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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company">Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>International Bell Telephone Company</b> (IBTC) of <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels, Belgium</a>, was created in 1879 by the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, a precursor entity to the <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone and Telegraph Company">American Telephone and Telegraph Company</a> (AT&T), initially to sell imported <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telephone_switchboard" title="Telephone switchboard">switchboards</a> in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StowgerNet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BOPw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOPw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IBTC evolved into a notable European <a href="/wiki/Telephone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone company">telephone service provider</a> and manufacturer, with major operations in several countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingsbury_1915_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingsbury_1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of anti-trust actions in the U.S., AT&T, its parent, sold its entire European division and IBTC's subsidiaries to the <a href="/wiki/ITT_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ITT Corporation">International Telephone & Telegraph Company</a> in 1925, ending a 46-year presence on the continent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1879 <a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Hubbard</a>, father-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> and the first president of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a>, founded the International Bell Telephone Company for promoting sales of its telephone equipment throughout Europe. During his tour of the continent the <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian government</a> offered him the greatest financial incentives to establish a European subsidiary's headquarters in their country.<sup id="cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StowgerNet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International Bell Telephone Company (IBTC) shortly evolved into a holding company for various telephone service and production divisions. Its major manufacturing unit was the <b>Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company</b> (BTMC), which was founded in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp, Belgium">Antwerp, Belgium</a>, on 26 April 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman-2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BTMC was created as a joint venture by the International Bell Telephone Company of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Electric Company">Western Electric Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-Butler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BTMC then established <i>Compagnie belge du téléphone Bell</i> (Bell Telephone Company of Belgium) in the same year as an operating subsidiary, one of several companies that provided telephone services in the country, the others having evolved principally from telegraph carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingsbury_1915_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingsbury_1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BTMC came under majority ownership by the telephone manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>, and also established multiple other divisions as national companies across <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingsbury_1915_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingsbury_1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Electric was itself later majority-owned by the <a href="/wiki/American_Bell_Telephone_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bell Telephone Company">American Bell Telephone Company</a>, returning control of BTMC back to the Bell organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company">Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BTMC-Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company-Antwerp_Belgium_1882-company_logo_c_1912.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/BTMC-Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company-Antwerp_Belgium_1882-company_logo_c_1912.png/220px-BTMC-Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company-Antwerp_Belgium_1882-company_logo_c_1912.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/BTMC-Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company-Antwerp_Belgium_1882-company_logo_c_1912.png/330px-BTMC-Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company-Antwerp_Belgium_1882-company_logo_c_1912.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/BTMC-Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company-Antwerp_Belgium_1882-company_logo_c_1912.png/440px-BTMC-Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company-Antwerp_Belgium_1882-company_logo_c_1912.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Raymond_Welles,_head_of_the_Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company_in_Brussels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Francis_Raymond_Welles%2C_head_of_the_Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company_in_Brussels.jpg/220px-Francis_Raymond_Welles%2C_head_of_the_Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company_in_Brussels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Francis_Raymond_Welles%2C_head_of_the_Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company_in_Brussels.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Francis Raymond Welles, c.1880, who became the head of Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company (BTMC) was founded on 26 April 1882 as the principal manufacturing business to assist International Bell with its growth throughout Europe, where many countries had nationalistic trade policies favouring domestic suppliers. BTMC was owned 45% by the American Bell Telephone Company, and 55% by Bell's major U.S. supplier, <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>, of which Bell was also a majority stakeholder. Western Electric, a U.S. company formed during the era of the telegraph, became American Bell's sole telephone supplier the same year. In a share sale to Western Electric, American Bell later disposed of its ownership of BTMC in 1890 to concentrate on telephone system operations, but since American Bell had been Western Electric's majority shareholder since 1881 it maintained an indirect ownership of IBTC.<sup id="cite_ref-BOP2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOP2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IBTC was created for <i>"...the production, sale, purchase and leasing of equipment for telephony and telegraphy and everything directly or indirectly related to electricity"</i><sup id="cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StowgerNet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BOP2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOP2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, as demand for services bloomed, the Bell Telephone Company had insufficient operating funds to quickly increase the telephone exchange network, resulting in Western Electric buying out all 45% of the shares held by Bell in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StowgerNet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Gilliland" title="Ezra Gilliland">Ezra Gilliland</a> of Western Electric helped establish the manufacturing arm, at which point a young university educated, multilingual American, Francis R. Welles, took over its leadership, with the title of "Administrateur Delegue".<sup id="cite_ref-BOPw_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOPw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis Raymond Welles (b. Athens, Pa., August 18, 1854 – d. Vernet-Les-Bains, France, December 14, 1936), graduated the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> with an Accelerated bachelor's degree (A.B.) in 1875, and a year later started work as secretary to Enos M. Barton, a co-founder of Western Electric. Barton had earlier sent him to Australia and New Zealand to help with operations there, and Welles was then transferred to Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welles would lead the overseas BTMC company for the next 30 years assisted by Louis De Groof, a Belgian authorised agent.<sup id="cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StowgerNet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-Butler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BOP2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOP2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IBTC started up subsidiary manufacturing plants in major cities throughout all of Europe, since nationalistic policies favoured local manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-BOPw_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOPw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year after its founding BTMC employed 35 people, and its workshops were accommodated within a small plant at No. 4 Boudewijnstraat, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StowgerNet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its factory was completely rebuilt after a fire in 1882, and by 1885, the Bell Antwerp facility had completed its conversion from importing telephones and switchboards from the U.S., to local manufacturing, with production more than doubling annually as BTMC began to supply their other divisions throughout Europe. By 1900, BTMC was also its new parent's (<a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a>) main supplier of telephone systems to Asia, the Middle East and South America, and the facility had increased to a staff of 700 operating from a greatly expanded plant.<sup id="cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StowgerNet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BOP2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOP2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Antwerp facility was largely responsible for introducing the telephone to much of Europe, with its first manual and <a href="/wiki/Rotary_dial" title="Rotary dial"> rotary dial telephone exchanges</a>. In 1884 the very first European intercity line was created between Antwerp and Brussels, and in 1887 the first international line in Europe was opened between Brussels and Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StowgerNet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the nineteenth century European governments moved to <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalize</a> their phone companies, and the telephone service concessions of la Compagnie Belge du Téléphone Bell were allowed to expire or were purchased by the Belgian government.<sup id="cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StowgerNet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis Welles retired from BTMC in 1913 and returned to the United States shortly before the First World War. Welles and was succeeded by Alexis Mois. The Great War inflicted severe damage to BTMC's operations and production facilities, much of which was destroyed or seized by the invading German army. The company's U.S. managers immediately departed for the United Kingdom or returned home, while many plant employees had been seconded to the Belgian army, or moved to other unoccupied countries. Western Electric's head office contact and control of the company was lost for the duration of the war and almost all engineering development and manufacturing there stopped for the remainder of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-BOP2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOP2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its early existence the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company of Belgium took on the role of a child of two often squabbling parents, Western Electric and the American Bell Telephone Company (later to become AT&T). Sired by Bell Telephone's Hubbard and Vail it would become the custody of Western Electric through share purchase, which then nurtured and raised it only to see its Belgian concession reclaimed by a nationalistic government. However even through a succession of owners the BTMC has retained its original name, even to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-BOP2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOP2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently a unit of <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia Corporation</a> by the name of Nokia Bell NV.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_European_expansion">Early European expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early European expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first telephone exchanges in Belgium were opened in 1878. A company was formed in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> in 1879, and others followed. Competition was recognised as unsatisfactory, and the various companies were encouraged to amalgamate. The <b>Compagnie Belge du Téléphone Bell</b> (the <i>Bell Telephone Company of Belgium</i>) was formed in 1882, as the Belgian subsidiary of the International Bell Telephone Company of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-Butler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1886, the Belgian division had a total 6,900 kilometers of telephone lines, and 3,532 subscribers in seven cities, including <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verviers" title="Verviers">Verviers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ElectricalJournal_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElectricalJournal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rotary_machine_switching_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary machine switching system">Rotary machine switching system</a> was manufactured in Antwerp from about 1913, and was used by several countries around the world including France, the Netherlands, Norway and New Zealand (but not as hoped by the British Post Office). However manufacture was disrupted by the German invasion in Belgium in 1914. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first exchange in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> was opened in <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, operated under a license granted by the IBTC to a group of business men on July 24, 1880. During 1881 exchanges were subsequently opened in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, and Winterthur by the government, which shortly after bought out the <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a> exchange. Fourteen exchanges were in operation at the end of 1883, and twice as many a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-Butler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Nederlandsche Bell Telefoon Maatschappij</b> (<i>Dutch Bell Telephone Company</i>) was formed in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-Butler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1886, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> division had a total of 3,700 kilometers of telephone line, plus 2,623 subscribers in eight cities, including <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Groningen, Haarlem, and <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ElectricalJournal_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElectricalJournal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the company quickly established exchanges in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, and exchanges in a dozen of the other largest cities were started in 1881 by other interests under the auspices of a group of Parisian financiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-Butler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1886, the Italian division had a total of 8,073 subscribers in twelve cities, plus approximately 12,500 kilometers of telephone lines. The largest exchanges were in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (2,022 subscribers), <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> (1,089), <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> (950) and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> (873).<sup id="cite_ref-ElectricalJournal_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElectricalJournal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden_and_Norway_(1881–1908)"><span id="Sweden_and_Norway_.281881.E2.80.931908.29"></span>Sweden and Norway (1881–1908)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sweden and Norway (1881–1908)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The International Bell Telephone Company was also responsible for the introduction of the telephone into <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-Butler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1881, exchanges were established in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>. </p><p>IBTC established Sweden's first telephone company, <b>Stockholms Bell Telefonaktiebolag</b>, formed with the assistance of three former Swedish PTT superintendents named Lybeck, Bratt and Recin. The new company established their first exchange in the Skandinaviska Kreditaktiebolag Building on Västerlånggatan Street in Stockholm, originally utilizing equipment designed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> and his assistant <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas Watson</a>, and imported from Bell's supplier in Boston. The first Swedish phones, which had signal coils, ringers and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(telephone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Blake (telephone)">Blake microphones</a>, were available as desk or wall models, connecting to Gilliland type switchboards.<sup id="cite_ref-EricssonHistory.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EricssonHistory.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Bell's Swedish phone exchange formally opened in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> on 1 September 1880, it had 121 subscribers, increasing to 218 later in the year, with the majority of its users belonging to government, business and upper-class homes. The Swedish subsidiary soon opened more exchanges in the Södermalm and Norrmalm sections of the capital within its first year, operating between 9:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. daily, but in May 1883 moved to around-the-clock operations, charging subscribers between 160 and 280 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish kronor</a> (SEKs) per year depending on their locations within Stockholm (less expensive) or outside of the city proper (more expensive). Bell's fee structure was not notably expensive, as rates were higher in most countries at the time and only lower in a few others.<sup id="cite_ref-EricssonHistory.com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EricssonHistory.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1883 the Bell subsidiary was forced to reduce its fees due to competition from another newly formed phone company, although it was also able to increase its subscriber base. It later had to restrict its operations to the Östermalm section of the city, where it started a new network for private subscribers with lower fees using a different rate plan with a lower number permitted calls per month (its initial rate structure provided unlimited calling). In 1898 the Bell subsidiary contracted with its competitor, SAT, allowing it to operate their facilities, thereby increasing its subscriber base to about 7,000 homes and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-EricssonHistory.com_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EricssonHistory.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to government intervention and other reasons, the Bell subsidiaries were eventually legislated out of Sweden and Norway in favour of national firms. Stockholms Bell Telefonaktiebolag ceased its telephone operations completely in 1908, having acquired 15,285 subscribers by that time, in a regulatory environment which had previously permitted unrestricted telephone business competition.<sup id="cite_ref-EricssonHistory.com_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EricssonHistory.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bell Company introduced the telephone to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> in 1883 in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-Butler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1886, IBTC's Russian division had a total of 3,440 subscribers in six cities, with 9,550 kilometers of telephone lines. Its largest exchanges were in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> (1,080 subscribers), followed by <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (690) and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> (533).<sup id="cite_ref-ElectricalJournal_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElectricalJournal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant trade developed between Belgium and Russia during the Tsarist era, with up to 20,000 Belgians from hundreds of companies working there. However all of the IBTC's Russian investments and plants were subsequently lost during the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BOP2_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOP2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divestiture">Divestiture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Divestiture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the very close of 1899, the American Bell Telephone Company was acquired, for business purposes, by its own subsidiary, the <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph Company</a> (AT&T), which then became the head of the monolithic and <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a>. </p><p>Significant criticism of AT&T (a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>) had emerged in the United States that domestic telephone system rates were higher than they needed to be, and that AT&T was using those revenues to subsidize its European operations. Due to that reason and others, and also due to the U.S. Government's regulatory intervention, AT&T president <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sherman_Gifford" title="Walter Sherman Gifford">Walter Gifford</a> divested almost all international interests held by the Bell System in 1925, with the exceptions of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Company of Canada">Bell Telephone Company of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Northern Electric</a>. </p><p>The European division and its subsidiaries were sold to the <a href="/wiki/ITT_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ITT Corporation">International Telephone & Telegraph Company</a>, at the start of that company's meteoric rise in the international telecommunications industry.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Internet">Victorian Internet</a>, describing advances in telecommunications during the 19th century, and their effects on society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaneum" title="Mundaneum">Mundaneum</a>, a precursor to the Internet organized in Brussels in 1910</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Bell_Telephone_Company&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>This article incorporates text from John Kingsbury, "</i>The Telephone And Telephone Exchanges: Their Invention And Development<i>", a work in the public domain.</i></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-StowgerNet-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StowgerNet_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">StowgerNet Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strowger-net.telefoonmuseum.com/tel_hist_antwerp.html">BTMC And ATEA—Antwerp's Twin Telephone Companies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130709001840/http://strowger-net.telefoonmuseum.com/tel_hist_antwerp.html">Archived</a> 2013-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, StowgerNet Telephone Museum website. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOPw-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BOPw_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOPw_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOPw_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob's Old Phones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/Bell_WE_files/BellWEHistory.htm">European Bell and Western Electric Phones</a>, Bob's Old Phones website. Retrieved August 17, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731141137/http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/Bell_WE_files/BellWEHistory.htm">Archived</a> July 31, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingsbury_1915-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kingsbury_1915_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingsbury_1915_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingsbury_1915_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Kingsbury, John E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/telephonetelepho00kingrich">The Telephone And Telephone Exchanges: Their Invention And Development</a>, Longmans, Green, and Co., New York/London, 1915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huurdeman-2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman-2003_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Huurdeman, Anton A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C">The Worldwide History Of Telecommunications</a>, Wiley-IEEE, 2003, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-20505-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-20505-2">0-471-20505-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-20505-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-20505-0">978-0-471-20505-0</a>, pg.179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-Butler-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams-Butler_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Stephen B. Adams, Orville R. Butler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qp5MDzCwNLQC">Manufacturing The Future: A History Of Western Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1999, pg.49, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65118-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65118-2">0-521-65118-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65118-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65118-9">978-0-521-65118-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOP2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BOP2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOP2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOP2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOP2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOP2_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOP2_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOP2_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Estreich, Bob; Verhelst, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/BTMC/BTMCHistory.htm">The Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company of Antwerp, Belgium</a>. Retrieved from BobsOldPhones.net website, March 31, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110120163328/http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/BTMC/BTMCHistory.htm">Archived</a> January 20, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, James Terry. "Francis Raymond Welles", <i>National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Volume 37</i>, University Microfilms, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElectricalJournal-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ElectricalJournal_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElectricalJournal_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElectricalJournal_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElectricalJournal_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Electrical Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1b3mAAAAMAAJ">The Telephone Statistics Of Europe</a>, University of Michigan, Volume 19, pg.241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EricssonHistory.com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EricssonHistory.com_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EricssonHistory.com_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EricssonHistory.com_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EricssonHistory.com_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tahvanainen, K.V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericssonhistory.com/communication/early-developments/Swedens-first-telephone-company/">Sweden's First Telephone Company</a>, Ericsson historical website, EricssonHistory.com. Retrieved 20 October 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martinelli, Arianna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/201010457.pdf"><i>The Dynamics of Technological Discontinuities: A Patent Citation Network Analysis Of Telecommunication Switches (thesis)</i></a>, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 2009, pg.53.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">American Telephone and Telegraph Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Local_telephone_companies_still_extant270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Local telephone companies still extant</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Wholly owned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Bell" title="Nevada Bell">Bell Telephone Company of Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Pennsylvania" title="Verizon Pennsylvania">The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%26P_Telephone" title="C&P Telephone">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Maryland" title="Verizon Maryland">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_West_Virginia" title="Frontier West Virginia">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Virginia">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Delaware" title="Verizon Delaware">Diamond State Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Bell" title="Illinois Bell">Illinois Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Bell" title="Indiana Bell">Indiana Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Bell" title="Michigan Bell">Michigan Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwest_Corporation" title="Qwest Corporation">Mountain Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_New_England" title="Verizon New England">New England Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_New_Jersey" title="Verizon New Jersey">New Jersey Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_New_York" title="Verizon New York">New York Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Bell" title="Northwestern Bell">Northwestern Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Bell" title="Ohio Bell">Ohio Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Bell" title="Pacific Northwest Bell">Pacific Northwest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Bell" title="Pacific Bell">Pacific Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Bell" title="South Central Bell">South Central Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bell" title="Southern Bell">Southern Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Bell" title="Southwestern Bell">Southwestern Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Bell" title="Wisconsin Bell">Wisconsin Telephone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Partially owned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Communications_of_Connecticut" title="Frontier Communications of Connecticut">Southern New England Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altafiber" title="Altafiber">Cincinnati Bell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_subsidiaries270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other subsidiaries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Manufacturing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Long distance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Communications" title="AT&T Communications">Long Lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Wireless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Service" title="Advanced Mobile Phone Service">Advanced Mobile Phone Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Regional Bell companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> (1880-1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Commemorative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Boatyard" title="Bell Boatyard">Bell Boatyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneers,_a_Volunteer_Network" title="Pioneers, a Volunteer Network">Telephone Pioneers of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_Communication" title="Spirit of Communication">Spirit of Communication</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" title="New England Telephone and Telegraph Company">New England Telephone and Telegraph Company</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Bell Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">The Bell Telephone Company of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Northern Electric</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company">Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Technologies" title="AT&T Technologies">AT&T Technologies, Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">Divestiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Bell_Operating_Company" title="Regional Bell Operating Company">Regional Bell Operating Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/19px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/29px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/38px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alexander_Graham_Bell187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Template:Alexander Graham Bell"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Template talk:Alexander Graham Bell"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander Graham Bell"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alexander_Graham_Bell187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beinn_Bhreagh" title="Beinn Bhreagh">Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_House_(Colonial_Beach,_Virginia)" title="Bell House (Colonial Beach, Virginia)">Bell House (Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Lake" title="Bras d'Or Lake">Bras d'Or Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Bell_Grossman_Pillot_Memorial" title="Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial">Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International_Congress_on_Education_of_the_Deaf" title="Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf">Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">Telephone Cases</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Melville_Bell" title="Alexander Melville Bell">Alexander Melville Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Bell" title="Chichester Bell">Chichester Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fairchild" title="David Fairchild">David Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Fairchild" title="Graham Fairchild">Graham Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Grosvenor" title="Edwin S. Grosvenor">Edwin S. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor" title="Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor">Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_M._Grosvenor" title="Gilbert M. Grosvenor">Gilbert M. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_H._Grosvenor" title="Mabel H. Grosvenor">Mabel H. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Bell_Grosvenor" title="Melville Bell Grosvenor">Melville Bell Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel Gardiner Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_Myers" title="Kendall Myers">Kendall Myers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Seymour_Allward" title="Walter Seymour Allward">Walter Seymour Allward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Bailey" title="Marcellus Bailey">Marcellus Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cowherd" title="Thomas Cowherd">Thomas Cowherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Curtiss" title="Glenn Curtiss">Glenn Curtiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pollok" title="Anthony Pollok">Anthony Pollok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Selfridge" title="Thomas Selfridge">Thomas Selfridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_Jr._House" title="Charles Williams Jr. House">Charles Williams Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Cygnet" title="AEA Cygnet">AEA Cygnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_June_Bug" title="AEA June Bug">AEA June Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Red_Wing" title="AEA Red Wing">AEA Red Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Silver_Dart" title="AEA Silver Dart">AEA Silver Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_White_Wing" title="AEA White Wing">AEA White Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Experiment_Association" title="Aerial Experiment Association">Aerial Experiment Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing" title="Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing">Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Boatyard" title="Bell Boatyard">Bell Boatyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Oionus_I" title="Bell Oionus I">Bell Oionus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aerodrome_Baddeck_No._1_and_No._2" title="Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2">Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aerodrome_Company" title="Canadian Aerodrome Company">Canadian Aerodrome Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_Schools_for_Hearing_and_Speech" title="Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech">Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictation_machine" title="Dictation machine">Dictation machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Gower-Bell_Telephone_Company_of_Europe" title="Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe">Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray_and_Alexander_Bell_telephone_controversy" title="Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy">Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD-4" title="HD-4">HD-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Monoplane" title="Hubbard Monoplane">Hubbard Monoplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Extension_Institute" title="Life Extension Institute">Life Extension Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Telephone_Company" title="National Telephone Company">National Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" title="New England Telephone and Telegraph Company">New England Telephone and Telegraph Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Company" title="Oriental Telephone Company">Oriental Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory and Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_School_(Chicago)" title="Alexander Graham Bell School (Chicago)">Alexander Graham Bell School (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_honors_and_tributes" title="Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes">Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Memorial" title="Bell Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Bell_Island" title="Graham Bell Island">Graham Bell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Bras_d%27Or_(FHE_400)" title="HMCS Bras d'Or (FHE 400)">HMCS <i>Bras d'Or</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Alexander_Graham_Bell_Medal" title="IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal">IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneers,_a_Volunteer_Network" title="Pioneers, a Volunteer Network">Pioneers, a Volunteer Network</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="The Story of Alexander Graham Bell">The Story of Alexander Graham Bell</a></i> (1939 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Silence" title="The Sound and the Silence">The Sound and the Silence</a></i> (1992 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Category:Alexander Graham Bell">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Electric126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Electric" title="Template:Western Electric"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Electric" title="Template talk:Western 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href="/wiki/Western_Electric_hand_telephone_sets" title="Western Electric hand telephone sets">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_hand_telephone_sets" title="Western Electric hand telephone sets">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_hand_telephone_sets" title="Western Electric hand telephone sets">202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_302_telephone" title="Model 302 telephone">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_5302_telephone" title="Model 5302 telephone">5302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_500_telephone" title="Model 500 telephone">500/1500/2500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_telephone" title="Princess telephone">Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimline_telephone" title="Trimline telephone">Trimline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Line_telephone" title="Design Line telephone">Design Line telephones</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Electric_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Western_Electric_logo.svg/150px-Western_Electric_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Western_Electric_logo.svg/225px-Western_Electric_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Western_Electric_logo.svg/300px-Western_Electric_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2453" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Switching systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panel_switch" title="Panel switch">Panel switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_One_Crossbar_Switching_System" title="Number One Crossbar Switching System">1XB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_Five_Crossbar_Switching_System" title="Number Five Crossbar Switching System">5XB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1ESS_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="1ESS switch">1ESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5ESS_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="5ESS switch">5ESS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Orthophonic_Victrola" title="Victor Orthophonic Victrola">Orthophonic recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTMF" class="mw-redirect" title="DTMF">Touch-Tone / DTMF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Technologies" title="AT&T Technologies">AT&T Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graybar" title="Graybar">Graybar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IBTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">Nippon Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Northern Electric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Electric" title="Automatic Electric">Automatic Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTE" title="GTE">GTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITT_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="ITT Inc">ITT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Switchboard_%26_Supply_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromberg-Carlson" title="Stromberg-Carlson">Stromberg-Carlson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_System_Practices" title="Bell System Practices">Bell System Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Eastland#The_Eastland_disaster" title="SS Eastland">Eastland disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_Works" title="Hawthorne Works">Hawthorne Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dreyfuss" title="Henry Dreyfuss">Henry Dreyfuss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ITT_Corporation68" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ITT_Corporation" title="Template:ITT Corporation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ITT_Corporation" title="Template talk:ITT Corporation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ITT_Corporation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ITT Corporation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ITT_Corporation68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ITT_Inc." title="ITT Inc.">ITT Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_Life" title="Abbey Life">Abbey Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Cable_and_Radio_Corporation" title="American Cable and Radio Corporation">American Cable and Radio Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company">Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Lorenz_AG" title="C. Lorenz AG">C. Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITT_Interconnect_Solutions" title="ITT Interconnect Solutions">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claro_Puerto_Rico" title="Claro Puerto Rico">Claro Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Cable_Company" title="Commercial Cable Company">Commercial Cable Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Pacific_Cable_Company" title="Commercial Pacific Cable Company">Commercial Pacific Cable Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed_%26_Company" title="Creed & Company">Creed & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDO_Corporation" title="EDO Corporation">EDO Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exelis_Visual_Information_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Exelis Visual Information Solutions">Exelis Visual Information Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Telegraph_Company" title="Federal Telegraph Company">Federal Telegraph Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flygt" class="mw-redirect" title="Flygt">Flygt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf" title="Focke-Wulf">Focke-Wulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulds_Pumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Goulds Pumps">Goulds Pumps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITT_Exelis" class="mw-redirect" title="ITT Exelis">ITT Exelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITT_Technical_Institute" title="ITT Technical Institute">ITT Technical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Switchboard_%26_Supply_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company">Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolster-Brandes" title="Kolster-Brandes">Kolster-Brandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mix_%26_Genest" title="Mix & Genest">Mix & Genest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonier" title="Rayonier">Rayonier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheraton_Hotels_and_Resorts" title="Sheraton Hotels and Resorts">Sheraton Hotels and Resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Telecommunication_Laboratories" title="Standard Telecommunication Laboratories">Standard Telecommunication Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Telephones_and_Cables" title="Standard Telephones and Cables">Standard Telephones and Cables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hartford" title="The Hartford">The Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPXN-TV" title="WPXN-TV">WPXN-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylem_Inc." title="Xylem Inc.">Xylem Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes_Behn" title="Sosthenes Behn">Sosthenes Behn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Behn" title="Hernán Behn">Hernán Behn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_(businessman)" title="William Henry Harrison (businessman)">William Henry Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Geneen" title="Harold Geneen">Harold Geneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Mackay" title="John William Mackay">John William Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Araskog" title="Rand Araskog">Rand Araskog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellery_W._Stone" title="Ellery W. Stone">Ellery W. Stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sovereign_State" title="The Sovereign State">The Sovereign State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ITT:_The_Management_of_Opportunity" title="ITT: The Management of Opportunity">ITT: The Management of Opportunity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_ITT_Wars" title="The ITT Wars">The ITT Wars</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeoEye-1" title="GeoEye-1">GeoEye-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITT_System_12" title="ITT System 12">ITT System 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITT_2020" title="ITT 2020">ITT 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/15px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/23px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/30px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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