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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ụmụ nwoke Bakassi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Bakassi Boys – Bekee" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bakassi Boys" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Bekee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakassi_Boys" title="Bakassi Boys – Pọrtụgụese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bakassi Boys" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Pọrtụgụese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Парни Бакасси – Rọshian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парни Бакасси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rọshian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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(peeji a adịgịhị) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Ńkàtá</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Igbo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Nlere"> 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class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Ọdịdị"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ọdịdị</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">Ga na nootu akụkụ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">zoo</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ig" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fa%E1%BB%8Bl%E1%BB%A5:Bakassi_peninsula_-_radar_image_by_TerraSAR-X.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bakassi_peninsula_-_radar_image_by_TerraSAR-X.jpg/220px-Bakassi_peninsula_-_radar_image_by_TerraSAR-X.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bakassi_peninsula_-_radar_image_by_TerraSAR-X.jpg/330px-Bakassi_peninsula_-_radar_image_by_TerraSAR-X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bakassi_peninsula_-_radar_image_by_TerraSAR-X.jpg/440px-Bakassi_peninsula_-_radar_image_by_TerraSAR-X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="2563" /></a><figcaption>Ụmụ nwoke Bakassi</figcaption></figure> <p>Ndị Bakassi Boys bụ otu ndị<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> okorobịa n'ala Igbo na Naijiria na-eme ngagharị iwe na <a href="/wiki/Nd%E1%BB%8Bda_%E1%BB%8Cw%E1%BB%A5wa_Anyanw%E1%BB%A5_(Nijiria)" title="Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ (Nijiria)">mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ</a> nke Naịjirịa. Ọrụ nke otu ndị na-eme ihe ike gụnyere ndị ohi, igbu ọchụ ememe, ịtọrọ mmadụ, dịka akuko Eddy Nawgu, onye a siri na ọ bụ onye amụma na onye otu nke ha gburu ma gbupụ isi.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ụmụ nwoke Bakassi na-ejikarị mma na égbè, ma n'eyi ọtụtụ ihe ọgwụ ọji na ọgwụ a gwọrọ agwụ gburugburu ahụ ha.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ha na-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè Igbo nke <a href="/wiki/Naijiria" title="Naijiria">Naijiria</a> ma bo ha ebubo <a href="/wiki/Nd%E1%BB%8B_%C3%8Cgb%C3%B2" title="Ndị Ìgbò">igbu</a> ọchụ na mberede nke ndị a na na'enyo enyo na ha bụ ndị ohi, ndị na - ndị omempụ, ogbu mmadụ, mmadụ rụrụ arụ, na onye ọ bụla ha lebara anya ka onye ọjọọ.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otú ha si ekpebi ma mmadụ ọ bụrụ onye ọjọọ ma ọ bụghị bụ, iji anwansi gbara ọchịchịrị, etinyere n'ime mma ọlaọcha n'obi onye ọ bụla a na-enyo enyo, ma bụrụkwa na agba mma ahụ gbanwere site n"ọlaọfa n'acha "ọbara ọbara", ọ pụtara na onye ahụ mere mpụ jọgburu onwe ya n-oge ụfọdụ na ndụ ya, a ga-egbu onye dị otú ahụ ozugbo.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>N'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Nigeria, ọkachasị Anambra <a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%CC%80h%C3%A0_%E1%BB%8Cmambala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ọ̀hà Ọmambala">State,</a> ha ka na-enweta nkwado a ma ama n'ógbè ebe ha n'ihi na nsogbu ụfọdụ na mpaghara ahụ belatara nke ukwuu kemgbe e bidoro otu vigilante na 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dị ka akwụkwọ ndị ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nke Naijiria si kwuo, ha nwere ihe a na-ekwu na ha enweghị ike ịgba égbè - ọbụru godi mgbe a gbagburu ha ọtụtụ ugboro n'ebe dị nso, a sịrị na ọ gaghị agbapụ ma ọ bụ merụọ ahụ ọ bụla.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A na-akpọ ike a <i>Odeshi</i> n'etiti <a href="/wiki/Nd%E1%BB%8B_%C3%8Cgb%C3%B2" title="Ndị Ìgbò">ndị Igbo</a> nke Naijiria.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Odeshi</i> bụ okwu Igbo nke pụtara "Ọ naghị agbapụta" ma ọ bụ "ọ gaghị agbapụ", </p><p>ọ pụtara na ọ bụrụ na onye ọ bụla ejiri égbè gbaa , , ọ gaghị agbawa okpụkpọ ahụ ha, ya mere ọbara ha agaghị agbafu.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ụmụ nwoke Bakassi agbanweela aha ugbu a ha bụzi Anambra Vigilante Services ma belata ọrụ<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ha nke ukwuu.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Akụkọ_ihe_mere_eme"><span id="Ak.E1.BB.A5k.E1.BB.8D_ihe_mere_eme"></span>Akụkọ ihe mere eme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5_nwoke_Bakassi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Mezie ngalaba: Akụkọ ihe mere eme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>dezie</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5_nwoke_Bakassi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Akụkọ ihe mere eme"><span>dezie ebe o si</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Otu ndị a natara aha ha site na mpaghara Bakassi, mpaghara mmanụ jupụtara na Annang-Efik-Ibibio nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria. Ndị Bakassi Boys pụtara dị ka otu ndị na-eme ike n'otu oge ahụ na mmụba dị ukwuu na mpụ nke Abia State. </p><p>Ha nwere nkwado nke gọvanọ, <a href="/wiki/Orji_Uzor_Kalu" title="Orji Uzor Kalu">Orji Uzor Kalu</a>. O kelekwara enyemaka nke otu ahụ n'ịlụso mpụ ọgụ na <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A1" title="Abá">Aba</a> na gburugburu ya. Otú ọ dị, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mpụ na-agbadata na Aba, ọnụego mpịakọta ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ <a href="/wiki/Nd%E1%BB%8B_%C3%8Cgb%C3%B2" title="Ndị Ìgbò">Igbo</a> agbadataghi, na ọnụ ahịa mpụta n"ebe ụfọdụ, gụnyere <a href="/wiki/On%E1%BB%8Bch%E1%BA%A1" title="Onịchạ">Onitsha</a>, nọkwa na'ịdị elu. A kpọrọ ụmụ nwoke Bakassi ka ha gaa <a href="/wiki/Okeama" title="Okeama">obodo ukwu</a> ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Onitsha na <a href="/wiki/%C3%92w%C3%A8r%C3%A8" title="Òwèrè">Owerri</a>, iji kpochapụ ndị omempụ. </p><p>N'oge, ndị na echedo obodo dị iche iche dizi ka ndị na maghị ọrụ ha na kwa ndị ụmụ nwoke Bakassi ma ndị n'ere ahịa ma na azụ ahịa bịa ziri dizie ezigbo mma. N' ihe niile a, ndị gburugburu ọchịchị obodo ndị nke gọvanọ dị iche iche, kwuru na ụmụ nwoke Bakassi na-emekwa ofe na igbu ndị mmadụ ha kwukwara na ọtụtụ gọvanọ jiri ụmụ nwoke Bakassi emeja ndị ọzọ. Maka otu ihe siri dapụtara ndị otu ọzọ, otu ụmụ nwoke Bakassi agbaala mgbọ ị gbanwee onwe ya ka Anambra State Vigilante Services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinye_edensib%E1%BB%8Ba" title="Wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">Tinye edensibịa</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Na_mgbasa_ozi">Na mgbasa ozi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5_nwoke_Bakassi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Mezie ngalaba: Na mgbasa ozi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>dezie</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5_nwoke_Bakassi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Na mgbasa ozi"><span>dezie ebe o si</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ihe nkiri akpọrọ <i>Issakaba</i>, dịka aha maka <i>Bakassi</i>, bụ nke <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Oduwa_Imasuen" title="Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen">Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen</a> mepụtara n'afọ 2000, ọ gosipụtara mmalite nke otu ndị vigilante na otu ha na Eddy Nawgu sịrị je.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hụkwa"><span id="H.E1.BB.A5kwa"></span>Hụkwa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5_nwoke_Bakassi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Mezie ngalaba: Hụkwa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>dezie</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5_nwoke_Bakassi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Hụkwa"><span>dezie ebe o si</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nzuk%E1%BB%8D_Nd%E1%BB%8B_Oodua" title="Nzukọ Ndị Oodua">Nzukọ Ndị Oodua</a></li> <li>Amotekun</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ihe_odide">Ihe odide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5_nwoke_Bakassi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Mezie ngalaba: Ihe odide" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>dezie</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5_nwoke_Bakassi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Ihe odide"><span>dezie ebe o si</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/bakassi-boys-voodoo-is-proving-hard-to-break-95564">Bakassi Boys voodoo is proving hard to break</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); position: relative;">(en)</span>. <i>www.iol.co.za</i>. Retrieved on 2020-03-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Itiri (2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19408364">The Transformation of the Bakassi Boys Vigilante Group among the Igbo Ethnic Group of Nigeria into a Community Police Force</a>" (in en). <i>VUNA Journal of History and International Relations</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+the+Bakassi+Boys+Vigilante+Group+among+the+Igbo+Ethnic+Group+of+Nigeria+into+a+Community+Police+Force&rft.title=VUNA+Journal+of+History+and+International+Relations&rft.jtitle=VUNA+Journal+of+History+and+International+Relations&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Itiri&rft.aufirst=Nnaemka+Uwakwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F19408364"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Babson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071115130207/http://www.ascleiden.nl/Pdf/youthconfajibade.pdf">Anti-Bullet Charms, Lie-Detectors and Street Justice: the Nigerian Youth and the Ambiguities of Self-Remaking</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascleiden.nl/pdf/youthconfajibade.pdf">the original</a> on 2007-11-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Bakassi-boys-battle-bandits-20020809">Bakassi boys battle bandits</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); position: relative;">(en)</span>. <i>News24</i> (2002-08-10). Retrieved on 2020-03-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/nigeria2/nigeria0502-03.htm">The Legitimization of Murder and Torture</a>. <i>www.hrw.org</i>. Retrieved on 2022-02-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Harnischfeger (March 2003). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/bakassi-boys-fighting-crime-in-nigeria/B0010CE5758024660AFCDA7DFAF76C2A">The Bakassi Boys: fighting crime in Nigeria</a>" (in en). <i>The Journal of Modern African Studies</i> <b>41</b> (1): 23–49. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X02004135">10.1017/S0022278X02004135</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Serial_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Serial Number (peeji a adịgịhị)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1469-7777">1469-7777</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.atitle=The+Bakassi+Boys%3A+fighting+crime+in+Nigeria&rft.title=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.date=March+2003&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.au=Harnischfeger&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.pages=23%E2%80%9349&rft.issn=1469-7777&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0022278X02004135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-modern-african-studies%2Farticle%2Fbakassi-boys-fighting-crime-in-nigeria%2FB0010CE5758024660AFCDA7DFAF76C2A"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Baker (2017-03-02). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315241883-16/">Anambra State Vigilante Service (Nigeria) and Crime</a>", <i>Taking the Law into their Own Hands</i> (in en). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315241883">10.4324/9781315241883</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5iche:BookSources/9781315241883" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781315241883</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+the+Law+into+their+Own+Hands&rft.title=Taking+the+Law+into+their+Own+Hands&rft.atitle=Anambra+State+Vigilante+Service+%28Nigeria%29+and+Crime&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Baker&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft.isbn=9781315241883&rft_id=info:doi/10.4324%2F9781315241883"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3cea124a4.html">Refworld | Nigeria: The Bakassi Boys: The Legitimization of Murder and Torture</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); position: relative;">(en)</span>. <i>Refworld</i>. Retrieved on 2020-03-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Francis (2017-07-05). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTsrDwAAQBAJ&q=bakassi+boys+and+their+magic+machete&pg=PA78">Civil Militia: Africa's Intractable Security Menace?</a></i> (in en). Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5iche:BookSources/9781351951234" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-351-95123-4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Militia%3A+Africa%27s+Intractable+Security+Menace%3F&rft.title=Civil+Militia%3A+Africa%27s+Intractable+Security+Menace%3F&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Francis&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.isbn=978-1-351-95123-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTsrDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbakassi%2Bboys%2Band%2Btheir%2Bmagic%2Bmachete%26pg%3DPA78"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/45f1478b2.html">Nigeria: Bakassi Boys; leadership, membership, activities, and treatment by authorities (January 2005 - February 2006)</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); position: relative;">(en)</span>. <i>Refworld</i>. Retrieved on 2020-03-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://everyevery.ng/can-traditional-bulletproof-become-mainstreamtechnology/">Traditional Bulletproof As Mainstream Technology</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); position: relative;">(en-US)</span>. <i>EveryEvery</i>. Retrieved on 2020-03-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atqnews.com/odeshi-bullet-charm-fails/">Africa story: 'Odeshi': Bullet charm fails as Ghanaian juju priest lands in hospital</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); position: relative;">(en-US)</span> (2017-04-11). Retrieved on 2020-03-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303214044/https://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2009/feb/181.html">Nigeriaworld Feature Article - Odeshi!</a>. <i>nigeriaworld.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2009/feb/181.html">the original</a> on 2020-03-03. Retrieved on 2020-03-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216180420/http://odeshi.com/about/">About</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); position: relative;">(en-US)</span>. <i>ODESHI</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odeshi.com/about/">the original</a> on 2020-02-16. Retrieved on 2020-03-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/45f1478b2.html">Refworld | Nigeria: Bakassi Boys; leadership, membership, activities, and treatment by authorities (January 2005 - February 2006)</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); position: relative;">(en)</span>. <i>Refworld</i>. Retrieved on 2020-03-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/amp/news/250827/the-return-of-killer-generals-violent-market-leaders-i.html">The Return Of Killer-"Generals" & Violent Market "Leaders" In Anambra State (Part 3)</a>. <i>www.thenigerianvoice.com</i>. Retrieved on 2020-03-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-2a99ba5c">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.</span></strong></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502051953/https://ihuanedo.ning.com/m/group/discussion?id=2971192:Topic:52254">LIVING LEGEND - Lancelot O. Imasuen; Nollywood film Producer and Director AWARD – OTEDO.COM</a>. <i>ihuanedo.ning.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ihuanedo.ning.com/m/group/discussion?id=2971192:Topic:52254">the original</a> on 2021-05-02. Retrieved on 2020-05-29.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Anai%3Adiva-95">Osita Agbu, Ethnic Militias na iyi egwu maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Post-Transition Nigeria, Nordic African Institute, 2004</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1998624.stm">BBC, Gang Rule na Naịjirịa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamji.com/article1000/NEWS1606.htm">Gamji.com, <i>Eziokwu Banyere Ụmụ nwoke Bakassi</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/2002/nigeria2/">Human Rights Watch, The Bakassi Boys: Ikike nke igbu ọchụ na ịta ahụhụ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429053812/http://www.waado.org/NigerDelta/Documents/ConstitutionalMatters/PoliceVigilante/BakassiBoys-Nwana.html">Harry Nwana, Onye bụ ụmụ nwoke Bakassi, Vanguard, December 28, 2000</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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