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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications_de_plasmas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classifications de plasmas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifications_de_plasmas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Exemples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plasmas_spécifiques_et_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasmas_spécifiques_et_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Plasmas spécifiques et applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasmas_spécifiques_et_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dans_la_culture_populaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dans_la_culture_populaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dans la culture populaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dans_la_culture_populaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Notes et références</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">État plasma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 125 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">125 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(fisika)" title="Plasma (fisika) – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plasma (fisika)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(Physik)" title="Plasma (Physik) – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Plasma (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(fisica)" title="Plasma (fisica) – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Plasma (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="प्लाज्मा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्लाज्मा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="بلازما (فيزياء) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلازما (فيزياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="بلازما (فيزيا) – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلازما (فيزيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="প্লাজমা – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্লাজমা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(est%C3%A1u_de_la_materia)" title="Plasma (estáu de la materia) – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plasma (estáu de la materia)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma" title="Plazma – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plazma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پلاسما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پلاسما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плазма – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Плазма" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma" title="Plazma – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Plazma" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плазма – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плазма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плязма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плязма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плазма – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плазма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="প্লাজমা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লাজমা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma_(fizika)" title="Plazma (fizika) – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plazma (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(estat_de_la_mat%C3%A8ria)" title="Plasma (estat de la matèria) – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plasma (estat de la matèria)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%93ng-li%C3%AA-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-t%C4%81%CC%A4" title="Dēng-liê-cṳ̄-tā̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dēng-liê-cṳ̄-tā̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A9%E1%8E%A6_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%93" title="ᎩᎦ ᎤᎸᏌᏓ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎩᎦ ᎤᎸᏌᏓ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="پلازما (فیزیک) – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پلازما (فیزیک)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma" title="Plazma – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plazma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плазма – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Плазма" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(ffiseg)" title="Plasma (ffiseg) – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plasma (ffiseg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(Physik)" title="Plasma (Physik) – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plasma (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma" title="Plazma – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Plazma" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1_(%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Πλάσμα (φυσική) – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλάσμα (φυσική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C5%9Bma" title="Plaśma – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Plaśma" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics) – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plasma (physics)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmo" title="Plasmo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plasmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(estado_de_la_materia)" title="Plasma (estado de la materia) – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plasma (estado de la materia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(fisika)" title="Plasma (fisika) – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plasma (fisika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="پلاسما (فیزیک) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلاسما (فیزیک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – fidjien" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(natuerkunde)" title="Plasma (natuerkunde) – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Plasma (natuerkunde)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(fisic)" title="Plasma (fisic) – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Plasma (fisic)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(estado_da_materia)" title="Plasma (estado da materia) – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plasma (estado da materia)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmey_(fishig)" title="Plasmey (fishig) – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Plasmey (fishig)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thien-chi%C3%B4ng-th%C3%AD" title="Thien-chiông-thí – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thien-chiông-thí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94)" title="פלזמה (מצב צבירה) – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלזמה (מצב צבירה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80)" title="प्लाज़्मा (भौतिकी) – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लाज़्मा (भौतिकी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma_(fizika)" title="Plazma (fizika) – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plazma (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(fizik)" title="Plasma (fizik) – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plasma (fizik)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma" title="Plazma – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Plazma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1_(%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1)" title="Պլազմա (ֆիզիկա) – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլազմա (ֆիզիկա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physica)" title="Plasma (physica) – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Plasma (physica)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(fisika)" title="Plasma (fisika) – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plasma (fisika)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(fisica)" title="Plasma (fisica) – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Plasma (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(pisika)" title="Plasma (pisika) – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Plasma (pisika)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafgas" title="Rafgas – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafgas" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(fisica)" title="Plasma (fisica) – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plasma (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9E" title="プラズマ – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラズマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="პლაზმა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლაზმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плазма – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плазма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE_(%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0)" title="ಪ್ಲಾಸ್ಮ (ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ) – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ಲಾಸ್ಮ (ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88" title="플라스마 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플라스마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плазма – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Плазма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плазма – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Плазма" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma" title="Plazma – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plazma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma" title="Plazma – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plazma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(fizika)" title="Plasma (fizika) – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Plasma (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плазма – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плазма" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE_(%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="പ്ലാസ്മ (ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രം) – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലാസ്മ (ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Плазм (физик) – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Плазм (физик)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0)" title="प्लाझ्मा (भौतिकशास्त्र) – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्लाझ्मा (भौतिकशास्त्र)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(fizik)" title="Plasma (fizik) – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Plasma (fizik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC_(%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92)" title="ပလာစမာ (ရူပဗေဒ) – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပလာစမာ (ရူပဗေဒ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(Physik)" title="Plasma (Physik) – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Plasma (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(aggregatietoestand)" title="Plasma (aggregatietoestand) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plasma (aggregatietoestand)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(fysikk)" title="Plasma (fysikk) – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plasma (fysikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(fisica)" title="Plasma (fisica) – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plasma (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaasmaa" title="Pilaasmaa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pilaasmaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਲਾਜ਼ਮਾ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਲਾਜ਼ਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma" title="Plazma – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plazma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(f%C3%ACsica)" title="Plasma (fìsica) – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Plasma (fìsica)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B3)" title="پلازما (فزکس) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پلازما (فزکس)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%A9)" title="پلازما (فزيک) – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پلازما (فزيک)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasm%C4%83" title="Plasmă – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plasmă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плазма – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плазма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(pheesics)" title="Plasma (pheesics) – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Plasma (pheesics)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%AA%D8%B3)" title="پلازما (فزڪس) – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پلازما (فزڪس)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma_(fizika)" title="Plazma (fizika) – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plazma (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F_(%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="ප්ලාස්මා (භෞතික විද්‍යාව) – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්ලාස්මා (භෞතික විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plasma (physics)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma_(fyzika)" title="Plazma (fyzika) – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plazma (fyzika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پلازما – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پلازما" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma_(fizika)" title="Plazma (fizika) – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plazma (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma_(fizik%C3%AB)" title="Plazma (fizikë) – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plazma (fizikë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Плазма (физика) – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плазма (физика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utegili_(fizikia)" title="Utegili (fizikia) – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utegili (fizikia)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="அயனிமம் (இயற்பியல்) – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அயனிமம் (இயற்பியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="ప్లాస్మా – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్లాస్మా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C)" title="พลาสมา (ฟิสิกส์) – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลาสมา (ฟิสิกส์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma" title="Plazma – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plazma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma" title="Plazma – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Plazma" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پلازما – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پلازما" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Плазма (агрегатний стан) – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плазма (агрегатний стан)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="پلازما (طبیعیات) – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پلازما (طبیعیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma" title="Plazma – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plazma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazm" title="Plazm – vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Plazm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" title="Plasma – flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Plasma" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(pisika)" title="Plasma (pisika) – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Plasma (pisika)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="等离子体 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="等离子体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90)" title="პლაზმა (ფიზიკა) – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პლაზმა (ფიზიკა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%A2" title="פלאזמע – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלאזמע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="等离子体 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="等离子体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%BC%BF" title="電漿 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電漿" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-l%C3%AE-th%C3%A9" title="Tiān-lî-thé – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-lî-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%BC%BF" title="電漿 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電漿" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Plasma" class="mw-disambig" title="Plasma">Plasma</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ring_of_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ring_of_fire.jpg/170px-Ring_of_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ring_of_fire.jpg/255px-Ring_of_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ring_of_fire.jpg/340px-Ring_of_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Le soleil est une boule de plasma.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Plasma-lamp_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Plasma-lamp_2.jpg/166px-Plasma-lamp_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Plasma-lamp_2.jpg/249px-Plasma-lamp_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Plasma-lamp_2.jpg/332px-Plasma-lamp_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="1609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lampe_%C3%A0_plasma" title="Lampe à plasma">Lampe à plasma</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flametest--.swn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flametest--.swn.jpg/170px-Flametest--.swn.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flametest--.swn.jpg/255px-Flametest--.swn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flametest--.swn.jpg/340px-Flametest--.swn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Les flammes de haute température sont des plasmas.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'<b>état plasma</b> est un <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_de_la_mati%C3%A8re" title="État de la matière">état de la matière</a>, tout comme l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_solide" title="État solide">état solide</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Liquide" title="Liquide">état liquide</a> ou l'<a href="/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz">état gazeux</a>, bien qu'il n'y ait pas de <a href="/wiki/Transition_de_phase" title="Transition de phase">transition brusque</a> pour passer d'un de ces états au plasma ou réciproquement. Il est visible sur <a href="/wiki/Terre" title="Terre">Terre</a>, à l'état naturel, le plus souvent à des températures élevées favorables aux ionisations, signifiant l’arrachement <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">d'électrons</a> aux <a href="/wiki/Atome" title="Atome">atomes</a>. On observe alors une sorte de « soupe » d'électrons extrêmement actifs, dans laquelle « baignent » également des <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> ou des molécules neutres. Bien que globalement électriquement neutre, le plasma est composé d’électrons et d’ions ce qui le rend très sensible à l'action de <a href="/wiki/Champ_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Champ électrique">champs électrique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champ_magn%C3%A9tique" title="Champ magnétique">magnétique</a> et <a href="/wiki/Champ_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique" title="Champ électromagnétique">électromagnétique</a> (internes comme externes) et ce qui rend sa dynamique, en général, d'une grande complexité. De plus, les propriétés chimiques de cet état sont assez différentes de celles des autres états ; elles sont parfois dites « exotiques ». Les exemples de plasmas les plus courants sur Terre sont les flammes de haute température et la foudre. </p><p>Le terme « plasma » (on parle aussi de « quatrième état de la matière »<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>a<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) a été utilisé en physique pour la première fois par le <a href="/wiki/Physicien" title="Physicien">physicien</a> américain <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> en 1928<sup id="cite_ref-FranklinBraithwaite20191_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranklinBraithwaite20191-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Langmuir1928628_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmuir1928628-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, par <a href="/wiki/Analogie" title="Analogie">analogie</a> avec le <a href="/wiki/Plasma_sanguin" title="Plasma sanguin">plasma sanguin</a>. La branche qui l'étudie est la <a href="/wiki/Physique_des_plasmas" title="Physique des plasmas">physique des plasmas</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_d'un_plasma"><span id="Formation_d.27un_plasma"></span>Formation d'un plasma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Formation d'un plasma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Formation d'un plasma"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dans les conditions usuelles, un milieu gazeux ne conduit pas l’<a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9" title="Électricité">électricité</a> car il ne contient quasiment aucune particule chargée libre (électrons ou ions). Lorsque ce milieu est soumis à un champ électrique faible, il reste un isolant électrique car il n’y a pas d’augmentation du nombre de particules chargées. Mais si le gaz est soumis à un fort <a href="/wiki/Champ_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Champ électrique">champ électrique</a> (par exemple, 30 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilovolt par centimètre">kV/cm</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> pour l'<i><a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a></i> à la pression atmosphérique), des électrons libres et des ions positifs peuvent apparaître en quantité significative de telle sorte que le gaz devienne conducteur. </p><p>Lorsque l’<a href="/wiki/Ionisation" title="Ionisation">ionisation</a> est suffisamment importante pour que le nombre d’électrons par unité de volume (n<sub>e</sub>) ne soit pas négligeable par rapport à celui des atomes neutres (n<sub>n</sub>), le gaz devient alors un fluide conducteur appelé plasma dont le degré d’ionisation est défini par la formule : </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {n_{e}}{n_{e}+n_{n}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {n_{e}}{n_{e}+n_{n}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/260ba18cb67a97161b27207f682865f9f60f71ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:12.983ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {n_{e}}{n_{e}+n_{n}}}}"></span> </p><p>qui est l’un des paramètres importants pour caractériser un plasma. </p><p>Les particules chargées électriquement qui composent le plasma sont soumises aux <a href="/wiki/Force_de_Laplace" title="Force de Laplace">forces de Laplace</a>. Le fluide est donc sensible aux <a href="/wiki/Champ_magn%C3%A9tique" title="Champ magnétique">champs magnétiques</a> et peut, par exemple, être dévié ou déformé par un champ magnétique (aimant par exemple). </p><p>Typiquement, l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_d%27ionisation" title="Énergie d'ionisation">énergie d'ionisation</a> d'un atome ou d’une molécule est de quelques <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectronvolt" title="Électronvolt">électronvolts</a> (eV). La température nécessaire pour former un plasma en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_thermodynamique" title="Équilibre thermodynamique">équilibre thermodynamique</a> (généralement local) est donc celle à partir de laquelle l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_thermique" title="Énergie thermique">énergie thermique</a>, qui peut être estimée par le produit <a href="/wiki/KT_(%C3%A9nergie)" title="KT (énergie)"><i>kT</i></a>, atteint cet ordre de grandeur, c'est-à-dire lorsque <i>kT</i> ≈ <span title="1,602 176 × 10⁻¹⁹ J ou 96,485 3 kJ/mol ou 1 239,8 nm" style="cursor:help">1</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="électron-volt">eV</abbr>, soit une température d'environ <span title="10 726,85 °C ou 19 340,33 °F" style="cursor:help">11 000</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="kelvin"><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></abbr>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications_de_plasmas">Classifications de plasmas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Classifications de plasmas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Classifications de plasmas"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il existe une très grande diversité de plasmas, distingués par au moins une de leurs propriétés. </p><p>Par exemple, si le <a href="/wiki/Degr%C3%A9_d%27ionisation" title="Degré d'ionisation">degré d’ionisation</a> est considéré, les plasmas sont classés en « plasmas chauds » et « plasmas froids ». Les plasmas fortement ionisés sont nommés « plasmas chauds » par opposition des plasmas faiblement ionisés, dit plasmas froids<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L’échelle de température des plasmas va de la température ambiante à plusieurs millions de <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a> pour un plasma de <a href="/wiki/Fusion_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Fusion nucléaire">fusion thermonucléaire</a>. Un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasma_d%E2%80%99arc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasma d’arc (page inexistante)">plasma d’arc</a> d’environ <span title="9 726,85 °C ou 17 540,33 °F" style="cursor:help">10 000</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="kelvin">K</abbr> fait ainsi partie de la famille des plasmas froids<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ceci étant dit, les frontières ne sont pas bien définies et parfois, d’autres familles comme celle des « plasmas naturels » sont définies à côté des deux familles susmentionnées. Par exemple, l’objectif de la division plasmas de la <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_fran%C3%A7aise_de_physique" title="Société française de physique">Société française de physique</a> (SFP) est de rassembler la communauté des physiciens des trois grands domaines des plasmas (naturels, chauds ou de fusion, froids ou industriels)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul><li>Selon la <i>pression</i>, on distingue les plasmas « à haute pression » (dont les plasmas à <a href="/wiki/Pression_atmosph%C3%A9rique" title="Pression atmosphérique">pression atmosphérique</a>) et ceux « à basse pression » (par exemple les <a href="/wiki/Gravure_au_plasma" title="Gravure au plasma">plasmas de gravure en microélectronique</a>).</li> <li>Selon l’<i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_thermodynamique" title="Équilibre thermodynamique">équilibre thermodynamique</a></i> (généralement local) atteint ou non, les plasmas se classent dans les « plasmas en équilibre » et les « plasmas hors équilibre (<i>nonequilibrium</i>) ».</li> <li>Selon la <i>température des espèces lourdes</i>, les plasmas froids se divisent en plasmas thermiques et non thermiques.</li> <li>Selon la <i>nature de la source d’énergie</i> pour la production de plasma, on distingue les plasmas DC, les plasmas RF, les plasmas micro-ondes, les plasmas transitoires, laser plasma…</li> <li>Selon la <i>configuration électro-mécanique</i>, les plasmas couronnes, les plasmas DBD…</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemples">Exemples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Exemples" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Exemples"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Plasma_scaling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plasma_scaling.svg/440px-Plasma_scaling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plasma_scaling.svg/660px-Plasma_scaling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plasma_scaling.svg/880px-Plasma_scaling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Les différents plasmas en fonction de leur température par rapport à leur <a href="/wiki/Densit%C3%A9" title="Densité">densité</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les plasmas sont extrêmement répandus dans l'<a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a> puisqu'ils représentent plus de 99 % de la <a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_baryonique" title="Matière baryonique">matière ordinaire</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Toutefois, ils passent presque inaperçus dans notre environnement proche, étant donné leurs conditions d'apparition très éloignées des conditions de température et de pression de l'atmosphère terrestre. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Plasma_de_laboratoire_et_magn%C3%A9tisme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Plasma_de_laboratoire_et_magn%C3%A9tisme.jpg/220px-Plasma_de_laboratoire_et_magn%C3%A9tisme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Plasma_de_laboratoire_et_magn%C3%A9tisme.jpg/330px-Plasma_de_laboratoire_et_magn%C3%A9tisme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Plasma_de_laboratoire_et_magn%C3%A9tisme.jpg/440px-Plasma_de_laboratoire_et_magn%C3%A9tisme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Plasma de laboratoire formé sous basse pression par une haute tension électrique (600 V) dans un tube en verre. Le fluide est déformé par un aimant permanent en vertu des forces de Laplace.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ainsi, on distingue les plasmas naturels : </p> <ul><li>le <a href="/wiki/Plasma_astrophysique" title="Plasma astrophysique">plasma astrophysique</a> ;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile">étoiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9buleuse" title="Nébuleuse">nébuleuses</a> gazeuses, <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a> ;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Aurore_polaire" title="Aurore polaire">aurores boréales</a> ;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Foudre" title="Foudre">foudre</a> ;</li> <li>l'<a href="/wiki/Ionosph%C3%A8re" title="Ionosphère">ionosphère</a> ;</li> <li>le <a href="/wiki/Vent_solaire" title="Vent solaire">vent solaire</a> ;</li> <li>la queue des <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A8tes" class="mw-redirect" title="Comètes">comètes</a> ;</li> <li>la traînée des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toiles_filantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Étoiles filantes">étoiles filantes</a> ;</li> <li>le cœur des flammes<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>b<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>et les plasmas industriels : </p> <ul><li>les <span class="page_h"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9charge_%C3%A9lectrique" class="mw-disambig" title="Décharge électrique">décharges électriques</a></span> (arcs comme dans les <a href="/wiki/Disjoncteurs_%C3%A0_haute-tension" class="mw-redirect" title="Disjoncteurs à haute-tension">disjoncteurs à haute-tension</a> ou les torches, ou d'autres types de décharges comme dans les lampes à gaz, les décharges micro-ondes, ou les générateurs de <a href="/wiki/Rayon_X" title="Rayon X">rayon X</a>) ;</li> <li>les plasmas de traitement pour dépôt, gravure, modification de surface ou dopage par <a href="/wiki/Implantation_ionique" title="Implantation ionique">implantation ionique</a> ;</li> <li>dans certains types de <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9viseur#Écran_plasma" title="Téléviseur">téléviseurs</a> ;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Propulsion_%C3%A9lectrique_(spatial)" title="Propulsion électrique (spatial)">propulsion par plasmas</a> ;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/Fusion_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Fusion nucléaire">fusion nucléaire</a> (qui concerne les machines de type <a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">tokamak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">stellarator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z-pinch" title="Z-pinch">Z-pinch</a>...).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plasmas_spécifiques_et_applications"><span id="Plasmas_sp.C3.A9cifiques_et_applications"></span>Plasmas spécifiques et applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Plasmas spécifiques et applications" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Plasmas spécifiques et applications"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De nombreuses autres applications ne sont encore que des expériences de <a href="/wiki/Laboratoire_de_recherche" title="Laboratoire de recherche">laboratoire</a> ou des prototypes (<a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, amélioration de combustion, stérilisation, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>) : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_quarks-gluons" title="Plasma quarks-gluons">plasma quarks-gluons</a>, un état de la matière où les quarks et les gluons ne sont plus confinés dans des particules, mais libres ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_astrophysique" title="Plasma astrophysique">plasma astrophysique</a>, une matière qui représente la grande proportion de l'espace en dehors des galaxies, étoiles et planètes ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Fusion nucléaire">plasma de fusion</a>, créé avec des lasers ou autres rayonnements ;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plasma_stealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma stealth">plasma stealth</a></i>, utilisation de plasma dans la recherche de la furtivité ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampe_%C3%A0_plasma" title="Lampe à plasma">lampe à plasma</a>, qui utilise la luminosité du plasma ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cran_%C3%A0_plasma" title="Écran à plasma">écran à plasma</a>, écran plat dont la lumière est créée par du <a href="/wiki/Phosphore" title="Phosphore">phosphore</a> excité par une impulsion électrique à plasma ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torche_%C3%A0_plasma" title="Torche à plasma">torche à plasma</a>, méthode de génération de plasma utilisée dans différentes applications (en chimie, <a href="/wiki/Traitement_des_d%C3%A9chets" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitement des déchets">traitement des déchets</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>) ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9ration_laser-plasma" title="Accélération laser-plasma">accélération laser-plasma</a>, méthode de production de faisceaux d'électrons.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dans_la_culture_populaire">Dans la culture populaire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Dans la culture populaire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dans la culture populaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dans de nombreuses œuvres de sciences fiction, telle que <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Halo_(s%C3%A9rie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halo (série)"><i>Halo</i></a> et <i><a href="/wiki/Transformers" title="Transformers">Transformers</a></i>, le plasma et les plasmoïdes sont à la base d'armes imaginaires, souvent similaires au <a href="/wiki/Focalisateur_de_plasma_dense" title="Focalisateur de plasma dense">focalisateur de plasma dense</a> (« canon à plasma »). </p><p>Durant les années 2010, la création de plasma à partir de raisins chauffés dans un four à micro-ondes domestique est devenue une expérience populaire répandue<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Source_insuffisante" title="Aide:Source insuffisante">[source insuffisante]</a></sup>. En 2019, ce phénomène a été expliqué de manière rigoureuse<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les raisins étant assimilables à de petite sphères à forte teneur en eau, la longueur des micro-ondes auxquelles on les expose est modifiée et l'énergie se concentre au centre du fruit. Lorsque deux raisins ainsi irradiés sont placés côte à côte, un transfert d'électron se produit dans le petit espace qui sépare les deux fruits, ce qui produit l'apparition de plasma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small lower-alpha" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">On parle de <abbr class="abbr" title="Quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr> état parce que les propriétés d'un plasma sont très différentes de celles d'un gaz neutre, mais ce n'est pas un véritable état au sens de la <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamique" title="Thermodynamique">thermodynamique</a> car la transition de l'un à l'autre est progressive : il n'y a pas de <a href="/wiki/Transition_de_phase" title="Transition de phase">transition de phase</a> (pas de ligne de séparation dans le diagramme<i><a href="/wiki/Temp%C3%A9rature_thermodynamique" title="Température thermodynamique">T</a></i>-<i><a href="/wiki/Pression" title="Pression">P</a></i>, pas de <a href="/wiki/Enthalpie_de_changement_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Enthalpie de changement d'état">chaleur latente</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">La question de savoir si les <a href="/wiki/Flamme_(combustion)" title="Flamme (combustion)">flammes</a> sont ou non des plasmas n'est pas aisée : si le gaz présent dans la flamme est lumineux, c'est essentiellement en raison de la température due aux réactions de combustion exothermiques (ce gaz se comporte approximativement comme un <a href="/wiki/Corps_noir" title="Corps noir">corps noir</a>) et il n'est que partiellement ionisé. Pour les flammes de basse température, seul le cœur de flamme est en général ionisé. En revanche, les flammes de haute température sont des plasmas du fait de leur plus forte ionisation.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FranklinBraithwaite20191-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-FranklinBraithwaite20191_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#FranklinBraithwaite2019">Franklin et Braithwaite 2019</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 1. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langmuir1928628-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Langmuir1928628_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Langmuir1928">Langmuir 1928</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 628. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2000/AliceHong.shtml"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Dielectric Strength of Air</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">hypertextbook.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-10-08" data-sort-value="2017-10-08">8 octobre 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1997">Pointu A.M., Perrin J. et Jolly J., « <cite style="font-style:normal">Plasmas froids de décharge. Propriétés électriques.</cite> », <i>Techniques de l’Ingénieur</i>, traité Génie électrique D2830 D2,‎ <time>1997</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plasmas+froids+de+d%C3%A9charge.+Propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+%C3%A9lectriques.&rft.jtitle=Techniques+de+l%E2%80%99Ing%C3%A9nieur&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tat+plasma"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plasmasfroids.cnrs.fr/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Bienvenue sur le site du Réseau Plasmas Froids</cite></a> »</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="et_al2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Adamovich_I_et_al2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Adamovich I et al, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The 2017 Plasma Roadmap: Low temperature plasma science and technology</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 50 323001,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-07-14" data-sort-value="2017-07-14">14 juillet 2017</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+2017+Plasma+Roadmap%3A+Low+temperature+plasma+science+and+technology&rft.jtitle=J.+Phys.+D%3A+Appl.+Phys.&rft.issue=50+323001&rft.aulast=et+al&rft.aufirst=Adamovich+I&rft.date=2017-07-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tat+plasma"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfpnet.fr/thematique/physique-des-plasmas"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Que fait-on dans la division ?</cite></a> »</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Drake2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="R._Paul_Drake2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> R. Paul <span class="nom_auteur">Drake</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">High-Energy-Density Physics : Fundamentals, Inertial Fusion, and Experimental Astrophysics</cite>, Berlin, Springer Science & Business Media, <time>2006</time>, 534 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-540-29314-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-540-29314-9"><span class="nowrap">978-3-540-29314-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=P-3OeLJZN1YC&pg=PA19">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 19<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High-Energy-Density+Physics&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.stitle=Fundamentals%2C+Inertial+Fusion%2C+and+Experimental+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=R.+Paul&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=19&rft.tpages=534&rft.isbn=978-3-540-29314-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tat+plasma"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">De nombreuses vidéos sont devenues virales sur la plateforme <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="KhattakBianucciSlepkov2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hamza_K._KhattakPablo_BianucciAaron_D._Slepkov2019"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Hamza K. <span class="nom_auteur">Khattak</span>, Pablo <span class="nom_auteur">Bianucci</span> et Aaron D. <span class="nom_auteur">Slepkov</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Linking plasma formation in grapes to microwave resonances of aqueous dimers</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 116, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 10,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-03-05" data-sort-value="2019-03-05">5 mars 2019</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">4000–4005</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a></span> et <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30782800">30782800</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6410810">PMC6410810</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818350116">10.1073/pnas.1818350116</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Linking+plasma+formation+in+grapes+to+microwave+resonances+of+aqueous+dimers&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.issue=10&rft.aulast=Khattak&rft.aufirst=Hamza+K.&rft.au=Bianucci%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Slepkov%2C+Aaron+D.&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.volume=116&rft.pages=4000%E2%80%934005&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1818350116&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30782800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tat+plasma"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Tonks1967"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lewi_Tonks1967"><small>[Tonks 1967]</small> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Lewi <span class="nom_auteur">Tonks</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The birth of <i>plasma</i></cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 35, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 9,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1967-09" data-sort-value="1967-09">septembre 1967</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">857-858</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1974266">10.1119/1.1974266</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967AmJPh..35..857T">1967AmJPh..35..857T</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+birth+of+%27%27plasma%27%27&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.issue=9&rft.aulast=Tonks&rft.aufirst=Lewi&rft.date=1967-09&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=857-858&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1974266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tat+plasma"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="FranklinBraithwaite2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Raoul_N._FranklinNicholas_St_J._Braithwaite2019"><small>[Franklin et Braithwaite 2019]</small> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Raoul N. <span class="nom_auteur">Franklin</span> et Nicholas St J. <span class="nom_auteur">Braithwaite</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Editorial : <span class="nowrap">80 years</span> of plasma</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasma_Sources_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasma Sources Science and Technology (page inexistante)">Plasma Sources Science and Technology</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_Sources_Science_and_Technology" class="extiw" title="en:Plasma Sources Science and Technology"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Plasma Sources Science and Technology »">(en)</span></a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 18, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1 <span class="lang-en" lang="en">« <span class="nowrap">80 years</span> of plasma : a collection of reviews and research articles celebrating the 80th anniversary of Irving Langmuir's coining of the word <i>plasma</i> »</span>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-02" data-sort-value="2019-02">février 2019</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="article(s)">art.</abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 010201, <span class="nowrap">3 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/4843704287">4843704287</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/18/1/010201">10.1088/0963-0252/18/1/010201</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PSST...18a0201F">2009PSST...18a0201F</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Editorial&rft.jtitle=%3APlasma+Sources+Science+and+Technology%C2%A0%28en%29Cat%C3%A9gorie%3AArticle+contenant+un+appel+%C3%A0+traduction+en+anglais&rft.issue=1&rft.stitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80+years%3C%2Fspan%3E+of+plasma&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Raoul+N.&rft.au=Braithwaite%2C+Nicholas+St+J.&rft.date=2019-02&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr+%22+title%3D%22article%28s%29%22+%3Eart.%3C%2Fabbr%3E%26nbsp%3B%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%22num%C3%A9ro%22%3En%3Csup%3Eo%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E%26nbsp%3B010201%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%26nbsp%3B%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr+%22+title%3D%22pages%22+%3Ep.%3C%2Fabbr%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0963-0252%2F18%2F1%2F010201&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4843704287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tat+plasma"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Langmuir1928"><span class="ouvrage" id="Irving_Langmuir1928"><small>[Langmuir 1928]</small> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving <span class="nom_auteur">Langmuir</span></a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Oscillations in ionized gases</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 18, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 8,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1928-08-01" data-sort-value="1928-08-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> août 1928</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">627-637</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/5554111442">5554111442</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16587379">16587379</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1085653">PMC1085653</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.14.8.627">10.1073/pnas.14.8.627</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jstor.org/stable/85270">85270</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928PNAS...14..627L">1928PNAS...14..627L</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oscillations+in+ionized+gases&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.issue=8&rft.aulast=Langmuir&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft.date=1928-08-01&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=627-637&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.14.8.627&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16587379&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5554111442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tat+plasma"></span></span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tat_plasma&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="column-width:20em;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actionneur_de_plasma" title="Actionneur de plasma">Actionneur de plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">Électron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_de_la_mati%C3%A8re" title="État de la matière">État de la matière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz">Gaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampe_%C3%A0_plasma" title="Lampe à plasma">Lampe à plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physique_des_plasmas" title="Physique des plasmas">Physique des plasmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torche_%C3%A0_plasma" title="Torche à plasma">Torche à plasma</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_%C3%89tat_de_la_mati%C3%A8re" title="Modèle:Palette État de la matière"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_%C3%89tat_de_la_mati%C3%A8re&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_de_la_mati%C3%A8re" title="État de la matière">État de la matière</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:120px">États</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_solide" title="État solide">État solide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquide" title="Liquide">État liquide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz">État gazeux</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">État plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluide_(mati%C3%A8re)" title="Fluide (matière)">Fluide</a></li></ul> </div></td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:7px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phase_change_-_fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Phase_change_-_fr.svg/100px-Phase_change_-_fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Phase_change_-_fr.svg/150px-Phase_change_-_fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Phase_change_-_fr.svg/200px-Phase_change_-_fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:120px">Basse température</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condensat_de_Bose-Einstein" title="Condensat de Bose-Einstein">Condensat de Bose-Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensat_fermionique" title="Condensat fermionique">Condensat fermionique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluidit%C3%A9" title="Superfluidité">Superfluidité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersolide" title="Supersolide">Supersolidité</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:120px">Haute énergie</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_d%C3%A9g%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9e" title="Matière dégénérée">Matière dégénérée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_quarks-gluons" title="Plasma quarks-gluons">Plasma quarks-gluons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluide_supercritique" title="Fluide supercritique">Fluide supercritique</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:120px">Autres états</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collo%C3%AFde" title="Colloïde">Colloïde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_polyphasique" title="État polyphasique">État polyphasique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9sophase" title="Mésophase">Mésophase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristal_liquide" title="Cristal liquide">Cristal liquide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trou_noir" title="Trou noir">Trou noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensat_de_Bose-Einstein" title="Condensat de Bose-Einstein">Condensat de Bose-Einstein</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:120px">Concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courbe_de_refroidissement" title="Courbe de refroidissement">Courbe de refroidissement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagramme_de_phase" title="Diagramme de phase">Diagramme de phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_de_phase" title="Transition de phase">Transition de phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temp%C3%A9rature_de_transition_vitreuse" title="Température de transition vitreuse">Transition vitreuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_triple" title="Point triple">Point triple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_critique_(thermodynamique)" title="Point critique (thermodynamique)">Point critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89quation_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Équation d'état">Équation d’état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphisme_(chimie)" title="Polymorphisme (chimie)">Polymorphisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamorphisme" title="Polyamorphisme">Polyamorphisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysomatisme" title="Polysomatisme">Polysomatisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfusion" title="Surfusion">Surfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coh%C3%A9sion_(physique)" title="Cohésion (physique)">Cohésion</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:120px"><a href="/wiki/Changement_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Changement d'état">Changement d'état</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_de_phases" title="Équilibre de phases">Équilibre de phases</a></li> <li>Température et pression de changement d'état <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Point_de_fusion" title="Point de fusion">Point de fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_d%27%C3%A9bullition" title="Point d'ébullition">Point d'ébullition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_de_sublimation" title="Point de sublimation">Point de sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formule_de_Clapeyron" title="Formule de Clapeyron">Formule de Clapeyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formules_d%27Ehrenfest" title="Formules d'Ehrenfest">Formules d'Ehrenfest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpie_de_changement_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Enthalpie de changement d'état">Enthalpie de changement d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpie_de_fusion" title="Enthalpie de fusion">de fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpie_de_sublimation" title="Enthalpie de sublimation">de sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpie_de_vaporisation" title="Enthalpie de vaporisation">de vaporisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me_de_Gibbs-Konovalov" title="Théorème de Gibbs-Konovalov">Théorème de Gibbs-Konovalov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Az%C3%A9otrope" title="Azéotrope">Azéotrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_de_fusion_congruent" title="Point de fusion congruent">Point de fusion congruent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_liquide-vapeur" title="Équilibre liquide-vapeur">Équilibre liquide-vapeur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loi_de_Raoult" title="Loi de Raoult">Loi de Raoult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loi_de_Henry" title="Loi de Henry">Loi de Henry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Équilibre liquide-solide <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eutectique" title="Eutectique">Eutectique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89quation_de_Schr%C3%B6der-van_Laar" title="Équation de Schröder-van Laar">Équation de Schröder-van Laar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Physique" title="Portail de la physique"><img alt="icône décorative" 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