CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nastaliq - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2452ae87-96de-4a50-8df3-c251962dd6a5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nastaliq","wgTitle":"Nastaliq","wgCurRevisionId":1257510392,"wgRevisionId":1257510392,"wgArticleId":776450,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Persian-language text","Articles containing Urdu-language text","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes","Pages with Persian IPA","Pages with Urdu IPA","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2022","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Islamic calligraphy","Persian calligraphy","Persian orthography","Urdu calligraphy", "Iranian inventions","Handwriting script"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nastaliq","wgRelevantArticleId":776450,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Nastaʿlīq","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Nastaliq","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1133121","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges" :"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Khatt-e_Nastaliq.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1202"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Khatt-e_Nastaliq.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="801"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Khatt-e_Nastaliq.jpg/640px-Khatt-e_Nastaliq.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="641"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nastaliq - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaliq"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaliq"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nastaliq rootpage-Nastaliq skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nastaliq" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nastaliq" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nastaliq" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nastaliq" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shekasteh_Nastaliq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shekasteh_Nastaliq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><span><i>Shekasteh</i></span> <i>Nastaliq</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shekasteh_Nastaliq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nastaliq_typesetting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nastaliq_typesetting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Nastaliq</i> typesetting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nastaliq_typesetting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Nastaliq</i> typesetting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nastaliq_typesetting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-InPage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#InPage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>InPage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-InPage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross_platform_Nastaliq_fonts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross_platform_Nastaliq_fonts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cross platform Nastaliq fonts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross_platform_Nastaliq_fonts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Letter forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Nastaliq</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%82" title="نستعليق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نستعليق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99st%C9%99liq_x%C9%99tti" title="Nəstəliq xətti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəstəliq xətti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="নাস্তালিক লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাস্তালিক লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Насталік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Насталік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC" title="नस्तालीक़ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नस्तालीक़" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" title="Nastaʿlīq – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nastaʿlīq" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nastaliq" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nastaliq" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="نستعلیق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نستعلیق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nastaliq" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasta%27liq" title="Nasta'liq – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nasta'liq" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%ED%81%AC%EC%B2%B4" title="나스탈리크체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나스탈리크체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC" title="नस्तालीक़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नस्तालीक़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nastaliq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8A" title="Насталихъ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Насталихъ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasta%27liq" title="Nasta'liq – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nasta'liq" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="نستعلیق رسم الخط – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نستعلیق رسم الخط" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="നസ്താലീക് ലിപി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നസ്താലീക് ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasta%27liq_(seni_khat)" title="Nasta'liq (seni khat) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nasta'liq (seni khat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E4%BD%93" title="ナスタアリーク体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナスタアリーク体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaliqskrift" title="Nastaliqskrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nastaliqskrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaliq-skrift" title="Nastaliq-skrift – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nastaliq-skrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasta%CA%BCliq" title="Nastaʼliq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nastaʼliq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC" title="ਨਸਤਾਲੀਕ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਸਤਾਲੀਕ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="خط نستعلیق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خط نستعلیق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaligh" title="Nastaligh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nastaligh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastalique" title="Nastalique – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nastalique" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Насталик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Насталик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%92_%D9%BB%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="نستعلیق اتے ٻئے خط – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="نستعلیق اتے ٻئے خط" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nastaliq" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="نستعليق خط – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نستعليق خط" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastalik_(pisava)" title="Nastalik (pisava) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nastalik (pisava)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="نەستەعلیق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەستەعلیق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நஸ்தலீகு வரிவடிவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நஸ்தலீகு வரிவடிவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%96%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF" title="నస్తాలీఖ్ లిపి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నస్తాలీఖ్ లిపి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest%C3%A2lik" title="Nestâlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nestâlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Насталік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Насталік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="خط نستعلیق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خط نستعلیق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%93" title="波斯体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波斯体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1133121#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Nastaliq" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nastaliq" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nastaliq" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&oldid=1257510392" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nastaliq&id=1257510392&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNastaliq"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNastaliq"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nastaliq&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nastaliq" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1133121" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Predominant calligraphic hand of the Perso-Arabic script</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The Nastaliq text on this page will show in a different style if you do not have a Nastaliq font installed.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:palegreen;">Nastaliq<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نَسْتَعْلِیق</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_to_Wikipedia_-_fa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Welcome_to_Wikipedia_-_fa.svg/200px-Welcome_to_Wikipedia_-_fa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Welcome_to_Wikipedia_-_fa.svg/300px-Welcome_to_Wikipedia_-_fa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Welcome_to_Wikipedia_-_fa.svg/400px-Welcome_to_Wikipedia_-_fa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="324" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">"Welcome to Wikipedia" in Persian<br />from <a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87%D9%94_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="fa:صفحهٔ اصلی">Persian Wikipedia</a><br /><span style="line-height:2.5;">(In print: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">به ویکی‌پدیا خوش آمدید</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">14th century AD – present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right-to-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left">Right-to-left</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a><br />Historically used in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#Classical_Persian" title="Persian language">Classical Persian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Aran</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(161)</span>, Arabic (Nastaliq variant)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Calligraphy" title="Category:Calligraphy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KeitenAijin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/150px-KeitenAijin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/225px-KeitenAijin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/300px-KeitenAijin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4188" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By script</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_calligraphy" title="Turkish calligraphy">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calligraphy" title="Tibetan calligraphy">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_calligraphy" title="Serbian calligraphy">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyaz_(Cyrillic_calligraphy)" title="Vyaz (Cyrillic calligraphy)">Vyaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calligraphy" title="Vietnamese calligraphy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_calligraphy" title="Western calligraphy">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calligraphy" title="Mongolian calligraphy">Mongolian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khatt-e_Nastaliq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Khatt-e_Nastaliq.jpg/220px-Khatt-e_Nastaliq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Khatt-e_Nastaliq.jpg/330px-Khatt-e_Nastaliq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Khatt-e_Nastaliq.jpg/440px-Khatt-e_Nastaliq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption> Example reading <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">"خط نڛتعليق"</span></span></span> ("Nastaliq script") in Nastaliq. <br />The dotted form <big><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڛ</span>‎</big> is used in place of <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">س</span>‎</big>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Nastaliq</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="font-size:120%"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نستعلیق</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Persian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[næstʰæʔliːq]</a></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Urdu:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ur-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[nəst̪ɑːliːq]</a></span>), also <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a> as <i><b>Nastaʿlīq</b></i> or <i><b>Nastaleeq</b></i>, is one of the main <a href="/wiki/Book_hand" title="Book hand">calligraphic hands</a> used to write the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a> and it is used for some <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Persian_language#Classical_Persian" title="Persian language">Classical Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>. It is often used also for <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> poetry, but rarely for <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. <i>Nastaliq</i> developed in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">naskh</a></i> beginning in the 13th century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairxxii,_286_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairxxii,_286-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remains widely used in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and other countries for written poetry and as a form of art.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Nastaliq</i> "is a contraction of the Persian <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">naskh-i ta'liq</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نَسْخِ تَعلیق</span></span>), meaning a hanging or suspended <i><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">naskh.</a></i>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair274_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair274-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virtually all <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> authors (like <a href="/wiki/Dust_Muhammad" title="Dust Muhammad">Dust Muhammad</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Monshi_Ghomi" title="Ahmad Monshi Ghomi">Qadi Ahmad</a>) attributed the invention of <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">nastaliq</i></span> to <a href="/wiki/Mir_Ali_Tabrizi" title="Mir Ali Tabrizi">Mir Ali Tabrizi</a>, who lived at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century. That tradition was questioned by Elaine Wright, who traced the evolution of <i>Nastaliq</i> in 14th-century Iran and showed how it developed gradually among scribes in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>. According to her studies, <i>nastaliq</i> has its origin from <i>naskh</i> alone, and not by combining <i>naskh</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">taliq</a></i>, as was commonly thought. In addition to study of the practice of calligraphy, Elaine Wright also found a document written by <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Tabrizi" title="Jafar Tabrizi">Jafar Tabrizi</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1430</span>, according to whom: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It must be known that <i>nastaʿliq</i> is derived from <i>naskh</i>. Some Shirazi [scribes] modified it [naskh] by taking out the flattened [letter] <i>kaf</i> and straight bottom part of [the letters] <i>sin</i>, <i>lam</i> and <i>nun</i>. From other scripts they then brought in a curved <i>sin</i> and stretched forms and introduced variations in the thickness of the line. So a new script was created, to be named <i>nastaʿliq</i>. After a while <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabrizi</a> [scribes] modified what Shirazi [scribes] had created by gradually rendering it thinner and defining its canons, until the time when Khwaja Mir ʿAli Tabrizi brought this script to perfection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair275_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair275-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Thus, "our earliest written source also credits Shirazi scribes with the development of <i>nastaʿliq</i> and Mir ʿAli Tabrizi with its canonization."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair275_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair275-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The picture of origin of <i>nastaliq</i> presented by Elaine Wright was further complicated by studies of Francis Richard, who on the basis of some manuscripts from Tabriz argued that its early evolution was not confined to Shiraz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair275_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair275-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, many authors point out that development of <i>nastaʿliq</i> was a process which takes a few centuries. For example, Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi, Ali Alparslan and <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Blair" title="Sheila Blair">Sheila Blair</a> recognize gradual shift towards <i>nastaʿliq</i> in some 13th-century manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairxxii_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairxxii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamid Reza Afsari traces first elements of the style in 11th-century copies of Persian translations of the Qur'an.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamid_Reza_Afsari_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamid_Reza_Afsari-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persian differs from Arabic in its proportion of straight and curved letters. It also lacks the definite article <i>al-</i>, whose upright <i>alif</i> and <i>lam</i> are responsible for distinct verticality and rhythm of the text written in Arabic. Hanging scripts like <i>taliq</i> and <i>nastaliq</i> were suitable for writing Persian – when <i>taliq</i> was used for court documents, <i>nastaliq</i> was developed for Persian poetry, "whose <a href="/wiki/Hemistich" title="Hemistich">hemistiches</a> encourage the pile-up of letters against the intercolumnar ruling. Only later was it adopted for prose."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair276_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair276-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first master of <i>nastaliq</i> was aforementioned <a href="/wiki/Mir_Ali_Tabrizi" title="Mir Ali Tabrizi">Mir Ali Tabrizi</a>, who passed his style to his son ʿUbaydallah. The student of Ubaydallah, <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Tabrizi" title="Jafar Tabrizi">Jafar Tabrizi</a> (d. 1431) (see quote above), moved to <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, when he became the head of the <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a> (<i>kitabkhana</i>) of prince <a href="/wiki/Baysunghur" title="Baysunghur">Baysunghur</a> (therefore his epithet Baysunghuri). Jafar trained several students in <i>nastaliq</i>, of whom the most famous was <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azhar" title="Maulana Azhar">Azhar Tabrizi</a> (d. 1475). Its classical form <i>nastaliq</i> achieved under <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ali_Mashhadi" title="Sultan Ali Mashhadi">Sultan Ali Mashhadi</a> (d. 1520), a student of Azhar (or perhaps one of Azhar's students) who worked for <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Husayn_Bayqara" title="Sultan Husayn Bayqara">Sultan Husayn Bayqara</a> (1469–1506) and his vizier <a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair277-280_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair277-280-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time a different style of <i>nastaliq</i> developed in western and southern Iran. It was associated with ʿAbd al-Rahman Khwarazmi, the calligrapher of the <a href="/wiki/Pir_Budaq" title="Pir Budaq">Pir Budaq</a> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> (1456–1466) and after him was followed by his children, ʿAbd al-Karim Khwarazmi and <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BFAbd_al-Rahim_Khwarazmi_Anisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ʿAbd al-Rahim Khwarazmi Anisi (page does not exist)">ʿAbd al-Rahim Anisi</a> (both active at the court of <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_Aq_Qoyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqub Aq Qoyunlu">Ya'qub Beg</a> <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a>; 1478–1490). This more angular western Iranian style was largely dominant at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid era</a>, but then lost to the style canonized by Sultan Ali Mashhadi – although it continued to be used in the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamid_Reza_Afsari_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamid_Reza_Afsari-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair284,_430_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair284,_430-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous calligrapher of the next generation in eastern lands was <a href="/wiki/Mir_Ali_Heravi" title="Mir Ali Heravi">Mir Ali Heravi</a> (d. 1544), who was master of <i>nastaliq</i>, especially renowned for his calligraphic specimens (<i>qitʿa</i>). The eastern style of <i>nastaliq</i> became the predominant style in western Iran, as artists gravitated to work in Safavid royal scriptorium. The most famous of these calligraphers working for the court in Tabriz was Shah Mahmud Nishapuri (d. 1564/1565), known especially for the unusual choice of <i>nastaliq</i> as a script used for the copy of the Qur'an.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair430-436_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair430-436-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its apogeum <i>nastaliq</i> achieved in writings of <a href="/wiki/Mir_Emad_Hassani" title="Mir Emad Hassani">Mir Emad Hassani</a> (d. 1615), "whose style was the model in the following centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-Hamid_Reza_Afsari_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamid_Reza_Afsari-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mir Emad's successors in the 17th and 18th centuries had developed a more elongated style of <i>nastaliq</i>, with wider spaces between words. <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mohammad_Reza_Kalhor" title="Mirza Mohammad Reza Kalhor">Mirza Mohammad Reza Kalhor</a> (d. 1892), the most important calligrapher of the 19th century, reintroduced the more compact style, writing words on a smaller scale in a single motion. In the 19th century <i>nastaliq</i> was also adopted in Iran for lithographed books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair446-447_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair446-447-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, "the use of <i>nastaliq</i> declined. After World War II, however, interest in calligraphy and above all in <i>nastaliq</i> revived, and some outstandingly able masters of the art have since then emerged."<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of <i>nastaliq</i> very early expanded beyond Iran. <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a> brought it to the <a href="/wiki/India_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="India subcontinent">India subcontinent</a> and <i>nastaliq</i> became favorite script at the Persian court of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> (1556–1605) and <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> (1605–1627) worked such famous masters of <i>nastaliq</i> as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Husayn_Kashmiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Husayn Kashmiri (page does not exist)">Muhammad Husayn Kashmiri</a> (d. 1611/1612) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Rahim_Anbarin-Qalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Rahim Anbarin-Qalam (page does not exist)">Abd al-Rahim Anbarin-Qalam</a>. Another important practitioner of the script was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Rashid_Daylami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Rashid Daylami (page does not exist)">Abd al-Rashid Daylami</a> (d. 1671), nephew and student of Mir Emad, who after his arrival in India became court calligrapher of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> (1628–1658). During this era <i>Nastaliq</i> became the common script for writing the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Standard_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Urdu">Standard Urdu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair536-539,_552-554_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair536-539,_552-554-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Nastaliq</i> was also adopted in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which has always had strong cultural ties to Iran. Here it was known as <i>taliq</i> (Turkish <i>talik</i>), which should not be confused with Persian <i><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">taliq script</a></i>. First Iranian calligraphers who brought <i>nastaliq</i> to Ottoman lands, like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asadullah_Kirmani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asadullah Kirmani (page does not exist)">Asadullah Kirmani</a> (d. 1488), belonged to the western tradition. But relatively early Ottoman calligraphers adopted eastern style of <i>nastaliq</i>. In 17th century, student of Mir Emad, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darvish_Abdi_Bokharai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darvish Abdi Bokharai (page does not exist)">Darvish Abdi Bokharai</a> (d. 1647), transplanted his style to Istanbul. The greatest master of <i>nastaliq</i> in 18th century was <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Esad_Yesari" title="Mehmed Esad Yesari">Mehmed Yasari</a> (d. 1798), who closely followed Mir Emad. This tradition was further developed by son of Yasari, <a href="/wiki/Yesarizade_Mustafa_Izzet_Efendi" title="Yesarizade Mustafa Izzet Efendi">Mustafa Izzet</a> (d. 1849), who was a real founder of distinct Ottoman school of <i>nastaliq</i>. He introduced new and precise proportions of the script, different than in Iranian tradition. The most important member of this school in the second half of the 19th century was <a href="/wiki/Sami_Efendi" title="Sami Efendi">Sami Efendi</a> (d. 1912), who taught many famous practitioners of <i>nastaliq</i>, like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Nazif_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed Nazif Bey (page does not exist)">Mehmed Nazif Bey</a> (d. 1913), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Hulusi_Yazgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed Hulusi Yazgan (page does not exist)">Mehmed Hulusi Yazgan</a> (d. 1940) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Necmeddin_Okyay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Necmeddin Okyay (page does not exist)">Necmeddin Okyay</a> (d. 1976). The specialty of Ottoman school was <i>celî nastaliq</i> used in inscriptions and mosque plates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair513-518_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair513-518-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NESTA‘LİK_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NESTA‘LİK-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_from_a_Khusraw_u_Shirin_by_Nizami_(d.1209);_verso_-_text_and_illuminated_heading_(sarlawh)_(F1931.37).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opening page to a copy of Nizami's Khosrow and Shirin with calligraphy by Mir Ali Tabrizi. Tabriz, c. 1410. Freer Gallery of Art"><img alt="Opening page to a copy of Nizami's Khosrow and Shirin with calligraphy by Mir Ali Tabrizi. Tabriz, c. 1410. Freer Gallery of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Folio_from_a_Khusraw_u_Shirin_by_Nizami_%28d.1209%29%3B_verso_-_text_and_illuminated_heading_%28sarlawh%29_%28F1931.37%29.jpg/125px-Folio_from_a_Khusraw_u_Shirin_by_Nizami_%28d.1209%29%3B_verso_-_text_and_illuminated_heading_%28sarlawh%29_%28F1931.37%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Folio_from_a_Khusraw_u_Shirin_by_Nizami_%28d.1209%29%3B_verso_-_text_and_illuminated_heading_%28sarlawh%29_%28F1931.37%29.jpg/188px-Folio_from_a_Khusraw_u_Shirin_by_Nizami_%28d.1209%29%3B_verso_-_text_and_illuminated_heading_%28sarlawh%29_%28F1931.37%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Folio_from_a_Khusraw_u_Shirin_by_Nizami_%28d.1209%29%3B_verso_-_text_and_illuminated_heading_%28sarlawh%29_%28F1931.37%29.jpg/250px-Folio_from_a_Khusraw_u_Shirin_by_Nizami_%28d.1209%29%3B_verso_-_text_and_illuminated_heading_%28sarlawh%29_%28F1931.37%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Opening page to a copy of <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_and_Shirin" title="Khosrow and Shirin">Khosrow and Shirin</a></i> with calligraphy by <a href="/wiki/Mir_Ali_Tabrizi" title="Mir Ali Tabrizi">Mir Ali Tabrizi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1410</span>. <a href="/wiki/Freer_Gallery_of_Art" title="Freer Gallery of Art">Freer Gallery of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Page_of_the_Baysunghur%27s_Gulistan_(CBL_Per119.10f.1.v).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opening page from a manuscript of Saʿdi's Gulistan copied by Jafar Tabrizi. Herat, 1426/27. Chester Beatty Library"><img alt="Opening page from a manuscript of Saʿdi's Gulistan copied by Jafar Tabrizi. Herat, 1426/27. Chester Beatty Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/First_Page_of_the_Baysunghur%27s_Gulistan_%28CBL_Per119.10f.1.v%29.jpg/112px-First_Page_of_the_Baysunghur%27s_Gulistan_%28CBL_Per119.10f.1.v%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/First_Page_of_the_Baysunghur%27s_Gulistan_%28CBL_Per119.10f.1.v%29.jpg/168px-First_Page_of_the_Baysunghur%27s_Gulistan_%28CBL_Per119.10f.1.v%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/First_Page_of_the_Baysunghur%27s_Gulistan_%28CBL_Per119.10f.1.v%29.jpg/224px-First_Page_of_the_Baysunghur%27s_Gulistan_%28CBL_Per119.10f.1.v%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Opening page from a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saʿdi's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gulistan_(book)" title="Gulistan (book)">Gulistan</a></i> copied by <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Tabrizi" title="Jafar Tabrizi">Jafar Tabrizi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, 1426/27. <a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library" title="Chester Beatty Library">Chester Beatty Library</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Allusion_to_Sura_27-16%22,_Folio_from_a_Mantiq_al-tair_(Language_of_the_Birds)_MET_DP159398.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page from a manuscript of Attar's Mantiq al-Tayr copied by Sultan Ali Mashhadi. Herat, dated 25 April 1487. Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Page from a manuscript of Attar's Mantiq al-Tayr copied by Sultan Ali Mashhadi. Herat, dated 25 April 1487. Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%22Allusion_to_Sura_27-16%22%2C_Folio_from_a_Mantiq_al-tair_%28Language_of_the_Birds%29_MET_DP159398.jpg/125px-%22Allusion_to_Sura_27-16%22%2C_Folio_from_a_Mantiq_al-tair_%28Language_of_the_Birds%29_MET_DP159398.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%22Allusion_to_Sura_27-16%22%2C_Folio_from_a_Mantiq_al-tair_%28Language_of_the_Birds%29_MET_DP159398.jpg/187px-%22Allusion_to_Sura_27-16%22%2C_Folio_from_a_Mantiq_al-tair_%28Language_of_the_Birds%29_MET_DP159398.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%22Allusion_to_Sura_27-16%22%2C_Folio_from_a_Mantiq_al-tair_%28Language_of_the_Birds%29_MET_DP159398.jpg/250px-%22Allusion_to_Sura_27-16%22%2C_Folio_from_a_Mantiq_al-tair_%28Language_of_the_Birds%29_MET_DP159398.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2637" data-file-height="3797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page from a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birds" title="The Conference of the Birds">Mantiq al-Tayr</a></i> copied by <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ali_Mashhadi" title="Sultan Ali Mashhadi">Sultan Ali Mashhadi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, dated 25 April 1487. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colophon_to_Nizami%27s_%22Khamsa%22_written_by_%27Abd_al-Rahim_al-_Khwarazmi_Anisi_(TKS_H762,_f._316a).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colophon to Nizami's Khamsa copied by ʿAbd al-Rahim Khwarazmi Anisi. Tabriz, 1481. Topkapı Palace Museum"><img alt="Colophon to Nizami's Khamsa copied by ʿAbd al-Rahim Khwarazmi Anisi. Tabriz, 1481. Topkapı Palace Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Colophon_to_Nizami%27s_%22Khamsa%22_written_by_%27Abd_al-Rahim_al-_Khwarazmi_Anisi_%28TKS_H762%2C_f._316a%29.jpg/94px-Colophon_to_Nizami%27s_%22Khamsa%22_written_by_%27Abd_al-Rahim_al-_Khwarazmi_Anisi_%28TKS_H762%2C_f._316a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Colophon_to_Nizami%27s_%22Khamsa%22_written_by_%27Abd_al-Rahim_al-_Khwarazmi_Anisi_%28TKS_H762%2C_f._316a%29.jpg/142px-Colophon_to_Nizami%27s_%22Khamsa%22_written_by_%27Abd_al-Rahim_al-_Khwarazmi_Anisi_%28TKS_H762%2C_f._316a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Colophon_to_Nizami%27s_%22Khamsa%22_written_by_%27Abd_al-Rahim_al-_Khwarazmi_Anisi_%28TKS_H762%2C_f._316a%29.jpg/189px-Colophon_to_Nizami%27s_%22Khamsa%22_written_by_%27Abd_al-Rahim_al-_Khwarazmi_Anisi_%28TKS_H762%2C_f._316a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1665" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colophon to Nizami's <i>Khamsa</i> copied by <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BFAbd_al-Rahim_Khwarazmi_Anisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ʿAbd al-Rahim Khwarazmi Anisi (page does not exist)">ʿAbd al-Rahim Khwarazmi Anisi</a>. Tabriz, 1481. <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Portrait_of_Ibrahim_%27Adil_Shah_II_of_Bijapur%22,_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT2792.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rubaʿi copied by Mir Ali Heravi and later mounted in the so-called "Kevorkian Album". Bukhara, c. 1534. Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Rubaʿi copied by Mir Ali Heravi and later mounted in the so-called "Kevorkian Album". Bukhara, c. 1534. Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%22Portrait_of_Ibrahim_%27Adil_Shah_II_of_Bijapur%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT2792.jpg/119px-%22Portrait_of_Ibrahim_%27Adil_Shah_II_of_Bijapur%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT2792.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%22Portrait_of_Ibrahim_%27Adil_Shah_II_of_Bijapur%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT2792.jpg/178px-%22Portrait_of_Ibrahim_%27Adil_Shah_II_of_Bijapur%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT2792.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%22Portrait_of_Ibrahim_%27Adil_Shah_II_of_Bijapur%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT2792.jpg/238px-%22Portrait_of_Ibrahim_%27Adil_Shah_II_of_Bijapur%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT2792.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ruba%CA%BFi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubaʿi">Rubaʿi</a> copied by <a href="/wiki/Mir_Ali_Heravi" title="Mir Ali Heravi">Mir Ali Heravi</a> and later mounted in the so-called "Kevorkian Album". <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1534</span>. Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_double_page_from_the_Qur%27an_in_nasta%27liq_script_(TKS_H.S._25,_ff._1b-2a).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opening double page from the Qur'an manuscript copied by Shah Mahmud Nishapuri, dated 12 June 1538. Topkapı Palace Museum"><img alt="Opening double page from the Qur'an manuscript copied by Shah Mahmud Nishapuri, dated 12 June 1538. Topkapı Palace Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Opening_double_page_from_the_Qur%27an_in_nasta%27liq_script_%28TKS_H.S._25%2C_ff._1b-2a%29.jpg/180px-Opening_double_page_from_the_Qur%27an_in_nasta%27liq_script_%28TKS_H.S._25%2C_ff._1b-2a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Opening_double_page_from_the_Qur%27an_in_nasta%27liq_script_%28TKS_H.S._25%2C_ff._1b-2a%29.jpg/270px-Opening_double_page_from_the_Qur%27an_in_nasta%27liq_script_%28TKS_H.S._25%2C_ff._1b-2a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Opening_double_page_from_the_Qur%27an_in_nasta%27liq_script_%28TKS_H.S._25%2C_ff._1b-2a%29.jpg/360px-Opening_double_page_from_the_Qur%27an_in_nasta%27liq_script_%28TKS_H.S._25%2C_ff._1b-2a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Opening double page from the Qur'an manuscript copied by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mahmud_Nishapuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shah Mahmud Nishapuri (page does not exist)">Shah Mahmud Nishapuri</a>, dated 12 June 1538. Topkapı Palace Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasta%27liq_calligraphy_style_-_Mir_Emad_Hassani_09.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sura Al-Fatiha copied by Mir Emad Hassani. Museum of the Islamic Era"><img alt="Sura Al-Fatiha copied by Mir Emad Hassani. Museum of the Islamic Era" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Nasta%27liq_calligraphy_style_-_Mir_Emad_Hassani_09.png/139px-Nasta%27liq_calligraphy_style_-_Mir_Emad_Hassani_09.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Nasta%27liq_calligraphy_style_-_Mir_Emad_Hassani_09.png/208px-Nasta%27liq_calligraphy_style_-_Mir_Emad_Hassani_09.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Nasta%27liq_calligraphy_style_-_Mir_Emad_Hassani_09.png/278px-Nasta%27liq_calligraphy_style_-_Mir_Emad_Hassani_09.png 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="1883" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sura <a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">Al-Fatiha</a> copied by <a href="/wiki/Mir_Emad_Hassani" title="Mir Emad Hassani">Mir Emad Hassani</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Islamic_Era" title="Museum of the Islamic Era">Museum of the Islamic Era</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colophon_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colophon from a manuscript of Nizami's Khamsa copied by Abd al-Rahim Anbarin-Qalam, dated 14 December 1595. British Library"><img alt="Colophon from a manuscript of Nizami's Khamsa copied by Abd al-Rahim Anbarin-Qalam, dated 14 December 1595. British Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Colophon_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg/110px-Colophon_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Colophon_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg/166px-Colophon_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Colophon_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg/221px-Colophon_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="2395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colophon from a <a href="/wiki/Khamsa_of_Nizami_(British_Library,_Or._12208)" title="Khamsa of Nizami (British Library, Or. 12208)">manuscript</a> of Nizami's <i>Khamsa</i> copied by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Rahim_Anbarin-Qalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Rahim Anbarin-Qalam (page does not exist)">Abd al-Rahim Anbarin-Qalam</a>, dated 14 December 1595. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amir_Khusraw_Dihlavi_-_Incipit_Page_with_Illuminated_Headpiece_-_Walters_W6241B_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page from a manuscript of Amir Khusrau's Khamsa copied by Muhammad Husayn Kashmiri and finished in the forty-second year of Akbar's reign (March 1597 – March 1598). Walters Art Museum"><img alt="Page from a manuscript of Amir Khusrau's Khamsa copied by Muhammad Husayn Kashmiri and finished in the forty-second year of Akbar's reign (March 1597 – March 1598). Walters Art Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Amir_Khusraw_Dihlavi_-_Incipit_Page_with_Illuminated_Headpiece_-_Walters_W6241B_-_Full_Page.jpg/122px-Amir_Khusraw_Dihlavi_-_Incipit_Page_with_Illuminated_Headpiece_-_Walters_W6241B_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Amir_Khusraw_Dihlavi_-_Incipit_Page_with_Illuminated_Headpiece_-_Walters_W6241B_-_Full_Page.jpg/183px-Amir_Khusraw_Dihlavi_-_Incipit_Page_with_Illuminated_Headpiece_-_Walters_W6241B_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Amir_Khusraw_Dihlavi_-_Incipit_Page_with_Illuminated_Headpiece_-_Walters_W6241B_-_Full_Page.jpg/244px-Amir_Khusraw_Dihlavi_-_Incipit_Page_with_Illuminated_Headpiece_-_Walters_W6241B_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page from a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a>'s <i>Khamsa</i> copied by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Husayn_Kashmiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Husayn Kashmiri (page does not exist)">Muhammad Husayn Kashmiri</a> and finished in the forty-second year of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>'s reign (March 1597 – March 1598). <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calligrapher%E2%80%99s_license_with_a_quatrain_copied_by_Muhammad_As%CA%BFad_Yasari_(TKS_GY_324.27-3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calligrapher's license with a rubaʿi copied by Mehmed Yasari from an exemplar by Mir Emad. Istanbul, 1754. Topkapı Palace Museum"><img alt="Calligrapher's license with a rubaʿi copied by Mehmed Yasari from an exemplar by Mir Emad. Istanbul, 1754. Topkapı Palace Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Calligrapher%E2%80%99s_license_with_a_quatrain_copied_by_Muhammad_As%CA%BFad_Yasari_%28TKS_GY_324.27-3%29.jpg/112px-Calligrapher%E2%80%99s_license_with_a_quatrain_copied_by_Muhammad_As%CA%BFad_Yasari_%28TKS_GY_324.27-3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Calligrapher%E2%80%99s_license_with_a_quatrain_copied_by_Muhammad_As%CA%BFad_Yasari_%28TKS_GY_324.27-3%29.jpg/167px-Calligrapher%E2%80%99s_license_with_a_quatrain_copied_by_Muhammad_As%CA%BFad_Yasari_%28TKS_GY_324.27-3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Calligrapher%E2%80%99s_license_with_a_quatrain_copied_by_Muhammad_As%CA%BFad_Yasari_%28TKS_GY_324.27-3%29.jpg/223px-Calligrapher%E2%80%99s_license_with_a_quatrain_copied_by_Muhammad_As%CA%BFad_Yasari_%28TKS_GY_324.27-3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="1688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calligrapher's license with a rubaʿi copied by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Esad_Yesari" title="Mehmed Esad Yesari">Mehmed Yasari</a> from an exemplar by Mir Emad. <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, 1754. Topkapı Palace Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signed_Sami_-_Levha_(calligraphic_inscription)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Levha (calligraphic inscription) by Sami Efendi. Istanbul, 1906. Sakıp Sabancı Museum"><img alt="Levha (calligraphic inscription) by Sami Efendi. Istanbul, 1906. Sakıp Sabancı Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Signed_Sami_-_Levha_%28calligraphic_inscription%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Signed_Sami_-_Levha_%28calligraphic_inscription%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Signed_Sami_-_Levha_%28calligraphic_inscription%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/270px-Signed_Sami_-_Levha_%28calligraphic_inscription%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Signed_Sami_-_Levha_%28calligraphic_inscription%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Signed_Sami_-_Levha_%28calligraphic_inscription%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="1470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Levha</i> (calligraphic inscription) by <a href="/wiki/Sami_Efendi" title="Sami Efendi">Sami Efendi</a>. Istanbul, 1906. <a href="/wiki/Sak%C4%B1p_Sabanc%C4%B1_Museum" title="Sakıp Sabancı Museum">Sakıp Sabancı Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_Nazif_Bey_-_Murakka_(calligraphic_album)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page from the muraqqa with Khaqani's ode on the Prophet copied by Mehmed Nazif Bey from an original by Mustafa Izzet. 20th century (before 1913). Sakıp Sabancı Museum"><img alt="Page from the muraqqa with Khaqani's ode on the Prophet copied by Mehmed Nazif Bey from an original by Mustafa Izzet. 20th century (before 1913). Sakıp Sabancı Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_Nazif_Bey_-_Murakka_%28calligraphic_album%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/128px-Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_Nazif_Bey_-_Murakka_%28calligraphic_album%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_Nazif_Bey_-_Murakka_%28calligraphic_album%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/192px-Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_Nazif_Bey_-_Murakka_%28calligraphic_album%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_Nazif_Bey_-_Murakka_%28calligraphic_album%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/256px-Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_Nazif_Bey_-_Murakka_%28calligraphic_album%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="3745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page from the <i><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">muraqqa</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Khaqani" title="Khaqani">Khaqani</a>'s ode on the Prophet copied by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Nazif_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed Nazif Bey (page does not exist)">Mehmed Nazif Bey</a> from an original by <a href="/wiki/Yesarizade_Mustafa_Izzet_Efendi" title="Yesarizade Mustafa Izzet Efendi">Mustafa Izzet</a>. 20th century (before 1913). Sakıp Sabancı Museum</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shekasteh_Nastaliq"><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Shekasteh</i></span> <i>Nastaliq</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shekasteh Nastaliq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chayyam_guyand_kasan_behescht_ba_hur_chosch_ast_small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chayyam_guyand_kasan_behescht_ba_hur_chosch_ast_small.png/220px-Chayyam_guyand_kasan_behescht_ba_hur_chosch_ast_small.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chayyam_guyand_kasan_behescht_ba_hur_chosch_ast_small.png/330px-Chayyam_guyand_kasan_behescht_ba_hur_chosch_ast_small.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chayyam_guyand_kasan_behescht_ba_hur_chosch_ast_small.png/440px-Chayyam_guyand_kasan_behescht_ba_hur_chosch_ast_small.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ruba%CA%BFi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubaʿi">rubaʿi</a> of Omar Khayyam in Shekasteh Nastaliq.<br />In print:<div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.4em;">گویند کسان بهشت با حور خوش است<br />من میگویم که آب انگور خوش است<br />این نقد بگیر و دست از آن نسیه بدار<br />کاواز دهل شنیدن از دور خوش است</span></span></span></span></div> In modern <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a>: <div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;">گویند کسان بهشت با حور خوش است<br />من میگویم که آب انگور خوش است<br />این نقد بگیر و دست از آن نسیه بدار<br />کاواز دهل شنیدن از دور خوش است</span></span>‎</span></span></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghafeleye_Omr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ghafeleye_Omr.svg/220px-Ghafeleye_Omr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ghafeleye_Omr.svg/330px-Ghafeleye_Omr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ghafeleye_Omr.svg/440px-Ghafeleye_Omr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption>A line of poetry by the Iranian poet <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> in Shekasteh Nastaliq.<br />In print: <div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.4em;">این قافلهٔ عُمر عجب میگذرد</span></span></span></span></div> In modern <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a>: <div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><span style="line-height: 1.5;">این قافلهٔ عُمر عجب میگذرد</span></span></span>‎</span></span></div></figcaption></figure> <p><i><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Shekasteh</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Shekasteh Nastaliq</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شکسته نستعلیق</span></span>, <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa"><span class="Naskh" style="font-family: 'noto naskh arabic', 'Scheherazade', 'Lateef', 'markazi text', 'Arial', 'times new roman', 'Droid Arabic Naskh', 'Simplified Arabic', 'Traditional Arabic', 'Amiri', 'Sakkal Majalla', 'Microsoft Uighur', 'Arabic Typesetting', 'Calibri', 'Dubai', 'noto sans arabic'; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal;">شکسته نستعلیق</span></span></span>, "cursive <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Nastaliq</i></span>" or literally "broken <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Nastaliq</i></span>") style is a "streamlined" form of <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Nastaliq</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-readnast3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readnast3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its development is connected with the fact that "the increasing use of nastaʿlīq and consequent need to write it quickly exposed it to a process of gradual attrition."<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>shekasteh nastaliq</i> emerged in the early 17th century and differed from proper <i>nastaliq</i> only in so far as some of the letters were shrunk (shekasteh, lit. "broken") and detached letters and words were sometimes joined.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These unauthorized connections "mean that calligraphers can write <i>shekasteh</i> faster than any other script."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair441_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair441-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manuscripts from this early period show signs of the influence of <i>shekasteh taliq</i>; while having the appearance of a shrunken form of nastaliq, they also contain features of <i><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">taliq</a></i> "due to their being written by scribes who had been trained in taʿlīq."<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shekasteh nastaliq</i> (usually shortened to simply <i>skehasteh</i>), being more easily legible than <i>taliq</i> gradually replaced the latter as the script of decrees and documents. Later, it also came into use for writing prose and poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair441_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair441-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first important calligraphers of <i>shekasteh</i> were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Shafi%CA%BF_Heravi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Shafiʿ Heravi (page does not exist)">Mohammad Shafiʿ Heravi</a> (d. 1670–71) (he was known as Shafiʿa and hence <i>shekasteh</i> was sometimes called <i>shafiʿa</i> or <i>shifiʿa</i>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mortazaqoli_Khan_Shamlu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mortazaqoli Khan Shamlu (page does not exist)">Mortazaqoli Khan Shamlu</a> (d. 1688–89). Both of them produced works of real artistic quality, which does not change the fact that in this early phase <i>shekasteh</i> still lacked consistency (it is especially visible in writing of Mortazaqoli Khan Shamlu). Most modern scholars consider that <i>shekasteh</i> reached its peak of artistic perfection under <a href="/wiki/Abdol_Majid_Taleqani" title="Abdol Majid Taleqani">Abdol Majid Taleqani</a> (d. 1771), "who gave the script its distinctive and definite form."<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition of Taleqani was later followed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Kuchek_Esfahani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirza Kuchek Esfahani (page does not exist)">Mirza Kuchek Esfahani</a> (d. 1813),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair444-445_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair444-445-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Gholam_Reza_Esfahani" title="Mirza Gholam Reza Esfahani">Gholam Reza Esfahani</a> (d. 1886–87)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Akbar_Golestaneh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Akbar Golestaneh (page does not exist)">Ali Akbar Golestaneh</a> (d. 1901).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The added frills made <i>shekasteh</i> increasingly difficult to read and it remained the script of documents and decrees, "while <i>nastaʿliq</i> retained its pre-eminence as the main calligraphic style." The need for simplification of <i>shekasteh</i> resulted in development of secretarial style (<i>shekasteh-ye tahriri</i>) by writers like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adib-al-Mamalek_Farahani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adib-al-Mamalek Farahani (page does not exist)">Adib-al-Mamalek Farahani</a> (d. 1917) and <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Ali_Khan_Garroosy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan Ali Khan Garroosy">Nezam Garrusi</a> (d. 1900). The secretarial style is a simplified form of <i>shekasteh</i> which is faster to write and read, but less artistic. Long used in governmental and other institutions in Iran, <i>shekasteh</i> degenerated in the first half of the 20th century, but later again engaged the attention of calligraphers.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair445,_471_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair445,_471-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shekasteh</i> was used only in Iran and to a small extent in Afghanistan and Ottoman Empire. Its use in Afghanistan was different from the Persian norm and sometimes only as experimental devices (<i>tafannon</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NESTA‘LİK_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NESTA‘LİK-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy,_National_Library_of_Iran,_No._2313.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calligraphy by Mohammad Shafiʿ Heravi. National Library of Iran"><img alt="Calligraphy by Mohammad Shafiʿ Heravi. National Library of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy%2C_National_Library_of_Iran%2C_No._2313.jpg/116px-Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy%2C_National_Library_of_Iran%2C_No._2313.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy%2C_National_Library_of_Iran%2C_No._2313.jpg/173px-Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy%2C_National_Library_of_Iran%2C_No._2313.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy%2C_National_Library_of_Iran%2C_No._2313.jpg/231px-Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy%2C_National_Library_of_Iran%2C_No._2313.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="2544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calligraphy by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Shafi%CA%BF_Heravi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Shafiʿ Heravi (page does not exist)">Mohammad Shafiʿ Heravi</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Iran">National Library of Iran</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_page_from_%22Majmu%E2%80%98a-i_munsh%E2%80%98at%22_by_Abu%E2%80%98l-Qasim_Ivughli_Haydar_(S2014.7).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double page from the "Majmu‘a-i munsh‘at" – collection of correspondence sent by Persian rulers compiled by Abu‘l-Qasim Ivughli Haydar. Isfahan, 1682. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery"><img alt="Double page from the "Majmu‘a-i munsh‘at" – collection of correspondence sent by Persian rulers compiled by Abu‘l-Qasim Ivughli Haydar. Isfahan, 1682. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Double_page_from_%22Majmu%E2%80%98a-i_munsh%E2%80%98at%22_by_Abu%E2%80%98l-Qasim_Ivughli_Haydar_%28S2014.7%29.jpg/180px-Double_page_from_%22Majmu%E2%80%98a-i_munsh%E2%80%98at%22_by_Abu%E2%80%98l-Qasim_Ivughli_Haydar_%28S2014.7%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Double_page_from_%22Majmu%E2%80%98a-i_munsh%E2%80%98at%22_by_Abu%E2%80%98l-Qasim_Ivughli_Haydar_%28S2014.7%29.jpg/270px-Double_page_from_%22Majmu%E2%80%98a-i_munsh%E2%80%98at%22_by_Abu%E2%80%98l-Qasim_Ivughli_Haydar_%28S2014.7%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Double_page_from_%22Majmu%E2%80%98a-i_munsh%E2%80%98at%22_by_Abu%E2%80%98l-Qasim_Ivughli_Haydar_%28S2014.7%29.jpg/360px-Double_page_from_%22Majmu%E2%80%98a-i_munsh%E2%80%98at%22_by_Abu%E2%80%98l-Qasim_Ivughli_Haydar_%28S2014.7%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Double page from the "Majmu‘a-i munsh‘at" – collection of correspondence sent by Persian rulers compiled by Abu‘l-Qasim Ivughli Haydar. <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, 1682. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery" title="Arthur M. Sackler Gallery">Arthur M. Sackler Gallery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calligraphy_in_Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_(Library_of_the_Golestan_Palace,_No._1515).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calligraphy by Abdol Majid Taleqani. Golestan Palace Library"><img alt="Calligraphy by Abdol Majid Taleqani. Golestan Palace Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Calligraphy_in_Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_%28Library_of_the_Golestan_Palace%2C_No._1515%29.jpg/119px-Calligraphy_in_Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_%28Library_of_the_Golestan_Palace%2C_No._1515%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Calligraphy_in_Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_%28Library_of_the_Golestan_Palace%2C_No._1515%29.jpg/179px-Calligraphy_in_Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_%28Library_of_the_Golestan_Palace%2C_No._1515%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Calligraphy_in_Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_%28Library_of_the_Golestan_Palace%2C_No._1515%29.jpg/239px-Calligraphy_in_Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_%28Library_of_the_Golestan_Palace%2C_No._1515%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4216" data-file-height="6349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calligraphy by <a href="/wiki/Abdol_Majid_Taleqani" title="Abdol Majid Taleqani">Abdol Majid Taleqani</a>. <a href="/wiki/Golestan_Palace" title="Golestan Palace">Golestan Palace</a> Library</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plea_for_Tax_Relief,_folio_from_an_album_(HUAM_1958.212).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plea for tax relief copied by Mirza Kuchak Esfahani. Iran, 1795–1796. Harvard Art Museums"><img alt="Plea for tax relief copied by Mirza Kuchak Esfahani. Iran, 1795–1796. Harvard Art Museums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Plea_for_Tax_Relief%2C_folio_from_an_album_%28HUAM_1958.212%29.jpg/122px-Plea_for_Tax_Relief%2C_folio_from_an_album_%28HUAM_1958.212%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Plea_for_Tax_Relief%2C_folio_from_an_album_%28HUAM_1958.212%29.jpg/182px-Plea_for_Tax_Relief%2C_folio_from_an_album_%28HUAM_1958.212%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Plea_for_Tax_Relief%2C_folio_from_an_album_%28HUAM_1958.212%29.jpg/243px-Plea_for_Tax_Relief%2C_folio_from_an_album_%28HUAM_1958.212%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3044" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plea for tax relief copied by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Kuchak_Esfahani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirza Kuchak Esfahani (page does not exist)">Mirza Kuchak Esfahani</a>. Iran, 1795–1796. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museums" title="Harvard Art Museums">Harvard Art Museums</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Firman issued in the Name of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. Iran, January 1831. Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Firman issued in the Name of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. Iran, January 1831. Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg/119px-Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg/179px-Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg/239px-Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="2888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a> issued in the Name of <a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Fath-Ali Shah Qajar">Fath-Ali Shah Qajar</a>. Iran, January 1831. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy,_1896_CE,_Library_of_the_Islamic_Parliament_of_Iran,_No._13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calligraphy by Ali Akbar Golestaneh. Iran, 1896. Library of the Islamic Parliament of Iran"><img alt="Calligraphy by Ali Akbar Golestaneh. Iran, 1896. Library of the Islamic Parliament of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy%2C_1896_CE%2C_Library_of_the_Islamic_Parliament_of_Iran%2C_No._13.jpg/107px-Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy%2C_1896_CE%2C_Library_of_the_Islamic_Parliament_of_Iran%2C_No._13.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy%2C_1896_CE%2C_Library_of_the_Islamic_Parliament_of_Iran%2C_No._13.jpg/160px-Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy%2C_1896_CE%2C_Library_of_the_Islamic_Parliament_of_Iran%2C_No._13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy%2C_1896_CE%2C_Library_of_the_Islamic_Parliament_of_Iran%2C_No._13.jpg/213px-Shakastah_Nasta%E2%80%98liq_calligraphy%2C_1896_CE%2C_Library_of_the_Islamic_Parliament_of_Iran%2C_No._13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2987" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calligraphy by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Akbar_Golestaneh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Akbar Golestaneh (page does not exist)">Ali Akbar Golestaneh</a>. Iran, 1896. Library of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Parliament of Iran</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nastaliq_typesetting"><i>Nastaliq</i> typesetting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nastaliq typesetting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Nastaliq</i></span> typography began with the invention of <i>Noori Nastaleeq</i> which was first created as a digital font in 1981 through the collaboration of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mirza_Jamil" title="Ahmed Mirza Jamil">Ahmed Mirza Jamil</a> (as calligrapher) and <a href="/wiki/Monotype_Imaging" title="Monotype Imaging">Monotype Imaging</a> (formerly Monotype Corp & Monotype Typography).<sup id="cite_ref-Interview_with_Mirza_Ahmad_Jamil_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview_with_Mirza_Ahmad_Jamil-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this employed over 20,000 ligatures (individually designed character combinations),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it provided accurate results and allowed newspapers such as Pakistan's <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Jang" title="Daily Jang">Daily Jang</a></i> to use digital typesetting instead of a group of calligraphers. It suffered from two problems in the 1990s: its non-availability on standard platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS">Mac OS</a>, and the non-<a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> nature of text entry, whereby the document had to be created by commands in Monotype's proprietary <a href="/wiki/Page_description_language" title="Page description language">page description language</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Examples of Nastaliq typesetting</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miremad-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Persian Chalipa panel, Mir Emad In print:[note] بودم به تو عمری و ترا سیر ندیدم از وصل تو هرگز به مرادی نرسیدم از بهر تو بیگانه شدم از همه خویشان وحشی صفت از خلق به یکبار بریدم In Naskh styled typeface: بودم به تو عمری و ترا سیر ندیدم از وصل تو هرگز به مرادی نرسیدم از بهر تو بیگانه شدم از همه خویشان وحشی صفت از خلق به یکبار بریدم‎"><img alt="Persian Chalipa panel, Mir Emad In print:[note] بودم به تو عمری و ترا سیر ندیدم از وصل تو هرگز به مرادی نرسیدم از بهر تو بیگانه شدم از همه خویشان وحشی صفت از خلق به یکبار بریدم In Naskh styled typeface: بودم به تو عمری و ترا سیر ندیدم از وصل تو هرگز به مرادی نرسیدم از بهر تو بیگانه شدم از همه خویشان وحشی صفت از خلق به یکبار بریدم‎" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Miremad-1.jpg/103px-Miremad-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Miremad-1.jpg/155px-Miremad-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Miremad-1.jpg/206px-Miremad-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Persian Chalipa panel, <a href="/wiki/Mir_Emad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Emad">Mir Emad</a><br /> In print:<sup><a href="#Nastaliq_typesetting">[note]</a></sup> <div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span style="position:relative; bottom:1em;">بودم به تو عمری و ترا سیر ندیدم<br />از وصل تو هرگز به مرادی نرسیدم<br />از بهر تو بیگانه شدم از همه خویشان<br />وحشی صفت از خلق به یکبار بریدم</span></span></span></span></div> In <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> styled typeface: <div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><span style="line-height: 1.3;">بودم به تو عمری و ترا سیر ندیدم<br />از وصل تو هرگز به مرادی نرسیدم<br />از بهر تو بیگانه شدم از همه خویشان<br />وحشی صفت از خلق به یکبار بریدم</span></span></span>‎</span></span></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urdu_couplet.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of the Nastaliq script used for writing Urdu. Nastaliq: ؎ کیا تنگ ہم ستم زدگان کا جہاں ہے جس میں ایک بیضۂ مور آسماں ہے Naskh: ؎ کیا تنگ ہم ستم زدگان کا جہاں ہے جس میں ایک بیضۂ مور آسماں ہے‎"><img alt="An example of the Nastaliq script used for writing Urdu. Nastaliq: ؎ کیا تنگ ہم ستم زدگان کا جہاں ہے جس میں ایک بیضۂ مور آسماں ہے Naskh: ؎ کیا تنگ ہم ستم زدگان کا جہاں ہے جس میں ایک بیضۂ مور آسماں ہے‎" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Urdu_couplet.svg/250px-Urdu_couplet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Urdu_couplet.svg/375px-Urdu_couplet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Urdu_couplet.svg/500px-Urdu_couplet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4289" data-file-height="1197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of the <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Nastaliq</i></span> script used for writing <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.<br />Nastaliq:<br /><div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 1.25em; font-style: normal;">؎ کیا تنگ ہم ستم زدگان کا جہاں ہے<br />جس میں ایک بیضۂ مور آسماں ہے</span></span></span></div><br />Naskh:<br /><div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 1.25em;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><span style="line-height: 1.3;">؎ کیا تنگ ہم ستم زدگان کا جہاں ہے<br />جس میں ایک بیضۂ مور آسماں ہے</span></span></span>‎</span></span></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hafez_Ghazal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A couplet versified by the Persian poet Hafez in Nastaliq font (by Software), in print:[note] حافظ شیرازی مرا عهدیست با جانان که تا جان در بدن دارم هواداران کویش را چو جان خویشتن دارم in a Naskh styled typeface: حافظ شیرازی مرا عهدیست با جانان که تا جان در بدن دارم هواداران کویش را چو جان خویشتن دارم ‎"><img alt="A couplet versified by the Persian poet Hafez in Nastaliq font (by Software), in print:[note] حافظ شیرازی مرا عهدیست با جانان که تا جان در بدن دارم هواداران کویش را چو جان خویشتن دارم in a Naskh styled typeface: حافظ شیرازی مرا عهدیست با جانان که تا جان در بدن دارم هواداران کویش را چو جان خویشتن دارم ‎" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hafez_Ghazal.jpg/250px-Hafez_Ghazal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hafez_Ghazal.jpg/375px-Hafez_Ghazal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hafez_Ghazal.jpg/500px-Hafez_Ghazal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10667" data-file-height="6667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplet</a> versified by the Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a> in Nastaliq font (by Software), in print:<sup><a href="#Nastaliq_typesetting">[note]</a></sup> <div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.5em;"> حافظ شیرازی<br /> مرا عهدیست با جانان که تا جان در بدن دارم<br /> هواداران کویش را چو جان خویشتن دارم </span></span></span></span></div> in a <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> styled typeface: <div dir="rtl" style="text-align:right"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="line-height: 1.2;"> حافظ شیرازی<br /> مرا عهدیست با جانان که تا جان در بدن دارم<br /> هواداران کویش را چو جان خویشتن دارم </span></span></span>‎</span></span></div></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="InPage">InPage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: InPage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994, <a href="/wiki/InPage" title="InPage">InPage</a> Urdu, which is a functional page layout software for Windows akin to <a href="/wiki/QuarkXPress" title="QuarkXPress">QuarkXPress</a>, was developed for Pakistan's newspaper industry by an Indian software company Concept Software Pvt Ltd. It offered the <i>Noori Nastaliq</i> font licensed from Monotype Imaging. This font is still used in current versions of the software for Windows. As of 2009, <a href="/wiki/InPage" title="InPage">InPage</a> has become Unicode based, supporting more languages and the <i>Faiz Lahori Nastaliq</i> font with Kasheeda has been added to it along with compatibility with OpenType Unicode fonts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross_platform_Nastaliq_fonts">Cross platform Nastaliq fonts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cross platform Nastaliq fonts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urdu_Typesetting_2020-05-30_003910.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Urdu_Typesetting_2020-05-30_003910.png/140px-Urdu_Typesetting_2020-05-30_003910.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Urdu_Typesetting_2020-05-30_003910.png/210px-Urdu_Typesetting_2020-05-30_003910.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Urdu_Typesetting_2020-05-30_003910.png/280px-Urdu_Typesetting_2020-05-30_003910.png 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>Text: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height:2.5;"><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;">نستعلیق</span></span></span> in the font "Urdu Typesetting".</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Windows 8 was the first version of Microsoft Windows to have native Nastaliq support, through Microsoft's "Urdu Typesetting" font.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noto_Nastaliq_2020-05-30_004037.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Noto_Nastaliq_2020-05-30_004037.png/140px-Noto_Nastaliq_2020-05-30_004037.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Noto_Nastaliq_2020-05-30_004037.png/210px-Noto_Nastaliq_2020-05-30_004037.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Noto_Nastaliq_2020-05-30_004037.png/280px-Noto_Nastaliq_2020-05-30_004037.png 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Text: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height:2.5;"><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;">نستعلیق</span></span></span> in the font "Noto Nastaliq".</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Google has an open-source Nastaliq font called <a href="/wiki/Noto_fonts" title="Noto fonts">Noto Nastaliq Urdu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple provides this font on all Mac installations since macOS High Sierra. Likewise, Apple has carried this font on iOS devices since iOS 11.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awami_Nastaliq" title="Awami Nastaliq">Awami Nastaliq</a> features a more extensive character set than most Nastaliq typefaces, supporting: <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, Khowar, Palula, Saraiki, Shina.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Nastaleeq" title="Amar Nastaleeq">Amar Nastaleeq</a> was created for <a href="/wiki/Embedded_OpenType" title="Embedded OpenType">web embedding</a> on <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> websites in 2013. The font was announced by Urdu poet <a href="/wiki/Fahmida_Riaz" title="Fahmida Riaz">Fahmida Riaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letter_forms">Letter forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Letter forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Nastaliq</i> style uses more than three general forms for many letters,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scanned_table_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scanned_table-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even in non-decorative documents. For example, most documents written in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Unicode">In Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_(Unicode_block)" title="Arabic (Unicode block)">Arabic (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>Nastaliq is not separately encoded in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> as it is a particular style of Arabic script and not a writing system in its own right. Nastaliq letterforms are produced by choosing a Nastaliq <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a> to display the text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAkramHussainNiaziAnjum2014" class="citation conference cs1">Akram, Qurat ul Ain; Hussain, Sarmad; Niazi, Aneeta; Anjum, Umair; Irfan, Faheem (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6830996">"Adapting Tesseract for Complex Scripts: An Example for Urdu Nastalique"</a>. <i>2014 11th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems</i>. 11th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems. Tours, France: IEEE. pp. 191–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FDAS.2014.45">10.1109/DAS.2014.45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-3243-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-3243-6"><bdi>978-1-4799-3243-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Adapting+Tesseract+for+Complex+Scripts%3A+An+Example+for+Urdu+Nastalique&rft.btitle=2014+11th+IAPR+International+Workshop+on+Document+Analysis+Systems&rft.place=Tours%2C+France&rft.pages=191-195&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FDAS.2014.45&rft.isbn=978-1-4799-3243-6&rft.aulast=Akram&rft.aufirst=Qurat+ul+Ain&rft.au=Hussain%2C+Sarmad&rft.au=Niazi%2C+Aneeta&rft.au=Anjum%2C+Umair&rft.au=Irfan%2C+Faheem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F6830996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328182321/https://www.lexico.com/definition/nastaliq">"Nastaliq"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/nastaliq">the original</a> on March 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Nastaliq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fnastaliq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairxxii,_286-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairxxii,_286_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. xxii, 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGholam-Hosayn_Yusofi1990" class="citation web cs1">Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi (December 15, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calligraphy">"Calligraphy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Calligraphy&rft.date=1990-12-15&rft.au=Gholam-Hosayn+Yusofi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcalligraphy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtif_GulzarShafiq_ur_Rahman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Atif Gulzar; Shafiq ur Rahman (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb29-1/tb91gulzar.pdf">"Nastaleeq: A challenge accepted by Omega"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>TUGboat</i>. <b>29</b>: 1–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TUGboat&rft.atitle=Nastaleeq%3A+A+challenge+accepted+by+Omega&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Atif+Gulzar&rft.au=Shafiq+ur+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tug.org%2FTUGboat%2Ftb29-1%2Ftb91gulzar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair274-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair274_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair275-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair275_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair275_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair275_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Alparslan" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Alparslan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Alparslan (page does not exist)">Ali Alparslan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0502">"K̲h̲aṭṭ ii. In Persia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0502">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.atitle=K%CC%B2h%CC%B2a%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD+ii.+In+Persia&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0502&rft.au=Ali+Alparslan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairxxii-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairxxii_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamid_Reza_Afsari-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamid_Reza_Afsari_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamid_Reza_Afsari_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamid_Reza_Afsari_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid_Reza_Afsari2021" class="citation web cs1">Hamid Reza Afsari (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/calligraphy-COM_05000067?s.num=3">"Calligraphy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Islamica" title="Encyclopaedia Islamica">Encyclopaedia Islamica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Calligraphy&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.au=Hamid+Reza+Afsari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-islamica%2Fcalligraphy-COM_05000067%3Fs.num%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair276-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair276_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair277-280-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair277-280_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 277-280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair284,_430-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair284,_430_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 284, 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair430-436-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair430-436_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 430-436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair446-447-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair446-447_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 446-447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGholam-Hosayn_Yusofi" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gholam-Hosayn_Yusofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi (page does not exist)">Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calligraphy-2">"CALLIGRAPHY (continued)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=CALLIGRAPHY+%28continued%29&rft.au=Gholam-Hosayn+Yusofi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcalligraphy-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair536-539,_552-554-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair536-539,_552-554_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 536-539, 552-554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair513-518-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair513-518_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 513-518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NESTA‘LİK-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NESTA‘LİK_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NESTA‘LİK_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Alparslan" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Alparslan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Alparslan (page does not exist)">Ali Alparslan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nestalik">"NESTA'LİK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_Ansiklopedisi" title="İslâm Ansiklopedisi">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m+Ansiklopedisi&rft.atitle=NESTA%27L%C4%B0K&rft.au=Ali+Alparslan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fnestalik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-readnast3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-readnast3_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoonerHanaway1995" class="citation book cs1">Spooner, Brian; Hanaway, William L. (1995). <i>Reading Nasta'liq: Persian and Urdu Hands from 1500 to the Present</i>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568592138" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568592138"><bdi>978-1568592138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Nasta%27liq%3A+Persian+and+Urdu+Hands+from+1500+to+the+Present&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1568592138&rft.aulast=Spooner&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Hanaway%2C+William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair441-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair441_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair441_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair444-445-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair444-445_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 444-445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriscilla_Soucek" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priscilla_Soucek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priscilla Soucek (page does not exist)">Priscilla Soucek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abd-al-majid-talaqani-revered-calligrapher-d-1771-72">"ʿABD-AL-MAJĪD ṬĀLAQĀNĪ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=%CA%BFABD-AL-MAJ%C4%AAD+%E1%B9%AC%C4%80LAQ%C4%80N%C4%AA&rft.au=Priscilla+Soucek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fabd-al-majid-talaqani-revered-calligrapher-d-1771-72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryam_Ekhtiar" class="citation web cs1">Maryam Ekhtiar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/golam-reza-kosnevis">"ḠOLĀM-REŻĀ ḴOŠNEVIS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A0OL%C4%80M-RE%C5%BB%C4%80+%E1%B8%B4O%C5%A0NEVIS&rft.au=Maryam+Ekhtiar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgolam-reza-kosnevis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryam_Ekhtiar" class="citation web cs1">Maryam Ekhtiar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/golestana-ali-akba">"GOLESTĀNA, ʿALI-AKBAR"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=GOLEST%C4%80NA%2C+%CA%BFALI-AKBAR&rft.au=Maryam+Ekhtiar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgolestana-ali-akba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair445,_471-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair445,_471_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 445, 471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interview_with_Mirza_Ahmad_Jamil-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Interview_with_Mirza_Ahmad_Jamil_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhurshiq2013" class="citation web cs1">Khurshiq, Iqbal (17 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.express.pk/story/197175/">"زندگی آگے بڑھنے کا نام اور جمود موت ہے: نوری نستعلیق کی ایجاد سے خط نستعلیق کی دائمی حفاظت ہوگئی"</a>. Express<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C+%D8%A2%DA%AF%DB%92+%D8%A8%DA%91%DA%BE%D9%86%DB%92+%DA%A9%D8%A7+%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA+%DB%81%DB%92%3A+%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82+%DA%A9%DB%8C+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%B3%DB%92+%D8%AE%D8%B7+%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82+%DA%A9%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%DB%8C+%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%AA+%DB%81%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A6%DB%8C&rft.pub=Express&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft.aulast=Khurshiq&rft.aufirst=Iqbal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.pk%2Fstory%2F197175%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://restofworld.org/2021/bringing-urdu-into-the-digital-age/">How to bring a language to the future</a>, 9 Feb 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siao2.com/2011/11/16/10237715.aspx">"The evolving Story of Locale Support, part 9: Nastaleeq vs. Nastaliq? Either way, Windows 8 has got it!"</a>. MSDN Blogs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+evolving+Story+of+Locale+Support%2C+part+9%3A+Nastaleeq+vs.+Nastaliq%3F+Either+way%2C+Windows+8+has+got+it%21&rft.pub=MSDN+Blogs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siao2.com%2F2011%2F11%2F16%2F10237715.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/get/noto/#nastaliq-aran">"Google Noto Fonts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Noto+Fonts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fget%2Fnoto%2F%23nastaliq-aran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/1514433/apple-finally-enables-nastaleeq-typeface-urdu-keyboard-ios-11/">"Apple finally enables Nastaleeq typeface for Urdu keyboard in iOS 11"</a>. 23 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+finally+enables+Nastaleeq+typeface+for+Urdu+keyboard+in+iOS+11&rft.date=2017-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1514433%2Fapple-finally-enables-nastaleeq-typeface-urdu-keyboard-ios-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://software.sil.org/awami/what-is-special/">"What is Special About Awami Nastaliq? - Awami Nastaliq"</a>. <i>software.sil.org</i>. 17 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=software.sil.org&rft.atitle=What+is+Special+About+Awami+Nastaliq%3F+-+Awami+Nastaliq&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoftware.sil.org%2Fawami%2Fwhat-is-special%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiaz2013" class="citation web cs1">Riaz, fahmida (21 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/fahmidariaz/status/403607540698578944">"Amar Nastaleeq Font for Urdu Web Publishing"</a>. <i>Twitter.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter.com&rft.atitle=Amar+Nastaleeq+Font+for+Urdu+Web+Publishing&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.aulast=Riaz&rft.aufirst=fahmida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Ffahmidariaz%2Fstatus%2F403607540698578944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFWP" class="citation web cs1">FWP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406004235/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/index.html">"Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students assembled from years of classroom notes by FWP"</a>. <i>www.columbia.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/index.html">the original</a> on 2023-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Urdu%3A+some+thoughts+about+the+script+and+grammar%2C+and+other+general+notes+for+students+assembled+from+years+of+classroom+notes+by+FWP&rft.au=FWP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00urdu%2Furduscript%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scanned_table-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scanned_table_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407145904if_/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/graphics/naimchart.gif">"The chart below gives the different positional variants of some of the significantly different letters. (scanned document)"</a>. <i>Linked by www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/section00.html#00_01</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/graphics/naimchart.gif">the original</a> on 2023-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linked+by+www.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00urdu%2Furduscript%2Fsection00.html%2300_01&rft.atitle=The+chart+below+gives+the+different+positional+variants+of+some+of+the+significantly+different+letters.+%28scanned+document%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00urdu%2Furduscript%2Fgraphics%2Fnaimchart.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Blair" title="Sheila Blair">Blair, Sheila</a> (2008). <i>Islamic Calligraphy</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748612123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748612123"><bdi>978-0748612123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Calligraphy&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0748612123&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANastaliq" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nastaliq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133208/http://rumicode.com/greetings-info-fa.html">Rumicode</a>: Online Service For <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Nastaliq</i></span> Calligraphy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nastaliqonline.ir/">Nastaliq Online</a>: Online Service For <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Nastaliq</i></span> Calligraphy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207192912/http://anjomankhoshnevisan.ir/en/">Iranian Calligraphers Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=32">Nastaliq Writer</a> for Macintosh by <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inpage.com/">InPage Urdu</a>: Official InPage Urdu DTP software site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faiznastaliq.com/">Faiz Nastaliq</a>: Official Faiz <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Nastaliq</i></span> site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608004825/http://www.calligraphyislamic.com/">Profiles and works of World Islamic calligraphy</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100928182912/http://www.wegoiran.com/iran-information/iran-culture/nastaliq-script-persian-calligraphy.htm">Nastaliq Script | Persian Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://software.sil.org/awami/">Awami Nastaliq</a>: A Nastaliq font by SIL International</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_calligraphy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Template:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Template talk:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_calligraphy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman calligraphy">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi (Tevki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%27ah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruq'ah script">Ruq'ah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasta%27liq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasta'liq">Nasta'liq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Taʿlīq script">Taʿlīq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basmalah-1wm.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basmalah"><img alt="Basmalah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/80px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/120px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/160px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligraffiti" title="Calligraffiti">Arabic calligraffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Islamic illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_miniature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature">Mughal miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism#Zoomorphic_representation_in_Islamic_art" title="Zoomorphism">Islamic zoomorphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calligraphers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_calligraphers" title="List of Ottoman calligraphers">List of Ottoman calligraphers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian_calligraphers" title="List of Persian calligraphers">List of Persian calligraphers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Techniques</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasheeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasheeda">Kasheeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam">Qalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_heaping" title="Word heaping">Word heaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Furqan_Islamic_Heritage_Foundation" title="Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation">Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Iranian_Calligraphists" title="Society of Iranian Calligraphists">Society of Iranian Calligraphists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_language" title="Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_language" title="Template talk:Arabic language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I‘jām_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">i‘jām</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)" title="Arabic diacritics">Tashkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)" title="Arabic diacritics">Harakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾAlif</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ǧīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dāl</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Rāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zāy</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Šīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣād</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿAyn" title="Ayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAyn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ġayn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lām</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Nūn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wāw</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yāʾ</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br />spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾIʿrāb</i></span> (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a><br />· <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Islam and Arabic language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" title="Category:Arabic language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133121#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133121#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133121#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nastaliq"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph551291&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nestalik">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&oldid=1257510392">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&oldid=1257510392</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Category:Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persian_calligraphy" title="Category:Persian calligraphy">Persian calligraphy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persian_orthography" title="Category:Persian orthography">Persian orthography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urdu_calligraphy" title="Category:Urdu calligraphy">Urdu calligraphy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_inventions" title="Category:Iranian inventions">Iranian inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Handwriting_script" title="Category:Handwriting script">Handwriting script</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Urdu-language text">Articles containing Urdu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scripts_with_ISO_15924_four-letter_codes" title="Category:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes">Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Persian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Persian IPA">Pages with Persian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Urdu_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Urdu IPA">Pages with Urdu IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_April_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 08:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-wmcb5","wgBackendResponseTime":172,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.211","walltime":"1.489","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5832,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":233661,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22490,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":164531,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1309.703 1 -total"," 18.80% 246.237 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.78% 167.379 12 Template:Lang"," 10.80% 141.396 8 Template:Navbox"," 9.83% 128.683 3 Template:Gallery"," 9.40% 123.049 1 Template:Infobox_writing_system"," 9.02% 118.153 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.62% 99.757 1 Template:Cite_conference"," 6.09% 79.745 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.08% 79.652 1 Template:Calligraphy"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.773","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21975705,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAkramHussainNiaziAnjum2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli_Alparslan\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAtif_GulzarShafiq_ur_Rahman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlair\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFWP\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGholam-Hosayn_Yusofi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGholam-Hosayn_Yusofi1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamid_Reza_Afsari2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhurshiq2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaryam_Ekhtiar\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPriscilla_Soucek\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiaz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoonerHanaway1995\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Arabic language\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Big\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Calligraphy\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 16,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Nastaliq Script\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 3,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-ur\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox writing system\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamic calligraphy\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Lower\"] = 5,\n [\"Naskh\"] = 5,\n [\"Nastaliq\"] = 6,\n [\"Nq\"] = 7,\n [\"Raise\"] = 6,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rtl-para\"] = 10,\n [\"Script/Arabic\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 17,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 12,\n [\"Uninaskh\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mf4ts","timestamp":"20241122141341","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nastaliq","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nastaliq","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1133121","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1133121","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-03T22:06:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T08:22:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9b\/Khatt-e_Nastaliq.jpg","headline":"predominant calligraphic hand of the Perso-Arabic script to transcribe Persic and Indo-Aryan languages in Central and Southern Asia"}</script> </body> </html>