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href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ary"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="鬲賱賯賷賲丞丿賷丕賱兀胤賵賲賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns--1 ns-special mw-special-CiteThisPage page-禺丕氐_丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿 rootpage-禺丕氐_丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">丕賳鬲賯賱廿賱賶丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲賵賯毓"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="丕賱賱賷爻鬲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賱賱賷爻鬲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賱賷爻鬲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">丨賵賾賱賱賱亘丕賳囟丞丿丕賱噩賳亘</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">禺亘賾賷</button> </div> <div id="p-encyclopedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-encyclopedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 賱賲賵爻賵毓丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="爻賷乇賱賱氐賮丨丞丕賱賱賾賵賱丕 [z]" accesskey="z"><span>丕賱氐賮丨丞丕賱賱賵賱丞</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB" title="卮賵賮卮賳賵胤丕乇賷賮賱毓丕賱賲"><span>賱兀丨丿丕鬲丕賱賱禺乇丞</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="賯丕卅賲丞丿賷丕賱丌禺乇丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲賮賱賵賷賰賷 [r]" accesskey="r"><span>丕賱鬲亘丿賷賱丕鬲丕賱賱禺乇丞</span></a></li><li id="n-wrecentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9"><span>鬲亘丿賷賱丕鬲毓賳丿賴丕毓賱丕賯丞</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="卮丕乇噩賷氐賮丨丞毓卮賵丕卅賷丞 [x]" accesskey="x"><span>氐賮丨丞賰賷賲丕賰丕賳鬲</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-contributing" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-contributing" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 賱賲爻丕賴賲丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7"><span>鬲丕氐賱亘賷賳丕</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9:%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9" title="賮賷賳鬲賱賯丕賱賲毓丕賵賳丞"><span>賲毓丕賵賳丞</span></a></li><li id="n-communityportal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9"><span>爻丕丨丞丿丕賱噩賲丕毓丞</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86"><span>賱亘乇賱賲丕賳</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-lang" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 亘賱賵睾丕鬲丌禺乇丕 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ary.svg" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 2.1875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ary.svg" width="94" height="18" style="width: 5.875em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="賯賱賾亘賮賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕 [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>賯賱賾亘</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="賯賱賾亘賮賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕" aria-label="賯賱賾亘賮賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕" 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=ary.wikipedia.org&uselang=ary" class=""><span>丿毓賲賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8&returnto=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%3A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF&returntoquery=id%3D343575%26page%3D%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A4%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%26wpFormIdentifier%3Dtitleform" title="賰賳卮噩毓賵賰亘丕卮鬲氐丕賵亘丨爻丕亘賵鬲爻噩賱丕賱丿禺賵賱貨賵賱賰賳毓賱賶兀賷賴丕丿卮賷賲丕卮賷囟乇賵乇賷" class=""><span>丿賷乇賰賵賳胤</span></a> </li> <li 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲卮禺氐賷丞" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀丿賵丕鬲卮禺氐賷丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="賯丕卅賲丞丕賱賲爻鬲禺丿賲" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=ary.wikipedia.org&uselang=ary"><span>丿毓賲賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>爻丕賴賲</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8&returnto=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%3A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF&returntoquery=id%3D343575%26page%3D%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A4%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%26wpFormIdentifier%3Dtitleform" title="賰賳卮噩毓賵賰亘丕卮鬲氐丕賵亘丨爻丕亘賵鬲爻噩賱丕賱丿禺賵賱貨賵賱賰賳毓賱賶兀賷賴丕丿卮賷賲丕卮賷囟乇賵乇賷"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>丿賷乇賰賵賳胤</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85&returnto=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%3A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF&returntoquery=id%3D343575%26page%3D%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A4%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%26wpFormIdentifier%3Dtitleform" title="丨爻賳賱賷賰鬲爻噩賱丕賱丿禺賵賱貨賵賱賰賳賲丕卮賷囟乇賵乇賷 [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>丿禺賱</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 氐賮丨丕鬲賱賱賲丨乇乇賷賳丕賱匕賷賳爻噩賻賾賱賵丕禺乇賵噩賴賲 <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9" aria-label="鬲毓賱賻賾賲丕賱賲夭賷丿亘禺氐賵氐丕賱鬲丨乇賷乇"><span>鬲毓賱賻賾賲丕賱賲夭賷丿</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="賲丿丕賰乇丞毓賱賶鬲亘丿賷賱丕鬲賲賳賴丕丿賱丕丿乇賷爻丞丿賱兀賷倬賷 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>賲丿丕賰乇丞</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲賵賯毓"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿</h1> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CiteThisPage" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>賲毓丕賵賳丞</a></div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="賲噩丕賱丕鬲爻賲賷丕鬲賷丞"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="睾賷賾乇賱賴噩丞丕賱賱睾丞" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賱丿丕乇噩丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="卮賵賮丕鬲"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲丕賱氐賮丨丞"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀丿賵丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">兀丿賵丕鬲</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">丨賵賾賱賱賱亘丕賳囟丞丿丕賱噩賳亘</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">禺亘賾賷</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet" title="丕賱賲夭賷丿賲賳丕賱禺賷丕乇丕鬲" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 兀賮毓丕賱 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 毓丕賲賾 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="賯丕卅賲丞丿賷丕賱诏丕毓丕賱氐賮丨丕鬲丕賱禺丕氐丞 [q]" accesskey="q"><span>氐賮丨丕鬲禺丕氐丞</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="冥賷乇夭賷賵賳丿賷丕賱賴丕丿丕賱氐賮丨丞亘丕卮胤亘毓賴丕 [p]" accesskey="p"><span>胤亘毓賴丕丿氐賮丨丞</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fary.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B5%3A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26id%3D343575%26page%3D%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A4%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%26wpFormIdentifier%3Dtitleform"><span>賱賷丕賳賲禺鬲丕氐乇</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fary.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B5%3A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26id%3D343575%26page%3D%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A4%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%26wpFormIdentifier%3Dtitleform"><span>胤賷賱賷卮丕乇噩賷賱賰賵囟 QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 賮賲卮丕乇賷毓禺乇丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲丕賱氐賮丨丞"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="丕賱爻賷賮丞"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱爻賷賮丞</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">丨賵賾賱賱賱亘丕賳囟丞丿丕賱噩賳亘</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">禺亘賾賷</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-specialCiteThisPage-bibliographic"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丕賱亘賷丕賳丕鬲_丕賱亘亘賱賷賵睾乇丕賮賷丞_賱賭_賱賲丐爻爻丞_丿_賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A8.D9.8A.D8.A7.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.AA_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A8.D8.A8.D9.84.D9.8A.D9.88.D8.BA.D8.B1.D8.A7.D9.81.D9.8A.D8.A9_.D9.84.D9.80_.D9.84.D9.85.D8.A4.D8.B3.D8.B3.D8.A9_.D8.AF_.D9.88.D9.8A.D9.83.D9.8A.D9.85.D9.8A.D8.AF.D9.8A.D8.A7"></span>丕賱亘賷丕賳丕鬲丕賱亘亘賱賷賵睾乇丕賮賷丞賱賭賱賲丐爻爻丞丿賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕</h2></div> <ul><li>丕爻賲丕賱氐賮丨丞: 賱賲丐爻爻丞丿賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕</li> <li>丕賱賲丐賱賮: 賲爻丕賴賲賵賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕</li> <li>丕賱賳丕卮乇: <i>賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕</i>.</li> <li>鬲丕乇賷禺丌禺乇賲乇丕噩毓丞: 25 賷賳丕賷乇 2024 13:34 (鬲毓賲)</li> <li>鬲丕乇賷禺丕賱賵氐賵賱: 28 賳賵賳亘乇 2024 00:52 (鬲毓賲)</li> <li>丕賱乇丕亘胤丕賱丿丕卅賲: <a class="external free" href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575">https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575</a></li> <li>賲毓乇賮賲乇丕噩毓丞丕賱氐賮丨丞: 343575</li></ul> </div> <div class="plainlinks mw-specialCiteThisPage-styles"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="兀爻丕賱賷亘_丕賱丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿_賱賭_賱賲丐爻爻丞_丿_賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕"><span id=".D8.A3.D8.B3.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.8A.D8.A8_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.AA.D8.B4.D9.87.D8.A7.D8.AF_.D9.84.D9.80_.D9.84.D9.85.D8.A4.D8.B3.D8.B3.D8.A9_.D8.AF_.D9.88.D9.8A.D9.83.D9.8A.D9.85.D9.8A.D8.AF.D9.8A.D8.A7"></span>兀爻丕賱賷亘丕賱丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿賱賭賱賲丐爻爻丞丿賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="兀爻賱賵亘_APA"><span id=".D8.A3.D8.B3.D9.84.D9.88.D8.A8_APA"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="w:兀爻賱賵亘噩賲毓賷丞毓賱賲丕賱賳賮爻丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞">兀爻賱賵亘 APA</a></h3></div> <p>賱賲丐爻爻丞丿賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕. (2024貙賷賳丕賷乇 25). <i>賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕</i>. 鬲丕乇賷禺丕賱賵氐賵賱 00:52貙 28 賳賵賳亘乇 2024 賲賳 <a class="external free" href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575">https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="兀爻賱賵亘_MLA"><span id=".D8.A3.D8.B3.D9.84.D9.88.D8.A8_MLA"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:The_MLA_style_manual" class="extiw" title="w:en:The MLA style manual">兀爻賱賵亘 MLA</a></h3></div> <p>"賱賲丐爻爻丞丿賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕." <i>賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕</i>. 25 賷賳丕賷乇 2024貙 13:34 鬲毓賲. 28 賳賵賳亘乇 2024貙 00:52 <<a class="external free" href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575">https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575</a>>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="兀爻賱賵亘MHRA"><span id=".D8.A3.D8.B3.D9.84.D9.88.D8.A8MHRA"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="w:丿賱賷賱兀爻賱賵亘噩賲毓賷丞兀亘丨丕孬丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丕鬲丕賱賲毓丕氐乇丞">兀爻賱賵亘MHRA</a></h3></div> <p>賲爻丕賴賲賵賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕貙 '賱賲丐爻爻丞丿賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕'貙 <i>賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕貙</i> 25 賷賳丕賷乇 2024貙 13:34 鬲毓賲貙 <<a class="external free" href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575">https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575</a>> [鬲丕乇賷禺丕賱賵氐賵賱 28 賳賵賳亘乇 2024] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="兀爻賱賵亘_卮賷賰丕睾賵"><span id=".D8.A3.D8.B3.D9.84.D9.88.D8.A8_.D8.B4.D9.8A.D9.83.D8.A7.D8.BA.D9.88"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88" class="extiw" title="w:丿賱賷賱兀爻賱賵亘卮賷賰丕睾賵">兀爻賱賵亘卮賷賰丕睾賵</a></h3></div> <p>賲爻丕賴賲賵賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕貙 "賱賲丐爻爻丞丿賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕貙" <i>賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕貙</i> <a class="external free" href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575">https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575</a> (鬲丕乇賷禺丕賱賵氐賵賱賳賵賳亘乇 28貙 2024). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="兀爻賱賵亘CBE/CSE"><span id=".D8.A3.D8.B3.D9.84.D9.88.D8.A8CBE.2FCSE"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" class="extiw" title="w:賲毓丿賱賵賲噩賱爻丕賱毓賱賵賲">兀爻賱賵亘CBE/CSE</a></h3></div> <p>賲爻丕賴賲賵賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕. 賱賲丐爻爻丞丿賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕 [廿賳鬲乇賳鬲]. 賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕; 2024 賷賳丕賷乇 25貙 13:34 鬲毓賲 [丕爻鬲卮賴丿亘賴丕賮賷 2024 賳賵賳亘乇 28]. 賲鬲賵賮乇丞賮賷: <a class="external free" href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575">https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="兀爻賱賵亘_丕賱賰鬲丕亘_丕賱兀夭乇賯"><span id=".D8.A3.D8.B3.D9.84.D9.88.D8.A8_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.83.D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.A8_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D8.B2.D8.B1.D9.82"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" class="extiw" title="w:丕賱賰鬲丕亘丕賱兀夭乇賯">兀爻賱賵亘丕賱賰鬲丕亘丕賱兀夭乇賯</a></h3></div> <p>賱賲丐爻爻丞丿賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕貙 <a class="external free" href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575">https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575</a> (丌禺乇夭賷丕乇丞賳賵賳亘乇 28貙 2024). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="賲丿禺賱_亘亘_鬲禺"><span id=".D9.85.D8.AF.D8.AE.D9.84_.D8.A8.D8.A8_.D8.AA.D8.AE"></span>賲丿禺賱 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D8%AE" class="extiw" title="w:亘亘鬲禺">亘亘鬲禺</a></h3></div> <pre> @misc{ wiki:xxx, author = "賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕", title = "賱賲丐爻爻丞丿賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕 --- 賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕{,} ", year = "2024", url = "<a class="external free" href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575">https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575</a>", note = "[Online; accessed 28-賳賵賳亘乇-2024]" } </pre> <p>毓賳丿丕爻鬲毓賲丕賱丨夭賲丞 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AE" class="extiw" title="w:賱丕鬲禺">賱丕鬲禺</a> url (<code>\usepackage{url}</code> 賮賷賲賰丕賳賲丕賮賷丕賱丿賷亘丕噩丞) 丕賱鬲賷鬲毓賲賱毓賱賶廿禺乇丕噩丕賱乇賵丕亘胤亘兀爻賱賵亘兀噩賲賱賮丕賱氐賷睾丞丕賱鬲丕賱賷丞賴賷丕賱賲賮囟賱丞: </p> <pre> @misc{ wiki:xxx, author = "賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕", title = "賱賲丐爻爻丞丿賵賷賰賷賲賷丿賷丕 --- 賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕{,} ", year = "2024", url = "<b>\url{</b><a class="external free" href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575">https://ary.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&oldid=343575</a><b>}</b>", note = "[Online; accessed 28-賳賵賳亘乇-2024]" } </pre> <p><br /> </p> </div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">賲乇噩賾毓丞賲賳 "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/禺丕氐:丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿">https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/禺丕氐:丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/ar">爻賷丕爻丞丕賱禺氐賵氐賷丞</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA">賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲毓賱賶賵賷賰賷倬賷丿賷丕</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85">廿禺賱丕亍賲爻丐賵賱賷丞</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">丕賱賯賵丕毓丿丕賱爻賱賵賰賷丞</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">賲購胤賵賽賾乇賷賳</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ary.wikipedia.org">廿丨氐丕卅賷丕鬲</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">亘賷丕賳賲鬲毓賱賯亘賱賰賵賰賷夭</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ary.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF&id=343575&page=%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7&wpFormIdentifier=titleform&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">冥賷乇爻賷賵賳賲賵亘賷賱</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-2m2bq","wgBackendResponseTime":104});});</script> </body> </html>