Canon penitentiary">Canon penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complicit_absolution" title="Complicit absolution">Complicit absolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentum_Poenitentiae" title="Sacramentum Poenitentiae">Sacramentum Poenitentiae</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_discipline#Catholic_practice" title="Eucharistic discipline">Eucharistic discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_915" title="Canon 915">Canon 915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebret" title="Celebret">Celebret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stipend" title="Mass stipend">Mass stipend</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Sacramental#Catholic" title="Sacramental">Sacramentals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indulgentiarum_doctrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgentiarum doctrina">Indulgentiarum doctrina</a></li></ul></li></ul> Sacred places <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar in the Catholic Church">Altars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">Minor basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_(worship)#Catholic_Church" title="Oratory (worship)">Oratory</a> (chapel)</li></ul> Sacred times <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church">Fast days and abstinence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paenitemini" title="Paenitemini">Paenitemini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">Holy day of obligation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimonial law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li>Canonical form (Latin Church) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tametsi" title="Tametsi">Tametsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Temere" title="Ne Temere">Ne Temere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banns_of_marriage#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Banns of marriage">Banns of marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">Declaration of Nullity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_connubii" title="Dignitas connubii">Dignitas connubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_nullity_trial_reforms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis">Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetitum" title="Vetitum">Vetitum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Defender of the Bond">Defender of the Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediments to Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Affinity (Catholic canon law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Clandestinity (Catholic canon law)">Clandestinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_of_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Impediment of crime">Impediment of crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparity_of_cult" title="Disparity of cult">Disparity of cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligamen" title="Ligamen">Ligamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_propriety" title="Public propriety">Public propriety</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_dispensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrimonial dispensation">Matrimonial dispensation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratum_sed_non_consummatum" title="Ratum sed non consummatum">Ratum sed non consummatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validation_of_marriage" title="Validation of marriage">Sanatio in radice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_marriage" title="Natural marriage">Natural marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_privilege" title="Pauline privilege">Pauline privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_privilege" title="Petrine privilege">Petrine privilege</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supreme authority, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">particular churches</a>, and canonical structures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">Supreme authority of the Church <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Roman Pontiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li></ul> Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Conference of bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a> <ul><li>Churches <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui juris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul></li> <li>Local particular churches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointment_of_Catholic_bishops" title="Appointment of Catholic bishops">Appointment of bishops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Abbacy nullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Apostolic vicariate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Apostolic vicar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administration" title="Apostolic administration">Apostolic administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administration" title="Apostolic administration">Apostolic administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese (Roman Catholic)">Diocese/Archdiocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeque_principaliter" title="Aeque principaliter">Aeque principaliter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedraticum" title="Cathedraticum">Cathedraticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_persona_episcopi" title="In persona episcopi">In persona episcopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_(Catholic_Church)" title="Curia (Catholic Church)">Diocesan Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_curia" title="Moderator of the curia">Moderator of the Curia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_chancery#Catholic_dioceses" title="Diocesan chancery">Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deanery" title="Deanery">Deanery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_forane" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar forane">Vicar forane</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia_(Catholic_Church)#Patriarchal_curia" title="Curia (Catholic Church)">Eparchal curia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ordinariate" title="Military ordinariate">Military ordinariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_sui_iuris" title="Mission sui iuris">Mission sui juris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Personal ordinariate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Anglicanorum Coetibus</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Juridic persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parish_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish in the Catholic Church">Parish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Team_of_priests_in_solidum" title="Team of priests in solidum">Team of priests in solidum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">Collegiate church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">Parish register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusteeism" title="Trusteeism">Lay trusteeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Pontifical council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_prelature" title="Personal prelature">Personal prelature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_membership_of_Opus_Dei" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of membership of Opus Dei">Types of membership of Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Association of the Christian faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquennial_visit_ad_limina" title="Quinquennial visit ad limina">Quinquennial visit ad limina</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law">Jurisprudence</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_coronation" title="Canonical coronation">Canonical coronation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonically_crowned_images" title="List of canonically crowned images">Canonically crowned images</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computation_of_time_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Computation of time (Catholic canon law)">Computation of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Custom (Catholic canon law)">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegata_potestas_non_potest_delegari" title="Delegata potestas non potest delegari">Delegata potestas non potest delegari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derogation" title="Derogation">Derogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Dispensation (Catholic canon law)">Dispensation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxa_Innocentiana" title="Taxa Innocentiana">Taxa Innocentiana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_faculties_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical faculties (Catholic canon law)">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indult" title="Indult">Indult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Donation (Catholic canon law)">Donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Interpretation (Catholic canon law)">Interpretation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Legislative_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts">Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritus" title="Peritus">Peritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obreption_and_subreption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Obreption and subreption (Catholic canon law)">Obreption & subreption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obrogation" title="Obrogation">Obrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promulgation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Promulgation (Catholic canon law)">Promulgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">Resignation of the Roman Pontiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">Sede vacante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simony#Catholic_Church" title="Simony">Simony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacatio_legis" title="Vacatio legis">Vacatio legis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">Validity and liceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_visitation" title="Canonical visitation">Visitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_visitor" title="Apostolic visitor">Apostolic visitor</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Determinatio" title="Determinatio">Determinatio</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Temporal goods (property)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benefice#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Benefice">Benefice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedraticum" title="Cathedraticum">Cathedraticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Contract (Catholic canon law)">Contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stipend" title="Mass stipend">Mass stipend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altarage" title="Altarage">Stole fee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporalities" title="Temporalities">Temporalities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Law of persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Person (Catholic canon law)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_act_of_defection_from_the_Catholic_Church" title="Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church">Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Canonical age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_emancipation" title="Ecclesiastical emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Exemption (Catholic canon law)">Exemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Heresy</a></li></ul> Clerics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">Secular clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_clergy" title="Regular clergy">Regular clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Obligation of celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_priests_in_public_office" title="Catholic priests in public office">Clerics and public office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incardination_and_excardination" title="Incardination and excardination">Incardination and excardination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of clerical state (Catholic Church)">Laicization (dispensation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_faculties_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical faculties (Catholic canon law)">Canonical faculties</a></li></ul> Office <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_provision" title="Canonical provision">Canonical provision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_election" title="Canonical election">Canonical election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Juridic and physical persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jus_patronatus" title="Jus patronatus">Jus patronatus</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations of the faithful</a> <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Canonical documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Sanctae_Sedis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acta Sanctae Sedis">Acta Sanctae Sedis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Censor librorum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Imprimatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimi_potest" title="Imprimi potest">Imprimi potest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notary_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Notary (Catholic canon law)">Notary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protonotary_apostolic" title="Protonotary apostolic">Protonotary apostolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Decree (Catholic canon law)">Decree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretal" title="Decretal">Decretal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">Motu proprio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(canon_law)#Catholic_Church" title="Ordinance (canon law)">Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_brief" title="Papal brief">Papal brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitential" title="Penitential">Penitential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_positive_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical positive law">Positive law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_rescripts" title="Papal rescripts">Rescript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">Parish register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Penal law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_1324" title="Canon 1324">Canon 1324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_1397_%C2%A72" title="Canon 1397 §2">Canon 1397 §2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Censure (Catholic canon law)">Censure (Catholic canon law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_delictis_gravioribus" title="De delictis gravioribus">De delictis gravioribus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complicit_absolution" title="Complicit absolution">Complicit absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimen_sollicitationis" title="Crimen sollicitationis">Crimen sollicitationis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">Excommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_excommunicable_offences_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church">List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_excommunicated_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church">List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cardinals_excommunicated_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church">List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">Interdict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of clerical state (Catholic Church)">Laicization (penal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latae_sententiae_and_ferendae_sententiae" title="Latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae">Latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_prayer_and_penance" title="Life of prayer and penance">Lifetime of prayer and penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_admonitions" title="Canonical admonitions">Canonical admonitions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecclesiastical prison</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Procedural law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left">Pars statica (tribunals & ministers/parties) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical court">Tribunals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Tribunal of the Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ministers of Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_vicar" title="Judicial vicar">Judicial Vicar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Official#Ecclesiastical_judiciary" title="Official">Officialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Auditor (ecclesiastical)">Auditor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Defender of the Bond">Defender of the Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Procurator (Catholic canon law)">Procurator</a></li></ul></li></ul> Pars dynamica (trial procedure) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_connubii" title="Dignitas connubii">Dignitas connubii</a> (matrimonial causes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_as_from_an_abuse" title="Appeal as from an abuse">Appeal as from an abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Presumption (Catholic canon law)">Presumption</a></li> <li>Penal procedure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vos_estis_lux_mundi" title="Vos estis lux mundi">Vos estis lux mundi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Canonization#Catholic_Church" title="Canonization">Canonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for the Causes of Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiorem_hac_dilectionem" title="Maiorem hac dilectionem">Maiorem hac dilectionem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Advocatus Diaboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblatio_vitae" title="Oblatio vitae">Oblatio vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positio" title="Positio">Positio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification_and_canonization_process_in_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatification and canonization process in 1914">Beatification and canonization process in 1914</a></li></ul> Election of the Roman Pontiff <ul><li>Current law <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">Papal renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_reforms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Papal election reforms of Pope Benedict XVI">Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cum_proxime" title="Cum proxime">Cum proxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_exclusivae" title="Jus exclusivae">Jus exclusivae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_appointment" title="Papal appointment">Papal appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeterni_Patris_Filius" title="Aeterni Patris Filius">Aeterni Patris Filius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Pontifici_eligendo" title="Romano Pontifici eligendo">Romano Pontifici eligendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingravescentem_aetatem" title="Ingravescentem aetatem">Ingravescentem aetatem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubi_periculum" title="Ubi periculum">Ubi periculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quia_propter" title="Quia propter">Quia propter</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legal practice and scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canon_law_legal_abbreviations_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of canon law legal abbreviations (Catholic canon law)">List of legal abbreviations</a></li></ul> Academic degrees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Canon_Law" title="Licentiate of Canon Law">Licentiate of Canon Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Canon Law">Doctor of Canon Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_both_laws" title="Doctor of both laws">Doctor of both laws</a></li></ul> Journals and Professional Societies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Law_Society_of_America" title="Canon Law Society of America">Canon Law Society of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jurist_(journal)" title="The Jurist (journal)">The Jurist</a></li></ul> Faculties of canon law <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Canon Law">School of Canon Law</a></li></ul> Canonists <ul><li>Medieval <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Segusio" title="Henry of Segusio">Hostiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lemoine" title="Jean Lemoine">Jean Lemoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Penyafort" title="Raymond of Penyafort">Raymond of Penyafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinus_(decretist)" title="Rufinus (decretist)">Rufinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke" title="Johannes Teutonicus Zemeke">Johannes Teutonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Trani" title="Geoffrey of Trani">Geoffrey of Trani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchard_of_Worms" title="Burchard of Worms">Burchard of Worms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocard_(law)" title="Brocard (law)">Brocard</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Modern & Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Corecco" title="Eugenio Corecco">Eugenio Corecco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Faris" title="John D. Faris">John D. Faris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislas_Orsy" title="Ladislas Orsy">Ladislas Orsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Peters" title="Edward N. Peters">Edward N. Peters</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Law of <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">consecrated life</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_vow" title="Solemn vow">Solemn vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclaustration" title="Exclaustration">Exclaustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_Conscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifestation of Conscience">Manifestation of Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_erection_of_a_house_of_religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical erection of a house of religious">Canonical erection of a house of religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_right" title="Pontifical right">Pontifical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_diocesan_right" title="Congregation of diocesan right">Diocesan right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Institutes_of_Consecrated_Life_and_Societies_of_Apostolic_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life">Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life" title="Institute of consecrated life">Institute of consecrated life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_congregation" title="Religious congregation">Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism#Roman_Catholicism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons regular">Canons regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">Mendicant orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerics_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerics regular">Clerics regular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_institute" title="Secular institute">Secular institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cum_Sanctissimus" title="Cum Sanctissimus">Cum Sanctissimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primo_Feliciter" title="Primo Feliciter">Primo Feliciter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provida_Mater_Ecclesia" title="Provida Mater Ecclesia">Provida Mater Ecclesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">Society of apostolic life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_laudis" title="Decretum laudis">Decretum laudis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_canon_law" title="Template:Catholic canon law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_canon_law" title="Template talk:Catholic canon law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_canon_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic canon law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ecclesiastical prisons were <a href="/wiki/Penal_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal institutions">penal institutions</a> maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. At various times, they were used for the <a href="/wiki/Incarceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarceration">incarceration</a> both of <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> accused of various <a href="/wiki/Crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes">crimes</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> accused of specifically <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical crimes">ecclesiastical crimes</a>; prisoners were sometimes held in custody while awaiting <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">trial</a>, sometimes as part of an imposed <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">sentence</a>. The use of ecclesiastical prisons began as early as the third or fourth century AD, and remained common through the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern era">early modern era</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monastic_prisons">Monastic prisons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_prison&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Monastic prisons">edit</a>]</div> Some of the earliest uses of imprisonment as a penalty in itself, rather than as a practical means of detaining accused criminals, took place in the context of <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monastic communities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The rules of many <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">religious orders</a>, including the early <a href="/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great#Rule_of_St._Pachomius" title="Pachomius the Great">rule of St. Pachomius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 AD),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> the rule of <a href="/wiki/Fructuosus_of_Braga" title="Fructuosus of Braga">St. Fructuosus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> Constitutions,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> the rule of <a href="/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey" title="Fontevraud Abbey">Fontevraud Abbey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and the rules of the <a href="/wiki/Mercedarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedarians">Mercedarians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-skot1-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-skot1-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-skot3-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norbertines" class="mw-redirect" title="Norbertines">Norbertines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dun1-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dun1-10">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dun1-10">[10]</a> prescribed imprisonment as a penalty for various forms of misbehavior among the monks. In the late fourth century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Pope Siricius</a> instructed monasteries to use penal imprisonment in his <a href="/wiki/Directa_Decretal" title="Directa Decretal">Directa Decretal</a>, an instruction renewed in 895 at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Tribur" title="Council of Tribur">Council of Tribur</a> and again in 1140 in the <a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> These monastic prisons were referred to with various Latin terms, including murus ("wall"), cella obscura ("hidden cell"), ergastulum ("workhouse"), and carcer ("prison").<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Penal imprisonment was also practiced in similar forms among female religious orders.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-skot4-16">[16]</a> One notable such case was the <a href="/wiki/Nun_of_Watton" title="Nun of Watton">Nun of Watton</a>, a twelfth-century figure confined in an ecclesiastical prison after her pregnancy was discovered.<a href="#cite_note-dun2-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The use of monastic prisons was not restricted to the monks themselves. Nonmonastic clergy and laymen could be sentenced to detrusio in monasterium (confinement in a monastery), which could consist either of simply living in a monastery or of being incarcerated in a monastic prison.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Secular European rulers of the fifth through eleventh centuries, who generally lacked facilities of their own for keeping prisoners, also made use of monastic prisons.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> These secular prisoners in monastic prisons were sometimes criminals, but often they were simply political adversaries, such as in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Childeric_III" title="Childeric III">Childeric III</a> (imprisoned by <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a>); <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Hunchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin the Hunchback">Pepin the Hunchback</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tassilo_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria">Tassilo III</a> (imprisoned by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>); and various political opponents of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Ecclesiastical reforms in the late eleventh century largely suppressed the practice of confining political opponents to monasteries, but secular authorities continued to make use of monastic prisons; in the case of female prisoners, confining them to a convent rather than a secular prison could be a means of avoiding rape.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Early monastic imprisonment often simply involved confining the offending monk to his cell, or to some other room temporarily designated as a prison; with the growing use of incarceration as a punishment, however, monasteries increasingly built dedicated prison facilities.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> These were usually purpose-built cells, but in some cases might be free-standing prisons; one of the earliest examples of the latter was built at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">the Mount Sinai Monastery</a> before the seventh century AD.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Some orders, such as the Cistercians and Benedictines, explicitly required that each monastery contain prison cells.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-skot2-31">[31]</a> Incarceration in monastic prisons was sometimes for periods as short as a day;<a href="#cite_note-dun3-32">[32]</a> other sentences lasted indefinitely, or for life.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Monastic prisons, unlike secular prisons, typically involved <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a>, sometimes mitigated by visits from superiors.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Inmates in monastic prisons were sometimes kept in chains,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-dun2-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-skot3-8">[8]</a> and their sentences often included deprivation of food,<a href="#cite_note-dun2-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_History_of_the_Prison-37">[37]</a> corporal punishment,<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_History_of_the_Prison-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-skot4-16">[16]</a> various forms of ritual humiliation,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> or ecclesiastical penalties such as <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dun2-17">[17]</a> Some medieval monasteries practiced permanent <a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">immurement</a> in prisons called Vade in pace ("go in peace"), so named because inmates were expected to remain in them until death. <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Venerable" title="Peter the Venerable">Peter the Venerable</a>, writing in the early twelfth century, attributed the first Vade in pace to a prior named Matthew of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Martin-des-Champs_Priory" title="Saint-Martin-des-Champs Priory">Saint-Martin-des-Champs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mab1-40">[40]</a> The practice spread, being attested in locations including <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans Abbey">St Albans Abbey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Lespinasse,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Lodi,<a href="#cite_note-schu1-44">[44]</a> and San Salvatore.<a href="#cite_note-schu1-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II of France</a> intervened, at the request of the Archbishop of Toulouse, to require the monasteries to allow imprisoned monks weekly visitors.<a href="#cite_note-mab1-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> were notable among religious orders for not using imprisonment as a disciplinary tool.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The order's founder, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a>, had himself spent time incarcerated in a monastic prison in <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> while being interrogated about his theological teachings.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> An anecdote tells of Ignatius, asked why the charter of his order did not call for the use of incarceration, answering that it was unnecessary when expulsion from the Society was always available.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diocesan_prisons">Diocesan prisons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_prison&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diocesan prisons">edit</a>]</div> The use of incarceration as an ecclesiastical penalty dates back well before the beginning of the second millennium, with examples attested in the 438 <a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a>, the canons of the 581 <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_M%C3%A2con" title="Synod of Mâcon">Synod of Mâcon</a>, the 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Sacramentary" title="Gelasian Sacramentary">Gelasian Sacramentary</a>, and the writings of the 8th-century bishop <a href="/wiki/Ecgbert_of_York" title="Ecgbert of York">Ecgbert of York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> It was not, however, until the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries that ecclesiastical prisons began to grow increasingly common.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> As part of the codification of <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church#Jus_Novum" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">canon law</a> in the thirteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> issued his 1298 <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Canonici#Liber_Sextus" title="Corpus Juris Canonici">Liber Sextus</a>, which endorsed the use of imprisonment as a legal penalty.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> At this point, the already-common practice of ecclesiastical prisons was becoming near-universal, with each bishopric expected to maintain its own prison;<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> for example, <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre Dame</a> built its prison in 1285,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boniface_of_Savoy_(bishop)" title="Boniface of Savoy (bishop)">Boniface</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, made the practice mandatory in his jurisdiction in 1261.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Although the practice of keeping ecclesiastical prisons in each <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> was becoming increasingly standard, the specifics of the prisons themselves and their keeping were largely left up to local authorities.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The severity of the penalties imposed varied widely: in some cases a brief period of incarceration might serve as a penalty for a cleric lying under oath,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> while other prisons kept chains, bolts, and gags expressly in order to "terrorize and cause fear" in their young female captives.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Cardinal_Alessandro_Farnese_(by_Titian)FXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Portrait_of_Cardinal_Alessandro_Farnese_%28by_Titian%29FXD.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Cardinal_Alessandro_Farnese_%28by_Titian%29FXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Portrait_of_Cardinal_Alessandro_Farnese_%28by_Titian%29FXD.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Cardinal_Alessandro_Farnese_%28by_Titian%29FXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Portrait_of_Cardinal_Alessandro_Farnese_%28by_Titian%29FXD.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Cardinal_Alessandro_Farnese_%28by_Titian%29FXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Alessandro Farnese, later Pope Paul III, at one time an inmate of the papal prison of Castel Sant'Angelo</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, where the civic power of the Catholic Church was uniquely strong, ecclesiastical prisons saw heavy use.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a> in Rome served as a papal prison from 1367 to 1870 while under the control of the Papal States.<a href="#cite_note-terenzi-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-ricci-66">[66]</a> Notable figures confined there included: <ul><li>Alessandro Farnese, prior to becoming <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> (late 15th or early 16th century)<a href="#cite_note-terenzi-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a>, author and artisan (1539–1540)<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a>, philosopher and cosmologist (periods 1592–1600)<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Antonio_de_Dominis" title="Marco Antonio de Dominis">Marco Antonio de Dominis</a>, bishop and reformer (1624)<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ricci" title="Lorenzo Ricci">Lorenzo Ricci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General of the Society of Jesus</a> (1773–1775)<a href="#cite_note-ricci-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Cagliostro" title="Alessandro Cagliostro">Alessandro Cagliostro</a>, magician (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1789–1795)<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li></ul> Another notable ecclesiastical prison in the Papal States was <a href="/wiki/San_Michele_a_Ripa" title="San Michele a Ripa">San Michele a Ripa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_detention" class="mw-redirect" title="Juvenile detention">juvenile detention</a> facility built in 1703 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a>. Young offenders could be sentenced to San Michele by the courts, and parents or guardians could voluntarily send recalcitrant boys to the prison.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Although the young inmates often endured conditions such as corporal punishment and being chained to their desks, San Michele was considered by contemporaries to be a model of an enlightened penal system.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inquisitorial_prisons">Inquisitorial prisons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_prison&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inquisitorial prisons">edit</a>]</div> With the twelfth-century founding of the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Eponymous" class="mw-redirect" title="Eponymous">eponymous</a> process of inquisitio (<a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">inquest</a>), came an increasing need for ecclesiastical prisons to hold suspects during a potentially lengthy investigation.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Instead of being incarcerated merely for a brief period of time between arrest and trial, the captives of the Inquisition were routinely held until they confessed to the satisfaction of their interrogators and implicated others; in some cases this process took years, sometimes spent in solitary confinement.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Imprisonment served as an interrogation technique in itself, sometimes in place of torture;<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> if simple imprisonment (and the expense of being required to pay for it) was insufficient to extract a confession, interrogators had the option of subjecting the prisoner to solitary confinement, inadequate food, <a href="/wiki/Physical_restraint" title="Physical restraint">physical restraints</a>, or other harsh conditions.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Canon law, as set down in the Decretium Gratiani and the <a href="/wiki/Decretals_of_Gregory_IX" title="Decretals of Gregory IX">Decretals of Gregory IX</a>, also allowed the use of torture; in 1252, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> specifically licensed the use of torture on Inquisition prisoners, and in 1256 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a> gave permission for inquisitors to absolve each other for violating the tradition against clerical shedding of blood by performing the torture themselves.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> This increased incarceration quickly overwhelmed the existing ecclesiastical prisons.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Inquisitors, being largely members of <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a>, generally had no prisons of their own to use.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> It became necessary to build new prisons especially for the Inquisition, funded partly by local lords, partly by property seized from convicted <a href="/wiki/Heretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretics">heretics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> These prisons were often rather loosely run, with most prisoners kept under conditions called murus largus,<a href="#cite_note-largus-88">[88]</a> which allowed them to wander freely within the prison<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and socialize with their fellow prisoners of both sexes;<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> no organized program of work or prayer was imposed,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and outside visitors were often unrestricted.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Prisoners under a higher degree of suspicion were instead kept in murus strictus, which meant solitary confinement;<a href="#cite_note-largus-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> when combined with shackles and a diet of bread and water, this was called strictissimus carceris ("strictest imprisonment").<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Conversely, those under only minor suspicion were often allowed out on probation, allowed to return home on condition of reporting in on a daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The prison sentences imposed by the Inquisition varied by time, place, the judgement of the inquisitor, and how convincingly a given heretic recanted; some sentences were as short as one year, but most were for life, a sentence which included confiscation of the convict's property.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-parole-100">[100]</a> However, some prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment who demonstrated repentance and cooperation with their captors could hope to be freed on parole,<a href="#cite_note-parole-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and others took advantage of the loosely managed prison system to simply escape.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In the 13th century, the conditions in some inquisitorial prisons, especially those of southern France, were considered inhumane even by contemporaries (although wealthy prisoners were sometimes able to escape the worst of the treatment).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Consul#Medieval_city-states,_communes_and_municipalities" title="Consul">consuls</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carcassonne" title="Carcassonne">Carcassonne</a> wrote of the local prison:<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We feel ourselves aggrieved in that you, contrary to the use and custom observed by your predecessors in the Inquisition, have made a new prison, called the mur. Truly this could be called with good cause a hell. For in it you have constructed little cells for the purpose of tormenting and torturing people. Some of these cells are dark and airless, so that those lodged there cannot tell if it is day or night, and they are continuously deprived of air and light. In other cells there are kept miserable wretches laden with shackles, some of wood, some of iron. These cannot move, but defecate and urinate on themselves. Nor can they lie down except on the frigid ground. They have endured torments like these day and night for a long time. In other miserable places in the prison, not only is there no light or air, but food is rarely distributed, and that only bread and water. Many prisoners have been put in similar situations, in which several, because of the severity of their tortures, have lost limbs and have been completely incapacitated. Many, because of the unbearable conditions and their great suffering, have died a most cruel death. In these prisons there is constantly heard an immense wailing, weeping, groaning, and gnashing of teeth. What more can one say? For these prisoners life is a torment and death a comfort. And thus coerced they say that what is false is true, choosing to die once rather than to endure more torture. As a result of these false and coerced confessions not only do those making the confessions perish, but so do the innocent people named by them. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>J. M. Vidal, Un Inquisiteur jugé</cite></div></blockquote> After a 1296 uprising in Carcassonne over the conditions of the inquisitorial prison, King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a> began to fear more such uprisings throughout <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 1306, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a> sent a delegation of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a> to investigate the conditions in the inquisitorial prisons of southern France. The delegation reported haphazard management, buildings in disrepair, and shocking conditions, and ordered immediate reforms.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> These reforms, once implemented, left inquisitorial prisons among the best-run in Europe, according to historian Edward M. Peters;<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> prisoners convicted on other charges were known to confess to heresy in order to be sent there.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_prison&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a>]</div> Ecclesiastical prisons remained commonplace through the early modern era. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabillon" title="Jean Mabillon">Jean Mabillon</a>, a French monk and scholar, criticized them in his "Reflections on the Prisons of the Monastic Orders", <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1690, after seeing a young friend sentenced to fifteen years in the prison at <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel_Abbey" title="Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey">Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey</a> suffer severe physical consequences from his treatment there.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Mont-Saint-Michel continued in use as an ecclesiastical prison until 1791, when, during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> the abbey was closed and converted entirely into a prison;<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> it was not until 1863 that the prison was closed altogether, so that the building could be restored and, in 1874, declared a <a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">monument historique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plunkett-113">[113]</a> During the early modern era, ecclesiastical prisons in many places gradually fell out of use or became secularized. <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_(prison_reformer)" title="John Howard (prison reformer)">John Howard</a>, an early prison reformer, visited <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cadeia_do_Aljube" title="Cadeia do Aljube">Cadeia do Aljube</a> in 1783;<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> it would become a civil prison in 1808.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, ecclesiastical prisons were in active use up through the early 19th century, with records of one William Faragher being imprisoned in 1812 for refusing to pay a <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Article 16 of the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1953" title="Concordat of 1953">Concordat of 1953</a> between <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> established a separate ecclesiastical prison system in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, where clergy convicted under secular law would serve their sentences in monasteries or other dedicated institutions.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In 1976, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Spain#Revision_of_the_1953_Concordat" title="History of the Catholic Church in Spain">revisions to the Concordat</a> removed Article 16.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_prison&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Ecclesiastical court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_crime" title="Ecclesiastical crime">Ecclesiastical crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_ordinance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical ordinance">Ecclesiastical ordinance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_prison&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpierenburg2007" class="citation book cs1">Spierenburg, Pieter (2007). The Prison Experience: Disciplinary Institutions and Their Inmates in Early Modern Europe. Amsterdam Academic Archive: Amsterdam University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053569894" title="Special:BookSources/9789053569894"><bdi>9789053569894</bdi></a>. <q>It is understandable that religious establishments pioneered the use of imprisonment as a penalty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prison+Experience%3A+Disciplinary+Institutions+and+Their+Inmates+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Amsterdam+Academic+Archive&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789053569894&rft.aulast=Spierenburg&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2006" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Norman (29 December 2006). Forms of constraint: a history of prison architecture. University of Illinois Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252074017" title="Special:BookSources/0252074017"><bdi>0252074017</bdi></a>. <q>The Catholic Church was the first institution to use imprisonment consistently for any avowed purpose other than detention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+of+constraint%3A+a+history+of+prison+architecture&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2006-12-29&rft.isbn=0252074017&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Pachomius (292-346) orders different forms of enforced seclusion for those monks who, having been several times admonished by the superior in the format recommended in the Gospels, steadfastly cling to proscribed behavior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Fructuosus (d. 670) [...] states that the excommunicated brother should be sent alone into a dark cell and fed a diet of bread and water. There he must dwell in silence and separation from the community, conferring with no one save the monk dispatched to counsel him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>The Dominican Constitutions urge priors to "punish freely" their lapsed brothers since the "rigor of incarceration is not the same as banishment since it might incite improvement in the delinquent."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>Men were similarly punished: under the rule of Fontevrault, rebellious brothers were imprisoned.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-skot1-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skot1_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-skot1_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>The Mercedarians and Trinitarians, orders founded to raise funds to redeem and care for captives, required that prison facilities be erected in each of their communities."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-skot3-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skot3_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-skot3_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Each Augustinian priory was to have a facility secure on all sides and equipped with leg irons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>The Norbertines ordered that at least one, if not two, jails be established in every residence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dun1-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dun1_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dun1_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dun1_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>By 1206 the Cistercian order had licensed prisons for the enclosure of fugitives and evil-doers among the brothers. By the thirteenth century, Carthusian and Carmelite houses incarcerated those who first ran away and then sought to return to the monastic way of life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>The Benedictine Rule does not mention a term for prison, but an earlier canon law source, a letter of Pope Siricius (384-98) to Himerius, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, stated that delinquent monks and nuns should be separated from their fellows and confined in an ergastulum, a disciplinary cell within the monastery in which forced labor took place, thus moving the old Roman punitive domestic work cell for slaves and household dependents into the institutional setting of the monastery. The letter of Siricius was reissued in 895 at the Synod of Tribur, and it made its way into Gratian's Decretum in 1140.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>By the second half of the seventh century, such isolation was being secured in a cella obscura, later called ergastulum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>Not all monastic constitutions became part of canon law, but from the sixth century on, a number of them used the Latin term carcer as a designation of penitential confinement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>In monastic usage the term murus ("a wall") came to be used as a designation for the room "appropriate for imprisonment" that the Benedictine Rule called for."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_the_Great1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a> (1895). Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry; Knight, Kevin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/360204009.htm">Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 12</a>. Translated by Barmby, James. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co. Retrieved 25 April 2023. <q>But if any one of them, either through former license, or through an evil custom of impunity, has been seduced, or should in future be led, into the gulph of adulterous lapse, we will that, after enduring the severity of adequate punishment, she be consigned for penance to some other stricter monastery of virgins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%2C+Second+Series%2C+Vol.+12&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Gregory+the+Great&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F360204009.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-skot4-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skot4_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-skot4_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Punishments among nuns were not far different. The Carmelite Constitutions concerning a grave fault such as repeated conversation about "the affairs of the world" mandate nine days of confinement including a "discipline" in the refectory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dun2-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dun2_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dun2_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dun2_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dun2_17-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>The nun of Watton in Yorkshire, made pregnant by a young canon, was punished by being shackled as she lay in prison which, if the shackles should be taken literally rather than metaphorically, suggests that nuns were not necessarily accorded gentle treatment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>Nor were monks the only religious subject to confinement. The twelfth-century Cistercian writer Ailred of Rievaulx told the story of the nun of Watton, who, around 1160, became pregnant by another religious, was discovered, and was chained by fetters on each leg and placed in a cell with only bread and water to live on.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>Monastic prisons also served for the confinement of secular clergy under discipline by their bishops. The process was known as detrusio in monasterium ("confinement in a monastery"), and it might entail either living as a monk under normal monastic discipline or being held in a monastic prison.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>"Criminal sins," as the most severe sins were called, required public exclusion from the church and the sacraments, and they required public penance of various kinds, including penitential confinement, the same detrusio in monasterium that applied to secular clergy. For some particularly offensive criminal sins -- incest, magic, divination -- several eighth- and ninth-century councils insisted on actual punitive incarceration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>Aristocratic dwellings of the early tenth century, especially those in northern Europe, were not designed to be solid and lasting. The great families were itinerant, stopping in turn at their estates spread over vast tracts of land. [...] Only bishops, charged with the defence of their walled diocesan towns, could occasionally offer places suitable for detention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>Among the Franks of the Merovingian and Carolingian periods, the prison within the monastic walls slowly spread its shadow. Monasteries came to be perceived by powerful laymen as suitable places in which to detain political prisoners too important to be done to death.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>So Charlemagne forced his cousin Duke Tassilo of Bavaria to accept the tonsure and retire to a monastery, he treated his rebellious son Pepin the Hunchback likewise, and Louis the Pious followed the same policy with a number of opponents. The practice was continued by the Ottonians. For example, Thietmar of Merseberg, describing the treatment meted out to three men who had plotted against Henry II, recorded that one escaped from custody, the second was sent to the great monastery of Fulda, and the third was held for a long time in a castle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Pepin the Short, in 751, locked up the last Merovingian king in a monastery. Charlemagne ordered his son, Pepin the Hunchback, as well as his cousin, the Duke of Tassilo, to accept the tonsure and live out their days as monks. Louis the Pious followed a similar course of action with those who had become a political liability. A church council in Rome in 826 stated that entry into a monastery should be voluntary, except in the case of those being punished for a crime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>Because the practice of forcing defeated political opponents to become monks was disapproved of by the ecclesiastical reformers of the later eleventh century, it died out fairly rapidly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>In thirteenth-century Venice, where male debtors were sent to prison, female ones were commended to monasteries or nunneries to persuade them to pay up, a sign that the city authorities did not wish to be involved in allegations of rape.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>In many instances, notably the early Benedictine foundations, the monks slept in cubicles and so various types of rooms, often makeshift ones, were utilized for this specific purpose. We already saw in the case of Pachomius that the sullen and malicious gossip was to be locked up in the infirmary. However, with the widespread employment of imprisonment as a disciplinary and reformative technique, individual prison cells were created in monasteries for this specific purpose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>By the late twelfth century each monastery was expected to contain a prison of one sort or another.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>With the widespread employment of imprisonment as a disciplinary and reformative technique, individual prison cells were created in monasteries for this specific purpose. A directive in 1229 to the Cistercian monasteries in France ordered the placement of a "solid and secure prison" in each; normally this would have been a room with a barred window under the stairs leading from the cloister to the dormitory. The annals of the monastery at Durham, England, reveal the following entry: "Within the infirmary underneath the master of the infirmary's chamber, was the strong prison called the 'Lying House' which was ordained for such as were great offenders." One history of the Benedictines notes the following: "If one were to visit one of the larger and older English monasteries ... the first building encountered would probably be a rectangular gatehouse set in the boundary wall and having a wide passage leading from the world outside into the monastic precinct ... [T]he gatehouse sometimes had a prisoner's cell." In certain instances, particularly if the monastery was large, an entire prison would be erected for its captives. St. John Climacus (579-649) describes what may have been one of the first prisons of this type at his monastery in Egypt: "At a distance of a mile from the great monastery was a place deprived of every comfort ... Here the pastor shut up, without permission to go out, those who fell into sin after entering the brotherhood; and not all together, but each in a separate and special cell ... And he kept them there until the Lord gave him assurance of the amendment of each one." The monastery at Iona in Ireland had a dwelling for its wayward brothers, as did the Carthusian abbey at Mount Grace, the latter a two-story house with a covered walk along one wall and a garden.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>A directive in 1229 to the Cistercian monasteries in France ordered the placement of a "solid and secure prison" in each.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-skot2-31"><a href="#cite_ref-skot2_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Dom Jean Mabillon, the seventeenth-century Benedictine historian and reformer, reveals that the priors of the Benedictine order gathered at Aix-la-Chapelle in 817 to discuss a response to the frightening abuses of prisoners that had occurred within several of their abbeys. The priors used the opportunity not only to offer guidelines for prisons within the various communities, but also to mandate that facilities conforming to those guidelines be constructed in each foundation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dun3-32"><a href="#cite_ref-dun3_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>In one case, that of a monk accused of conspiring against the abbot's authority, excommunication was followed by chaining for a whole day and night in the infirmary. In the text, the severity of this sentence was drawn to the reader's attention, suggesting that most instances of imprisonment were even shorter; it was apparently little more than a symbolic reinforcement of the real punishment, excommunication.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>Most [monastic constitutions] agreed that such confinement might continue solely at the discretion of the abbot, in the most severe cases entailing confinement for life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabillon1724" class="citation journal cs1">Mabillon, Jean (1724). "Reflections on the prisons of the monastic orders". Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. 17 (4). Translated by Sellin, Thorsten: 586. <q>No care is taken to console them in their prison, which is much harder than that of the laymen, because in the latter, people have usually the liberty to see each other at certain hours and even to receive visits from friends or other charitable persons. Usually they can hear Holy Mass every day. They are often given sermons and exhortations in common, or individually in the case of those kept in deep dungeons. But the prisoners of some monastic orders have none of that. Few or no visits or consolations, rarely a mass, never an exhortation; in other words, a perpetual solitude and seclusion without promenades in the open, without movement, without amelioration, briefly, without consolation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Institute+of+Criminal+Law+and+Criminology&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+prisons+of+the+monastic+orders&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=586&rft.date=1724&rft.aulast=Mabillon&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>First, Benedict orders that the continually defiant brother must bear the pain of isolation: "Let him work alone at what he is told to do, maintaining all the while a penitential sorrow ... He must take his meals alone ... No one passing by should bless him, nor food given him." He then complements the stern penal order with a pastoral injunction that intuits much of what we have discussed with regard to the sacral dimension of both confinement and the confined: "The abbot should focus all his attention on the care of the wayward brother, for it is not the healthy but the sick who need a physician. Thus he should use all the means that a wise physician would." Benedict also recommends that respected "elderly brothers who know how to comfort the wavering brother" be sent to "console him so that he be not devoured by too much sorrow." He further adds a quote from St. Paul: "[L]et love for him be reaffirmed and let everyone pray for him." Finally, Benedict charges the abbot to imitate Christ, the good shepherd, who "left the ninety nine sheep ... looking for the one who had strayed ... placed it on his sacred shoulders and carried it back to the flock."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>Other abbots imposed chains and fetters on imprisoned monks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_History_of_the_Prison-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_History_of_the_Prison_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_History_of_the_Prison_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>Monastic imprisonment was used in conjunction with other disciplinary measures, including restricted diet and beating with rods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabillon1724" class="citation journal cs1">Mabillon, Jean (1724). "Reflections on the prisons of the monastic orders". Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. 17 (4). Translated by Sellin, Thorsten: 584. <q>All the priors of the [Benedictine] order, assembled at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 817 [...] forbade the exposure of these poor creatures in a naked state, to be whipped before the rest of the monks, as had previously been the practice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Institute+of+Criminal+Law+and+Criminology&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+prisons+of+the+monastic+orders&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=584&rft.date=1724&rft.aulast=Mabillon&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>Ritual humiliation and temporary loss of influence in the abbey were apparently of the essence of these terrible-sounding punishments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mab1-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mab1_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mab1_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabillon1724" class="citation journal cs1">Mabillon, Jean (1724). "Reflections on the prisons of the monastic orders". Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. 17 (4). Translated by Sellin, Thorsten: 585. <q>In the course of time, a frightful kind of prison, where daylight never entered, was invented, and since it was designed for those who should finish their lives in it, it received the name Vade in pace. It appears that the first person to invent this horrible form of torture was Matthew, Prior of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Martin_des_Champs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Martin des Champs (page does not exist)">Saint Martin des Champs</a>, according to the story of Peter the Venerable, who informs us that this superior, a good man otherwise, but extremely severe against those who committed some error, caused the construction of a subterranean cave in the form of a grave where he placed, for the rest of his days, a miserable wretch who seemed incorrigible to him. [...] other superiors, less charitable than zealous, did not fail to use it with respect to guilty monks, and this harshness, inhuman as it appears, went so far and became so common that it caused Etienne, Archbishop of Toulouse, to lodge a complaint, through his grand vicar, with King John. [...] The king was horrified by this inhumanity. Touched by compassion for these wretches, he ordered priors and superiors to visit them twice a month and to give, in addition, their permission to two monks of their choice to visit them twice a month [...] This we learn from the Registers of the Parliament of Languedoc in the year 1350.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Institute+of+Criminal+Law+and+Criminology&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+prisons+of+the+monastic+orders&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=585&rft.date=1724&rft.aulast=Mabillon&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Mabillon writes that "a frightful kind of prison, where daylight never entered, was invented, and since it was designed for those who would finish their lives in it, it received the name Vade in pace [go in peace]." A similar fate in a prison with the same title awaited a monk of St. Alban's who was "solitarily imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Legcuffs" title="Legcuffs">fetters</a>, and dying was buried in them."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>In fourteenth-century Toulouse, monks lodged a protest against a monastic prison called Vade in pace ("Go in peace"), which seems to have been far more severe than the usual place of monastic confinement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLea1887" class="citation book cs1">Lea, Henry Charles (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/39451/39451-h/39451-h.htm#FNanchor_444_444">A History of The Inquisition of The Middle Ages; volume I</a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 487. Retrieved 26 April 2023. <q>In the case of Jeanne, widow of B. de la Tour, a nun of Lespenasse, in 1246, who had committed acts of both Catharan and Waldensian heresy, and had prevaricated in her confession, the sentence was confinement in a separate cell in her own convent, where no one was to enter or see her, her food being pushed in through an opening left for the purpose—in fact, the living tomb known as the "in pace."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+The+Inquisition+of+The+Middle+Ages%3B+volume+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=487&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=Henry+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F39451%2F39451-h%2F39451-h.htm%23FNanchor_444_444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schu1-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schu1_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schu1_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedioli2001" class="citation book cs1">Medioli, Francesca (1 September 2001). "Dimensions of the Cloister". In Schutte, Anne Jacobson; Kuehn, Thomas; Menchi, Silvana Seidel (eds.). Time, Space, and Women's Lives in Early Modern Europe. Truman State University Press. pp. 170–171. <q>At Lodi in 1662 Sister Antonia Margherita Limera stood trial for having introduced a man into her cell and entertained him for a few days; she was sentenced to be walled in alive on a diet of bread and water. In the same year, the trial for breach of enclosure and sexual intercourse against the cleric Domenico Cagianella and Sister Vincenza Intanti of the convent of San Salvatore in Ariano had an identical outcome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dimensions+of+the+Cloister&rft.btitle=Time%2C+Space%2C+and+Women%27s+Lives+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=170-171&rft.pub=Truman+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft.aulast=Medioli&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, George M. (September 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/jesuit/article/view/3957/3522">"Jesuits in Jail, Ignatius to the Present"</a>. Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits. 27 (4). St. Louis, MO: Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality: 4. <q>By the fourteenth century, virtually all religious orders had facilities of one kind or another in which to incarcerate troublemakers [...] The Constitutions of Ignatius therefore were a notable exception to those of other religious orders in that they did not include such provisions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Spirituality+of+Jesuits&rft.atitle=Jesuits+in+Jail%2C+Ignatius+to+the+Present&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1995-09&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.bc.edu%2Findex.php%2Fjesuit%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3957%2F3522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, George M. (September 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/jesuit/article/view/3957/3522">"Jesuits in Jail, Ignatius to the Present"</a>. Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits. 27 (4). St. Louis, MO: Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality: 3. <q>His second incarceration took place in Salamanca. A Dominican confessor invited him to dinner, though he warned him that the prior would question him and Calixto, his companion, about their preaching. After the meal, the two were confined to the Dominican monastery for three days. Transferred then to the Salamanca jail, they were kept chained to a post in the middle of the building. Four ecclesiastical judges examined Ignatius's copy of the Spiritual Exercises and questioned him on a variety of theological issues. The only fault they found was his inadequate preparation, as they thought, to treat the difference between venial and mortal sin. Having warned him to speak of the matter no more until he had studied theology for four more years, they released him from jail after twenty-two days.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Spirituality+of+Jesuits&rft.atitle=Jesuits+in+Jail%2C+Ignatius+to+the+Present&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1995-09&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.bc.edu%2Findex.php%2Fjesuit%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3957%2F3522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, George M. (September 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/jesuit/article/view/3957/3522">"Jesuits in Jail, Ignatius to the Present"</a>. Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits. 27 (4). St. Louis, MO: Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality: 4. <q>According to one anecdote, when Ignatius sought approval for the Formula of the Institute, the first sketch of what would eventually become the Constitutions of the Society, he was asked why it included no provisions for confinement. Ignatius, it is said, replied that none were necessary because there was always the door, that is, expulsion from the Society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Spirituality+of+Jesuits&rft.atitle=Jesuits+in+Jail%2C+Ignatius+to+the+Present&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1995-09&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.bc.edu%2Findex.php%2Fjesuit%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3957%2F3522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Some early examples of ecclesiastical imprisonment can be found in the laws of Theodosius, where one finds a ruling that clerical deserters were to be arrested and placed in church custody. A decree from the first Council of Matison (581) rules that senior clergy charged with indecency or carrying weapons must be incarcerated for thirty days on a diet of bread and water. In the Gelasian Sacramentary (early eighth century), there is a prescription that penitents are to be confined during Lent, beginning on Ash Wednesday, and kept in custody until Holy Thursday. An eighth-century collection of canons written by the Archbishop of York contains a warning that those who question the church's authority to both baptize and forgive sins shall 'feel the pain of excommunication, or long bear the confinement of a gaol.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>The one sphere within the Church in which imprisonment was an accepted punishment by 1000 was in monasteries. [...] In the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, resort to imprisonment grew commoner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>In the course of the thirteenth century, they tended to favour punitive imprisonment for serious offences by the clergy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>The historian of the years 1000–1300 cannot afford so easily to pigeonhole prisons under the heading 'penal system'. This is not because imprisonment was never in that period imposed as a judicial punishment; as we shall see, it had always been used punitively at least occasionally; it became a commoner sentence in the ecclesiastical courts during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries; and towards 1300 lay courts were increasingly imitating this.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Ecclesiastical prisons as the formal apparatus for dealing with serious 'crimes' make their appearance in the thirteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>The decisive pronouncement, however, was issued in 1298 by Pope Boniface VIII within the 'Liber Sextus,' a document that was appended to the first code of canon law. The directive states: 'In regard to the detention of the guilty, prison should be primary understood not as punishment. At the same time we do not reject prison for clerics ... if they have been convicted of crimes. Taking the nature of their crimes and their persons and other circumstances into prudent consideration, such malefactors could either be confined for a time or for life as you may judge appropriate.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>The episcopal use of imprisonment as punishment was regularized in an executive order entitled 'Quamvis' and issued by Pope Boniface VIII in his lawbook, the Liber Sextus, in 1298.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>In 1298 Boniface VIII formally introduced imprisonment into canon law as a fitting punishment: 'Although it is evident that the use of prison is authorized for the prisoner's custody and not for punishment, we have no objection if you send members of the clergy who are under your discipline, after a confession of crime or a conviction, to prison for the performance of penitence.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>During the twelfth century, bishops were expected to have their own diocesan prisons for the punishment of criminal clergy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>Unwillingness to cooperate with the prévot of Paris almost certainly explained the decision of the chapter of Notre Dame cathedral to build prisons in its cloister, as it had by 1285.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>In 1261, Boniface, the Archbishop of Canterbury, decreed the following: 'We do with special injunction ordain that every bishop have one or two prisons in his bishopric (he is to take care of the sufficient largeness and security thereof) for the safekeeping of clerks according to canonical censure.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>The pontifical and synodal decrees demanding the construction of prisons in each diocese provided no guidelines as to how they were to be constructed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>In practice, by 1298 brief incarceration was already well established also for a small number of minor clerical offences. For example, clerics whose testimony in a court of law had proved to be mendacious might find themselves in jail for a short period, as a forceful expression of the court's anger.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Rulings, such as the one enacted at the Council of Rheims (1157) that those young women swayed by the influence of a heretical Manichaean group were to be put to the ordeal of the hot iron and, if found guilty, branded on the forehead and cheek and then banished, were by no means rare. The warden of a house of detention for women wrote that there must be chains, bolts, gags, and various sorts of discipline because if the jail is meant to terrorize and cause fear then it stands to reason that it should be rigorous.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>Papal rectors were lavish in their use of imprisonment, often causing trouble thereby.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>The records of papal courts sitting in Avignon in the fourteenth century indicate that papal judges not infrequently used imprisonment as a form of punishment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-terenzi-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terenzi_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-terenzi_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerenzi1986" class="citation journal cs1">Terenzi, Marcello (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcin.org.pl/Content/21122/PDF/WA308_33168_PIII348_FORTRESS_I.pdf">"The Fortress of Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome"</a> (PDF). Fasciculi Archaelogicae Historicae: 71–75. Retrieved 8 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fasciculi+Archaelogicae+Historicae&rft.atitle=The+Fortress+of+Castel+Sant%27Angelo+in+Rome&rft.pages=71-75&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Terenzi&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F21122%2FPDF%2FWA308_33168_PIII348_FORTRESS_I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ricci-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ricci_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ricci_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, George M. (September 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/jesuit/article/view/3957/3522">"Jesuits in Jail, Ignatius to the Present"</a>. Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits. 27 (4). St. Louis, MO: Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality: 4. <q>Perhaps the most famous ecclesiastical prison to be used by the Roman Catholic Church itself was the Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome. It was there that Clement XIV, under political pressure from the Bourbons and other enemies of the Society, ordered the incarceration of the general, Lorenzo Ricci, after the promulgation of Dominus ac Redemptor, the bull that dissolved the Jesuit order. Ricci was seventy years old. His advanced age, coupled with the harsh circumstances of his confinement, undoubtedly hastened his death in Castel Sant'Angelo two years later.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Spirituality+of+Jesuits&rft.atitle=Jesuits+in+Jail%2C+Ignatius+to+the+Present&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1995-09&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.bc.edu%2Findex.php%2Fjesuit%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3957%2F3522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallucci2003" class="citation book cs1">Gallucci, Margaret (20 August 2003). Benvenuto Cellini: Sexuality, Masculinity, and Artistic Identity in Renaissance Italy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6107-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6107-5"><bdi>978-1-4039-6107-5</bdi></a>. <q>In 1539 Clement's successor Pope Paul III (Alessandro Farnese, ruled 1534–49) imprisoned Cellini in Castel Sant'Angelo on charges of stealing jewels from the papal coffers during the Sack of Rome a decade earlier. The artist escaped but was caught and incarcerated again. The Pope finally released him in 1540, thanks, in part, to the intervention of the French King Francis I.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benvenuto+Cellini%3A+Sexuality%2C+Masculinity%2C+and+Artistic+Identity+in+Renaissance+Italy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003-08-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6107-5&rft.aulast=Gallucci&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick2020" class="citation book cs1">Dick, Steven J. (12 May 2020). "The Consolations of Astronomy and the Cosmic Perspective". Space, Time, and Aliens. Springer Nature. p. 761. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-41613-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-41613-3"><bdi>978-3-030-41613-3</bdi></a>. <q>After a career of wandering Europe and writing books, Bruno was imprisoned by the Inquisition in 1592, first in Venice then in Rome, and burned at the stake in 1600 [...] By the time of his imprisonment Bruno's books had already been written, and as he languished in prison at Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome and elsewhere for 8 years, one wonders what occupied his fertile mind.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Consolations+of+Astronomy+and+the+Cosmic+Perspective&rft.btitle=Space%2C+Time%2C+and+Aliens&rft.pages=761&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.isbn=978-3-030-41613-3&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracewell1984" class="citation journal cs1">Bracewell, C. W. (1984). "Marc'Antonio de Dominis: the Making of a Reformer". Slovene Studies. 6 (1): 167. <q>Yet soon after Gregory's death De Dominis was seized, confined to the Castle Sant'Angelo, and died in the course of the Inquisition's investigation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slovene+Studies&rft.atitle=Marc%27Antonio+de+Dominis%3A+the+Making+of+a+Reformer&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bracewell&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenig1945" class="citation journal cs1">Koenig, Duane (1945). "Count Cagliostro, Grand Cophta of the Enlightment". The Social Studies. 36 (8): 362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00220973.1937.11017111">10.1080/00220973.1937.11017111</a>. <q>The result was that on the evening of December 27, 1789, the couple was arrested by the Inquisition for attempting to found an Egyptian lodge. Cagliostro was accused of impiety and heresy. [...] The convicted heretic was kept first in the Castel Sant' Angelo, the Roman citadel, and then moved to the gloomy fortress of St. Leo in the territory of Urbino. There he remained until his death on August 28, 1795.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=Count+Cagliostro%2C+Grand+Cophta+of+the+Enlightment&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=362&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00220973.1937.11017111&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=Duane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinzschJütte1996" class="citation book cs1">Finzsch, Norbert; Jütte, Robert, eds. (1996). Institutions of Confinement: Hospitals, Asylums, and Prisons in Western Europe and North America, 1500-1950. Cambridge University Press. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56070-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56070-5"><bdi>0-521-56070-5</bdi></a>. <q>The Casa di Correzione, which was one of the first buildings to be added to the original complex, was designed to accommodate two categories of young boys: juvenile offenders who were sent by Roman courts or during hearings or because they were sentenced to the galleys; and disobedient boys who were put away at the request of their father or guardian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutions+of+Confinement%3A+Hospitals%2C+Asylums%2C+and+Prisons+in+Western+Europe+and+North+America%2C+1500-1950&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56070-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Arguably, the most notable of the numerous ecclesiastical penal facilities was St. Michael's in Rome. It opened in 1703 under the aegis of Pope Clement XI and became a revered system of enlightened penal practice. [...] It was a house of detention exclusively focused on seeking the reform of troubled adolescents. Parents or guardians of the young people petitioned the pope directly to have them confined there. [...] The young men were chained to their desks. The daily regimen at St. Michael's was marked by prayer, work, and, frequently, corporal punishment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>By the second half of the twelfth century, as the inquisitorial process of enquiry became normal in the church courts, a delay between the arrest of a cleric and his trial became necessary, in serious cases at least, in order to find witnesses and permit all appropriate enquiries to be conducted by the judge appointed to the case. In the meantime, the accused could not be allowed to escape. The church, possessing few prisons and even fewer guards, often found itself unequal to the task of detaining him or her.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>Because the chief aim of inquisitors was to extort confessions from those suspected of heresy, a necessary preliminary to reconciling them (where possible) with the community of the faithful, they took it for granted that arrested suspects against whom there was circumstantial evidence would need to be held, preferably in isolation, while awaiting the proper forms of interrogation, and that those who under interrogation did not at once confess and perform penance would be held until they did. The patient interrogation over several months of captured Cathar perfecti demanded lengthy imprisonment; Pierre Autier, the last of the great Cathar missionaries, was kept for a whole year before being burned in April 1310, so that as much as possible could be established about the beliefs he had been propagating and the various people who had assisted him. Lesser men, once confessed, recanted and restored to communion with the church, were not freed from jail until they had implicated others with whom they had allegedly shared their heretical views.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>When in 1306 one of the cardinals charged by Pope Clement V to investigate the complaints of the people of Albi inspected the mur at Carcassonne, he discovered that many prisoners whose trials had not yet been completed were being kept shackled and housed in 'narrow and very dark prisons.' Some had apparently endured these conditions for five years and more. Evidently shocked by what he found, the cardinal ordered that the prisoners should be held under less harsh conditions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>Languedocian inquisitors only rarely used torture to extract confessions. Instead, uncooperative witnesses were simply locked away for long periods of time to think things over.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Nor should we forget that, in 1256, despite the ancient tradition condemning the shedding of blood by clerics, inquisitors were permitted to absolve each other of sin if they participated in torturing their prisoners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>In 1252 Innocent IV licensed the use of torture to obtain evidence from suspects; by 1256 inquisitors were allowed to absolve each other if they used the instruments of torture themselves, rather than relying on lay agents for the purpose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Despite the prohibition against the shedding of blood by clerics, exceptions in defense of torture are found in the Corpus Iuris Canonici both in the decretals of Gratian and in the 'Liber Extra' of Pope Gregory IX.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>When the inquisitors imposed a penance entailing the confiscation of property, that property passed into the hands of the condemned person's lord. In turn, the lords were expected to use the revenues from these confiscations to defray the inquisitors' expenses. Even the prisons used by the Dominican inquisitors were built at royal expense and the prisoners lodged there supported out of the royal coffers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>The new work of the inquisitors at first greatly overloaded the capacity of existing prisons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Particularly in France and Spain, the large number of prisoners overwhelmed monastic and ecclesiastical centers of detention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>But the mendicant friars who from 1231 until 1311 comprised the main body of inquisitors, had never previously had need of such amenities; nor could their houses supply them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>From the mid-thirteenth century on, both the confiscated property of convicted heretics and grants from the royal treasury, especially in France and Sicily, led to the construction of special inquisitorial prisons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>By the middle of the thirteenth century, there were inquisitorial prisons in France at Carcassone, Bezier, and Toulouse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>The only alternative available was the construction of inquisitorial prisons solely for the custody of alleged heretics. These began to appear in the south of France in the second half of the thirteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-largus-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-largus_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-largus_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>There were two classes of inquisitorial prisons, what were termed murus largus and murus strictus. The former, patterned on monastic life, established a precisely regulated daily regimen within the penal enclosure. The latter called for a much more severe confinement in a single cell.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>This cooperation earned Adhemar the relatively lenient, in the circumstances, sentence of imprisonment ad murum largum in Toulouse. Under the terms of such a sentence, prisoners enjoyed a large degree of freedom, often being allowed to wander around the mur rather as they wished.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>For the most part, suspects were apparently not kept under lock and key or isolated from one another. Instead, they were allowed to wander around, almost at pleasure, within the walls of the prison. Just as little was normally done to keep prisoners separate from one another, so was little effort made to isolate them from outsiders. People who had been arrested and were in transit to the mur were not kept incommunicado.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>Aside from lodging men and women in separate rooms, no effort was made to keep the sexes apart. Similarly, no effort was made to segregate prisoners awaiting trial from those who had already been condemned.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>The most striking feature of life in the inquisitorial prisons was its largely unstructured nature. The inquisitors seem to have made virtually no effort to establish a special penitential regime. Unlike prison authorities in early modern and modern Europe, they set up no system of labor. If prisoners worked, they did so of their own volition and on their own schedule. Even more surprising is the lack of any special program of religious education or indoctrination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>However, at times the prison authorities restricted free access of visitors to prisoners. Writing at the end of the fourteenth century, Nicholas Eymerich noted that inquisitors should be suspicious of the sincerity of penitents who during the initial stages of their investigation doggedly clung to their errors. Such people were rarely genuine converts to orthodoxy. Therefore they should be imprisoned, for life if necessary, to prevent them from infecting others. For the same reason visitors should be restricted. Prisoners should not be allowed visits either by women, who are 'weak, and easily perverted,' or by simple individuals. Only Catholic men, zealous for the faith and beyond all suspicion of heresy, should have access to them. Eymerich's Languedocian predecessors may have shared his suspicions about the genuineness of their prisoners' conversion. Yet they seem to have done little to restrict visiting privileges. Spouses had the right to visit their mates. Even visitors who the jailers should have known were suspicious characters had little trouble gaining access to the murs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>As a prisoner, however, Adhemar proved less than exemplary. On 7 March 1316 Gui took the unusual step of sentencing him to the much more severe form of imprisonment known as murum strictum, in which a prisoner was kept confined in a cell and could also be burdened with fetters and shackles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>Of these, four were sentenced ad strictissimum carcerem, that is, to be kept bound in chains and fed on nothing but bread and water.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>In some cases, if there was only mild suspicion against a person, the equivalent of a modern probation order might be issued, requiring the suspect to turn up each day and report, though not to be incarcerated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>In those cases where decisive proof was lacking and the suspicions entertained as to the defendant's conduct were not 'vehement,' the suspect was to be released upon providing suitable sureties until such time as new, more convincing evidence was found against him. Such individuals, however, were not given complete liberty. Every day they were to present themselves at the gate of the inquisition's house in Toulouse and remain there until supper.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>Imprisonment was almost invariably for life, and entailed the confiscation of one's property.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>But when she was sentenced to life imprisonment because her judges believed that she had recanted only out of fear of death (a common reason for sentences of life imprisonment in inquisitorial courts), Joan revoked her confession and was burned at the stake.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-parole-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parole_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-parole_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>The length of a heretic's prison sentence depended on the judgement of the inquisitor. While a few got away with just 1 year, most had a life sentence imposed on them. As nowadays, this only sometimes meant life. Inquisitors could and did free some penitents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>This was not the way of the inquisitors, who operated something akin to a parole system. Those who cooperated with the inquisitors could look forward to a relaxation of their sentences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>Even after someone had fallen into the hands of the inquisitors, escape from custody does not seem to have been extraordinarily difficult. In the first decade of the fourteenth century, the custodians of the mur at Toulouse had considerable difficulty in maintaining effective security. In 1309 and 1310 eight men escaped. 22 April 1310 was a particularly bad month. On the 19th Guillaume Falqueti escaped; five days later, on the 24th, there was a mass breakout, when five prisoners made off. After this escape, security was evidently improved. Nevertheless, one other person, Pierre Gilbert the elder of Ferrus, escaped-not from the mur itself but from the looser form of detention at the prison's gatehouse. Bernard Cui's register contains the story of a man who escaped from the inquisitors not once, but twice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>The terrible conditions the consuls complained of were not, however, universally experienced in the mur of Carcassonne. While waiting for and during interrogation, things could be more comfortable, at least for those born of well-known families.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunbabin, Jean (2002). Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64715-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64715-8</bdi></a>. <q>In 1296, the citizens of Carcassonne revolted against such conditions; in 1303 Philip IV feared a more general rising across the whole of Languedoc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captivity+and+Imprisonment+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64715-8&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>The inquisitors' frequent use of imprisonment also increased officials' awareness of prison conditions. Early in the fourteenth century, Pope Clement sent a commission of inspectors into the inquisitorial prisons of southern France; finding these prisons to be in great disrepair, the inspectors issued strict and apparently successful orders for improvement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven1997" class="citation book cs1">Given, James B. (1997). Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8759-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-8759-0</bdi></a>. <q>When in 1306 one of the cardinals charged by Pope Clement V to investigate the complaints of the people of Albi inspected the mur at Carcassonne, he discovered that many prisoners whose trials had not yet been completed were being kept shackled and housed in 'narrow and very dark prisons.' Some had apparently endured these conditions for five years and more. Evidently shocked by what he found, the cardinal ordered that the prisoners should be held under less harsh conditions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition+and+Medieval+Society%3A+Power%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Resistance+in+Languedoc&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8759-0&rft.aulast=Given&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>From the fourteenth century on, inquisitorial prisons were probably the best-maintained prisons in Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkotnicki2008" class="citation book cs1">Skotnicki, Andrew (2008). Criminal Justice and the Catholic Church. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742552029" title="Special:BookSources/9780742552029"><bdi>9780742552029</bdi></a>. <q>Some sentences were feared far more than imprisonment in a monastery or religious convent. One was relegation to the papal galleys or, far worse, those of the king. Some convicts were so terrified of this latter sentence that we have evidence of them accusing themselves of heresy or even, in one case, sodomy with boys and animals in order to be sent to the prisons of the Inquisition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742552029&rft.aulast=Skotnicki&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1995" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward M. (1995). "Prison before the Prison: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds". In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). Oxford History of the Prison. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195061535" title="Special:BookSources/0195061535"><bdi>0195061535</bdi></a>. <q>Monastic prisons and their severities survived into early modern times, and the great Benedictine monk and scholar Jean Mabillon criticized them in a short tract written around 1690, 'Reflections on the Prisons of the Monastic Orders.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+before+the+Prison%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medieval+Worlds&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Prison&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195061535&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellin1724" class="citation journal cs1">Sellin, Thorsten (1724). "Dom Jean Mabillon--A Prison Reformer of the Seventeenth Century". Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. 17 (4): 595–597.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Institute+of+Criminal+Law+and+Criminology&rft.atitle=Dom+Jean+Mabillon--A+Prison+Reformer+of+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=595-597&rft.date=1724&rft.aulast=Sellin&rft.aufirst=Thorsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÉtienne_Dupont1913" class="citation cs2">Étienne Dupont (1913), La Bastille des Mers – Les Prisons du Mont-Saint-Michel – Les Exilés de l'ordre Du Roi au Mont-Saint-Michel – 1685–1789, Perrin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Bastille+des+Mers+%E2%80%93+Les+Prisons+du+Mont-Saint-Michel+%E2%80%93+Les+Exil%C3%A9s+de+l%27ordre+Du+Roi+au+Mont-Saint-Michel+%E2%80%93+1685%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=1913&rft.au=%C3%89tienne+Dupont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plunkett-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Plunkett_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrice_de_Plunkett2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_Plunkett" title="Patrice de Plunkett">Patrice de Plunkett</a> (2011), Les romans du Mont-Saint-Michel, Éditions du Rocher, p. 318, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2268071473" title="Special:BookSources/978-2268071473"><bdi>978-2268071473</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+romans+du+Mont-Saint-Michel&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Rocher&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2268071473&rft.au=Patrice+de+Plunkett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2014" class="citation book cs1">Coates, Timothy J. (2014). Convict Labor in the Portuguese Empire 1740-1932, volume 13. Brill. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25429-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25429-9"><bdi>978-90-04-25429-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convict+Labor+in+the+Portuguese+Empire+1740-1932%2C+volume+13&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25429-9&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jean, Martine (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309450840">""A storehouse of prisoners": Rio de Janeiro's Correction House (Casa de Correção) and the birth of the penitentiary in Brazil, 1830–1906"</a>. Atlantic Studies. 14 (2): 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14788810.2016.1240915">10.1080/14788810.2016.1240915</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151669495">151669495</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2023. <q>Built in 1732 for the detention of disobedient priests, the Aljube became a civil prison in 1808 when the Portuguese crown relocated to Brazil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Studies&rft.atitle=%22A+storehouse+of+prisoners%22%3A+Rio+de+Janeiro%27s+Correction+House+%28Casa+de+Corre%C3%A7%C3%A3o%29+and+the+birth+of+the+penitentiary+in+Brazil%2C+1830%E2%80%931906&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14788810.2016.1240915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151669495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jean&rft.aufirst=Martine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F309450840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrant1995" class="citation journal cs1">Farrant, P. W. S. (July 1995). "Some Observations on the History of and the Role and Duties of the Manx Vicar General, Chancellor & Official Principal". Ecclesiastical Law Journal. 3 (17): 410–419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0956618X00000417">10.1017/S0956618X00000417</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145773210">145773210</a>. <q>The most feared punishment meted out by the Manx Ecclesiastical Courts up to about the beginning of the last century was imprisonment in the ecclesiastical prison under the medieval cathedral of St. German's in Peel Island (now in ruins since the seventeenth century) near the Town of Peel. Craine tells us that: 'imprisonment in the ecclesiastical prison was a most unpleasant ordeal and that in 1812 William Faragher refused on some point of principle to pay his accustomed tithes and was committed to St. German's until he found sureties for his compliance.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecclesiastical+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Some+Observations+on+the+History+of+and+the+Role+and+Duties+of+the+Manx+Vicar+General%2C+Chancellor+%26+Official+Principal&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=410-419&rft.date=1995-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0956618X00000417&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145773210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Farrant&rft.aufirst=P.+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concordatwatch.eu/francos-concordat-1953--text--t34561">"Franco's concordat (1953) : Text"</a>. Concordat Watch. Retrieved 11 June 2023. <q>When clergy or those in Religious Orders are detained or arrested they will be treated with the consideration due to their state and position. Prison sentences will be served in a Church or religious house which, in the judgement of the local Ordinary and the relevant State authority, offers suitable guarantees. Sentences will not be served in facilities where there are lay people unless the relevant Church authorities have demoted the person concerned to the lay state. They will be allowed bail and any other benefits established in law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Concordat+Watch&rft.atitle=Franco%27s+concordat+%281953%29+%3A+Text&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concordatwatch.eu%2Ffrancos-concordat-1953--text--t34561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunquera2013" class="citation news cs1">Junquera, Natalia (28 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2013/11/28/inenglish/1385660996_752211.html">"The great priest escape"</a>. Ediciones EL PAÍS. Retrieved 11 June 2023. <q>The concordat signed in 1953 between Spain and the Vatican established that priests could not go to jail. Instead, sanctions had to be served inside 'an ecclesiastical or religious home [...] or at least in a different location from secular prisoners.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+great+priest+escape&rft.date=2013-11-28&rft.aulast=Junquera&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.elpais.com%2Felpais%2F2013%2F11%2F28%2Finenglish%2F1385660996_752211.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/19/archives/imprisoned-priests-are-moved-by-spain.html">"IMPRISONED PRIESTS ARE MOVED BY SPAIN"</a>. The New York Times. 19 November 1973. Retrieved 11 June 2023. <q>The priests' protest against the 'ecclesiastical prison' set off a widespread campaign, particularly strong in the Basque country, in which bishops joined priests in urging the Government to shut the prison and move the seven to a monastery as provided for by the concordat between Spain and the Vatican.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=IMPRISONED+PRIESTS+ARE+MOVED+BY+SPAIN&rft.date=1973-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F11%2F19%2Farchives%2Fimprisoned-priests-are-moved-by-spain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://original.religlaw.org/content/religlaw/documents/agrsphs1976.htm">"Agreements Between the Spanish State and the Holy See [Selections]"</a>. ReligLaw. International Center for Law and Religion Studies. Retrieved 11 June 2023. <q>1. Article XVI of the current Concordat is hereby abolished.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReligLaw&rft.atitle=Agreements+Between+the+Spanish+State+and+the+Holy+See+%5BSelections%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foriginal.religlaw.org%2Fcontent%2Freliglaw%2Fdocuments%2Fagrsphs1976.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+prison" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_prison&oldid=1258010949">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_prison&oldid=1258010949</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Category:Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law of the Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisons" title="Category:Prisons">Prisons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_penal_canon_law" title="Category:Catholic penal canon law">Catholic penal canon law</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2023">Use dmy dates from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 17:57 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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