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आत्मविश्वास - विकिपीडिया

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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>प्रवेश करा(लॉग इन करा)</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="वैयक्तिक साधने" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">वैयक्तिक साधने</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_mr.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=mr"><span>दान</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6&amp;returnto=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="आम्ही आपणास खाते उघडून आल्याची नोंद करण्यास प्रोत्साहीत करत आहोत;अर्थातच, ते नेहमीच आवश्यक नाही."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>नवीन खाते तयार करा</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6&amp;returnto=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="आपणांस सनोंद प्रवेशासाठी प्रोत्साहीत करण्यात येत आहे;अर्थातच, ते अनिवार्य नाही. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>प्रवेश करा(लॉग इन करा)</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="या अंकपत्त्यावरुन झालेले संपादन [y]" accesskey="y"><span>योगदान</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="या अंकपत्त्यापासून झालेल्या संपादनांबद्दल चर्चा [n]" accesskey="n"><span>चर्चा पान</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-इतिहास" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#इतिहास"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">१</span> <span>इतिहास</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-इतिहास-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-सिद्धान्त_आणि_इतर_चल_आणि_परस्परसंबंध_घटक" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#सिद्धान्त_आणि_इतर_चल_आणि_परस्परसंबंध_घटक"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२</span> <span>सिद्धान्त आणि इतर चल आणि परस्परसंबंध घटक</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-सिद्धान्त_आणि_इतर_चल_आणि_परस्परसंबंध_घटक-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle सिद्धान्त आणि इतर चल आणि परस्परसंबंध घटक subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-सिद्धान्त_आणि_इतर_चल_आणि_परस्परसंबंध_घटक-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-इंट्रा-सायकोलॉजिकल_व्हेरिएबल_म्हणून_आत्मविश्वास" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#इंट्रा-सायकोलॉजिकल_व्हेरिएबल_म्हणून_आत्मविश्वास"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.१</span> <span>इंट्रा-सायकोलॉजिकल व्हेरिएबल म्हणून आत्मविश्वास</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-इंट्रा-सायकोलॉजिकल_व्हेरिएबल_म्हणून_आत्मविश्वास-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-सामाजिक_प्रभावांशी_संबंध" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#सामाजिक_प्रभावांशी_संबंध"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.२</span> <span>सामाजिक प्रभावांशी संबंध</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-सामाजिक_प्रभावांशी_संबंध-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-भिन्न_प्रवर्गातील_गटांमधील_फरक" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#भिन्न_प्रवर्गातील_गटांमधील_फरक"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.३</span> <span>भिन्न प्रवर्गातील गटांमधील फरक</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-भिन्न_प्रवर्गातील_गटांमधील_फरक-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-मुले" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#मुले"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.३.१</span> <span>मुले</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-मुले-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-विद्यार्थीच" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#विद्यार्थीच"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.३.२</span> <span>विद्यार्थीच</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-विद्यार्थीच-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-पुरुष_विरुद्ध_महिला" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#पुरुष_विरुद्ध_महिला"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.३.३</span> <span>पुरुष विरुद्ध महिला</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-पुरुष_विरुद्ध_महिला-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-रूढीवादी_धमकी" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#रूढीवादी_धमकी"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.४</span> <span>रूढीवादी धमकी</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-रूढीवादी_धमकी-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-वेगवेगळ्या_संस्कृतींमध्ये_आत्मविश्वास" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#वेगवेगळ्या_संस्कृतींमध्ये_आत्मविश्वास"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२.४.१</span> <span>वेगवेगळ्या संस्कृतींमध्ये आत्मविश्वास</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-वेगवेगळ्या_संस्कृतींमध्ये_आत्मविश्वास-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-उपाय" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#उपाय"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३</span> <span>उपाय</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-उपाय-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-निरोगीपणाचे_चाक" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#निरोगीपणाचे_चाक"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४</span> <span>निरोगीपणाचे चाक</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-निरोगीपणाचे_चाक-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-अप्रत्यक्ष_विरुद्ध_स्पष्ट" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#अप्रत्यक्ष_विरुद्ध_स्पष्ट"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">५</span> <span>अप्रत्यक्ष विरुद्ध स्पष्ट</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-अप्रत्यक्ष_विरुद्ध_स्पष्ट-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-विस्तारित" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#विस्तारित"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">६</span> <span>विस्तारित</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-विस्तारित-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-आत्मविश्वासाचा_अभाव" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#आत्मविश्वासाचा_अभाव"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">७</span> <span>आत्मविश्वासाचा अभाव</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-आत्मविश्वासाचा_अभाव-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-आत्मविश्वास_पूर्वाग्रह" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#आत्मविश्वास_पूर्वाग्रह"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">८</span> <span>आत्मविश्वास पूर्वाग्रह</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-आत्मविश्वास_पूर्वाग्रह-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-हे_सुद्धा_पहा" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#हे_सुद्धा_पहा"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">९</span> <span>हे सुद्धा पहा</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-हे_सुद्धा_पहा-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-संदर्भ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#संदर्भ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">१०</span> <span>संदर्भ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-संदर्भ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">आत्मविश्वास</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in २० languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">२० languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A9" title="ثقة – अरबी" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="अरबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Упэўненасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Упэўненасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Увереност – बल्गेरियन" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Увереност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="बल्गेरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuversicht" title="Zuversicht – जर्मन" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zuversicht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence – इंग्रजी" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Confidence" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="इंग्रजी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enesekindlus" title="Enesekindlus – इस्टोनियन" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Enesekindlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="इस्टोनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%95%EC%8B%A0" title="확신 – कोरियन" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="확신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="कोरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Уверенность – रशियन" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уверенность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="रशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اعتماد – सिंधी" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اعتماد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="सिंधी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Confidence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet%C3%ABbesimi" title="Vetëbesimi – अल्बानियन" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vetëbesimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="अल्बानियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujiamini" title="Kujiamini – स्वाहिली" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kujiamini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="स्वाहिली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="தன்னம்பிக்கை – तामिळ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தன்னம்பிக்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="तामिळ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82" title="ఆత్మవిశ్వాసం – तेलगू" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆత్మవిశ్వాసం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="तेलगू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Итминон – ताजिक" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Итминон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ताजिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0timat" title="İtimat – तुर्की" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtimat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="तुर्की" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Упевненість – युक्रेनियन" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Упевненість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="युक्रेनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اعتماد – उर्दू" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اعتماد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="उर्दू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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जाते. काही क्रियाकलाप समाधानकारकपणे पूर्ण केल्याच्या अनुभवांमुळे एखाद्याचा आत्मविश्वास वाढतो.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> भविष्यात एखादी व्यक्ती जे करू इच्छिते, ते ती सामान्यत:पूर्ण करू शकते, हा एक सकारात्मक विश्वास आहे. एखाद्याचा (किंवा काहीतरी) यशस्वी करण्यावर होण्यावर जास्त विश्वास असणे म्हणजे आत्मविश्वास. आत्मविश्वास हे एखादे ध्येय साध्य करण्यासाठीची एक क्षमता व विश्वास आहे. शिवाय ते स्वतःच्या किमतीचे एक मूल्यांकन आहे.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> अब्राहम मास्लो आणि त्याच्या नंतरच्या बऱ्याच जणांनी आत्मविश्वास हे एक सामान्यीकृत व्यक्तिमत्त्व वैशिष्ट्य म्हणून ओळखण्याची गरज आणि विशिष्ट कार्य, आव्हान यांच्या संदर्भातील या गोष्टी व आत्मविश्वास यात फरक करण्याची गरज यांवर जोर दिला आहे. आत्मविश्वास सामान्यत: सामान्य आत्मविश्वास दर्शवतो. हा स्वतःच्या कार्यक्षमतेपेक्षा भिन्न आहे. हेच मानसशास्त्रज्ञ अल्बर्ट बंडुरा यांनी “विशिष्ट परिस्थितीत यशस्वी होण्याची किंवा एखादी कार्य पूर्ण करण्याच्या एखाद्याच्या क्षमतेवर विश्वास” म्हणून परिभाषित केले आहे <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> आणि म्हणूनच हा शब्द विशिष्ट प्रकारचा आत्मविश्वास अधिक अचूकपणे दाखवतो. मानसशास्त्रज्ञांनी फार पूर्वी नमूद केले आहे की, एखादी व्यक्ती विशिष्ट काम स्वतच्या कार्यक्षमताेने पूर्ण करू शकते असा आत्मविश्वास ठेवू शकते (उदा०. चांगले जेवण बनवू शकेल किंवा एखादी चांगली कादंबरी लिहू शकेल तरीही त्यांच्यात सामान्य आत्मविश्वासाची कमतरता असू शकते किंवा उलट विशिष्ट कार्य साध्य करण्यासाठी त्यांच्यात स्वतःची कार्यक्षमता नसल्यास आत्मविश्वास बाळगावा (उदा० कादंबरी लिहा). तथापि आत्मविश्वासाचे हे दोन प्रकार परस्परसंबंधित आहेत आणि या कारणास्तव सहजपणे गोंधळ होऊ शकतो.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="इतिहास"><span id=".E0.A4.87.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8"></span>इतिहास</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="विभाग: इतिहास संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>आत्मविश्वासाची कारणे आणि त्याचे प्रभाव याबद्दलचे विचार इंग्लिश भाषेतल्या अनेक प्रकाशनांत प्रकट झाले आहेत. ह्यामध्ये देवाप्रती असलेल्या धार्मिक वृत्तीची वैशिष्ट्ये,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ब्रिटिश साम्राज्याचे वैशिष्ट्य,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> आणि वसाहती-काळातील अमेरिकन समाजातील संस्कृती <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (जिथे असा अभिमान वाटतो तो एक नकारात्मक गुणधर्म आहे.) </p><p>१९९० मध्ये तत्त्वज्ञ विल्यम जेम्स यांनी आपल्या <i>मानसशास्त्रावरील</i> तत्त्वग्रंथात लिहिले की, “तुमच्या गरजा विचारात घेऊन ठरवलेल्या गोष्टीवर विश्वास ठेवा, कारण केवळ अशा विश्वासानेच गरज पूर्ण केली जाते. आपण यशस्वीरीत्या गरजा पूर्ण करू शकतो यावर विश्वास ठेवा. "आत्मविश्वास कसा पुण्यवान ठरू शकतो हे दर्शवून, डॉ फ्रेडरिक, यांनी <i>ब्रिटिश मेडिकल जर्नल</i> ' उघडण्याच्या वेळी केलेल्या अध्यक्षीय भाषणात सांगितले की, प्रगतीशील नवीन आर्किटेक्चर आणि वेड्या रुग्णांना एका आश्रय विभागात आणखी जास्त "स्वातंत्र्य देऊन त्यांचा आत्मविश्वास वाढावा म्हणून स्तुती, कृती, विस्तारित व्यायाम आणि व्याप्ती अशा गोष्टीद्वारे तो निर्माण करावा आणि रुग्णांची विवेकबुद्धी केवळ उत्कृष्ट चाचण्यांच्या द्वारेच नव्हे तर तिच्या पुनःप्राप्तीस चालना देण्याकरिता त्यांना समर्थ करावे.. ” <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> असे करण्याच्या वेळी तो असे सुचवितो की मानसिक आरोग्याचाच आत्मविश्वासाशी वैज्ञानिक संबंध आहे. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="पहिले महायुद्ध">पहिल्या महायुद्धाच्या</a> आगमनाने, मानसशास्त्रज्ञांनी आत्मविश्वासाचे कौतुक केले कारण चिंताग्रस्त तणाव कमी झाला, भीती कमी झाली आणि दहशतवादाचे रणांगण सोडले; त्यांनी असा युक्तिवाद केला की ज्या सैनिकांनी एक निरोगी आणि निरोगी शरीर जोपासले त्यांनी लढाई करताना अधिक आत्मविश्वास वाढविला.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1920च्या टेंपरन्स सामाजिक सुधारणेच्या चळवळीच्या उंचावर, मानसशास्त्रज्ञांनी घरी काम करत नसलेल्या आणि काम नसताना कुटुंबाची काळजी घेेेणा-या पुरुषांवर आत्मविश्वास जोडला.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>११<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> मोठ्या उदासीनतेच्या वेळी, फिलिप आयसनबर्ग आणि पॉल लेझरफेल्ड यांनी नमूद केले की एखाद्याच्या परिस्थितीत अचानक नकारात्मक बदल झाल्याने, विशेषतः नोकरी गमावल्यामुळे आत्मविश्वास कमी कसा होऊ शकतो, सामान्यत: जर बेरोजगार व्यक्तीने आपल्या बेकारीचा दोष त्याच्या स्वतः वर ठेवला तर विश्वास गमावू शकतात. जर व्यक्तींना नोकरी पुरेशी नसेल आणि ते उदास झाले तर ते सर्व आत्मविश्वास गमावू शकतात.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>१९४३ मध्ये अब्राहम मास्लो यांनी “अ थिअरी ऑफ ह्युमन प्रॅटिव्हेशन” या त्यांच्या पेपरमध्ये असा युक्तिवाद केला की एखाद्या व्यक्तीला शारीरिक अस्तित्त्व, आणि सुरक्षिततेसाठी आवश्यक असलेल्या गोष्टी मिळवल्यानंतर प्रेम आणि संबंधित घटक मिळवण्यासाठी स्वतःच्या आत्मविश्वासाने (“सन्मान”चे एक घटक) प्रेरित केले होते. त्यांनी असा दावा केला की आत्म-सन्मान समाधानामुळे आत्मविश्वासाची भावना निर्माण झाली आणि ती एकदा आत्मसात झाल्यावर “ आत्म-वास्तविकतेची ” इच्छा निर्माण झाली.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> दुसऱ्या महायुद्धानंतर विकसित देशांमध्ये बऱ्याच लोकांच्या भौतिक मानकांची झपाट्याने वाढ झाली आणि त्यांची भौतिक गरजा पूर्ण झाल्याने, आत्मविश्वास आणि आत्म-कार्यक्षमता यासारख्या अनेक संबंधित संकल्पनांचा आत्मविश्वास आणि आत्मविश्वास वाढण्यासारख्या अनेक संकल्पना उदयास आल्या.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="सिद्धान्त_आणि_इतर_चल_आणि_परस्परसंबंध_घटक"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4_.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.BF_.E0.A4.87.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.B2_.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.BF_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.A7_.E0.A4.98.E0.A4.9F.E0.A4.95"></span>सिद्धान्त आणि इतर चल आणि परस्परसंबंध घटक</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="विभाग: सिद्धान्त आणि इतर चल आणि परस्परसंबंध घटक संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="इंट्रा-सायकोलॉजिकल_व्हेरिएबल_म्हणून_आत्मविश्वास"><span id=".E0.A4.87.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.9F.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE-.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.B2.E0.A5.89.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.B2_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.8F.E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.B2_.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.A3.E0.A5.82.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8"></span>इंट्रा-सायकोलॉजिकल व्हेरिएबल म्हणून आत्मविश्वास</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="विभाग: इंट्रा-सायकोलॉजिकल व्हेरिएबल म्हणून आत्मविश्वास संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>मानसशास्त्रज्ञांनी सांगितले की, पैशाची बचत करणे,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> व्यक्ती इतरांवर कसा प्रभाव पाडते,<sup id="cite_ref-Mowday_709–725_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mowday_709–725-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> आणि एक जबाबदार विद्यार्थी असल्याने आत्मविश्वास कसा वाढवता येईल या सर्वांचा आत्मविश्वासाशी परस्पर संबंध आहे. विपणन संशोधकांना असे आढळले आहे की एखाद्या व्यक्तीचा सामान्य आत्मविश्वास आणि त्यांच्या चिंतेच्या पातळीशी नकारात्मक संबंध असतो.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>काही अभ्यास एखाद्या व्यक्तीच्या नियंत्रणाखाली आणि त्याही पलीकडे जे विविध घटक सूचित करतात ते त्यांच्या आत्मविश्वासावर परिणाम करतात. हिप्पल आणि ट्रायव्हर्स यांनी असा प्रस्ताव दिला होता की लोक यांच्या स्वतःच्या सकारात्मक गुणांबद्दल आणि स्वतःच्या नकारात्मक गुणांबद्दल स्वतःची फसवणूक करतील, जेणेकरून त्यांना आत्मविश्वास वाढवता येईल; त्यांना वाटेल त्यापेक्षा जास्त सामाजिक आत्मविश्वास वाढेल आणि सामाजिक आणि भौतिकदृष्ट्या त्यांची प्रगती होईल.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> इतरांना असे आढळले आहे की एखाद्या व्यक्तीच्या कार्यक्षमतेबद्दलची नवीन माहिती एखाद्या व्यक्तीच्या त्यांच्या कार्य करण्याच्या क्षमतेबद्दल पूर्वीच्या आत्मविश्वासाशी संवाद साधते. जर ती विशिष्ट माहिती नकारात्मक अभिप्राय असेल तर, यामुळे एखाद्या व्यक्तीला मनोविकृती होऊ शकेल अशा नकारात्मक भावनात्मक स्थितीशी (कमी आत्मविश्वास वाढू शकेल) संवाद साधू शकेल. त्यामुळे त्यांच्यात आत्मविश्वासाची कमतरता नसतानाही ती स्थिती भविष्यात अपयशी होण्याची शक्यता अधिक वाढविणाऱ्या आत्म-पराभूत वृत्तीस प्रवृत्त करते. .<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> दुसरीकडे, काहींना असेही आढळले आहे की आत्मविश्वास एखाद्या व्यक्तीचे सामान्य कल्याण करते <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> आणि एखाद्याची प्रेरणा <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> आणि म्हणूनच बऱ्याचदा कार्यक्षमता वाढते.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> तणाव आणि मानसिक आरोग्यास सामोरे जाण्याची क्षमता देखील यामुळे वाढते.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>१२ लेखांचे मेटा-विश्लेषण असे आढळले की सामान्यत: जेव्हा लोक त्यांच्या यशाचे श्रेय स्थिर कारणांकडे (त्यांच्या नियंत्रणाखाली ठेवलेले असते) म्हणून देतात तेव्हा त्यांना भविष्यात यशस्वी होण्याचा आत्मविश्वास कमी असतो. एखादी व्यक्ती त्यांच्या अपयशाला अस्थिर कारणास्तव (त्यांच्या नियंत्रणापलीकडे एक घटक, अचानक आणि अनपेक्षित वादळासारखे) जबाबदार असेल तर भविष्यात यशस्वी होण्याबद्दल त्यांना विश्वास आहे.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> म्हणूनच, एखाद्या व्यक्तीने असा विश्वास ठेवला की एखाद्या गोष्टीच्या नियंत्रणाबाहेर असलेल्या एखाद्या कारणामुळे तो / ती आणि / किंवा इतर ध्येय साध्य करण्यात अयशस्वी झाले (उदा. धूम्रपान सोडून द्या), तो किंवा तिचा किंवा तिला तिचा आत्मविश्वास अधिक असेल भविष्यात ध्येय साध्य करू शकेल.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> एखादा निर्णय घेताना एखाद्या व्यक्तीने अतिरिक्त स्त्रोतांचा शोध घ्यावा की नाही हे त्या त्या क्षेत्राशी संबंधित त्यांच्या आत्मविश्वासाच्या पातळीवर अवलंबून आहे. निर्णयाची जटिलता जसजशी वाढत जाते तसतसे एखाद्या व्यक्तीवर दुसऱ्या व्यक्तीचा प्रभाव पडण्याची शक्यता असते आणि ती अतिरिक्त माहिती घेण्याचा संभव असतो.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> तथापि, लोक त्यांच्या जगाच्या दृष्टिकोनाशी सहमत असलेल्या माहितीच्या स्त्रोतांकडून सल्लामसलत केल्यास त्यांचा विश्वास काय आहे यावर तुलनेने आत्मविश्वासही असू शकतो (उदा उदारांसाठी न्यू यॉर्क टाइम्स, पुराणमतवादींसाठी फॉक्स न्यूझ), जरी त्यांना उद्या काय होईल हे माहित नसले तरी.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> बऱ्याच मानसशास्त्रज्ञांनी असे सुचवले आहे की जे लोक आत्मविश्वास बाळगतात त्यांचे पुरावे तपासण्यास अधिक इच्छुक असतात जे त्यांच्या मनोवृत्तीला समर्थन देतात व विरोधाभास आहेत. दरम्यान, जे लोक त्यांच्या दृष्टीकोनाबद्दल कमी आत्मविश्वास बाळगतात आणि त्यांच्याबद्दल अधिक बचावात्मक असतात त्यांच्या दृष्टीकोनास आव्हान देणा-या साहित्यांपेक्षा परजीवी माहिती पसंत करतात.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (बायर्न, १ 61 .१; ऑल्सन आणि झन्ना, १ 198 2२ बी; इतर डोमेनमधील संबंधित दृश्यांसाठी, टेझर, २००१ पहा). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="सामाजिक_प्रभावांशी_संबंध"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.A7"></span>सामाजिक प्रभावांशी संबंध</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="विभाग: सामाजिक प्रभावांशी संबंध संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>एखाद्या व्यक्तीचा आत्मविश्वास वेगवेगळ्या वातावरणात, जसे की घरी किंवा शाळेत आणि वेगवेगळ्या प्रकारच्या संबंध आणि परिस्थितीशी संबंधित बदलू शकतो.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> सामान्य समाजाच्या संबंधात, काहींना असे आढळले आहे की एखादी व्यक्ती जितका आत्मविश्वास वाढवते तितकीच ती इतरांच्या निर्णयाशी जुळण्याची शक्यता कमी असते.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> लिओन फेस्टिंगर यांना असे आढळले की, एखाद्या व्यक्तीचा स्वतः क्षमतेवर आत्मविश्वास वाढू शकतो किंंवा त्याचीच घसरण होऊ शकते जिथे ती व्यक्ती स्वतःशी सारख्याच स्पर्धात्मक वातावरणात इतरांशी तुलना करण्यास सक्षम असेल.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> शिवाय, जेव्हा कमी आत्मविश्वास असणारी व्यक्ती इतरांकडून अभिप्राय घेतात, तेव्हा ते त्यांच्या संबंधित क्षमता आणि नकारात्मक माहितीपूर्ण अभिप्रायाबद्दल माहिती घेण्यास विरोध करतात आणि सकारात्मक अभिप्राय प्राप्त करण्यास विरोध करतात.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>उच्च आत्मविश्वास असलेले लोक इतरांना सहजपणे प्रभावित करू शकतात, कारण इतरांना ते अधिक ज्ञानी समजतात आणि इतरांपेक्षा योग्य निर्णय घेण्याची अधिक शक्यता त्यांच्या कडे आहे असे समजतात,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> त्यांच्या दाव्यांचा अनेकदा त्यांच्या आत्मविश्वासाशी आणि अचूकतेच्या पातळीशी नकारात्मक सहसंबंध आढळून येेेतो.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> जेव्हा लोक एखाद्या विषयाबद्दल अनिश्चित आणि नकळत असतात तेव्हा ते त्या साक्षीवर विश्वास ठेवण्याची शक्यता असते,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> आणि आत्मविश्वास वाटणाऱ्या लोकांच्या सल्ल्याचे अनुसरण करतात.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> तथापि, प्रत्यक्षदर्शींच्या स्मृतीवर परिणाम घडविणाऱ्या घटकांबद्दल तज्ज्ञ मानसशास्त्रीय साक्षरतेमुळे आत्मविश्वासावर कुरेशी विश्वास कमी होतो. </p><p>कमी आत्मविश्वास असणाऱ्या लोकांपेक्षा लोक जास्त आत्मविश्वासाने नेते निवडण्याची शक्यता असते.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> इतर पुरुषांपेक्षा आत्मविश्वास दाखविणारे विषमलैंगिक पुरुष अविवाहित आणि भागीदार महिलांना जास्त आकर्षित करतात.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> आत्मविश्वास उंचावणा-या सेल्सपॉईल्सने स्वतः साठी उच्च लक्ष्य निश्चित करण्याची शक्यता असते आणि म्हणूनच नोकरी मिळण्याची शक्यता जास्त असते.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> जास्त उत्पन्न आणि ग्राहक सेवेचे समाधान मिळवते <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>४९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> नेतृत्वाच्या संबंधात, उच्च आत्मविश्वास असणारे नेते जबरदस्तीने करण्याऐवजी मनापासून इतरांवर प्रभाव पाडण्याची शक्यता असते. सामर्थ्य कमी असणाऱ्या आणि आत्मविश्वास असणाऱ्या व्यक्तींना जबरदस्तीने प्रभाव पाडण्याच्या पद्धती वापरण्याची शक्यता जास्त असते <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> आणि आत्मविश्वास असणा-या व्यक्तींमध्ये एखाद्याचा त्रास होण्याची शक्यता असते किंवा त्यांचा प्रभाव घेण्यासाठी नोकरशाही प्रक्रियेचा सहारा घेण्याची शक्यता असते. इतर (उदा. संस्थात्मक धोरण किंवा नियमांना अपील).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> इतर सूचित करतात की आत्मविश्वास नेतृत्वाच्या शैलीवर परिणाम करीत नाही परंतु केवळ वर्षानुवर्षे पर्यवेक्षी अनुभव आणि शक्तीबद्दलच्या आत्म-दृश्यांशी संबंधित आहे.<sup id="cite_ref-Mowday_709–725_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mowday_709–725-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="भिन्न_प्रवर्गातील_गटांमधील_फरक"><span id=".E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B2_.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.9F.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.A7.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B2_.E0.A4.AB.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.95"></span>भिन्न प्रवर्गातील गटांमधील फरक</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="विभाग: भिन्न प्रवर्गातील गटांमधील फरक संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>सामाजिक शास्त्रज्ञांना असे मार्ग सापडले आहेत ज्यायोगे आत्मविश्वास समाजातील विविध गटांमध्ये वेगळ्या प्रकारे कार्य करतो. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="मुले"><span id=".E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.B2.E0.A5.87"></span>मुले</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="विभाग: मुले संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>मुलांमध्ये आत्मविश्वास प्रौढांपेक्षा वेगळ्या प्रकारे दिसून येतो. उदाहरणार्थ, फेंटनने असे सुचवले की, इतर मुलांपेक्षा केवळ गट म्हणूनच मुले आत्मविश्वास वाढवतात.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenton_546–556_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenton_546–556-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> झिमरमन यांनी असा दावा केला की जर मुले आत्मविश्वास बाळगू शकतात तर ते शिकू शकतात. भविष्यात संभाव्य बक्षिसासाठी त्वरित करमणुकीच्या वेळेची बलिदान देण्याची अधिक शक्यता आहे. त्यांची स्वयं-नियामक क्षमता वाढविणे.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> तारुण्यातच, ज्यांचा मित्रांशी फारसा संपर्क नसतो अशा तरुणांमध्ये आत्मविश्वास कमी असतो.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> मुलांच्या संगीतातील यशस्वी कामगिरीमुळे आत्मविश्वासाची भावनाही वाढते आणि अभ्यासाची प्रेरणा देखील वाढते.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="विद्यार्थीच"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A5.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.9A"></span>विद्यार्थीच</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="विभाग: विद्यार्थीच संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Bashful_Sturgeon_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bashful_Sturgeon_Bay.jpg/220px-Bashful_Sturgeon_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bashful_Sturgeon_Bay.jpg/330px-Bashful_Sturgeon_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bashful_Sturgeon_Bay.jpg/440px-Bashful_Sturgeon_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>स्टर्जन बे, विस्कॉन्सिन या 1916-१–१ year या वार्षिक पुस्तकात "बॅशफुल" असे शीर्षक दिले</figcaption></figure> <p>बरेच विद्यार्थी शाळेतल्या अभ्यासावर लक्ष केंद्रित करतात. सर्वसाधारणपणे, उत्तम कामगिरी करणाऱ्या विद्यार्थ्यांचा आत्मविश्वास वाढला आहे आणि यामुळे विद्यार्थ्यांना कार्य यशस्वीरीत्या पूर्ण करण्यासाठी अधिक जबाबदारी स्वीकारण्यास प्रोत्साहित करते.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> चांगले प्रदर्शन करणारे विद्यार्थी अधिक सकारात्मक मूल्यांकन अहवाल आणि अधिक आत्मविश्वास प्राप्त करतात.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> कमी साध्य करणारे विद्यार्थी कमी आत्मविश्वास नोंदवतात आणि उच्च कामगिरी करणारे विद्यार्थी जास्त आत्मविश्वास नोंदवतात.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> शिक्षक त्यांच्या विद्यार्थ्यांशी कसे वागतात यावर अवलंबून असलेल्या विद्यार्थींच्या आत्मविश्वासावर त्यांचा मोठ्या प्रमाणावर परिणाम होऊ शकतो.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> विशेषतः, स्टील आणि अ्रेनसन यांनी असे प्रस्थापित केले की जर काळ्या विद्यार्थ्यांना (पांढ-या विद्यार्थ्यांशी संबंधित) परीक्षेपूर्वी त्यांची वांशिक ओळख उघडकीस आणावी लागली, तर काळे विद्यार्थी परीक्षेत अधिक वाईट कामगिरी करून शकतात ही घटना “रूढीवादी धमकी” म्हणून ओळखली जाते.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> केलर आणि डॉनहाइमर यांना गणिताच्या चाचण्यांबाबत महिला विद्यार्थ्यांच्या कामगिरीच्या संदर्भात (पुरुष विद्यार्थ्यांच्या तुलनेत) समान घटना आढळली <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> शैक्षणिक समाजशास्त्रज्ञ झोऊ आणि ली यांनी एशियन-अमेरिकन लोकांमध्ये घडणारी उलट घटना पाहिली, ज्यांचा आत्मविश्वास अपेक्षेने बद्ध होता. ते पालक आणि शिक्षक दोघेही यशस्वी होतील आणि इतरांचा असा दावा आहे की त्यांना शैक्षणिकदृष्ट्या त्यांच्यापेक्षा वास्तविक असे वाटते.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>यूसीएलएच्या विद्यार्थ्यांच्या एका अभ्यासानुसार, पुरुष (स्त्रियांच्या तुलनेत) आणि अधिक भावंडे असलेले किशोर (किशोरांसह कमी) जास्त आत्मविश्वास वाढवणारे होते. शैक्षणिक क्षेत्रात विशेषतः आत्मविश्वास असलेल्या व्यक्तींना आनंद होण्याची शक्यता जास्त असते परंतु उच्च सामान्य आत्मविश्वास आनंदाशी जुळत नाही. जास्त चिंता, लाजाळूपणा आणि नैराश्याने भावनिकदृष्ट्या असुरक्षित विद्यार्थ्यांना सामान्य आत्मविश्वासाच्या कमतरतेमुळे जास्त एकाकीपणा जाणवतो.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> पहिल्या वर्षाच्या महाविद्यालयीन विद्यार्थ्यांच्या आणखी एका अभ्यासानुसार अ‍ॅथलेटिक आणि शैक्षणिक क्रियाकलापांमधील पुरुषांपेक्षा पुरुष जास्त आत्मविश्वासू असल्याचे आढळले.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> आंतर-वांशिक संवाद आणि भाषा शिकण्याच्या बाबतीत, अभ्यासाने हे सिद्ध केले आहे की जे लोक भिन्न वंशाच्या आणि भाषेतील लोकांशी अधिक गुंततात ते त्यांच्याशी संवाद साधण्यात अधिक आत्मविश्वास वाढतात.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="पुरुष_विरुद्ध_महिला"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.B7_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A7_.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.BE"></span>पुरुष विरुद्ध महिला</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="विभाग: पुरुष विरुद्ध महिला संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>बार्बर आणि ओडियन यांना असे आढळले आहे की पुरुष सामान्य स्टॉक गुंतवणूकदार त्यांच्या महिला भागातील पुरुषांपेक्षा ४५% जास्त व्यापार करतात, ज्यामध्ये ते पुरुषांच्या अधिक बेपर्वापणाचे (जरी आत्मविश्वास असणारे) श्रेय देतात आणि पुरुषांच्या निव्वळ परताव्यामध्ये महिलांच्या १.७२ टक्के गुणांच्या तुलनेत दर वर्षी २.६५ टक्के घट करतात.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>काहींना असे आढळले आहे की ज्या स्त्रिया सामान्य आत्मविश्वासात उच्च आहेत किंवा कमी आहेत त्यांना मध्यम आत्मविश्वास असणाऱ्या महिलांपेक्षा त्यांचे मत बदलण्याची खात्री पटते. तथापि, जेव्हा विशिष्ट उच्च आत्मविश्वास (स्वतःची कार्यक्षमता) जास्त असतो, तेव्हा सामान्यीकृत आत्मविश्वास त्यांच्या कार्य करण्याची क्षमता प्रभावित करण्यास कमी भूमिका बजावतो.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> संशोधनात असे आढळले आहे की महिला त्यांच्या अनुभवाच्या पातळीच्या प्रमाणात अधीनस्थांच्या देखरेखीखाली आत्मविश्वास पातळीची नोंद करतात तर पुरुष अनुभवाची पर्वा न करता अधीनस्थांवर देखरेखीसाठी सक्षम असल्याचे नोंदवतात.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>पुरावा देखील असे सुचवितो की ज्या स्त्रिया जास्त आत्मविश्वास बाळगतात त्यांचे उच्च कार्यप्रदर्शन मूल्यमापन केले जाऊ शकते परंतु त्याच वर्तनात गुंतलेल्या पुरुषांइतकेच त्यांना पसंत केले जाऊ शकत नाही.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> परंतु आत्मविश्वास असलेल्या महिलांना पुरुष आणि स्त्रिया दोघांपेक्षा चांगले नोकरीचे उमेदवार मानले गेले.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> विश्वयुद्धात स्त्रीवाद आणि कामगार दलात महिलांच्या भूमिकेच्या पहिल्या लहरीनंतर मास्लोने असा युक्तिवाद केला की काही महिला ज्यांच्याकडे “प्रबळ” व्यक्तिमत्त्व अधिक आत्मविश्वासू होते आणि म्हणूनच ज्यांना “कमी प्रभुत्व” असलेल्या पुरुषांइतकेच बुद्धिमत्तेचे स्तर असले तरीही त्यांच्यापेक्षा कमी “प्रबळ” व्यक्तिमत्त्व असणाऱ्या लोकांपेक्षा बौद्धिकदृष्ट्या जास्त मिळविण्याची इच्छा होते आणि ते प्राप्त करू इच्छित होते. तथापि, फिलिप आयसनबर्ग नंतर नंतर पुरुषांमध्ये समान गतिमान आढळले.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>आणखी एक सामान्य शोध म्हणजे सामान्य आत्मविश्वास कमी असलेल्या पुरुषांना उच्च सामान्यीकरण केलेल्या आत्मविश्वासाच्या पुरुषांपेक्षा अधिक सहजपणे समजावले जाते.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> स्त्रिया नकारात्मक अभिप्रायास कमी प्रतिसाद देतात आणि पुरुषांपेक्षा नकारात्मक अभिप्रायांना जास्त विरोध करतात.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>३९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> निडरले आणि वेस्टरलंड यांना असे आढळले की पुरुष जास्त स्पर्धात्मक असतात आणि महिलांपेक्षा जास्त नुकसान भरपाई घेतात. आत्मविश्वासातील मतभेदांमुळे हा फरक दिसून येतो, तर जोखीम आणि अभिप्राय-प्रतिकूलपणा नगण्य भूमिका निभावतात.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>७९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> काही विद्वान असे म्हणतात की पुरुषांनी महिलांच्या आत्मविश्वासाच्या घटत्या भावनांपेक्षा अभियांत्रिकी महाविद्यालयात टिकण्याची शक्यता कमी आहे.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>हे लिंग भूमिकेशी संबंधित असू शकते, कारण एका अभ्यासानुसार असे दिसून आले आहे की ज्या स्त्रिया पारंपारिक लिंग भूमिकांमध्ये स्त्रियांबरोबर जाहिराती पाहतात त्या महिला अधिक मर्दानी भूमिका घेत असल्याच्या जाहिराती पाहण्यापेक्षा भाषण देण्यामध्ये कमी आत्मविश्वास दर्शवितात.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> असा आत्मविश्वास शरीराच्या प्रतिमेशी देखील संबंधित असू शकतो, कारण एका अभ्यासात असे आढळले आहे की ऑस्ट्रेलिया आणि अमेरिकेत जास्त वजन असलेल्या व्यक्तींचा नमुना सरासरी वजनाच्या लोकांपेक्षा त्यांच्या शरीराच्या कामगिरीबद्दल कमी आत्मविश्वास कमी असतो आणि स्त्रियांपेक्षा हा फरक त्याहूनही जास्त आहे. पुरुषांकरिता.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> इतरांना असे आढळले आहे की जन्मावेळी मूल मूल आपल्या आईपासून विभक्त झाले असेल तर आई आपल्या मुलापासून विभक्त नसलेल्या मातांपेक्षा त्या मुलाचे संगोपन करण्याच्या क्षमतेबद्दल कमी आत्मविश्वास बाळगते, जरी दोन आईंमध्ये फारसा फरक नसला तरीही त्यांची काळजी घेण्याची कौशल्ये. शिवाय, ज्या स्त्रियांना सुरुवातीला कमी आत्मविश्वास होता त्यांना तुलनेने जास्त आत्मविश्वास असलेल्या स्त्रियांपेक्षा मुलांपासून विभक्त झाल्यावर आत्मविश्वासाची मोठी घसरण होण्याची शक्यता असते.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="रूढीवादी_धमकी"><span id=".E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.82.E0.A4.A2.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.80"></span>रूढीवादी धमकी</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="विभाग: रूढीवादी धमकी संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>स्टीरियोटाइप धमकी परीक्षण-संबंधित परिस्थितीत नकारात्मक रूढीवादी असणारी सामाजिक ओळख ही असुरक्षेस कशी कारणीभूत आहे याची तपासणी करते. या संकल्पनेत स्टिरियोटाईपचा धोका असताना कामात अडचण यासारखे घटक, क्षमतांविषयीचे विश्वास आणि त्याचबरोबर कार्ये असलेल्या स्टिरियोटाईपच्या प्रासंगिकतेचे इंटरप्ले यासारखे घटकांची तपासणी केली जाते. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="वेगवेगळ्या_संस्कृतींमध्ये_आत्मविश्वास"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.B3.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.A7.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8"></span>वेगवेगळ्या संस्कृतींमध्ये आत्मविश्वास</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="विभाग: वेगवेगळ्या संस्कृतींमध्ये आत्मविश्वास संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>काहींनी असे सुचवले आहे की अशा संस्कृतींमध्ये आत्मविश्वास अधिक अनुकूल आहे ज्यात लोक सामंजस्यपूर्ण संबंध राखण्यास फारसे उत्सुक नसतात. परंतु सकारात्मक भावनांना आणि आत्मविश्वासाला कमी महत्त्व देणाऱ्या संस्कृतीत गुळगुळीत परस्पर संबंधांची देखभाल करणे अधिक महत्त्वाचे आहे आणि म्हणूनच आत्म-टीका आणि चेहरा वाचवण्याची चिंता अधिक अनुकूल आहे. उदाहरणार्थ, सुह वगैरे. (1998) पूर्व आशियाई म्हणून अमेरिकन म्हणून स्वतःची आत्मविश्वास सांभाळणे संबंध नाहीत की भांडणे <sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> आणि काही जणांनी तर शोधण्यासाठी आशियाई त्यांचा आत्मविश्वास <i>कमतरता</i> तेव्हा चांगली कामगिरी.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>अनेक क्रीडा मानसशास्त्रज्ञांनी ॲथलेटिक स्पर्धा जिंकण्याच्या आत्मविश्वासाचे महत्त्व लक्षात घेतले आहे. क्रीडापटूंमध्ये, जिम्नॅस्ट्स जे स्वतः शिकवण्याच्या स्वरूपात बोलतात, त्यांच्यात अन्य जिम्नॅस्ट्सपेक्षा अधिक आत्मविश्वास असतो..<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> संशोधकांना असे आढळले आहे की एखाद्या स्पर्धेत अथलीटने किती चांगले कामगिरी केली यावर आत्मविश्वास देखील एक सर्वात प्रभावशाली घटक आहे.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>९०<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> विशेषतः, "मजबूत आत्मविश्वास" हा "मानसिक खंबीरपणा" या पैलूंशी किंवा आपल्या विरोधकांपेक्षा बऱ्याच मागण्यांसह विरोध करण्याचा सामना करण्याची क्षमता आणि दृढनिश्चय, लक्ष केंद्रित करणे आणि दबावातील नियंत्रणात असते.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>९१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>९२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> विशेषतः, बुल इट अल. (२००)) "मजबूत आत्मविश्वास" आणि यामुळे कठोर विचारसरणीचा सामना करणाऱ्या आणि "आत्मविश्वास वाढवणे" यात फरक करणे ज्यामध्ये स्वतःहून जास्त शंका येण्याचे आणि आत्म-लक्ष केंद्रित करणे आणि "कठोर विचारसरणी" निर्माण होते. हे वैशिष्ट्य अ‍ॅथलीट्सला "संकटातून परत येण्यास सक्षम करते." <sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>९३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> जेव्हा खेळाडू खेळ खेळताना ताणतणावाचा सामना करतात तेव्हा त्यांचा आत्मविश्वास कमी होतो. तथापि भावनिक आणि माहितीच्या आधाराच्या रूपात त्यांच्या कार्यसंघाच्या सदस्यांकडून मिळालेला अभिप्राय खेळामधील ताणतणावामुळे त्यांचा आत्मविश्वास कमी करतो. उच्च स्तरावर पाठिंबा, कामगिरीशी संबंधित ताण आत्मविश्वासावर परिणाम करीत नाही.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>९४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="उपाय"><span id=".E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF"></span>उपाय</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="विभाग: उपाय संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>आत्मविश्वासाच्या अगदी सुरुवातीच्या उपायांपैकी शून्यावर केंद्रित १२-बिंदू प्रमाणात वापरल्या गेलेल्या, “भेकड आणि स्वतःचा अविश्वास, लाजाळू” असे दर्शविणाऱ्या किमान गुणांपैकी, उच्च निर्णय घेण्यासाठी प्रतिनिधित्व करणाऱ्या, कधीही निर्णय घेत नाहीत, आत्म-प्रभाव पाडतात, जो कोणी "निर्णय घेण्यास सक्षम आहे, त्याच्या स्वतःच्या निर्णयांचा आणि मतांचा पूर्णपणे आत्मविश्वास आणि खात्री आहे." <sup id="cite_ref-Fenton_546–556_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenton_546–556-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>५५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>काहींनी आत्मविश्वास मोजला आहे एक सोपा बांधकाम म्हणून जो भावनात्मक आणि संज्ञानात्मक घटकांमध्ये विभागला गेला आहे. चिंता एक भावनात्मक पैलू म्हणून चिंता आणि संज्ञानात्मक घटक म्हणून प्रवीणतेचे आत्म-मूल्यांकन.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>९५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>श्रुगर (१९९५) द्वारा विकसित अधिक संदर्भ-आधारित वैयक्तिक मूल्यांकन यादी (पीईआय), विशिष्ट पैलूंमध्ये आत्मविश्वास आणि आत्मविश्वास निश्चित करते (सार्वजनिक ठिकाणी बोलणे, शैक्षणिक कामगिरी, शारीरिक देखावे, रोमँटिक संबंध, सामाजिक संवाद, ॲथलेटिक) क्षमता आणि सामान्य आत्मविश्वास स्कोअर.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>९६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> इतर सर्व्हेक्षणांमध्येही अधिक ठोस क्रियांची उदाहरणे देऊन उदा. आत्मविश्वास वाढला आहे (उदा. नवीन मित्र बनवणे, अभ्यासक्रमांच्या मागण्या पाळणे, वेळेचे योग्य व्यवस्थापन करणे इ.) <sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>६८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> स्पर्धात्मक राज्य चिंता यादी -२ (सीएसएआय -२) १ ते ४ च्या स्केलवर उपाय करते की आगामी सामना जिंकण्याबद्दल खेळाडूंना किती आत्मविश्वास वाटतो.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>९७<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> त्याचप्रमाणे, स्पोर्ट्स-कॉन्फिडन्स इन्व्हेंटरी (टीआरओएससीआय)च्या ट्रायट रोबस्टानेस प्रतिवादींना आत्मविश्वास किती वाढत जातो आणि कामगिरीबद्दल किती आत्मविश्वास वाढतो याविषयी अशा प्रश्नांची उत्तरे देऊन नऊ-बिंदू स्तरावर संख्यात्मक उत्तरे दिली पाहिजेत. आणि नकारात्मक प्रतिक्रिया.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>९८<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>इतर, अशा स्वयं-अहवालाच्या निर्देशांकांच्या विश्वासार्हतेबद्दल संशयी असतात, त्यांनी परीक्षकांनी विषयांच्या शाब्दिक संकेतांचे मूल्यांकन करून, वैयक्तिक १ ते ५ च्या मोजमापानुसार आत्मविश्वास वाढविला </p> <ol><li>वारंवार डोळा संपर्क कायम ठेवतो किंवा डोळ्याच्या संपर्कांना जवळजवळ पूर्णपणे टाळतो,</li> <li>थोडीशी किंवा कोणतीही फीडजेटींग करण्यात गुंतलेली नाही किंवा बऱ्याच फीडजेटिंगमध्ये,</li> <li>क्वचितच किंवा वारंवार स्वतःला दिलासा देणारे हातवारे करतात. (उदा. केसांवर किंवा हनुवटीवर मारणे; स्वतःभोवती हात),</li> <li>सरळ प्रयोगाकडे तोंड करून बसतो, किंवा, प्रयोगाच्या तोंडावर न जाता कडकपणे किंवा कडकपणे बसतो,</li> <li>चेहऱ्याचा एक नैसर्गिक भाव आहे, किंवा,</li> <li>हात गुंडाळत नाही, किंवा त्यांच्या हातातून काहीतरी फिरवत नाही, किंवा,</li> <li>एखाद्या बिंदूवर जोर देण्यासाठी शरीर आणि हाताच्या हावभावांचा वापर करते किंवा पॉईंटवर जोर देण्यासाठी हात किंवा शरीराच्या जेश्चरचा कधीही वापर करत नाही किंवा अनुचित हावभाव करत नाही.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>८१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="निरोगीपणाचे_चाक"><span id=".E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.9A.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.95"></span>निरोगीपणाचे चाक</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="विभाग: निरोगीपणाचे चाक संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>व्हील ऑफ वेलनेस समुपदेशन सिद्धांतावर आधारित वेलनेसचे पहिले सैद्धांतिक मॉडेल होते. डलरचे वैयक्तिक मानसशास्त्र आणि दीर्घ आयुष्य जगणाऱ्या आणि उच्च गुणवत्तेसह निरोगी लोकांच्या वैशिष्ट्यांवरील क्रॉस-शिस्तप्रिय संशोधन आधारित एक मॉडेल आहे. व्हील ऑफ वेलनेसमध्ये एकमेकांशी संबंधित पाच जीवनाची कामे समाविष्ट आहेत: <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="अध्यात्म">अध्यात्म</a>, स्वतःची दिशा, कार्य आणि विश्रांती, मैत्री आणि प्रेम. स्वतःची दिशा असलेल्या क्षेत्राचे 15 उपकले आहेत: योग्यतेची भावना, नियंत्रणाची भावना, वास्तववादी श्रद्धा, भावनिक जागरूकता आणि सामना, समस्या निराकरण आणि सर्जनशीलता, विनोद, पोषण, व्यायाम, स्वतःची काळजी, तणाव व्यवस्थापन, लिंग ओळख आणि सांस्कृतिक ओळख क्रिएटिव्ह सेल्फ, कॉपिंग सेल्फ, सोशल सेल्फ, एन्सेन्शियल सेल्फ आणि फिजिकल सेल्फ असे पाच सेकंड-ऑर्डर घटक देखील आहेत. ते संपूर्ण स्वभावामध्ये निरोगीपणाच्या अर्थाचा शोध घेण्यास अनुमती देतात. उच्च स्वाभिमान मिळविण्यासाठी, वेलनेस मॉडेलच्या प्रत्येक घटकाशी संबंधित सामर्थ्य, सकारात्मक मालमत्ता आणि संसाधने ओळखण्यावर लक्ष केंद्रित करणे आणि जीवनातील आव्हानांचा सामना करण्यासाठी या सामर्थ्यांचा वापर करणे आवश्यक आहे.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>९९<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="अप्रत्यक्ष_विरुद्ध_स्पष्ट"><span id=".E0.A4.85.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A7_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B7.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.9F"></span>अप्रत्यक्ष विरुद्ध स्पष्ट</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="विभाग: अप्रत्यक्ष विरुद्ध स्पष्ट संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>स्पष्टपणे मोजलेल्या आत्म-सन्मानाचा दुर्बलपणे सहसंबंध असल्याचे आढळले आहे.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१००<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:Please_clarify&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="विकिपीडिया:Please clarify (पान अस्तित्वात नाही)"><span title="how are these things actually measured? (September 2018)">स्पष्टीकरण हवे</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> हे काही समीक्षकांना पुढे करते, असे मानणे की स्पष्ट आणि अंतर्भूत आत्मविश्वास दोन पूर्णपणे भिन्न प्रकारचा आत्मविश्वास आहे. म्हणूनच, हा निष्कर्ष काढला आहे की एखाद्याचा वेगळा, बेशुद्ध आत्मसन्मान असेल किंवा स्वतः बद्दल त्यांना काय वाटते हे जाणीवपूर्वक चुकीचे वर्णन करेल. अलीकडील अभ्यासानुसार असे दिसून आले आहे की अंतर्निहित स्वाभिमान विशेषतः बेशुद्ध व्यक्तींमध्ये टिपत नाही, त्याऐवजी लोक जाणीवपूर्वक त्यांच्या आत्मविश्वासाची पातळी ओलांडतात. आणखी एक शक्यता अशी आहे की अंतर्निहित मापन संपूर्णपणे जागरूक आत्म-सन्मानाच्या भिन्न पैलूचे मूल्यांकन करीत आहे.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१०१<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> चुकीचे स्वतःचे मूल्यमापन सामान्यतः निरोगी लोकांमध्ये दिसून येते. एखाद्याचे स्वतःचे आकलन आणि वास्तविक वागणूक यांच्यातील अत्यंत फरक म्हणजे उपचारांचा शोध घेणे आणि त्यांचे अनुपालन समजून घेणे यासाठी आवश्यक असे अनेक विकृतींचे वैशिष्ट्य आहे.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१०२<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="विस्तारित"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A4"></span>विस्तारित</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="विभाग: विस्तारित संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>अत्यधिक आत्मविश्वास वाढल्यामुळे प्रख्यात लेखक मॅथ्यू सय्यद यांनी पुरावा दिल्याप्रमाणे आणि क्रीडासंदर्भात या संदर्भात येथे नमूद केल्याप्रमाणे अडचणी निर्माण होऊ शकतात.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१०३<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> प्रेरणा सिद्धांतांनी असे सुचवले आहे की यशस्वी कामगिरी कौशल्य आणि इच्छा दोन्हीवर अवलंबून आहे.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१०४<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> तरीही, प्रवृत्त आणि कुशल व्यक्तीसुद्धा जर वैयक्तिकरित्या विश्वास ठेवत नसेल की ती काय घेते किंवा जे करणे आवश्यक आहे ते हाताळू शकते. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="आत्मविश्वासाचा_अभाव"><span id=".E0.A4.86.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.85.E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B5"></span>आत्मविश्वासाचा अभाव</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="विभाग: आत्मविश्वासाचा अभाव संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>कमी आत्मविश्वासामुळे एखादी व्यक्ती कृती करण्यास सुरुवात करते आणि एखादी व्यक्ती कर्जमुक्त होईल अशी शक्यता जास्त असते, कारण त्यांना जे करावे लागेल ते ते हाताळू शकतात अशी त्यांना शंका आहे. कौशल्य आणि प्रेरणा नसतानाही, आत्मविश्वासाशिवाय, लक्ष्य पूर्ण केले जाण्याची शक्यता नाही. वैद्यकीय सराव क्षेत्रातील काही रुग्णांना पुनःप्राप्ती कालावधीत आत्मविश्वासाचा अभाव असतो. आत्मविश्वासाच्या कमतरतेला लॅटिनमध्ये डीएसएफ किंवा "डिफेक्टम सुई फिडुशिया" असे म्हणतात. उदाहरणार्थ, हार्टस्ट्रोकनंतर ही परिस्थिती असू शकते. त्यायोगे रुग्ण कमी खालच्या अवयवाचा वापर करण्यापासून परावृत्त होतो, कारण उभे राहणे किंवा चालणे चालू असताना वजन कमी ठेवणे आवश्यक नसते. &#160; <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" data-ve-ignore="true" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5b; <i>&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)"&gt;उद्धरण आवश्यक&lt;/span&gt;</i> &#x5d;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="आत्मविश्वास_पूर्वाग्रह"><span id=".E0.A4.86.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.82.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.B9"></span>आत्मविश्वास पूर्वाग्रह</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="विभाग: आत्मविश्वास पूर्वाग्रह संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>अति आत्मविश्वास इंद्रियगोचर आणि त्याचे स्रोत काय आहे याबद्दल अनेक वादविवाद आहेत.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१०५<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> असे सूचित केले जाते की आत्मविश्वासाचे पूर्वाग्रह वस्तुनिष्ठ अंदाज (निर्णय) मध्ये वस्तुनिष्ठ पुराव्याच्या (निरीक्षणांच्या) गोंगाटात रूपांतरित करून समजावून सांगितले जाऊ शकते, तर संचय (निरीक्षणे / शिकणे) आणि पुनःप्राप्ती प्रक्रियेदरम्यान आठवणींचे मिश्रण म्हणून परिभाषित केले जाते (लक्षात ठेवणे / निर्णय).<sup id="cite_ref-HilbertPsychBull_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertPsychBull-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>१०६<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> या स्पष्टीकरणामागील माहिती-सैद्धांतिक तर्कशास्त्र या यंत्रणेसारखेच आहे जे पुराणमतवादाचे पूर्वाग्रहदेखील आणू शकते आणि असे सांगते की आम्ही आमच्या आठवणींमध्ये व त्यावरून पुरावा साठवण आणि पुनर्प्राप्ती दरम्यान खरे आणि खोटे पुरावे मिसळतो. आत्मविश्वासाचा पक्षपात होतो कारण न्यायाधीश म्हणून आपण "आपल्या स्वतःच्या स्मरणशक्तीकडे पाहतो" (आपल्या आत्मविश्वासाचे मूल्यांकन करतो) आणि जेव्हा आपण आपल्या निर्णयासाठी पुरावा मिळवितो तेव्हा (जे पुनःप्राप्तीदरम्यान मूल्यांचे मिश्रण केल्यामुळे पुराणमतवादी असतात) जास्त पुरावा सापडतो. हे स्पष्टीकरण अगदी सोपे आणि सरळ आहे, परंतु असे असले तरी, दोन्हीवर निर्माण होण्याची पुरेशी यंत्रणा, अत्यधिक आत्मविश्वास (ज्या परिस्थितीत न्यायाधीशांना अतिशय खात्री आहे) आणि आत्मविश्वास (अशा परिस्थितीत जेव्हा न्यायाधीशांना आवश्यक ते ज्ञान नसल्याचे उघडपणे नमूद केले जाते). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="हे_सुद्धा_पहा"><span id=".E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.BE"></span>हे सुद्धा पहा</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="विभाग: हे सुद्धा पहा संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="संदर्भ"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AD"></span>संदर्भ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="विभाग: संदर्भ संपादा"><span>संपादन</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1954978">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSnyderLopez2009" class="citation book">Snyder, C. R.; Lopez, Shane J. (2009-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IyqCNBD6oIC"><i>Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4/978-0-19-518724-3" title="विशेष:पुस्तक स्रोत/978-0-19-518724-3"><bdi>978-0-19-518724-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Positive+Psychology&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009-01-01&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-518724-3&amp;rft.aulast=Snyder&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+R.&amp;rft.au=Lopez%2C+Shane+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6IyqCNBD6oIC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmr.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2448300">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:var(--color-success,#3a3);margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZellner,_M.1970" class="citation journal">Zellner, M. 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"Confidence-enhanced performance". <i>The American Economic Review</i>. <b>94</b> (5): 1536–1557. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CiteSeerX (identifier) (पान अस्तित्वात नाही)">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.318.7105">10.1.1.318.7105</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (पान अस्तित्वात नाही)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F0002828043052204">10.1257/0002828043052204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Confidence-enhanced+performance&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1536-1557&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.318.7105&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2F0002828043052204&amp;rft.aulast=Compte%2C+O.%2C+%26+Postlewaite%2C+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=Confidence-enhanced+performance.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmr.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="वर्ग:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (पान अस्तित्वात नाही)">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2448300"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHobfoll1988" class="citation book">Hobfoll, Stevan E. (1988-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9LYzgr6niYoC&amp;pg=PR11"><i>The Ecology of Stress</i></a> (इंग्रजी भाषेत). Taylor &amp; Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4/9780891168454" title="विशेष:पुस्तक स्रोत/9780891168454"><bdi>9780891168454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Stress&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft.date=1988-01-01&amp;rft.isbn=9780891168454&amp;rft.aulast=Hobfoll&amp;rft.aufirst=Stevan+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9LYzgr6niYoC%26pg%3DPR11&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmr.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2448300"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArgyle2013" class="citation book">Argyle, Michael (2013-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sAbHKvNF5tQC&amp;pg=PP1"><i>The Social Psychology of Everyday Life</i></a> (इंग्रजी भाषेत). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4/9781134961733" title="विशेष:पुस्तक स्रोत/9781134961733"><bdi>9781134961733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Social+Psychology+of+Everyday+Life&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2013-04-15&amp;rft.isbn=9781134961733&amp;rft.aulast=Argyle&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsAbHKvNF5tQC%26pg%3DPP1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmr.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2448300"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner,_Bernard1985" class="citation journal">Weiner, Bernard (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/23db126e3c39983e1f72964544636103c6c313c2">"An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion"</a>. <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>92</b> (4): 548–573. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (पान अस्तित्वात नाही)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295x.92.4.548">10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (पान अस्तित्वात नाही)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3903815">3903815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&amp;rft.atitle=An+attributional+theory+of+achievement+motivation+and+emotion&amp;rft.volume=92&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=548-573&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295x.92.4.548&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3903815&amp;rft.au=Weiner%2C+Bernard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F23db126e3c39983e1f72964544636103c6c313c2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmr.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2448300"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEiserSutton1977" class="citation journal">Eiser, J. Richard; Sutton, Stephen R. (1977-01-01). "Smoking as a subjectively rational choice". <i>Addictive Behaviors</i>. <b>2</b> (2–3): 129–134. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (पान अस्तित्वात नाही)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0306-4603%2877%2990030-2">10.1016/0306-4603(77)90030-2</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (पान अस्तित्वात नाही)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/899903">899903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Addictive+Behaviors&amp;rft.atitle=Smoking+as+a+subjectively+rational+choice&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&amp;rft.pages=129-134&amp;rft.date=1977-01-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0306-4603%2877%2990030-2&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F899903&amp;rft.aulast=Eiser&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+Richard&amp;rft.au=Sutton%2C+Stephen+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmr.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2448300"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFrey1986" class="citation book">Frey, Dieter (1986-01-01). Berkowitz, Leonard (ed.). <i>Advances in Experimental Social Psychology</i>. <b>19</b>. Academic Press. pp.&#160;41–80. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (पान अस्तित्वात नाही)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0065-2601%2808%2960212-9">10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60212-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4/9780120152193" title="विशेष:पुस्तक स्रोत/9780120152193"><bdi>9780120152193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Advances+in+Experimental+Social+Psychology&amp;rft.pages=41-80&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=1986-01-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0065-2601%2808%2960212-9&amp;rft.isbn=9780120152193&amp;rft.aulast=Frey&amp;rft.aufirst=Dieter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmr.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2448300"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlbarracín,_D.,_&amp;_Mitchell,_A._L.2004" class="citation journal">Albarracín, D., &amp; Mitchell, A. L. 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Homework, IL: Dorsey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Managerial+attitudes+and+performance&amp;rft.place=Homework%2C+IL&amp;rft.pub=Dorsey&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.au=Porter%2C+L.+W.%2C+%26+Lawler%2C+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmr.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="वर्ग:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (पान अस्तित्वात नाही)">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2448300"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1997" class="citation journal">Harvey, Nigel (1997-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(97)01014-0">"Confidence in judgment"</a>. <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i> (English भाषेत). <b>1</b> (2): 78–82. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (पान अस्तित्वात नाही)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2897%2901014-0">10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01014-0</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (पान अस्तित्वात नाही)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-6613">1364-6613</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (पान अस्तित्वात नाही)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21223868">21223868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Confidence+in+judgment&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=78-82&amp;rft.date=1997-05-01&amp;rft.issn=1364-6613&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21223868&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2897%2901014-0&amp;rft.aulast=Harvey&amp;rft.aufirst=Nigel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Ftrends%2Fcognitive-sciences%2Fabstract%2FS1364-6613%2897%2901014-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmr.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="वर्ग:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2448300"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HilbertPsychBull-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HilbertPsychBull_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Hilbert (2012) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2011-27261-001">"Toward a synthesis of cognitive biases: How noisy information processing can bias human decision making"</a></i>. Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 211–237; free access to the study here: martinhilbert.net/HilbertPsychBull.pdf</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b45757889‐57qng Cached time: 20241107205728 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.801 seconds Real time usage: 0.858 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5200/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 254967/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 593/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 366636/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.488/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3558856/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 701.630 1 -total 88.82% 623.161 1 साचा:संदर्भयादी 54.89% 385.137 89 साचा:जर्नल_स्रोत 19.27% 135.205 15 साचा:स्रोत_पुस्तक 10.44% 73.242 1 साचा:Clarify 7.84% 55.003 1 साचा:Fix-span 4.62% 32.432 2 साचा:Category_handler 2.68% 18.805 1 साचा:Replace 1.53% 10.722 1 साचा:Delink 1.23% 8.626 1 साचा:स्रोत_बातमी --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key mrwiki:pcache:idhash:255321-0!canonical and timestamp 20241107205728 and revision id 2487319. 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