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id="block-delta-blocks-page-title"><div class="block-inner clearfix"><div class="content clearfix"><h1 itemprop="headline" id="page-title" class="title">¿Qué es una IDAM?</h1></div></div></div><div class="block block-system block-main block-system-main even block-without-title" id="block-system-main"><div class="block-inner clearfix"><div class="content clearfix"> <article class="node node-answer node-published node-not-promoted node-not-sticky author-redaccion-iagua odd clearfix" id="node-answer-115282"><div class="content clearfix"><div class="field field-name-field-fivestar field-type-fivestar field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><form class="fivestar-widget" action="/respuestas/que-es-planta-desaladora-agua-mar" method="post" id="fivestar-custom-widget" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="clearfix fivestar-average-text fivestar-average-stars fivestar-form-item fivestar-basic"><div class="form-item form-type-fivestar form-item-vote"><div class="form-item form-type-select form-item-vote"> <select id="edit-vote--2" name="vote" class="form-select"><option value="-">Votar</option><option value="20">Give ¿Qué es una IDAM? 1/5</option><option value="40">Give ¿Qué es una IDAM? 2/5</option><option value="60">Give ¿Qué es una IDAM? 3/5</option><option value="80">Give ¿Qué es una IDAM? 4/5</option><option value="100" selected="selected">Give ¿Qué es una IDAM? 5/5</option></select><div class="description"><div class="fivestar-summary fivestar-summary-average-count"><span class="average-rating">Promedio: <span >4.1</span></span> <span class="total-votes">(<span >15</span> votos)</span></div></div></div></div></div><input class="fivestar-submit form-submit" type="submit" id="edit-fivestar-submit" name="op" value="Votar" /><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-F4Y4NlzB4Yc4erNGbZE7gCWMzoxhkoMn9h8jaiKs23M" /><input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="fivestar_custom_widget" /></div></form></div></div></div><div class="block block-iagua-paragraphs block-authorship-credits block-iagua-paragraphs-authorship-credits odd block-without-title" id="block-iagua-paragraphs-authorship-credits"><div class="block-inner clearfix"><div class="content clearfix"><div class="authorship-credits"><div class="authorship-credits-name"><a href="/usuarios/laura-f-zarza"><span class="label-title">Un contenido de:</span>Laura F. Zarza</a></div><div class="authorship-credits-image"><a href="/usuarios/laura-f-zarza"><img src="https://www.iagua.es/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail-60x60/public/pictures/corporativas-81-glez.jpg?itok=TeejYOp8" width="60" height="60" alt="Laura F. Zarza" title="" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-imagen field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><img src="https://www.iagua.es/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail-830x455/public/planta_desalinizadora_palmachim_israel.jpg?itok=hKAxH7S_" width="830" height="455" alt="¿Qué es IDAM?" title="Planta desalinizadora de Palmachim, Israel (Fuente: Wikipedia/CC)." /></div></div></div><div class="addthis_sharing_toolbox"></div><div class="field field-name-field-descripcion field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" itemprop="text"><p>La <a href="https://www.iagua.es/respuestas/que-es-desalinizacion-agua" target="_blank">desalinización</a> fue usada por primera vez por los navegantes griegos en el siglo IV a.C., para evaporar agua de mar y obtener agua potable. Los avances en la tecnología de membrana han hecho de la desalinización del agua de mar y de las <a href="https://www.iagua.es/respuestas/que-es-agua-salobre" target="_blank">aguas salobres</a> una alternativa cada vez más viable para producir <a href="https://www.iagua.es/respuestas/que-es-agua-potable" target="_blank">agua potable</a>.</p><a name="top" id="top"></a><div class="toc-filter toc-filter-number"><div class="toc-filter-content"><div class="item-list"><h3>Índice</h3><ol class="toc-filter-links"><li class="first"><a href="#-iquest-qu-es-una-planta-desalinizadora-nbsp-o-idam-">¿Qué es una planta desalinizadora o IDAM?</a></li><li><a href="#dise-o-de-una-planta-desaladora">Diseño de una planta desaladora</a></li><li><a href="#tecnolog-as-aplicadas-a-la-desalaci-n">Tecnologías aplicadas a la desalación</a></li><li class="last"><a href="#procesos-de-desalinizaci-n-del-agua">Procesos de desalinización del agua</a></li></ol></div></div></div><p><div class="block block-iagua-custom-options block-adsense-within-node block-iagua-custom-options-adsense-within-node odd block-without-title" id="block-iagua-custom-options-adsense-within-node"><div class="block-inner clearfix"><div class="content clearfix"><script class='__lxGc__' type='text/javascript'> ((__lxGc__=window.__lxGc__||{'s':{},'b':0})['s']['_235765']=__lxGc__['s']['_235765']||{'b':{}})['b']['_725268']={'i':__lxGc__.b++}; </script></div></div></div></p><h2 class=" toc-header toc-header-number"><a name="-iquest-qu-es-una-planta-desalinizadora-nbsp-o-idam-" id="-iquest-qu-es-una-planta-desalinizadora-nbsp-o-idam-" class="toc-bookmark" rel="bookmark" title="¿Qué es una planta desalinizadora o IDAM?"></a><span class="toc-number">1 . </span> ¿Qué es una planta desalinizadora o IDAM?</h2><p>Una planta desaladora o planta desalinizadora es una instalación que convierte el agua salada del mar (o salobre) en agua apta para el consumo humano, así como para usos industriales y de <a href="https://www.iagua.es/respuestas/cuantos-tipos-riego-hay" target="_blank">regadío</a>.</p><p>Es conocida por las siglas IDAM (Instalación Desaladora de Agua de Mar) o IDAS (Instalación Desaladora de Agua Salobre).</p><h2 class=" toc-header toc-header-number"><a name="dise-o-de-una-planta-desaladora" id="dise-o-de-una-planta-desaladora" class="toc-bookmark" rel="bookmark" title="Diseño de una planta desaladora"></a><span class="toc-number">2 . </span> Diseño de una planta desaladora</h2><p>En el desarrollo de una planta desaladora intervienen aspectos generales y concretos, es decir, a nivel de planificación y de ingeniería. El aspecto más importante a dilucidar en el estudio de una planta desaladora es su emplazamiento y, ligado a él, sus sistemas de captación y vertido.</p><p>Una infraestructura tipo consta de:</p><ul><li>Obra de toma y vertido, con sus correspondientes conducciones.</li><li>Edificio de procesos, donde el principal es la <a href="https://www.iagua.es/respuestas/que-es-osmosis-inversa" target="_blank">ósmosis inversa</a> para la producción de agua dulce.</li><li>Depósitos de regulación y conducciones de distribución del agua desalada hasta los usuarios.</li><li>Obras de suministro eléctrico.</li></ul><h2 class=" toc-header toc-header-number"><a name="tecnolog-as-aplicadas-a-la-desalaci-n" id="tecnolog-as-aplicadas-a-la-desalaci-n" class="toc-bookmark" rel="bookmark" title="Tecnologías aplicadas a la desalación"></a><span class="toc-number">3 . </span> Tecnologías aplicadas a la desalación</h2><p>La gran mayoría de las plantas desaladoras en España comparten tecnología, pero algunas de ellas destacan por su innovación en algunos de estos procesos, como:</p><ul><li>Pretratamiento a baja velocidad con sistema de filtros abiertos y filtros presurizados.</li><li>Sistemas de alta presión y recuperadores de energía mediante intercambiadores de presión o cámaras fijas.</li><li>Procesos de ósmosis inversa para desalación, con membranas semipermeables de alto rendimiento, por mejoras en la tecnología de arrollamiento.</li><li>Separación de permeados para, a diferencia de los convencionales, obtener permeado por ambos lados.</li><li>Mejora de la calidad del producto por la eliminación del boro.</li><li>Optimización de los sistemas de captación y vertido mixto (difusores).</li></ul><h2 class=" toc-header toc-header-number"><a name="procesos-de-desalinizaci-n-del-agua" id="procesos-de-desalinizaci-n-del-agua" class="toc-bookmark" rel="bookmark" title="Procesos de desalinización del agua"></a><span class="toc-number">4 . </span> Procesos de desalinización del agua</h2><p>Dentro de las tecnologías de desalinización o desalación, existen diferentes métodos para minimizar los niveles de salinidad en el agua. Los principales son:</p><ul><li><strong>Ósmosis inversa</strong>: se trata del sistema de desalinización más extendido y avanzado en todo el mundo. Este proceso de tratamiento de agua se realiza gracias al aporte de energía exterior en forma de <a href="https://www.iagua.es/respuestas/que-es-presion-hidrostatica" target="_blank">presión</a>, y que vence a la presión osmótica natural presente en dicha solución.</li><li><strong>Destilación</strong>: el proceso consiste en calentar el agua hasta llevarla a <a href="https://www.iagua.es/respuestas/que-es-evaporacion-agua" target="_blank">evaporación</a>, y posteriormente condensarla para obtener agua dulce. Se lleva a cabo en varias etapas, donde la temperatura y la presión van descendiendo hasta conseguir el resultado deseado. Además, el calor obtenido de la <a href="https://www.iagua.es/respuestas/que-es-condensacion-agua" target="_blank">condensación</a> sirve también para volver a destilar el agua.</li><li><strong>Congelación</strong>: consiste en pulverizar agua de mar en una cámara refrigerada y a baja presión. Esto hace que se formen unos cristales de hielo sobre la salmuera, que posteriormente se separan para obtener el agua dulce.</li><li><strong>Formación de hidratos</strong>: este proceso no se utiliza a gran escala debido a que conlleva una gran dificultad tecnológica. Consiste en añadir hidrocarburos a la solución salina que forman unos hidratos complejos en forma cristalina, que posteriormente se separan para obtener agua desalinizada.</li><li><strong>Evaporación relámpago</strong>: aquí el agua se introduce en una cámara por debajo de la presión de saturación en forma de gotas finas. Parte de estas gotas de agua se convierten inmediatamente en vapor, que posteriormente se condensan obteniendo agua desalinizada. El agua remanente se introduce en otra cámara a presiones más bajas que la primera y se repite el proceso hasta alcanzar el rendimiento deseado.</li><li><strong>Electrodiálisis</strong>: se hace pasar una corriente eléctrica a través de una solución iónica. Los iones positivos (cationes) migrarán hacia el electrodo negativo (cátodo), mientras que los iones negativos (aniones) lo harán hacia el electrodo positivo (ánodo). Entre ambos electrodos se colocan dos membranas semi-impermeables que permiten selectivamente solo el paso del Na+ o del Cl-, el agua contenida en el centro de la celda electrolítica se desaliniza progresivamente, obteniéndose agua dulce.</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="tags"><a href="/noticias/tratamiento-agua">Tratamiento del Agua</a>, <a href="/noticias/infraestructuras">Infraestructuras</a></div><div class="field field-name-field-sources field-type-link-field field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Fuentes: </div><ol class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="https://www.acciona.com/es/tratamiento-de-agua/desalacion/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ACCIONA</a></li><li class="field-item odd"><a href="https://aedyr.com/como-funciona-planta-desaladora-agua-mar-osmosis-inversa/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">AEDyR</a></li><li class="field-item even"><a href="https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/agua/temas/sistema-espaniol-gestion-agua/33desalaciondisenoconstruccionyexplotacion_tcm30-215756.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">MITECO</a></li><li class="field-item odd"><a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70621/WHO_HSE_WSH_11.03_eng.pdf;jsessionid=0D13DD082C33C4E130FF6BD7A743BDC2?sequence=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS)</a></li></ol></div> <section class="block block-views block-answers-content-block-3 block-views-answers-content-block-3 even" id="block-views-answers-content-block-3"><div class="block-inner clearfix"><div class="block-title-wrapper"><h2 class="block-title">Otras respuestas destacadas</h2></div><div class="content clearfix"><div class="view view-answers-content view-id-answers_content view-display-id-block_3 view-dom-id-a329b2a137abb242bd7822f3b55ab387"><div class="view-content clearfix"><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first clearfix"><div class="answer-image clearfix"><div class="views-field views-field-field-imagen"><div class="field-content"><a href="/respuestas/que-es-biofactoria"><img src="https://www.iagua.es/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail-480x263/public/biofactoria_gran_santiago-wikipedia.jpg?itok=wqdss83Y" width="480" height="263" alt="¿Qué es biofactoría?" /></a></div></div></div><div class="answer-info clearfix"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h3 class="field-content"><a href="/respuestas/que-es-biofactoria">¿Qué es una biofactoría?</a></h3></div> <span class="views-field views-field-field-temas"> <span class="field-content">Tratamiento del Agua, Infraestructuras</span> </span></div></div><div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even clearfix"><div class="answer-image clearfix"><div class="views-field views-field-field-imagen"><div class="field-content"><a href="/respuestas/estacion-depuradora-aguas-residuales"><img src="https://www.iagua.es/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail-480x263/public/edar_portada.jpg?itok=EFJVBPFV" width="480" height="263" alt="¿Qué es EDAR?" title="EDAR" /></a></div></div></div><div class="answer-info clearfix"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h3 class="field-content"><a href="/respuestas/estacion-depuradora-aguas-residuales">¿Qué es una EDAR?</a></h3></div> <span class="views-field views-field-field-temas"> <span class="field-content">Tratamiento del Agua, Depuración, Infraestructuras</span> </span></div></div><div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd clearfix"><div class="answer-image clearfix"><div class="views-field views-field-field-imagen"><div class="field-content"><a href="/respuestas/como-se-elimina-nitrogeno-aguas-residuales"><img src="https://www.iagua.es/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail-480x263/public/dalle_2024-01-24_11.39.36_-_a_realistic_image_of_a_wastewater_treatment_plant_with_advanced_technology_for_nitrogen_removal_situated_near_a_river._the_scene_includes_bioreactors.jpg?itok=1zx_HqP-" width="480" height="263" alt="¿Cómo se elimina nitrógeno aguas residuales?" /></a></div></div></div><div class="answer-info clearfix"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h3 class="field-content"><a href="/respuestas/como-se-elimina-nitrogeno-aguas-residuales">¿Cómo se elimina el nitrógeno de las aguas residuales?</a></h3></div> <span class="views-field views-field-field-temas"> <span class="field-content">Tratamiento del Agua</span> </span></div></div><div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even clearfix"><div class="answer-image clearfix"><div class="views-field views-field-field-imagen"><div class="field-content"><a href="/respuestas/cual-es-esquema-planta-depuradora-aguas-residuales"><img src="https://www.iagua.es/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail-480x263/public/edar_galindo-1.jpg?itok=irRyp3lA" width="480" height="263" alt="¿Cuál es Esquema Planta Depuradora Aguas Residuales?" title="EDAR de Galindo" /></a></div></div></div><div class="answer-info clearfix"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h3 class="field-content"><a href="/respuestas/cual-es-esquema-planta-depuradora-aguas-residuales">¿Cuál es el Esquema de una Planta Depuradora de Aguas Residuales?</a></h3></div> <span class="views-field views-field-field-temas"> <span class="field-content">Tratamiento del Agua</span> </span></div></div><div class="views-row views-row-5 views-row-odd views-row-last clearfix"><div class="answer-image clearfix"><div class="views-field views-field-field-imagen"><div class="field-content"><a href="/respuestas/que-son-los-sistemas-drenaje-urbano-sostenible-suds"><img src="https://www.iagua.es/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail-480x263/public/parque_arriaga_madrid.jpeg?itok=I2MsGTFy" width="480" height="263" alt="¿Qué son Sistemas Drenaje Urbano Sostenible (SUDS)?" title="Parque Arriaga en Madrid. Fuente: diario.madrid.es" /></a></div></div></div><div class="answer-info clearfix"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h3 class="field-content"><a href="/respuestas/que-son-los-sistemas-drenaje-urbano-sostenible-suds">¿Qué son los Sistemas de Drenaje Urbano Sostenible (SUDS)?</a></h3></div> <span class="views-field views-field-field-temas"> <span class="field-content">Tratamiento del Agua, Saneamiento</span> </span> , <span class="views-field views-field-field-region-economica"> <span class="field-content">WORLD</span> </span></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div><div class="clearfix"> <nav class="links node-links clearfix"></nav></div></article></div></div></div><section class="block block-views block-noticias-block-5 block-views-noticias-block-5 odd" id="block-views-noticias-block-5"><div class="block-inner clearfix"><div class="block-title-wrapper"><h2 class="block-title">Artículos relacionados</h2></div><div class="content clearfix"><div class="view view-noticias view-id-noticias view-display-id-block_5 view-dom-id-1d29d9d851761a91fa7c0c44f1e31a1f"><div class="view-content clearfix"><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first clearfix"><div class="views-field views-field-field-temas"><div class="field-content"><a href="/noticias/videos">Vídeos</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h3 class="field-content"><a href="/noticias/videos/13/08/28/asi-es-la-desalinizadora-de-la-cuenca-del-llobregat-35266">Así es la desalinizadora de la cuenca del Llobregat</a></h3></div><div class="views-field views-field-php"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div><div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even views-row-last clearfix"><div class="views-field views-field-field-temas"><div class="field-content"><a href="/noticias/desalinizacion">Desalinización</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><h3 class="field-content"><a href="/noticias/arabia-saudi/12/08/21/asi-funciona-la-planta-desalinizadora-de-yanbu-en-arabia-saudi-20204">Así funciona la planta desalinizadora de Yanbu, en Arabia Saudí</a></h3></div><div class="views-field views-field-php"><div class="field-content"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><div class="block block-iagua-custom-options block-node-mailchimp block-node-mailchimp even block-without-title" id="block-node-mailchimp"><div class="block-inner clearfix"><div class="content clearfix"><div id="mc_embed_signup" class="clearfix"><form action="https://iagua.us2.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=424838d5a8e944a3335a9aefc&id=8ff5bc1576&v_id=435&f_id=0098c2e1f0" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank"><div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"><h2>Suscríbete al newsletter</h2><div class="newsletter-description"><p>La información más relevante del sector del agua directamente en tu email cada semana. 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value="Malawi">Malawi</option><option value="Malaysia">Malaysia</option><option value="Maldives">Maldives</option><option value="Mali">Mali</option><option value="Malta">Malta</option><option value="Mauritania">Mauritania</option><option value="Mexico">Mexico</option><option value="Moldova, Republic of">Moldova, Republic of</option><option value="Monaco">Monaco</option><option value="Mongolia">Mongolia</option><option value="Morocco">Morocco</option><option value="Mozambique">Mozambique</option><option value="Namibia">Namibia</option><option value="Nepal">Nepal</option><option value="Netherlands">Netherlands</option><option value="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</option><option value="New Zealand">New Zealand</option><option value="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</option><option value="Niger">Niger</option><option value="Nigeria">Nigeria</option><option value="Norway">Norway</option><option value="Oman">Oman</option><option value="Pakistan">Pakistan</option><option 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value="Yemen">Yemen</option><option value="Zambia">Zambia</option><option value="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</option><option value="Antigua And Barbuda">Antigua And Barbuda</option><option value="Anguilla">Anguilla</option><option value="American Samoa">American Samoa</option><option value="Aruba">Aruba</option><option value="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</option><option value="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</option><option value="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</option><option value="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</option><option value="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</option><option value="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</option><option value="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</option><option value="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</option><option value="Grenada">Grenada</option><option value="French Guiana">French Guiana</option><option value="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</option><option value="Greenland">Greenland</option><option value="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</option><option 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