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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Définition_et_ordre_de_grandeur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Définition_et_ordre_de_grandeur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Définition et ordre de grandeur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Définition_et_ordre_de_grandeur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Annexes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Annexes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Âge de l'Univers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 48 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="عمر الكون – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمر الكون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%C3%A1_del_universu" title="Edá del universu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edá del universu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainat%C4%B1n_ya%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Kainatın yaşı – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kainatın yaşı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83" title="Узрост Сусвету – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Узрост Сусвету" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Възраст на Вселената – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Възраст на Вселената" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B8" title="মহাবিশ্বের বয়স – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাবিশ্বের বয়স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_de_l%27Univers" title="Edat de l'Univers – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edat de l'Univers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltalter" title="Weltalter – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltalter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ηλικία του σύμπαντος – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλικία του σύμπαντος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Age of the universe" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_del_universo" title="Edad del universo – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edad del universo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibertsoaren_adina" title="Unibertsoaren adina – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Unibertsoaren adina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سن جهان – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سن جهان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmankaikkeuden_ik%C3%A4" title="Maailmankaikkeuden ikä – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maailmankaikkeuden ikä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aois_na_Cruinne" title="Aois na Cruinne – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aois na Cruinne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_do_Universo" title="Idade do Universo – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Idade do Universo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9D" title="גיל היקום – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גיל היקום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starost_svemira" title="Starost svemira – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Starost svemira" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Տիեզերքի տարիք – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիեզերքի տարիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umur_alam_semesta" title="Umur alam semesta – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Umur alam semesta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_dell%27universo" title="Età dell'universo – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Età dell'universo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E3%81%AE%E5%B9%B4%E9%BD%A2" title="宇宙の年齢 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙の年齢" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujarah_Jagad_Raya" title="Sujarah Jagad Raya – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sujarah Jagad Raya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ғаламның жасы – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғаламның жасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4" title="우주의 나이 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주의 나이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usia_alam_semesta" title="Usia alam semesta – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Usia alam semesta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeftijd_van_het_heelal" title="Leeftijd van het heelal – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leeftijd van het heelal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temps_de_l%27Univ%C3%A8rs" title="Temps de l'Univèrs – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Temps de l'Univèrs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiek_Wszech%C5%9Bwiata" title="Wiek Wszechświata – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiek Wszechświata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1" title="کائنات دی عمر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کائنات دی عمر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_do_Universo" title="Idade do Universo – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Idade do Universo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2rsta_universului" title="Vârsta universului – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vârsta universului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Возраст Вселенной – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Возраст Вселенной" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starost_svemira" title="Starost svemira – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Starost svemira" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Age of the universe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vek_vesm%C3%ADru" title="Vek vesmíru – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vek vesmíru" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starost_vesolja" title="Starost vesolja – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Starost vesolja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starost_univerzuma" title="Starost univerzuma – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Starost univerzuma" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universums_%C3%A5lder" title="Universums ålder – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Universums ålder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="அகிலத்தின் வயது – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகிலத்தின் வயது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrenin_ya%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Evrenin yaşı – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Evrenin yaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вік Всесвіту – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вік Всесвіту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="عمر کائنات – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمر کائنات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%E1%BB%95i_c%E1%BB%A7a_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5" title="Tuổi của vũ trụ – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tuổi của vũ trụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_han_sangkalibutan" title="Edad han sangkalibutan – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Edad han sangkalibutan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E4%B8%AA%E5%B9%B4%E9%BE%84" title="宇宙个年龄 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宇宙个年龄" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B4%E9%BE%84" title="宇宙的年龄 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宇宙的年龄" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%BD%A1" title="宇宙年齡 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="宇宙年齡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q500699#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27univers&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Âge de l'univers">Âge de l'univers</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div id="Container" class="toccolours" style="text-align: left; padding:0.5em 0 0 0; border-style:solid; float:right;clear:right; padding:0 0.5em; margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em; overflow: hidden;"><div id="Title" style="background-color:#77bb77; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em; text-align:center; margin:0.6em 0 1.2em 0">Chronologie de l'<a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a></div><div id="Contains-Timeline-Scale-Notes"><div style="text-align:right; position:relative; top:-1em;"><small><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Nature_timeline" title="Modèle:Nature timeline"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Voir cette chronologie dans sa page">voir</span></a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion_mod%C3%A8le:Nature_timeline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussion modèle:Nature timeline (page inexistante)"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Discussion sur cette chronologie">discuter</span></a> • <span class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="color:#002bb8;" title="Vous pouvez modifier cette chronologie. Prière de prévisualiser avant d'enregistrer."><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Nature_timeline&action=edit">modifier</a></span></span></small></div><div id="Scale" style="width:3.1em; position:relative; top:-0.82em; float:left; height:48em; padding:0px"><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:45.217391304348em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-13 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:43.478260869565em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:41.739130434783em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-12 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:40em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:38.260869565217em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-11 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:36.521739130435em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:34.782608695652em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-10 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:33.04347826087em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:31.304347826087em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-9 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:29.565217391304em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:27.826086956522em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-8 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:26.086956521739em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:24.347826086957em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-7 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:22.608695652174em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:20.869565217391em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-6 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:19.130434782609em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:17.391304347826em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-5 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:15.652173913043em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:13.913043478261em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-4 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:12.173913043478em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:10.434782608696em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-3 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:8.695652173913em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:6.9565217391304em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-2 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:5.2173913043478em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:3.4782608695652em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1.7391304347826em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:-7.105427357601E-15em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">0 —</span></div></div><div id="ScaleBar" style="width:1px; float:left; height:48em; padding:0; background-color:#242020"></div><div id="Timeline" class="toccolours" style="font-size:100%; width:100%; height:48em; padding:0px; float:left; width:10em; border:none; background-color:#878772;"><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#5c5c4e; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:47.304347826087em; height:0.69565217391305em; margin-left:0em; width:10em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-8.06em; left:0.4em;"><div style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.34782608695652em;"><i><b><small><a href="/wiki/Expansion_de_l%27Univers" title="Expansion de l'Univers"><span style="color:#99ffff">Expansion de l'Univers</span></a></small></b></i></div></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:orange; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:46.678260869565em; height:1.3217391304348em; margin-left:0em; width:10em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-1.96em; left:0.5em;"><div style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.66086956521739em;"><b><small><a href="/wiki/Fond_diffus_cosmologique" title="Fond diffus cosmologique"><span style="color:white">Première lumière</span></a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#9f9f8e; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:15.791304347826em; height:14.817391304348em; margin-left:0em; width:10em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-2.56em; left:0.5em;"><div style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-7.4086956521739em;"><i><b><small><a href="/wiki/Acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9ration_de_l%27expansion_de_l%27Univers" title="Accélération de l'expansion de l'Univers"><span style="color:#99ffff">Accélération cosmique</span></a></small></b></i></div></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#e5cc7f; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:15.304347826087em; height:0.48695652173913em; margin-left:0em; width:10em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.26em; left:0.6em;"><div style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.24347826086956em;"><b><small><a href="/wiki/Formation_et_%C3%A9volution_du_Syst%C3%A8me_solaire" title="Formation et évolution du Système solaire">Système solaire</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#99ccff; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:15.304347826087em; margin-left:0.1em; width:9.9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:4.39em; left:0.6em;"><div style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-7.6521739130435em;"><i><b><small>Apparition de l'<a href="/wiki/Eau" title="Eau">eau</a></small></b></i></div></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#b3d9ff; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:13.913043478261em; margin-left:0.1em; width:9.9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:3.74em; left:0.5em;"><div style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-6.9565217391304em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Organisme_unicellulaire" title="Organisme unicellulaire">Vie unicellulaire</a></b></div></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#99ffff; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:12.173913043478em; margin-left:0.7em; width:9.3em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:2.34em; left:0.2em;"><div style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-6.0869565217391em;"><i><b><small><a href="/wiki/Histoire_g%C3%A9ologique_de_l%27oxyg%C3%A8ne" title="Histoire géologique de l'oxygène">Dioxygène terrestre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Photosynth%C3%A8se" title="Photosynthèse"><span style="color:green">Photosynthèse</span></a></small></b></i></div></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#b3ffdb; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:6.4347826086957em; margin-left:1.4em; width:8.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;"><div style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-3.2173913043478em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Organisme_multicellulaire" title="Organisme multicellulaire">Vie multicellulaire</a></b></div></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#cc9900; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:1.543652173913em; margin-left:2em; width:8em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><div style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.77182608695652em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Silurien" title="Silurien"><span style="color:white">Vie terrestre</span></a></b></div></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:white; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:46.608695652174em; height:0.27826086956522em; margin-left:0em; width:10em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.6em;"><div style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.13913043478261em;"></div></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:47.304347826087em; height:0.69565217391305em; margin-left:0em; width:10em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-1.06em; left:0.6em;"><div style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.34782608695652em;"><b><small><a href="/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation">Gravité</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:29.913043478261em; height:0.34782608695652em; margin-left:0em; width:10em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-1.11em; left:0.6em;"><div style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.17391304347826em;"><b><small><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_noire" class="mw-redirect" title="Énergie noire">Énergie noire</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:28.869565217391em; height:0.34782608695652em; margin-left:0em; width:10em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-1.11em; left:0.6em;"><div style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.17391304347826em;"><b><small><a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_noire" title="Matière noire">Matière noire</a></small></b></div></div></div></div><div id="Annotations" style="float:left; position:relative; width:8.25em"><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 48em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> (-13,8)</div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 46.608695652174em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><abbr class="abbr" title="Première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxie</a></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 45.217391304348em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 39.304347826087em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small>Formation d'<a href="/wiki/Omega_Centauri" title="Omega Centauri">Omega Centauri</a></small></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 34.782608695652em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small>Formation d'<a href="/wiki/Galaxie_d%27Androm%C3%A8de" title="Galaxie d'Andromède">Andromède</a></small></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 30.608695652174em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">Voie lactée</a>,<br />formation des bras spiraux</small></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 23.652173913043em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small>Formation de <a href="/wiki/NGC_188" title="NGC 188">NGC 188</a></small></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 20.869565217391em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 19.130434782609em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Formation d'Alpha Centauri</a></small></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 15.791304347826em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_de_la_Terre" title="Âge de la Terre">Début de la Terre<br />(-4,54)</a></small></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 15.304347826087em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 13.913043478261em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/wiki/Origine_de_la_vie" title="Origine de la vie">Début de la vie</a></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 24em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 8.5217391304348em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/Grande_Oxydation" title="Grande Oxydation">Oxygène atmosphérique</a></small></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 4.5217391304348em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt">Début de la <a href="/wiki/Sexualit%C3%A9_(reproduction)" title="Sexualité (reproduction)">Sexualité</a></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 1.8817391304348em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/Explosion_cambrienne" title="Explosion cambrienne">Explosion<br />cambrienne</a></small></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 0.0034782608695652em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><div style="color:black;">←</div></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premiers">1<sup>ers</sup></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 3.4782608695652em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:1.25em; left:-13em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Histoire_%C3%A9volutive_du_vivant" title="Histoire évolutive du vivant">V<br />i<br />e</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 18.260869565217em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:4.175em; left:-13em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Univers" class="mw-redirect" title="Histoire de l'Univers"><br />P<br />r<br />i<br />m<br />o<br />r<br />d<br />i<br />a<br />l</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 24em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 24em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 24em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 24em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; 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font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 24em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 24em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 24em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top: 24em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><div style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="Legend" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em; border-style:none; float:left; clear:both;"></div><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em; float:left; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Coordonn%C3%A9es_cart%C3%A9siennes" title="Coordonnées cartésiennes">Échelle verticale</a> : <a href="/wiki/%C3%89chelle_des_temps_g%C3%A9ologiques" title="Échelle des temps géologiques">milliards d'années</a><br /><small>Voir aussi : <a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:%C3%89volution_du_vivant" title="Modèle:Évolution du vivant">la frise de l'évolution du vivant</a></small></div></div> <p>L’<b>âge de l'Univers</b> représente la durée écoulée depuis le <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></span>, c'est-à-dire la phase dense et chaude de l'histoire de l'<a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">univers</a>. Ce terme ne préjuge pas que l'univers soit d'un âge fini, son état antérieur au <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Big Bang</span> (s'il existe) étant au <abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle impossible à théoriser car la physique moderne n'a pas de modèle pour décrire le comportement de la matière à si haute <a href="/wiki/Temp%C3%A9rature" title="Température">température</a> et dans une <a href="/wiki/Gravit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravité">gravité</a> aussi intense qu'au moment du <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></span>. </p><p>L'âge de l'Univers peut s'évaluer par plusieurs méthodes plus ou moins directes, qui convergent vers une valeur de l'ordre de 14 milliards d'années. L'estimation aujourd'hui la plus précise est déduite des données du <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope_spatial" title="Télescope spatial">télescope spatial</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Planck_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck (satellite)">Planck</a></i> ; en les combinant avec d'autres (celles du <a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a> par exemple), on obtient un âge d'environ 13,8 milliards d'années. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="État_des_recherches_et_évaluations_actuelles"><span id=".C3.89tat_des_recherches_et_.C3.A9valuations_actuelles"></span>État des recherches et évaluations actuelles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : État des recherches et évaluations actuelles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : État des recherches et évaluations actuelles"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Mplwp_universe_scale_evolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mplwp_universe_scale_evolution.svg/400px-Mplwp_universe_scale_evolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mplwp_universe_scale_evolution.svg/600px-Mplwp_universe_scale_evolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mplwp_universe_scale_evolution.svg/800px-Mplwp_universe_scale_evolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Univers_de_Sitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Univers de Sitter">Univers de Sitter</a> (1917)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_%CE%9BCDM" title="Modèle ΛCDM">Modèle ΛCDM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_noire_froide" title="Matière noire froide">CDM</a> - Peebles 1982, Blumenthal <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i> 1984, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1103/">Davis</a><sup id="cite_ref-a202035_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a202035-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1103/">Efstathiou, Frenk, White</a> 1985<sup id="cite_ref-a202035_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a202035-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), univers vide (après<sup id="cite_ref-b202035_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b202035-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Milne" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Milne">Edward Milne</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> 1933, 1940<sup id="cite_ref-b202035_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b202035-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Espace_d%27Einstein-de_Sitter" title="Espace d'Einstein-de Sitter">le modèle</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> et <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a> (1917)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, fermé <i>i.e.</i> <a href="/wiki/Univers_d%27Einstein" title="Univers d'Einstein">Statique univers d'Einstein</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>En 2018, on estimait l'âge de l'univers à <b>13,787 ± 0,020 milliards d'années</b><sup id="cite_ref-Planck_2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planck_2018-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-planck_overview_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planck_overview-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-arxiv-20121220_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arxiv-20121220-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En 2020, une étude de l'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Cornell" title="Université Cornell">Université de Cornell</a>, publiée dans <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Cosmology_and_Astroparticle_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (page inexistante)">Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Cosmology_and_Astroparticle_Physics" class="extiw" title="en:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics »">(en)</span></a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, fournit une nouvelle estimation de <b>13,77 ± 0,040 milliards d'années</b><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Définition_et_ordre_de_grandeur"><span id="D.C3.A9finition_et_ordre_de_grandeur"></span>Définition et ordre de grandeur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Définition et ordre de grandeur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Définition et ordre de grandeur"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'âge de l'Univers est exprimé en <a href="/wiki/Temps_cosmique" title="Temps cosmique">temps cosmologique</a><sup id="cite_ref-TailletVillainFebvre201816,_<span_class="nowrap"><abbr_class="abbr_"_title="colonne(s)"_>col.</abbr>&nbsp;1</span>''<abbr_class="abbr_"_title="sub_verbo_(«_à_l'article_»)"_>s.v.</abbr>''_âge_de_l'Univers_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TailletVillainFebvre201816,_<span_class="nowrap"><abbr_class="abbr_"_title="colonne(s)"_>col.</abbr>&nbsp;1</span>''<abbr_class="abbr_"_title="sub_verbo_(«_à_l'article_»)"_>s.v.</abbr>''_âge_de_l'Univers-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La <a href="/wiki/Relativit%C3%A9_restreinte" title="Relativité restreinte">relativité restreinte</a> indique que la mesure d'une durée dépend de la <a href="/wiki/Trajectoire" title="Trajectoire">trajectoire</a> suivie par la personne mesurant cette durée. Pour préciser ce que l'on entend par âge de l'Univers, il faut donc préciser le type de mesure utilisé. L'Univers est un milieu relativement <a href="/wiki/Homog%C3%A9n%C3%A9it%C3%A9_(cosmologie)" title="Homogénéité (cosmologie)">homogène</a> et <a href="/wiki/Isotropie_(cosmologie)" title="Isotropie (cosmologie)">isotrope</a>. Cela signifie qu'en un point donné, il est toujours possible d'avoir une trajectoire pour laquelle l'Univers apparaisse (à grande échelle) identique dans toutes les directions. Avec une relativement bonne approximation, une galaxie peut être considérée comme suivant une telle trajectoire. L'âge de l'Univers est donc la quantité qui aurait été mesurée par une horloge dont le mouvement suit celui d'une galaxie ou de la matière qui a contribué à sa formation. </p><p>Un ordre de grandeur de l'âge de l'Univers peut se déduire à partir de la mesure de son <a href="/wiki/Expansion_de_l%27Univers" title="Expansion de l'Univers">expansion</a>. On observe en effet que les <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxies</a> lointaines semblent animées d'un mouvement de <a href="/wiki/Vitesse_de_r%C3%A9cession" title="Vitesse de récession">récession</a> par rapport à notre galaxie (la <a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">Voie lactée</a>), et ce avec une vitesse d'autant plus grande que leur distance est importante. La <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopie" title="Spectroscopie">spectroscopie</a> permet de mesurer par <a href="/wiki/Effet_Doppler" title="Effet Doppler">effet Doppler</a> la vitesse d'éloignement des galaxies. Par diverses méthodes, il est également possible de <a href="/wiki/Mesure_des_distances_en_astronomie" title="Mesure des distances en astronomie">mesurer leur distance</a>. L'observation révèle que la vitesse d'éloignement des galaxies est proportionnelle à leur distance en première approximation. La constante de proportionnalité ainsi trouvée est appelée <a href="/wiki/Constante_de_Hubble" title="Constante de Hubble">constante de Hubble</a>, traditionnellement notée <i>H</i> ou <i>H</i><sub>0</sub>. Celle-ci est estimée par diverses méthodes qui donnent la valeur approchée de 71 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre par seconde mégaparsec">km s<sup>−1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">Mpc</a><sup>−1</sup></abbr> à 1 % près (mesures<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-01-26" data-sort-value="2010-01-26">26 janvier 2010</time>), revue à 67,9 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre par seconde mégaparsec">km s<sup>−1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">Mpc</a><sup>−1</sup></abbr> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-03" data-sort-value="2013-03">mars 2013</time>), puis à 67,4 ± 0,5 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre par seconde mégaparsec">km s<sup>−1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">Mpc</a><sup>−1</sup></abbr> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-07" data-sort-value="2018-07">juillet 2018</time><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>). Si l'on considère que la <a href="/wiki/Vitesse_de_r%C3%A9cession" title="Vitesse de récession">vitesse de récession</a> des galaxies est constante au cours du temps, alors il est possible d'estimer quand la matière qui a formé une galaxie donnée était dans notre voisinage immédiat. <br /> Cette durée <i>t</i> peut se calculer et vaut : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t={\frac {1}{H_{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t={\frac {1}{H_{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7725ff08bb86f0acd1b4e86692b5c5866cd065fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:7.76ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t={\frac {1}{H_{0}}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Avec les valeurs numériques données ci-dessus, on obtient : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\sim 13,819\ ou\sim 14,400\ ou\sim 14,507\times 10^{9}\;{\rm {ans}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <mn>13</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>819</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>o</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <mn>14</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>400</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>o</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <mn>14</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>507</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>9</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\sim 13,819\ ou\sim 14,400\ ou\sim 14,507\times 10^{9}\;{\rm {ans}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a2c815b54a05e1a63a7690a5cbc4e4c4ccbd5be" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:46.986ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\sim 13,819\ ou\sim 14,400\ ou\sim 14,507\times 10^{9}\;{\rm {ans}}}"></span> ± 0,107 10<sup>9</sup> ans.</dd></dl> <p>En réalité, la vitesse de récession des galaxies n'est pas constante au cours du temps. En particulier, elle était par le passé bien plus importante qu'aujourd'hui et a diminué pendant plusieurs milliards d'années. Par la suite s'est produit le phénomène de l'<a href="/wiki/Acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9ration_de_l%27expansion_de_l%27Univers" title="Accélération de l'expansion de l'Univers">accélération de l'expansion de l'Univers</a>, qui a vu la vitesse de récession des galaxies se mettre à augmenter. Les calculs précis, utilisant les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89quations_de_Friedmann" title="Équations de Friedmann">équations de Friedmann</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_standard_de_la_cosmologie" title="Modèle standard de la cosmologie">modèle standard de la cosmologie</a>, indiquent que ces deux effets se compensent à peu près, et que l'âge réel de l'Univers est très proche de la valeur de 14 milliards d'années donnée ci-dessus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Paty" title="Michel Paty">Michel Paty</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lLYvadxSCL0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">La Physique du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lLYvadxSCL0C&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207&dq=equation+Friedmann+spatialement+ferm%C3%A9&source=bl&ots=bH0Yno_XMX&sig=ACfU3U2RrqB3CL3PaU3RSBJRrMa5rWw2-Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjtuOOD1IPoAhWSfMAKHTWGAWoQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=equation%20Friedmann%20spatialement%20ferm%C3%A9&f=false">p.207</a>, <a href="/wiki/EDP_Sciences" title="EDP Sciences">EDP Sciences</a>, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2759802094" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2759802094"><span class="nowrap">2759802094</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782759802098" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782759802098"><span class="nowrap">9782759802098</span></a>)</small>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a202035-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-a202035_2-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-a202035_2-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="lang-en" lang="en">SDM White - The Structure of Galaxy Clusters</span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZQ78CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=cold+dark+matter+theory+1983-1984&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX67b56oPoAhVDolwKHc59BW8Q6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=cold%20dark%20matter%20theory%201983-1984&f=false"><abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 18</a>, en, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZQ78CAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Clusters and Superclusters of Galaxies</span></a>, <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a></span> <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-12-06" data-sort-value="2012-12-06">6 décembre 2012</time>, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9401124825" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9401124825"><span class="nowrap">9401124825</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789401124829" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789401124829"><span class="nowrap">9789401124829</span></a>)</small>  <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-05" data-sort-value="2020-03-05">5 mars 2020</time>)</small> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Primack" title="Joël Primack">Joel Primack</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.ucsc.edu/~joel/Primack-Lect1-LCDM_History.pdf"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Historical Introduction to ΛCDM Cosmology</span><abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr></a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Californie_%C3%A0_Santa_Cruz" title="Université de Californie à Santa Cruz">Université de Californie à Santa Cruz</a>  <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-05" data-sort-value="2020-03-05">5 mars 2020</time>)</small>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-b202035-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-b202035_3-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-b202035_3-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Alasdair Macleod - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0510/0510170.pdf"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">An Interpretation of Milne Cosmology</span><abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr></a>, <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Highlands_and_Islands" title="University of the Highlands and Islands">University of the Highlands and Islands</a></span> (en ligne, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>)  <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-05" data-sort-value="2020-03-05">5 mars 2020</time>)</small>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://star-www.st-and.ac.uk/~kdh1/cos/cos07.pdf"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Lecture 7 Dynamics of the Universe Solutions to the Friedmann Equation for R(t)</span> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr></a> - <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 5, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_St_Andrews" title="Université de St Andrews">Université de St Andrews</a>  <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-05" data-sort-value="2020-03-05">5 mars 2020</time>)</small>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="PeruzziRealdi2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Giulio_PeruzziMatteo_Realdi2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Giulio <span class="nom_auteur">Peruzzi</span> et Matteo <span class="nom_auteur">Realdi</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Einstein, de Sitter and the beginning of relativistic cosmology in 1917</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">General Relativity and Gravitation</span></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 41,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-07-20" data-sort-value="2008-07-20">20 juillet 2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">225–247</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10714-008-0664-y">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-05" data-sort-value="2020-03-05">5 mars 2020</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Einstein%2C+de+Sitter+and+the+beginning+of+relativistic+cosmology+in+1917&rft.jtitle=General+Relativity+and+Gravitation&rft.aulast=Peruzzi&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rft.au=Realdi%2C+Matteo&rft.date=2008-07-20&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=225%E2%80%93247&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10714-008-0664-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+de+l%27Univers"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Paty" title="Michel Paty">Michel Paty</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lLYvadxSCL0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">La Physique du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lLYvadxSCL0C&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207&dq=equation+Friedmann+spatialement+ferm%C3%A9&source=bl&ots=bH0Yno_XMX&sig=ACfU3U2RrqB3CL3PaU3RSBJRrMa5rWw2-Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjtuOOD1IPoAhWSfMAKHTWGAWoQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=equation%20Friedmann%20spatialement%20ferm%C3%A9&f=false"><abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 207</a>, <a href="/wiki/EDP_Sciences" title="EDP Sciences">EDP Sciences</a>, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2759802094" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2759802094"><span class="nowrap">2759802094</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782759802098" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782759802098"><span class="nowrap">9782759802098</span></a>)</small>, de, Oliver F. Piattella <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.00070.pdf"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Lecture Notes in Cosmology</span><abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr></a>, <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nucleo Cosmo-UFES and Physics Department</span>, <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Federal University of</span> <span class="lang-pt-br" lang="pt-br">Es´ırito Santo Vitoria</span>, ES, <span class="lang-pt" lang="pt">Brazil</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 32 (original) <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 43 (copie), <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Cornell" title="Université Cornell">Université Cornell</a>  <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-05" data-sort-value="2020-03-05">5 mars 2020</time>)</small>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Planck_2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Planck_2018_7-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Planck Collaboration</span>, « <span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06209">Planck 2018 results. <abbr class="abbr" title="6"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">VI</span></abbr>. Cosmological parameters (See PDF, <span class="nowrap">page 15</span>, <span class="nowrap">Table 2</span>, Age/Gyr, last column).</a></span> », <time>2018</time>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-planck_overview-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-planck_overview_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Planck Collaboration</span>, « <span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.5062">Planck 2013 results. <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr>. Overview of products and scientific results</a></span> », <time>2013</time>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arxiv-20121220-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-arxiv-20121220_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Bennett2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> C.L. Bennett <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i>, « <span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1212.5225">Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Final Maps and Results</a></span> », <time>2013</time>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Choi2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Steve_K._Choi2020"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Steve K. Choi <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/12/045"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: a measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background power spectra at 98 and 150 <abbr class="abbr" title="gigahertz">GHz</abbr></cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">IOPscience, <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Cosmology_and_Astroparticle_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (page inexistante)">Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Cosmology_and_Astroparticle_Physics" class="extiw" title="en:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics »">(en)</span></a></span></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-12-30" data-sort-value="2020-12-30">30 décembre 2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-22" data-sort-value="2021-01-22">22 janvier 2021</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mayer2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nathalie_Mayer2021">Nathalie Mayer, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/actualites/astronomie-age-univers-686/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Quel est l'âge de l’Univers ?</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Futura_(portail_web)" title="Futura (portail web)">Futura-Science</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-11" data-sort-value="2021-01-11">11 janvier 2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-22" data-sort-value="2021-01-22">22 janvier 2021</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TailletVillainFebvre201816,_<span_class="nowrap"><abbr_class="abbr_"_title="colonne(s)"_>col.</abbr>&nbsp;1</span>''<abbr_class="abbr_"_title="sub_verbo_(«_à_l'article_»)"_>s.v.</abbr>''_âge_de_l'Univers-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-TailletVillainFebvre201816,_<span_class="nowrap"><abbr_class="abbr_"_title="colonne(s)"_>col.</abbr>&nbsp;1</span>''<abbr_class="abbr_"_title="sub_verbo_(«_à_l'article_»)"_>s.v.</abbr>''_âge_de_l'Univers_12-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#TailletVillainFebvre2018">Taillet, Villain et Febvre 2018</a>, <i><abbr class="abbr" title="sub verbo (« à l'article »)">s.v.</abbr></i> âge de l'Univers, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 16, <span class="nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="colonne(s)">col.</abbr> 1</span>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Publiées par la <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidehom.com/science_at_nasa.php?_a_id=119">Dans la lueur primordiale de l'Univers</a>, traduction de Didier Jamet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06209"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Planck 2018 results. <abbr class="abbr" title="6"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">VI</span></abbr>. Cosmological parameters</cite></a> », <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-07-18" data-sort-value="2018-07-18">18 juillet 2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-10-04" data-sort-value="2018-10-04">4 octobre 2018</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="TailletVillainFebvre2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard_TailletLoïc_VillainPascal_Febvre2018"><small>[Taillet, Villain et Febvre (2018)]</small> Richard <span class="nom_auteur">Taillet</span>, Loïc <span class="nom_auteur">Villain</span> et Pascal <span class="nom_auteur">Febvre</span>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire de physique : + de 6 500 termes, nombreuses références historiques, des milliers de références bibliographiques</cite>, Louvain-la-Neuve, <a href="/wiki/Groupe_De_Boeck" title="Groupe De Boeck">De Boeck Supérieur</a>, hors <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-01" data-sort-value="2018-01">janvier 2018</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-05" data-sort-value="2008-05">mai 2008</time>), 1 vol., <abbr class="abbr" title="10"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">X</span></abbr>-956, ill., 17 × 24 <abbr class="abbr" title="centimètre">cm</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8073-0744-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8073-0744-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8073-0744-5</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/EAN_13" title="EAN 13">EAN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782807307445" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782807307445"><span class="nowrap">9782807307445</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/1022951339">1022951339</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sudoc.fr/224228161">224228161</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deboecksuperieur.com/ouvrage/9782807307445-dictionnaire-de-physique">présentation en ligne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=pjlFDwAAQBAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <i><abbr class="abbr" title="sub verbo (« à l'article »)">s.v.</abbr></i>âge de l'Univers, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 16, <span class="nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="colonne(s)">col.</abbr> 1</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+physique&rft.place=Louvain-la-Neuve&rft.pub=De+Boeck+Sup%C3%A9rieur&rft.edition=4&rft.stitle=%2B+de+6%C2%A0500%C2%A0termes%2C+nombreuses+r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences+historiques%2C+des+milliers+de+r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences+bibliographiques&rft.aulast=Taillet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Villain%2C+Lo%C3%AFc&rft.au=Febvre%2C+Pascal&rft.date=2018-01&rft.pages=16%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr+%22+title%3D%22colonne%28s%29%22+%3Ecol.%3C%2Fabbr%3E%26nbsp%3B1%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.tpages=1%C2%A0vol.%2C+%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr+%22+title%3D%2210%22+%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22romain%22+style%3D%22text-transform%3Auppercase%22%3EX%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E-956&rft.isbn=978-2-8073-0744-5&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1022951339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%82ge+de+l%27Univers"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:E5ZMLBU6-pAJ:www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/deSitter/deSitterRefs.html+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk">deSitterRefs</a> <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_d%27%C3%89tat_de_Californie" title="Université d'État de Californie">Université d'État de Sonoma</a>.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Peacock/Peacock3_2.html"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Dynamics of the Expansion</span></a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Presses universitaires de Cambridge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Peacock/"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Index of <span class="nowrap">Level 5</span> Peacock</span></a>  <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-05" data-sort-value="2020-03-05">5 mars 2020</time>)</small>.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> A. Benoit-Lévy et <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Chardin" title="Gabriel Chardin">G. Chardin</a> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-01-11" data-sort-value="2012-01-11">11 janvier 2012</time>) - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2012/01/aa16103-10/aa16103-10.html"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Introducing the Dirac-Milne universe</span></a>, A&A <span class="nowrap">Volume 537</span>, 2012, <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Article <span class="nowrap">Number A78</span></span>  <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-05" data-sort-value="2020-03-05">5 mars 2020</time>)</small>.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Charles V. R. Board et <a href="/wiki/John_Barrow_(astrophysicien)" title="John Barrow (astrophysicien)">John D. Barrow</a> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="04-15" data-sort-value="04-15">15 avril</time>, 2019) - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1709.09501.pdf"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Cosmological Models in Energy-Momentum-Squared Gravity</span><abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr></a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 15, <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">« <span class="italique">..de Sitter solutions arise in EMSG theory. They have constant density and Hubble parameter, which includes the case w = −1. In ΛCDM we expect this to arise in two situations.The first is when we have ρ ≡ 0, that is an empty universe whose expansion is controlled solely by Λ..</span> »</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Cambridge_-Department_of_Applied_Mathematics_and_Theoretical_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Cambridge -Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (page inexistante)">DAMTP</a> <a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_-Department_of_Applied_Mathematics_and_Theoretical_Physics" class="extiw" title="ceb:University of Cambridge -Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en cebuano : « University of Cambridge -Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics »">(ceb)</span></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Mathematical_Sciences_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for Mathematical Sciences (Cambridge) (page inexistante)"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Centre for Mathematical Sciences</span></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Mathematical_Sciences_(Cambridge)" class="extiw" title="en:Centre for Mathematical Sciences (Cambridge)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Centre for Mathematical Sciences (Cambridge) »">(en)</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Cambridge" title="Université de Cambridge"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">University of Cambridge</span></a>  <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-05" data-sort-value="2020-03-05">5 mars 2020</time>)</small>.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> H.‐J. Schmidt (1990) - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asna.2113110205"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The massive scalar field in a closed Friedmann universe model — new rigorous results</span></a>, <span class="lang-de" lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wiley-VCH_Verlag_GmbH_%26_Co._KGaA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA">Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA</a></span> <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">« <span class="italique">..class of closed Friedmann universe models..</span> »</span></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Peter Coles, George Francis Rayner Ellis (1997) - [<span class="lang-en" lang="en">Is the Universe Open Or Closed?: The Density of Matter in the Universe</span>] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RU7glFG-jX0C&pg=PA1&dq=Closed+Universe&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwipuJi77YPoAhWRmFwKHfluCv8Q6AEIQzAD#v=onepage&q=Closed%20Universe&f=false"><abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 1</a>, <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></span> <time class="nowrap" datetime="1997-04-10" data-sort-value="1997-04-10">10 avril 1997</time>, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0521566894" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0521566894"><span class="nowrap">0521566894</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780521566896" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780521566896"><span class="nowrap">9780521566896</span></a>)</small> <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">« <span class="italique">..the density of matter in the universe determines the <i>geometry</i> of space..</span> »</span>  <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-05" data-sort-value="2020-03-05">5 mars 2020</time>)</small>.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Przemysław Małkiewicz, Patrick Peter, et S. D. P. Vitenti (<time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-02-11" data-sort-value="2020-02-11">11 février 2020</time>) - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.046012"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Quantum empty <span class="nowrap">Bianchi <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></span> spacetime with internal time</span></a>, <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Physics Review D</span> 101, 046012 – 2020  <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-05" data-sort-value="2020-03-05">5 mars 2020</time>)</small>.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095504459"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Bianchi cosmology</span></a>, en, <span class="lang-en" lang="en">A Dictionary of Astronomy</span>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Reference_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Reference Online"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Oxford Reference</span></a> <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">« <span class="italique">..<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8les_Bianchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèles Bianchi (page inexistante)">Bianchi models</a>, after the Italian mathematician <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Bianchi" title="Luigi Bianchi">Luigi Bianchi</a> (1856–1928)..</span> »</span>  <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-05" data-sort-value="2020-03-05">5 mars 2020</time>)</small>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Annexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89quations_de_Friedmann" title="Équations de Friedmann">Équations de Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_140283" title="HD 140283">HD 140283</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pages-perso-henri-reboul.univ-montp2.fr/AgeUnivers.html"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Méthodes de datation de l'âge de l'Univers</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.pages-perso-henri-reboul.univ-montp2.fr/AgeUnivers.html">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.pages-perso-henri-reboul.univ-montp2.fr/AgeUnivers.html">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/http://www.pages-perso-henri-reboul.univ-montp2.fr/AgeUnivers.html">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=fr&q=cache:http://www.pages-perso-henri-reboul.univ-montp2.fr/AgeUnivers.html">Google</a> • <a href="/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes#J'ai_trouvé_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Montpellier-II" title="Université Montpellier-II">Université Montpellier-<abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a>, Henri Reboul</li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Mod%C3%A8les_cosmologiques" title="Modèle:Palette Modèles cosmologiques"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Mod%C3%A8les_cosmologiques&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_cosmologique" title="Modèle cosmologique">Modèles cosmologiques</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie" title="Théorie">Théories</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atome_primitif" title="Atome primitif">Atome primitif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_de_Bianchi" title="Classification de Bianchi">Classification de Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmologie_branaire" title="Cosmologie branaire">Cosmologie branaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmologie_cordiste" title="Cosmologie cordiste">Cosmologie cordiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimensions_suppl%C3%A9mentaires" title="Dimensions supplémentaires">Dimensions supplémentaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espace_anti_de_Sitter" title="Espace anti de Sitter">Espace anti de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espace_de_de_Sitter" title="Espace de de Sitter">Espace de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espace_de_Taub-NUT" title="Espace de Taub-NUT">Espace de Taub-NUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_de_l%27Univers" title="Expansion de l'Univers">Expansion de l'Univers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9ration_de_l%27expansion_de_l%27Univers" title="Accélération de l'expansion de l'Univers">Accélération de l'expansion de l'Univers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravit%C3%A9_quantique" title="Gravité quantique">Gravité quantique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_cosmique" title="Inflation cosmique">Inflation cosmique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_des_cordes" title="Théorie des cordes">Théorie des cordes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_de_Milne" title="Univers de Milne">Univers de Milne</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Principe_physique" title="Principe physique">Principes</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principe_anthropique" title="Principe anthropique">Principe anthropique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principes_cosmologiques" title="Principes cosmologiques">Principes cosmologiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principe_cosmologique_parfait" title="Principe cosmologique parfait">Principe cosmologique parfait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principe_de_Copernic" title="Principe de Copernic">Principe de Copernic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principe_de_m%C3%A9diocrit%C3%A9" title="Principe de médiocrité">Principe de médiocrité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causalit%C3%A9_(physique)" title="Causalité (physique)">Principe de causalité</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Histoire_et_chronologie_de_l%27Univers" title="Histoire et chronologie de l'Univers">Histoire</a> et<br /><a href="/wiki/Destin_de_l%27Univers" title="Destin de l'Univers">destin de l'Univers</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9-Big_Bang" title="Pré-Big Bang">Pré-Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_primordial" title="Univers primordial">Univers primordial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frise_chronologique_du_Big_Bang" title="Frise chronologique du Big Bang">Frise chronologique du Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%88re_de_Planck" title="Ère de Planck">Ère de Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bounce" title="Big Bounce">Big Bounce <i>alias</i> Univers phénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mort_thermique_de_l%27Univers" title="Mort thermique de l'Univers">Big Chill <i>alias</i> Mort thermique de l'Univers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_d%C3%A9chirement" title="Grand déchirement">Grand déchirement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_standard_de_la_cosmologie" title="Modèle standard de la cosmologie">Modèle standard</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_%CE%9BCDM" title="Modèle ΛCDM">Modèle ΛCDM</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Cosmologie_non_standard" title="Cosmologie non standard">Modèles non-standard</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_cyclique" title="Modèle cyclique">Modèle cyclique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmologie_cyclique_conforme" title="Cosmologie cyclique conforme">Cosmologie cyclique conforme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_OCDM" title="Modèle OCDM">Modèle OCDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_SCDM" title="Modèle SCDM">Modèle SCDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_cosmologique_bi-m%C3%A9trique" title="Modèle cosmologique bi-métrique">Modèles cosmologiques bi-métriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_de_l%27%C3%A9tat_stationnaire" title="Théorie de l'état stationnaire">Théorie de l'état stationnaire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Param%C3%A8tre_cosmologique" title="Paramètre cosmologique">Paramètres</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Âge de l'Univers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constante_cosmologique" title="Constante cosmologique">Constante cosmologique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constante_de_Hubble" title="Constante de Hubble">Constante de Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_sombre" title="Énergie sombre">Énergie noire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indice_spectral" title="Indice spectral">Indice spectral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_baryonique" title="Matière baryonique">Matière baryonique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_noire" title="Matière noire">Matière noire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Param%C3%A8tre_de_densit%C3%A9" title="Paramètre de densité">Paramètre de densité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ionisation" title="Réionisation">Réionisation</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Types</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Univers_d%27Einstein" title="Univers d'Einstein">Univers d'Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9trique_de_Friedmann-Lema%C3%AEtre-Robertson-Walker" title="Métrique de Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker">Univers de Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_de_G%C3%B6del" title="Univers de Gödel">Univers de Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_de_Milne" title="Univers de Milne">Univers de Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_de_de_Sitter" title="Univers de de Sitter">Univers de de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_ekpyrotique" title="Univers ekpyrotique">Univers ekpyrotique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_en_tore_bidimensionnel" title="Univers en tore bidimensionnel">Univers en tore bidimensionnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_fractal" title="Univers fractal">Univers fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_h%C3%A9sitant" title="Univers hésitant">Univers hésitant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_mixmaster" title="Univers mixmaster">Univers mixmaster</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Problèmes</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Probl%C3%A8me_de_l%27horizon" title="Problème de l'horizon">Problème de l'horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probl%C3%A8me_de_la_formation_des_structures" title="Problème de la formation des structures">Problème de la formation des structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probl%C3%A8me_de_la_platitude" title="Problème de la platitude">Problème de la platitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asym%C3%A9trie_baryonique" title="Asymétrie baryonique">Asymétrie baryonique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probl%C3%A8me_des_baryons_manquants" title="Problème des baryons manquants">Problème des baryons manquants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courbe_de_rotation_des_galaxies" title="Courbe de rotation des galaxies">Problème de la rotation des galaxies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9ration_de_l%27expansion_de_l%27Univers" title="Accélération de l'expansion de l'Univers">Problème de l'accélération de l'expansion de l'Univers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Autres concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-list" style=";" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courbure_spatiale" title="Courbure spatiale">Courbure spatiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densit%C3%A9_critique" title="Densité critique">Densité critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forme_de_l%27Univers" title="Forme de l'Univers">Forme de l'Univers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_cosmologique" title="Horizon cosmologique">Horizon cosmologique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_des_%C3%A9v%C3%A9nements" title="Horizon des événements">Horizon des événements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_des_particules" title="Horizon des particules">Horizon des particules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masse_de_l%27Univers" title="Masse de l'Univers">Masse de l'Univers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_observable" title="Univers observable">Univers observable</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Non scientifique</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmologie_religieuse" title="Cosmologie religieuse">Cosmologie religieuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogonie" title="Cosmogonie">Cosmogonie</a></li> 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