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<div class="topSearch-container"> <input id="topSearch" autocomplete="off" class="topSearch form-control input-lg" type="text" name="searchStr" style="color:black" onfocus="if (this.value == 'search for..') {this.value = '';this.style.color='black'}" value="" placeholder="Search PhilPapers"> </div> </form> </li> <li><a href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/help/search.html">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/advanced.html">Advanced Search</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $j(document).ready(ppTypeahead.initialize(".topSearch")); </script> <div id="contentContainer" class=" container panel panel-default"> <div id="content"> <div class="cattop"> <div style="float:right;width:250px;" class="hidden-xs"> <a class="addthis_button" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=250&username=dbourget"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403im_/https://s7.addthis.com/static/btn/v2/lg-share-en.gif" width="125" height="16" alt="Bookmark and Share" style="border:0"/></a><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403js_/https://s7.addthis.com/js/250/addthis_widget.js#username=dbourget"></script> </div> <div class="ch" style="margin-left:0;font-size:11px;margin-bottom:10px"></div> <h1 class="gh"><a href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/general-philosophy-of-science">General Philosophy of Science</a> </h1> <div style="font-size:12px;color:#333;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:10px;"> Edited by <a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a> <span class="affils">(<span class="affil">University of Melbourne</span>)</span> </div> <div style="font-size:12px;color:#333;margin-bottom:10px;"> Assistant editor: <a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/zili-dong">Zili Dong</a> <span class="affils">(<span class="affil">University of Western Ontario</span>)</span> </div> </div> <div class="miniheader" style="font-weight:bold;border-top:1px solid #aaa">About this topic </div> <div class="summaries"> <table class="responsive nospace" style="margin-bottom:10px;width:80%"> <tr> <td style="font-size:12px;width:90px" valign="top"><em>Summary</em></td> <td style="padding-bottom:10px">In contrast with the philosophy of a specific area of science (e.g. philosophy of physics, philosophy of biology), the general philosophy of science deals with questions that span the sciences.  The main questions in this area have been the broad question of the nature and justification of the scientific method, as well as questions about the nature of scientific theory change.  The nature and structure of scientific explanation, as well as the nature and status of scientific laws have also been central questions.  The debate between scientific realist and anti-realist approaches to science is also a topic in general philosophy of science.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="responsive nospace" style="margin-bottom:10px;width:80%"> <tr> <td style="font-size:12px;width:90px" valign="top"><em>Key works</em></td> <td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/rec/HEMPON">Hempel 1966</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/rec/CHAWIT-14">Chalmers 1976</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/rec/GODTAR">Godfrey-Smith 2003</a> </td> </tr> </table> <div id="reflink" class="ll" onclick="simpleReq('/utils/intro_text_refs.html',{cId:5932,field:'introductions',noheader:1},function(r) {;$('xp_refs2').update(r);$('xp_refs2').show();;$('reflink').hide();return false})">Show all references</div> <div id="xp_refs2" style="display:none;"></div></td> </div> <a name="content"></a> <div class="miniheader" style="font-weight:bold;border-top:1px solid #aaa"> In this area </div> <table width="100%"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <div style="padding-bottom:5px"> <form id="inside"> <input placeholder="Search inside" class="searchInside" type="text" name="catq" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="sort" value="relevance"> <input type="hidden" name="uncat" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="setAside" value=""> <input type="submit" value="go" class="button"> </form> </div> <div class="ah" style="font-size:14px;margin-bottom:10px;color:#109D49">Subcategories</div> <div class="toc1"> <div class="toc"> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-method">Scientific Method</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">4,172</b> | 5)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/darrell-rowbottom">Darrell P. Rowbottom</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/evidence">Evidence</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">863</b> | 88)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/christopher-michael-cloos">Christopher Michael Cloos</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/confirmation">Confirmation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,071</b> | 489)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/bayesian-reasoning">Bayesian Reasoning</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">2,527</b> | 468)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/james-hawthorne">James Hawthorne</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/confirmation-holism">Confirmation Holism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">45</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/varieties-of-confirmation">Varieties of Confirmation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">66</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/paradox-of-confirmation">Paradox of Confirmation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">102</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/quine-duhem-thesis">Quine-Duhem Thesis</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">127</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/margaret-greta-turnbull">Margaret Greta Turnbull</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/confirmation-misc">Confirmation, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">242</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/induction">Induction</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,867</b> | 430)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/induction-misc">Induction, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">135</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/induction-and-other-minds">Induction and Other Minds</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">19</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/inductive-logic">Inductive Logic</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">311</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/inductive-reasoning">Inductive Reasoning</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">205</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/inductive-skepticism">Inductive Skepticism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">494</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/justification-of-induction">Justification of Induction</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">268</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/new-riddle-of-induction">New Riddle of Induction</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">228</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/inductive-risk">Inductive Risk</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">107</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/probabilistic-reasoning">Probabilistic Reasoning</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">5,114</b> | 134)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-change">Scientific Change</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">2,013</b> | 22)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/inference-to-the-best-explanation">Inference to the Best Explanation</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">318</b> | 132)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brad-weslake">Brad Weslake</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/theoretical-virtues">Theoretical Virtues</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">975</b> | 163)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-method-misc">Scientific Method, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,229</b> | 176)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/analogy-in-science">Analogy in Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">93</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/hypothetico-deductive-method">Hypothetico-Deductive Method</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">66</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-metamethodology">Scientific Metamethodology</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">210</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-method-miscellaneous">Scientific Method, Miscellaneous</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">684</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanation">Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">3,249</b> | 13)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brad-weslake">Brad Weslake</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/theories-of-explanation">Theories of Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">948</b> | 82)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/causal-accounts-of-explanation">Causal Accounts of Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">199</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brad-weslake">Brad Weslake</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/deductive-nomological-explanation">Deductive-Nomological Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">160</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brad-weslake">Brad Weslake</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/unification-accounts-of-explanation">Unification Accounts of Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">111</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brad-weslake">Brad Weslake</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/pragmatic-theories-of-explanation">Pragmatic Theories of Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">53</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/theories-of-explanation-misc">Theories of Explanation, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">343</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/varieties-of-explanation">Varieties of Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">824</b> | 26)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/functional-explanation">Functional Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">74</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/mathematical-explanation">Mathematical Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">152</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/gianluca-longa">Gianluca Longa</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/mechanistic-explanation">Mechanistic Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">315</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brad-weslake">Brad Weslake</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/narrative-explanation">Narrative Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">61</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brad-weslake">Brad Weslake</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/statistical-explanation">Statistical Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">79</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brad-weslake">Brad Weslake</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanatory-pluralism">Explanatory Pluralism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">131</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/cory-wright">Cory Wright</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/varieties-of-explanation-misc">Varieties of Explanation, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">117</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanation-in-the-sciences">Explanation in the Sciences</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">345</b> | 84)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanation-in-neuroscience">Explanation in Neuroscience</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">340</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanation-in-the-sciences-misc">Explanation in the Sciences, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">261</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/chemical-explanation">Chemical Explanation</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">74</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanation-in-mathematics">Explanation in Mathematics</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">87</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/gianluca-longa">Gianluca Longa</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/functional-explanation-in-social-science">Functional Explanation in Social Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">101</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanation-in-cognitive-science">Explanation in Cognitive Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">327</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanation-in-biology">Explanation in Biology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">546</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanation-misc">Explanation, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,119</b> | 47)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brad-weslake">Brad Weslake</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanation-and-laws">Explanation and Laws</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">132</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/inference-to-the-best-explanation">Inference to the Best Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">318</b> | 132)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brad-weslake">Brad Weslake</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat5"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/abductive-replies-to-skepticism">Abductive Replies to Skepticism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">45</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat5"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/abduction-and-other-minds">Abduction and Other Minds</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">28</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat5"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/abduction-and-scientific-realism">Abduction and Scientific Realism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">138</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/moti-mizrahi">Moti Mizrahi</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat5"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/inference-to-the-best-explanation-misc">Inference to the Best Explanation, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">186</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brad-weslake">Brad Weslake</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/pragmatics-and-explanation">Pragmatics and Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">57</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/brad-weslake">Brad Weslake</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanatory-value">Explanatory Value</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">80</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanation-and-understanding">Explanation and Understanding</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">181</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/finnur-dellsen">Finnur Dells茅n</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanatory-pluralism">Explanatory Pluralism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">131</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/cory-wright">Cory Wright</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanation-miscellaneous">Explanation, Miscellaneous</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">173</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-science">History of Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">20,670</b> | 19,525)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/stephen-weldon">Stephen Weldon</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-psychology">History of Psychology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">503</b> | 190)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-neuroscience">History of Neuroscience</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">60</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-biology">History of Biology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">5,880</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-physics">History of Physics</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">2,093</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-cognitive-science">History of Cognitive Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">41</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-chemistry">History of Chemistry</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">425</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-science-misc">History of Science, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,145</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/stephen-weldon">Stephen Weldon</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/laws-of-nature">Laws of Nature</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,610</b> | 5)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/anti-realism-about-laws">Anti-Realism about Laws</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">105</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/best-systems-analyses">Best-Systems Analyses</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">97</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/ceteris-paribus-laws">Ceteris Paribus Laws</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">190</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/humeanism-and-nonhumeanism-about-laws">Humeanism and Nonhumeanism about Laws</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">191</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/law-statements">Law Statements</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">61</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/laws-as-relations-between-universals">Laws as Relations between Universals</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">109</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/necessitarianism-about-laws">Necessitarianism about Laws</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">162</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/nomological-necessity">Nomological Necessity</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">162</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/probabilistic-laws">Probabilistic Laws</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">65</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/special-science-laws">Special Science Laws</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">182</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/laws-of-nature-misc">Laws of Nature, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">443</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/explanation-and-laws">Explanation and Laws</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">132</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/causation-and-laws">Causation and Laws</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">168</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/dispositions-and-laws">Dispositions and Laws</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">168</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-schrenk">Markus Schrenk</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/general-philosophy-of-science-miscellaneous">General Philosophy of Science, Miscellaneous</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">3,313</b> | 1,038)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/logical-empiricism">Logical Empiricism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">539</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/sebastian-lutz">Sebastian Lutz</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/feminist-philosophy-of-science">Feminist Philosophy of Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">313</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/nature-of-science">Nature of Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">528</b> | 308)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/nature-of-science-misc">Nature of Science, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">113</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/demarcation-of-science">Demarcation of Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">49</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/yafeng-shan">Yafeng Shan</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">58</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/unity-of-science">Unity of Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">226</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/falsification">Falsification</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">145</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/science-and-religion">Science and Religion</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">5,438</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/muhammad-taqiy-mudarrisi">Muhammad-Taq墨y Mudarris墨</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-science-general-works">Philosophy of Science, General Works</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">614</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/general-philosophy-of-science-misc">General Philosophy of Science, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,747</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/interlevel-relations-in-science">Interlevel Relations in Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,316</b> | 37)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/ronald-endicott">Ronald Endicott</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/emergence">Emergence</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">652</b> | 442)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/patrick-mcgivern-1">Patrick McGivern</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/reduction">Reduction</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">972</b> | 251)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/nonreductive-materialism">Nonreductive Materialism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">402</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/john-donaldson">John Donaldson</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/reductionism">Reductionism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">165</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/ronald-endicott">Ronald Endicott</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/multiple-realizability">Multiple Realizability</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">326</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/john-donaldson">John Donaldson</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/interlevel-relations-in-chemistry">Interlevel Relations in Chemistry</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">36</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/reduction-in-biology">Reduction in Biology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">128</b> | 86)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/laura-franklin-hall">Laura Franklin-Hall</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/reduction-in-ecology">Reduction in Ecology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">16</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/christopher-h-eliot">Christopher H. Eliot</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/reduction-in-genetics">Reduction in Genetics</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">20</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/yafeng-shan">Yafeng Shan</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/reduction-in-cognitive-science">Reduction in Cognitive Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">390</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/mitchell-herschbach">Mitchell Herschbach</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/reduction-in-social-science">Reduction in Social Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">72</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/cory-wright">Cory Wright</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/reduction-misc">Reduction, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">25</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/ronald-endicott">Ronald Endicott</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/reductive-explanation">Reductive Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">47</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/raphael-van-riel">Raphael Van Riel</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/theory-reduction">Theory Reduction</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">158</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/raphael-van-riel">Raphael Van Riel</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/interlevel-metaphysics">Interlevel Metaphysics</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">2,361</b> | 8)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaphysics-of-mind">Metaphysics of Mind</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">8,636</b> | 2,213)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/physicalism">Physicalism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">359</b> | 91)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/andreas-elpidorou">Andreas Elpidorou</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/realization">Realization</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">164</b> | 9)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/ronald-endicott">Ronald Endicott</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/supervenience">Supervenience</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">579</b> | 16)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/unity-of-science">Unity of Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">226</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/interlevel-relations-in-biology">Interlevel Relations in Biology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">413</b> | 138)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/laura-franklin-hall">Laura Franklin-Hall</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/interlevel-relations-in-cognitive-science">Interlevel Relations in Cognitive Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">542</b> | 117)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/interlevel-relations-in-physical-science">Interlevel Relations in Physical Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">223</b> | 51)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/interlevel-relations-in-science-misc">Interlevel Relations in Science, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">81</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-change">Scientific Change</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">2,013</b> | 22)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/evolutionary-epistemology">Evolutionary Epistemology</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">330</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/conceptual-change-in-science">Conceptual Change in Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">282</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/convergent-realism">Convergent Realism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">56</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/milena-ivanova">Milena Ivanova</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/incommensurability-in-science">Incommensurability in Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">425</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/research-programs">Research Programs</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">141</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/science-and-values">Science and Values</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,930</b> | 1,819)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/matthew-j-brown">Matthew J. Brown</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-change-misc">Scientific Change, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">279</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-progress">Scientific Progress</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">424</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/yafeng-shan">Yafeng Shan</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-revolutions">Scientific Revolutions</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">450</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/theory-change">Theory Change</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">413</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-language">Scientific Language</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">982</b> | 12)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/cognitive-significance-in-science">Cognitive Significance in Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">76</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/conceptual-change-in-science">Conceptual Change in Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">282</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/incommensurability-in-science">Incommensurability in Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">425</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/operationalism">Operationalism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">45</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/ramsey-sentences">Ramsey Sentences</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">74</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/reference-in-science">Reference in Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">104</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-representation">Scientific Representation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">264</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-language-misc">Scientific Language, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">125</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-practice">Scientific Practice</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">4,764</b> | 838)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/experimentation-in-science">Experimentation in Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">497</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/measurement-in-science">Measurement in Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">251</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/alessandro-giordani">Alessandro Giordani</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/observation-in-science">Observation in Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">263</b> | 99)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/observables">Observables</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">30</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-observation-theory-distinction">The Observation-Theory Distinction</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">81</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/observation-misc">Observation, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">53</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/prediction-in-science">Prediction in Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">116</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-discovery">Scientific Discovery</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">249</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-instruments">Scientific Instruments</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">123</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/simulation-in-science">Simulation in Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">157</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/claus-beisbart">Claus Beisbart</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/thought-experiments">Thought Experiments</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">531</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/magdalena-balcerak-jackson">Magdalena Balcerak Jackson</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/science-and-values">Science and Values</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,930</b> | 1,819)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/matthew-j-brown">Matthew J. Brown</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/inductive-risk">Inductive Risk</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">107</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/value-free-science">Value-Free Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">46</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/theoretical-virtues">Theoretical Virtues</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">975</b> | 163)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/science-and-values-misc">Science and Values, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">65</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/applications-of-science">Applications of Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">72</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-practice-misc">Scientific Practice, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">268</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-realism">Scientific Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">3,991</b> | 6)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/varieties-of-scientific-realism">Varieties of Scientific Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,309</b> | 295)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/milena-ivanova">Milena Ivanova</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/standard-scientific-realism">Standard Scientific Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">238</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/convergent-realism">Convergent Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">56</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/milena-ivanova">Milena Ivanova</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/deployment-realism">Deployment Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">59</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/entity-realism">Entity Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">146</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/milena-ivanova">Milena Ivanova</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-semi-realism">Scientific Semi-Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">17</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/milena-ivanova">Milena Ivanova</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/structural-realism">Structural Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">277</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/james-ladyman">James Ladyman</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/varieties-of-scientific-realism-misc">Varieties of Scientific Realism, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">221</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/milena-ivanova">Milena Ivanova</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/alternatives-to-scientific-realism">Alternatives to Scientific Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">1,019</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/sebastian-lutz">Sebastian Lutz</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/constructive-empiricism">Constructive Empiricism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">368</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/yafeng-shan">Yafeng Shan</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-conventionalism">Scientific Conventionalism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">235</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/natural-ontological-attitude">Natural Ontological Attitude</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">30</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-fictionalism">Scientific Fictionalism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">24</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/social-constructionism-about-science">Social Constructionism about Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">140</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">72</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/alternatives-to-scientific-realism-misc">Alternatives to Scientific Realism, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">150</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/arguments-for-and-against-scientific-realism">Arguments For and Against Scientific Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">849</b> | 269)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/moti-mizrahi">Moti Mizrahi</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/convergence-and-scientific-realism">Convergence and Scientific Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">26</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/moti-mizrahi">Moti Mizrahi</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/abduction-and-scientific-realism">Abduction and Scientific Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">138</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/moti-mizrahi">Moti Mizrahi</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/novel-predictions-and-scientific-realism">Novel Predictions and Scientific Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">25</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/moti-mizrahi">Moti Mizrahi</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-observation-theory-distinction">The Observation-Theory Distinction</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">81</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/underdetermination-of-theory-by-data">Underdetermination of Theory by Data</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">406</b> | 1)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/margaret-greta-turnbull">Margaret Greta Turnbull</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/historical-arguments-against-scientific-realism">Historical Arguments Against Scientific Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">162</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/moti-mizrahi">Moti Mizrahi</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-miracle-argument-for-scientific-realism">The Miracle Argument for Scientific Realism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">78</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/moti-mizrahi">Moti Mizrahi</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/arguments-for-and-against-scientific-realism-misc">Arguments For and Against Scientific Realism, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">151</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/moti-mizrahi">Moti Mizrahi</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/truth-and-verisimilitude">Truth and Verisimilitude</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">394</b> | 1)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/gustavo-cevolani">Gustavo Cevolani</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-truth">Scientific Truth</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">100</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/gustavo-cevolani">Gustavo Cevolani</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/verisimilitude">Verisimilitude</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">268</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/gustavo-cevolani">Gustavo Cevolani</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/truth-and-verisimilitude-misc">Truth and Verisimilitude, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">25</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/gustavo-cevolani">Gustavo Cevolani</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-realism-misc">Scientific Realism, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">414</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/sociology-of-science">Sociology of Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">3,149</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/markus-seidel">Markus Seidel</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat2" style="margin-bottom:15px"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName2" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/theories-and-models">Theories and Models</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">3,547</b> | 592)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/arnon-levy">Arnon Levy</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-nature-of-theories">The Nature of Theories</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">535</b> | 119)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-received-view-of-theories">The Received View of Theories</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">29</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/research-programs">Research Programs</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">141</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/howard-sankey">Howard Sankey</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/semantic-view-of-theories">Semantic View of Theories</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">141</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-nature-of-theories-misc">The Nature of Theories, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">105</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/theoretical-virtues">Theoretical Virtues</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">975</b> | 163)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/aesthetic-virtues-in-science">Aesthetic Virtues in Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">35</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemological-conservatism">Epistemological Conservatism</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">29</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/falsification">Falsification</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">145</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/nonempirical-virtues">Nonempirical Virtues</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">130</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/robustness-in-science">Robustness in Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">92</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/simplicity-and-parsimony">Simplicity and Parsimony</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">233</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/theoretical-virtues-misc">Theoretical Virtues, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">148</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/underdetermination-of-theory-by-data">Underdetermination of Theory by Data</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">406</b> | 1)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/margaret-greta-turnbull">Margaret Greta Turnbull</a></span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/nonempirical-virtues">Nonempirical Virtues</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">130</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/guy-axtell">Guy Axtell</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/empirically-equivalent-theories">Empirically Equivalent Theories</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">108</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/confirmation-holism">Confirmation Holism</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">45</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/quine-duhem-thesis">Quine-Duhem Thesis</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">127</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/margaret-greta-turnbull">Margaret Greta Turnbull</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/underdetermination-of-theory-by-data-misc">Underdetermination of Theory by Data, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">297</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-models">Scientific Models</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">768</b> | 28)</span> <div class="catContent"> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/the-nature-of-models">The Nature of Models</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">487</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/modeling-practices">Modeling Practices</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">64</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/models-and-explanation">Models and Explanation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">103</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/analogy-in-science">Analogy in Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">93</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/approximation">Approximation</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">25</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/semantic-view-of-theories">Semantic View of Theories</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">141</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/idealization">Idealization</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">175</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-representation">Scientific Representation</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">264</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/simulation-in-science">Simulation in Science</a>*<span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">157</b>)</span><span class="toc-eds"><a class="person" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211403/https://philpeople.org/profiles/claus-beisbart">Claus Beisbart</a></span> </div> <div class="cat cat4"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName4" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/scientific-models-misc">Scientific Models, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">61</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/idealization">Idealization</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">175</b>)</span> </div> <div class="cat cat3"> <a rel="section" class="tocCatName catName3" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/theories-and-models-misc">Theories and Models, Misc</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">96</b>)</span> </div> </div></div> <p><h3>History/traditions: General Philosophy of Science</h3><ul class="toc normal" style=""><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/aristotle-philosophy-of-science">Aristotle: Philosophy of Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">164</b> | 51)</span></li><li><a rel="section" class="catName" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/browse/kant-philosophy-of-science">Kant: Philosophy of Science</a><span class="hint"> (<b class="hint">669</b>)</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td valign="top" style="padding-left:5px" class="visible-lg"> <div class="sideBox" style="float:right;max-width:500px"> <div class="sideBoxH">Also in this area</div> <div class="sideBoxC"> <div class="ah"><a href="?uncat=1">Entries to categorize (34)</a></div> 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Routledge. pp. 197-216.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"></div></li> <li id="eRINANB" onclick="ee('click','RINANB')" onmouseover="ee('over','RINANB')" onmouseout="ee('out','RINANB')" class="entry"><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/rec/RINANB"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">A New Bayesian Solution to the Paradox of the Ravens.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Susanna Rinard" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/s/Susanna%20Rinard"><span class="name">Susanna Rinard</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2014</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Philosophy of Science</em> 81 (1):81-100.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"></div></li> <li id="eWYLFPO-2" onclick="ee('click','WYLFPO-2')" onmouseover="ee('over','WYLFPO-2')" onmouseout="ee('out','WYLFPO-2')" class="entry"><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/rec/WYLFPO-2"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Feminist Philosophy of Science: Standpoint Matters.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Alison Wylie" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/s/Alison%20Wylie"><span class="name">Alison Wylie</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2012</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophy Association</em> 86 (2):47-76.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"></div></li> <li id="eKAPPOA" onclick="ee('click','KAPPOA')" onmouseover="ee('over','KAPPOA')" onmouseout="ee('out','KAPPOA')" class="entry"><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/rec/KAPPOA"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Prisoners of Abstraction? The Theory and Measure of Genetic Variation, and the Very Concept of 'Race'.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Jonathan Michael Kaplan" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/s/Jonathan Michael%20Kaplan"><span class="name">Jonathan Michael Kaplan</span></a> & <a class="discreet" title="View other works by Rasmus Gr酶nfeldt Winther" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/s/Rasmus Gr酶nfeldt%20Winther"><span class="name">Rasmus Gr酶nfeldt Winther</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2013</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Biological Theory</em> 7 (1):401-412.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"></div></li> <li id="eANSEME" onclick="ee('click','ANSEME')" onmouseover="ee('over','ANSEME')" onmouseout="ee('out','ANSEME')" class="entry"><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/rec/ANSEME"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Early Modern Experimental Philosophy.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Peter R. 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Blackwell. pp. 87-102.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"></div></li> <li id="eDOWSM" onclick="ee('click','DOWSM')" onmouseover="ee('over','DOWSM')" onmouseout="ee('out','DOWSM')" class="entry"><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/rec/DOWSM"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Scientific Models.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Stephen M. Downes" href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/s/Stephen M.%20Downes"><span class="name">Stephen M. Downes</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2011</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Philosophy Compass</em> 6 (11):757-764.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"></div></li> <li id="ePYLCQA" onclick="ee('click','PYLCQA')" onmouseover="ee('over','PYLCQA')" onmouseout="ee('out','PYLCQA')" class="entry"><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20210717211403/https://philpapers.org/rec/PYLCQA"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Can Quantum Analogies Help Us to Understand the Process of Thought? 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