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.side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phreatic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:phreatic"> phreatic</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p>A <b>phreatic eruption</b>, also called a <b>phreatic explosion</b>, <b>ultravulcanian eruption</b> or <b>steam-blast eruption</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurs when <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> heats <a href="/wiki/Ground_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground water">ground water</a> or surface water. The extreme temperature of the magma (anywhere from 500 to 1,170 °C (930 to 2,100 °F)) causes near-instantaneous evaporation of water to <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, resulting in an <a href="/wiki/Steam_explosion" title="Steam explosion"> explosion of steam</a>, water, ash, rock, and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_bomb" title="Volcanic bomb">volcanic bombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a> in Washington state, hundreds of steam explosions preceded <a href="/wiki/Mt._St._Helens_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. St. Helens eruption">the 1980</a> <a href="/wiki/Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">Plinian eruption</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A less intense <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_activity" title="Geothermal activity"> geothermal</a> event may result in a <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">mud volcano</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg/220px-Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg/330px-Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg/440px-Phreatic_Eruption-numbers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100"></a><figcaption>A scheme of a phreatic eruption: 1: water-vapor cloud, 2: magma conduit, 3: layers of lava and ash, 4: stratum, 5: water table, 6: explosion, 7: magma chamber</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg/170px-Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg/255px-Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg/340px-Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800"></a><figcaption>Phreatic eruption at the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a>, Washington, in the spring of 1980</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Phreatic" title="Phreatic">Phreatic</a> eruptions typically include steam and rock fragments; the inclusion of liquid <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> is unusual. The temperature of the fragments can range from cold to <a href="/wiki/Incandescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent">incandescent</a>. If molten magma is included, volcanologists classify the event as a <a href="/wiki/Phreatomagmatic_eruption" title="Phreatomagmatic eruption">phreatomagmatic eruption</a>. These eruptions occasionally create broad, low-relief <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater"> craters</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Maar" title="Maar">maars</a></i>. Phreatic explosions can be accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> gas-emissions. Carbon dioxide can <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxiate</a> at sufficient concentration; hydrogen sulfide acts as a broad-spectrum poison. A 1979 phreatic eruption on the island of <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> killed 140 people, most of whom were overcome by poisonous gases.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Examples_of_phreatic_eruptions">Examples of phreatic eruptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phreatic_eruption&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples of phreatic eruptions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumbre_Vieja" title="Cumbre Vieja">Cumbre Vieja</a> - In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Cumbre_Vieja_volcanic_eruption" title="2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption">2021 La Palma eruption</a>, new eruptive vents tended to announce themselves with a phreatic explosion, followed soon after by the opening of a new <a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">fissure vent</a> in the same location.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, 1883 (see <a href="/wiki/1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa" title="1883 eruption of Krakatoa">1883 eruption of Krakatoa</a>) – it is believed that the eruption, which obliterated most of the volcanic island and created the loudest sound in <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a>, was a phreatomagmatic event.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_Island" title="Ritter Island">Ritter Island</a> – <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, 1888 (see <a href="/wiki/1888_Ritter_Island_eruption_and_tsunami" title="1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami">1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami</a>) – Resulted in the largest lateral spreading of a volcanic cone in human history.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilauea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilauea">Kilauea</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> – the volcano has a long record of phreatic explosions; a 1924 phreatic eruption hurled rocks estimated at eight tons up to a distance of one kilometer.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtsey" title="Surtsey">Surtsey</a> – <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, 1963–65</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal Volcano</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, 1965, 1977, <a href="/wiki/2020_Taal_Volcano_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Taal Volcano eruption">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ontake" title="Mount Ontake">Mount Ontake</a> – Japan, 2014 (see <a href="/wiki/2014_Mount_Ontake_eruption" title="2014 Mount Ontake eruption">2014 Mount Ontake eruption</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayon_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayon Volcano">Mayon Volcano</a> – Philippines, 2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whakaari/White_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Whakaari/White Island">Whakaari/White Island</a> – <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, 2019 (see <a href="/wiki/2019_Whakaari/White_Island_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Whakaari/White Island eruption">2019 Whakaari/White Island eruption</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bulusan" title="Mount Bulusan">Mount Bulusan</a> – Philippines, 2022</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phreatic_eruption&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Types of volcanic eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phreatic" title="Phreatic">Phreatic</a> – Term used in several scientific disciplines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_explosion" title="Hydrothermal explosion">Hydrothermal explosion</a> – Explosion of superheated ground water converting to steam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_cannon" title="Steam cannon">Steam cannon</a> – a large caliber projectile weapon powered by steam pressure<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Phreatic_eruption&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullineaux, D.R. et al. (1987) <i>Volcanic Hazards in the Hawaiian Islands</i> in <i>Volcanism in Hawaii</i>, volume 1, USGS Professional Paper 1350, page 602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/HydroVolcEruption.php">"VHP Photo Glossary: Phreatic eruption"</a>. <i>Volcano Hazards Program</i>. U.S. Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volcano+Hazards+Program&rft.atitle=VHP+Photo+Glossary%3A+Phreatic+eruption&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolcanoes.usgs.gov%2Fimages%2Fpglossary%2FHydroVolcEruption.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhreatic+eruption" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "On February 20th, 1979, 142 inhabitants of Dieng Plateau (Indonesia) were asphyxiated by poisonous gases during a mild phreatic eruption. From later fields gas collection and analysis, the casualties are considered to be due to CO2 rich volcanic gases." F. Le Guern, H. Tazieff and R. Faivre Pierret, "An example of health hazard: People killed by gas during a phreatic eruption: Diëng plateau (Java, Indonesia), February 20th 1979", <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_Volcanology" title="Bulletin of Volcanology">Bulletin of Volcanology</a></i> <b>45</b> (1982): 153–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A precursory phreatic or phreatomagmatic stage has been identified in the 1883 Krakatau eruption (Simkin and Fiske, 1983)". A precursory phreatic or phreatomagmatic stage has been identified in the 1883 Krakatau eruption (Simkin and Fiske, 1983). David J. W. Piper, Georgia Pe-Piper and Darren Lefort, "Precursory activity of the 161 ka Kos Plateau Tuff eruption, Aegean Sea (Greece)", <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_Volcanology" title="Bulletin of Volcanology">Bulletin of Volcanology</a></i> <b>72</b> (2010): 657–669.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simkin T, Fiske RS (1983) <i>Krakatau 1883: The Volcanic Eruption and its Effects</i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> Press, Washington.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_N._Ward_and_Simon_Day2003" class="citation journal cs1">Steven N. Ward and Simon Day (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-246X.2003.02016.x">"Ritter Island Volcano—lateral collapse and the tsunami of 1888"</a>. <i>Geophysical Journal International</i>. <b>154</b> (3): 891–902. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003GeoJI.154..891W">2003GeoJI.154..891W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-246X.2003.02016.x">10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02016.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Journal+International&rft.atitle=Ritter+Island+Volcano%E2%80%94lateral+collapse+and+the+tsunami+of+1888&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=891-902&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-246X.2003.02016.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003GeoJI.154..891W&rft.au=Steven+N.+Ward+and+Simon+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1365-246X.2003.02016.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhreatic+eruption" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On May 10, 1924, a violent phreatic (steam) eruption began in Halema'uma'u that sent repeated columns of ash high into the sky. The explosions continued for 18 days, with the largest occurring on May 18. The steam explosions hurled rocks as large as eight tons as far as 0.6 miles from the crater; these blocks still surround Halema'uma'u. One of these blocks fatally injured a Mr. Taylor, who approached too close to the crater to take a photograph." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1994/94_05_06.html">Phreatic Eruptions</a>, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, <a href="/wiki/US_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="US Geological Survey">US Geological Survey</a>, 6 May 1994.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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data-timestamp="1722258480"> <span>Last edited on 29 July 2024, at 13:08</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatiese_uitbarsting" title="Freatiese uitbarsting – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Freatiese uitbarsting" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%82%D9%8A" title="ثوران تدفقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثوران تدفقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Фреатично вулканично изригване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фреатично вулканично изригване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupci%C3%B3_fre%C3%A0tica" title="Erupció freàtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Erupció freàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatick%C3%A1_erupce" title="Freatická erupce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Freatická erupce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatische_Explosion" title="Phreatische Explosion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phreatische Explosion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AD%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Φρεατική έκρηξη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρεατική έκρηξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupci%C3%B3n_fre%C3%A1tica" title="Erupción freática – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Erupción freática" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupzio_freatiko" title="Erupzio freatiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erupzio freatiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="فوران اشباعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فوران اشباعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ruption_phr%C3%A9atique" title="Éruption phréatique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éruption phréatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B6%84%ED%99%94" title="수증기 분화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수증기 분화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letusan_freatik" title="Letusan freatik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Letusan freatik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprengigos" title="Sprengigos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sprengigos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruzione_di_tipo_freatico" title="Eruzione di tipo freatico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eruzione di tipo freatico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התפרצות פריאטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התפרצות פריאטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Фреатичен избув – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фреатичен избув" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatische_eruptie" title="Freatische eruptie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Freatische eruptie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%97%E7%88%86%E7%99%BA" title="水蒸気爆発 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水蒸気爆発" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatisk_utbrudd" title="Freatisk utbrudd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Freatisk utbrudd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatisk_utbrot" title="Freatisk utbrot – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Freatisk utbrot" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupcion_freatica" title="Erupcion freatica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Erupcion freatica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatik_portlash" title="Freatik portlash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Freatik portlash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupcja_freatyczna" title="Erupcja freatyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Erupcja freatyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erup%C3%A7%C3%A3o_fre%C3%A1tica" title="Erupção freática – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Erupção freática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Фреатический взрыв – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фреатический взрыв" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatska_erupcija" title="Freatska erupcija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Freatska erupcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaattinen_purkaus" title="Freaattinen purkaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Freaattinen purkaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatiskt_utbrott" title="Freatiskt utbrott – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Freatiskt utbrott" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Фреатичне виверження – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фреатичне виверження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94%E5%96%B7%E5%8F%91" title="潜水蒸气喷发 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="潜水蒸气喷发" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 July 2024, at 13:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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