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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Institute of technology</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Institute_of_technology" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large 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Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a>.</div> <p>An <b>institute of technology</b> (also referred to as <b>technological university</b>, <b>technical university</b>, <b>university of technology</b>, <b>polytechnic university</b>) is an institution of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> that specializes in <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Institutes_of_technology_versus_polytechnics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Institutes of technology versus polytechnics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Institutes_by_country"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Institutes by country</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Argentina"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Argentina</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Austria"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Austria</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Bangladesh"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Bangladesh</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Belarus"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Belarus</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Belgium_and_the_Netherlands"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Belgium and the Netherlands</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Brazil"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Brazil</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Bulgaria"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Bulgaria</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Cambodia"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Cambodia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#China"><span class="tocnumber">2.11</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Chile"><span class="tocnumber">2.12</span> <span class="toctext">Chile</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Costa_Rica"><span class="tocnumber">2.13</span> <span class="toctext">Costa Rica</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Croatia"><span class="tocnumber">2.14</span> <span class="toctext">Croatia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Czech_Republic"><span class="tocnumber">2.15</span> <span class="toctext">Czech Republic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Denmark"><span class="tocnumber">2.16</span> <span class="toctext">Denmark</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Dominican_Republic"><span class="tocnumber">2.17</span> <span class="toctext">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Ecuador"><span class="tocnumber">2.18</span> <span class="toctext">Ecuador</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Egypt"><span class="tocnumber">2.19</span> <span class="toctext">Egypt</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Estonia"><span class="tocnumber">2.20</span> <span class="toctext">Estonia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Finland"><span class="tocnumber">2.21</span> <span class="toctext">Finland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#France_and_Francophone_regions"><span class="tocnumber">2.22</span> <span class="toctext">France and Francophone regions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">2.23</span> <span class="toctext">Germany</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Greece"><span class="tocnumber">2.24</span> <span class="toctext">Greece</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Hong_Kong"><span class="tocnumber">2.25</span> <span class="toctext">Hong Kong</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Hungary"><span class="tocnumber">2.26</span> <span class="toctext">Hungary</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#India"><span class="tocnumber">2.27</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Indonesia"><span class="tocnumber">2.28</span> <span class="toctext">Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Iran"><span class="tocnumber">2.29</span> <span class="toctext">Iran</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Iraq"><span class="tocnumber">2.30</span> <span class="toctext">Iraq</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Ireland"><span class="tocnumber">2.31</span> <span class="toctext">Ireland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Israel"><span class="tocnumber">2.32</span> <span class="toctext">Israel</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Italy"><span class="tocnumber">2.33</span> <span class="toctext">Italy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Jamaica"><span class="tocnumber">2.34</span> <span class="toctext">Jamaica</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Japan"><span class="tocnumber">2.35</span> <span class="toctext">Japan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Kenya"><span class="tocnumber">2.36</span> <span class="toctext">Kenya</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Jordan"><span class="tocnumber">2.37</span> <span class="toctext">Jordan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Macau"><span class="tocnumber">2.38</span> <span class="toctext">Macau</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Malaysia"><span class="tocnumber">2.39</span> <span class="toctext">Malaysia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Mauritius"><span class="tocnumber">2.40</span> <span class="toctext">Mauritius</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Mexico"><span class="tocnumber">2.41</span> <span class="toctext">Mexico</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Moldova"><span class="tocnumber">2.42</span> <span class="toctext">Moldova</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Nepal"><span class="tocnumber">2.43</span> <span class="toctext">Nepal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#New_Zealand"><span class="tocnumber">2.44</span> <span class="toctext">New Zealand</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Nigeria"><span class="tocnumber">2.45</span> <span class="toctext">Nigeria</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Pakistan"><span class="tocnumber">2.46</span> <span class="toctext">Pakistan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Palestine"><span class="tocnumber">2.47</span> <span class="toctext">Palestine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Philippines"><span class="tocnumber">2.48</span> <span class="toctext">Philippines</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Poland"><span class="tocnumber">2.49</span> <span class="toctext">Poland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Portugal"><span class="tocnumber">2.50</span> <span class="toctext">Portugal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Romania"><span class="tocnumber">2.51</span> <span class="toctext">Romania</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Russia"><span class="tocnumber">2.52</span> <span class="toctext">Russia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Singapore"><span class="tocnumber">2.53</span> <span class="toctext">Singapore</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Slovakia"><span class="tocnumber">2.54</span> <span class="toctext">Slovakia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="#South_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">2.55</span> <span class="toctext">South Africa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="#Spain"><span class="tocnumber">2.56</span> <span class="toctext">Spain</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="#Sri_Lanka"><span class="tocnumber">2.57</span> <span class="toctext">Sri Lanka</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="#Sweden"><span class="tocnumber">2.58</span> <span class="toctext">Sweden</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#Switzerland"><span class="tocnumber">2.59</span> <span class="toctext">Switzerland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="#Taiwan"><span class="tocnumber">2.60</span> <span class="toctext">Taiwan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63"><a href="#Thailand"><span class="tocnumber">2.61</span> <span class="toctext">Thailand</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-64"><a href="#Turkey"><span class="tocnumber">2.62</span> <span class="toctext">Turkey</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-65"><a href="#Ukraine"><span class="tocnumber">2.63</span> <span class="toctext">Ukraine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-66"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">2.64</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-67"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">2.65</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-68"><a href="#Venezuela"><span class="tocnumber">2.66</span> <span class="toctext">Venezuela</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-69"><a href="#Vietnam"><span class="tocnumber">2.67</span> <span class="toctext">Vietnam</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-70"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-71"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-72"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Institutes_of_technology_versus_polytechnics">Institutes of technology versus polytechnics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Institutes of technology versus polytechnics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miskolc" title="University of Miskolc">University of Miskolc</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2017)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>), was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in <a href="/wiki/Selmecb%C3%A1nya" class="mw-redirect" title="Selmecbánya">Selmecbánya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_%C5%A0tiavnica" title="Banská Štiavnica">Banská Štiavnica</a>, Slovakia), in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Braunschweig University of Technology">Braunschweig University of Technology</a>, founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum". The French <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></i> was founded in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges. </p><p>In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Turkey and Taiwan, institutes of technology are institutions of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Technical_University" title="Istanbul Technical University">Istanbul Technical University</a>, <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/RWTH_Aachen" class="mw-redirect" title="RWTH Aachen">RWTH Aachen</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="National Taiwan University of Science and Technology">National Taiwan University of Science and Technology</a> all considered universities. </p><p>In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK, a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees mainly in <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering_and_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Science, technology, engineering and mathematics">STEM</a> subjects from <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Master's">master's</a> and <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK <a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Academic_Awards" title="Council for National Academic Awards">Council for National Academic Awards</a>. In 1992, UK polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Westminster" title="University of Westminster">University of Westminster</a>), was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> the term "institute of technology" is the more favored synonym of a "<a href="/wiki/Regional_technical_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional technical college">regional technical college</a>" though the latter is the legally correct term; however, <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Dublin Institute of Technology">Dublin Institute of Technology</a> was a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law; <a href="/wiki/Cork_Institute_of_Technology" title="Cork Institute of Technology">Cork Institute of Technology</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of the Republic of Ireland's National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others. In 2018, Ireland passed the Technological Universities Act, which allowed a number of Institutes of Technology to transform into Technological Universities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases, "polytechnic" were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an "institute of technology". A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like "institute of technology", "polytechnic university", "<a href="/wiki/University_of_applied_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="University of applied sciences">university of applied sciences</a>" or "university of technology" for marketing purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_unemployment" title="Graduate unemployment">graduate unemployment</a> rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and any institution can grant degrees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe argue that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in universities of technology specifically and they posit several questions for the debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Mentz-et-al_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mentz-et-al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Institutes_by_country">Institutes by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Institutes by country" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Higher_education_by_country" title="Category:Higher education by country">Category:Higher education by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Argentina" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Education in Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Argentina" title="List of universities in Argentina">List of universities in Argentina</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Argentina" title="Science and technology in Argentina">Argentina</a>, the main higher institution devoted to the study of technology is the <a href="/wiki/National_Technological_University" title="National Technological University">National Technological University</a> which has <i>Regional Faculties</i> throughout Argentina. The <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Buenos Aires Institute of Technology">Buenos Aires Institute of Technology</a> (ITBA) and <a href="/wiki/Balseiro_Institute" title="Balseiro Institute">Balseiro Institute</a> are other recognized institutes of technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education in Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technical_and_Further_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical and Further Education">Technical and Further Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/College_of_Advanced_Education" title="College of Advanced Education">College of Advanced Education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_tertiary_institutions" title="Category:Australian tertiary institutions">Category:Australian tertiary institutions</a></div> <dl><dt>1970s–1990s</dt></dl> <p>During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational</a> and higher education. They were part of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_advanced_education" class="mw-redirect" title="College of advanced education">College of Advanced Education</a> system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Technology_Network" title="Australian Technology Network">Australian Technology Network</a> a few years later. </p> <dl><dt>1990s–today</dt></dl> <p>Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded <a href="/wiki/Technical_and_further_education" title="Technical and further education">technical and further education</a> (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Polytechnic" title="Melbourne Polytechnic">Melbourne Polytechnic</a> rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These primarily offer <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a>, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor's degrees. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period. </p><p>In 2009, the old college system in Tasmania and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au </p><p>In the higher education sector, there are seven designated universities of technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase "university of technology", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability – most important of all – to confer doctorates): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_University_of_Technology" title="Queensland University of Technology">Queensland University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology" title="Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology">Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinburne_University_of_Technology" title="Swinburne University of Technology">Swinburne University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Canberra" title="University of Canberra">University of Canberra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Australia" title="University of South Australia">University of South Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Technology, Sydney">University of Technology Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Austria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dt>Universities of technology</dt></dl> <p>These institutions are entitled to confer <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral">doctoral</a> degrees and focus on research. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graz_University_of_Technology" title="Graz University of Technology">Graz University of Technology</a> (13,454 students, founded 1811, Hochschule since 1865, doctoral degrees since 1901, university since 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TU_Wien" title="TU Wien">TU Wien</a> (27,923 students, founded 1815, Hochschule since 1872, doctoral degrees since 1901, university since 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Natural_Resources_and_Life_Sciences,_Vienna" title="University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna">University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna</a> focused on agriculture (12,500 students, founded as Hochschule in 1872, doctoral degrees since 1906, university since 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leoben" title="University of Leoben">University of Leoben</a> specialized in mining, metallurgy and materials (4,030 students, founded 1840, Hochschule since 1904, doctoral degrees since 1906, university since 1975)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Research institutions</dt></dl> <p>These institutions focus only on research. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Institute_of_Technology" title="Austrian Institute of Technology">Austrian Institute of Technology</a> (founded 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Science_and_Technology_Austria" title="Institute of Science and Technology Austria">Institute of Science and Technology Austria</a> (founded 2007)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Technical faculties at universities</dt></dl> <p>Several universities have faculties of technology that are entitled to confer habilitation and doctoral degrees and which focus on research. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler_University_Linz" title="Johannes Kepler University Linz">Johannes Kepler University Linz</a> (Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences founded 1965, university since 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Innsbruck" title="University of Innsbruck">University of Innsbruck</a> (Faculty of Civil Engineering founded 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpen-Adria-Universit%C3%A4t_Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt">Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt</a> (Faculty of Technical Sciences founded 2007)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Fachhochschulen</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a> is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science. </p><p>In 2010, there were 20 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fachhochschulen</i></span> in Austria<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bangladesh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>There are some public engineering universities in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology">Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology</a> (BUET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology">Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology</a> (CUET). Formerly known as Bangladesh Institute of Technology, Chittagong.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khulna_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Khulna University of Engineering and Technology">Khulna University of Engineering and Technology</a> (KUET). Formerly known as Bangladesh Institute of Technology, <a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology">Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology</a> (RUET). Formerly known as Bangladesh Institute of Technology, <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology">Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology</a> (DUET). Formerly known as Bangladesh Institute of Technology, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>.</li></ul> <p>There are some general, technological and specialized universities in Bangladesh offer engineering programs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chittagong" title="University of Chittagong">University of Chittagong</a>. Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Engineering and Technology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a>. Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Engineering and Technology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Khulna" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Khulna">University of Khulna</a>. Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rajshahi" title="University of Rajshahi">University of Rajshahi</a>. Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Engineering and Technology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_University,_Bangladesh" title="Islamic University, Bangladesh">Islamic University, Bangladesh</a> (IU). Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Applied Science and Technology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahjalal_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Shahjalal University of Science and Technology">Shahjalal University of Science and Technology</a>. Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Applied Science and Technology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_University_of_Textiles" title="Bangladesh University of Textiles">Bangladesh University of Textiles</a> (BUTEX). Specialized institution that offers various engineering programs with its interdisciplinary curricula.</li></ul> <p>There are some private engineering universities in Bangladesh: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahsanullah_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology">Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology</a> (AUST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Military Institute of Science and Technology">Military Institute of Science and Technology</a> (MIST)</li></ul> <p>There is only one international engineering university in Bangladesh: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Technology" title="Islamic University of Technology">Islamic University of Technology</a> (IUT)</li></ul> <p>There are numerous private and other universities as well as science and technology universities providing engineering education. Most prominent are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_International_University-Bangladesh" title="American International University-Bangladesh">American International University-Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_University_of_Business_and_Technology" title="Bangladesh University of Business and Technology">Bangladesh University of Business and Technology</a>. Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Engineering and Technology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_South_University" title="North South University">North South University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University_Chittagong" title="International Islamic University Chittagong">International Islamic University Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_West_University" title="East West University">East West University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRAC_University" class="mw-redirect" title="BRAC University">BRAC University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_University,_Bangladesh" title="Independent University, Bangladesh">Independent University, Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_University_of_Bangladesh" title="European University of Bangladesh">European University of Bangladesh</a></li></ul> <p>There are numerous government-funded as well as private polytechnic institutes, engineering colleges and science and technology institutes providing engineering education. Most prominent are: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Polytechnic_institutes_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Polytechnic institutes in Bangladesh">Category:Polytechnic institutes in Bangladesh</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Institute_of_Glass_and_Ceramics" title="Bangladesh Institute of Glass and Ceramics">Bangladesh Institute of Glass and Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Dhaka Polytechnic Institute">Dhaka Polytechnic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Chittagong Polytechnic Institute">Chittagong Polytechnic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Survey_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Survey Institute">Bangladesh Survey Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govt._Arts_Graphics_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Govt. Arts Graphics Institute">Govt. Arts Graphics Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Institute_of_Marine_Technology" title="Bangladesh Institute of Marine Technology">Bangladesh Institute of Marine Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mymensingh_Engineering_College" title="Mymensingh Engineering College">Mymensingh Engineering College</a></li> <li>Narayangonj Technical School and College</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Belarus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_National_Technical_University" title="Belarusian National Technical University">Belarusian National Technical University</a> (BNTU) (<a href="/wiki/Minsk,_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk, Belarus">Minsk, Belarus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_State_Technological_University" title="Belarusian State Technological University">Belarusian State Technological University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minsk,_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk, Belarus">Minsk, Belarus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_State_University_of_Informatics_and_Radioelectronics" title="Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics">Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minsk,_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk, Belarus">Minsk, Belarus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brest_State_Technical_University" title="Brest State Technical University">Brest State Technical University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest, Belarus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sukhoi_State_Technical_University_of_Gomel" title="Pavel Sukhoi State Technical University of Gomel">Pavel Sukhoi State Technical University of Gomel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gomel,_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomel, Belarus">Gomel, Belarus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_State_Technological_University" title="Vitebsk State Technological University">Vitebsk State Technological University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitebsk,_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitebsk, Belarus">Vitebsk, Belarus</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium_and_the_Netherlands">Belgium and the Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Belgium and the Netherlands" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the Netherlands, there are four universities of technology, jointly known as 4TU: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft University of Technology</a> (TU Delft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eindhoven_University_of_Technology" title="Eindhoven University of Technology">Eindhoven University of Technology</a> (TU Eindhoven)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiteit_Twente" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiteit Twente">Universiteit Twente</a> (U Twente)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wageningen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Wageningen University">Wageningen University</a> (Wageningen U)</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <i>Hogescholen</i> or <i>Hautes écoles</i> (also translated into <i>colleges</i>, <i>university colleges</i> or <i>universities of applied science</i>) are applied institutes of higher education that do not award doctorates. They are generally limited to Bachelor-level education, with degrees called professional bachelors, and only minor Master's programmes. The hogeschool thus has many similarities to the <i>Fachhochschule</i> in the German language areas and to the <i>ammattikorkeakoulu</i> in Finland. A list of all <i>hogescholen</i> in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found at the end of this <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Netherlands#Universities_of_applied_sciences" title="List of universities in the Netherlands">list</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brazil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>Federal:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Centers_for_Technological_Education" title="Federal Centers for Technological Education">Federal Centers for Technological Education</a> (CEFET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Center_for_Technological_Education_of_Minas_Gerais" title="Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais">CEFET of Minas Gerais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Center_for_Technological_Education_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Federal Center for Technological Education of Rio de Janeiro">CEFET of Rio de Janeiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Institute_of_Education,_Science_and_Technology" title="Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology">Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology</a> (IFET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Institute_of_Bahia" title="Federal Institute of Bahia">Federal Institute of Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Institute_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Federal Institute of São Paulo">Federal Institute of São Paulo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Technological_University_of_Paran%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Technological University of Paraná">Federal Technological University of Paraná</a></li></ul> <p><i>Service academy:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Militar_de_Engenharia" title="Instituto Militar de Engenharia">Instituto Militar de Engenharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica">Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica</a></li></ul> <p><i>Private:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inatel" title="Inatel">Instituto Nacional de Telecomunicações – Inatel</a></li></ul> <p><i>State:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sao_Paulo_State_Technological_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Sao Paulo State Technological College">Sao Paulo State Technological College</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bulgaria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lab4_students1_65b_1000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lab4_students1_65b_1000.jpg/220px-Lab4_students1_65b_1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="656"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lab4_students1_65b_1000.jpg/220px-Lab4_students1_65b_1000.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lab4_students1_65b_1000.jpg/330px-Lab4_students1_65b_1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lab4_students1_65b_1000.jpg/440px-Lab4_students1_65b_1000.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Students at the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University of Sofia">Technical University of Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Gabrovo" title="Technical University of Gabrovo">Technical University of Gabrovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University of Sofia">Technical University of Sofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Varna" title="Technical University of Varna">Technical University of Varna</a></li> <li>University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cambodia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Cambodia, there are institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas and degrees. Institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes and universities tend to be independent institutions. </p> <dl><dt>Institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Technology_of_Cambodia" title="Institute of Technology of Cambodia">Institute of Technology of Cambodia</a> (ITC) or <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_technologie_du_Cambodge" class="extiw" title="fr:Institut de technologie du Cambodge">Institut de Technologie du Cambodge</a> (polytechnic institute in <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh,_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Phnom Penh, Cambodia">Phnom Penh, Cambodia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh_Institute_of_Technology" title="Phnom Penh Institute of Technology">Phnom Penh Institute of Technology</a> (PPIT) (polytechnic institute in <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh,_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Phnom Penh, Cambodia">Phnom Penh, Cambodia</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Universities</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_University_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Royal University of Phnom Penh">Royal University of Phnom Penh</a> (RUPP) or Royal Université de Phnom Penh (polytechnic university in <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh,_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Phnom Penh, Cambodia">Phnom Penh, Cambodia</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Canada, there are affiliate schools, <a href="/wiki/College_(Canada)" title="College (Canada)">colleges</a>, and institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to the bestowment of <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship#Canada" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_certificate" title="Academic certificate">certificates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diploma#Canada" title="Diploma">diplomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Associate%27s_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate's degree">associate's degrees</a> upon successful completion. Affiliate schools are polytechnic divisions attached to a national university and offer select technical and engineering transfer programs. Colleges, institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes, and universities tend to be independent institutions. </p><p>Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level; however, university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources. </p><p>Some of Canada's most well-known colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of <a href="/wiki/Polytechnics_Canada" title="Polytechnics Canada">Polytechnics Canada</a>, a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology. </p> <dl><dt>Affiliate schools</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_technologie_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École de technologie supérieure">École de technologie supérieure</a> (ETS) (technical school part of the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Université du Québec">Université du Québec</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal, Quebec">Montreal, Quebec</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique de Montréal">École Polytechnique de Montréal</a> (polytechnic school affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal, Quebec">Montreal, Quebec</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Colleges</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_College" title="Algonquin College">Algonquin College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa, Ontario">Ottawa, Ontario</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_College" title="Conestoga College">Conestoga College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener, Ontario</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_College" title="George Brown College">George Brown College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Ontario">Toronto, Ontario</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber College">Humber College</a> (Toronto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River College">Red River College</a> (college in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg, Manitoba">Winnipeg, Manitoba</a>, offering degrees)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_College_of_Applied_Arts_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology">Seneca Polytechnic</a> (Toronto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_College" title="St. Clair College">St. Clair College</a> (Windsor)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Institute_of_Technology" title="British Columbia Institute of Technology">British Columbia Institute of Technology</a> (BCIT; polytechnic institute in <a href="/wiki/Burnaby,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaby, British Columbia">Burnaby, British Columbia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantlen_Polytechnic_University" title="Kwantlen Polytechnic University">Kwantlen Polytechnic University</a> (polytechnic university in <a href="/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia" title="Surrey, British Columbia">Surrey, British Columbia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology" title="Northern Alberta Institute of Technology">Northern Alberta Institute of Technology</a> (NAIT; polytechnic institute in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton, Alberta">Edmonton, Alberta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University" title="Toronto Metropolitan University">Toronto Metropolitan University</a> (formerly Ryerson Polytechnical Institute, university in <a href="/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Ontario">Toronto, Ontario</a>) – The former Ryerson University was one of the originators of applied education in Ontario and Canada. It became a university in 1993 and dropped the term "polytechnic" in 2002, after it gained the right to grant master's and doctoral degrees, as well as changing the name of some degree designations to bring it in line with other traditional research universities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Polytechnic" title="Saskatchewan Polytechnic">Saskatchewan Polytechnic</a>, formerly SIAST (polytechnic institute; multiple campuses with headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatoon, Saskatchewan">Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_College" title="Sheridan College">Sheridan College</a> (polytechnic institute in <a href="/wiki/Oakville,_Ontario" title="Oakville, Ontario">Oakville, Ontario</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology" title="Southern Alberta Institute of Technology">Southern Alberta Institute of Technology</a> (SAIT; polytechnic institute in <a href="/wiki/Calgary,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary, Alberta">Calgary, Alberta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer_Polytechnic" title="Red Deer Polytechnic">Red Deer Polytechnic</a> (RDP; polytechnic institute in <a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer, Alberta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ontario_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ontario Institute of Technology">University of Ontario Institute of Technology</a> (UOIT; university in <a href="/wiki/Oshawa,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshawa, Ontario">Oshawa, Ontario</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_China" title="Category:Universities and colleges in China">Category:Universities and colleges in China</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in China">List of universities in China</a></div> <p>China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical. <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Harbin Institute of Technology">Harbin Institute of Technology</a> is among the best engineering school in China and the world.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chile" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Technical_University" title="Federico Santa María Technical University">Federico Santa María Technical University</a> (UTFSM), currently the only active technical university / Institute of technology in Chile, founded initially in 1931 as School of Crafts and Arts and School of Engineering José Miguel Carrera, 18,000 students</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Costa Rica" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_University_(Costa_Rica)" title="National Technical University (Costa Rica)">National Technical University</a> (UTN) founded in 2008 by merging several trade and craftsmanship schools, it is a polytechnic.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica_Institute_of_Technology" title="Costa Rica Institute of Technology">Costa Rica Institute of Technology</a> (TEC) was founded in 1971, has its main campus located in the <a href="/wiki/Cartago_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartago province">Cartago province</a>, it is an institute of technology.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatia">Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Croatia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> there are many <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Croatia" title="List of universities and colleges in Croatia">polytechnic institutes and colleges</a> that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Czech Republic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Category:Universities in the Czech Republic">Category:Universities in the Czech Republic</a></div> <dl><dt>Technical universities</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CTU_founding_decree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CTU_founding_decree.jpg/220px-CTU_founding_decree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="471"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CTU_founding_decree.jpg/220px-CTU_founding_decree.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CTU_founding_decree.jpg/330px-CTU_founding_decree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CTU_founding_decree.jpg/440px-CTU_founding_decree.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Founding decree of the Czech Technical University in Prague from January 18, 1707</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FBE_CTU_lecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/FBE_CTU_lecture.jpg/220px-FBE_CTU_lecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="419"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/FBE_CTU_lecture.jpg/220px-FBE_CTU_lecture.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/FBE_CTU_lecture.jpg/330px-FBE_CTU_lecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/FBE_CTU_lecture.jpg/440px-FBE_CTU_lecture.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Lecture at the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Technical_University_in_Prague" title="Czech Technical University in Prague">CTU</a> in Prague</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brno_University_of_Technology" title="Brno University of Technology">Brno University of Technology</a> (VUT), founded in 1899, 24,000 students</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Nobilium_(Olomouc)" title="Collegium Nobilium (Olomouc)">Collegium Nobilium in Olomouc</a>, 1725–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Technical_University_in_Prague" title="Czech Technical University in Prague">Czech Technical University in Prague</a> (ČVUT), college founded in 1707, university since 1806, 23,000 students, belongs to the oldest technical universities in the world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_University_of_Life_Sciences_Prague" title="Czech University of Life Sciences Prague">Czech University of Life Sciences Prague</a> (ČZU), founded in 1904, focused on agriculture, 18,000 students</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Chemical_Technology_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague">Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague</a> (VŠCHT), founded in 1952, 3,000 student</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_University_in_Brno" title="Mendel University in Brno">Mendel University in Brno</a> (MENDELU), founded in 1919, focused on agriculture, 9,000 students</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Liberec" title="Technical University of Liberec">Technical University of Liberec</a> (TUL), founded in 1953, 8,000 students</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Ostrava" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University of Ostrava">Technical University of Ostrava</a> (VŠB TUO), founded in 1849, 22,000 students</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Bata_University_in_Zl%C3%ADn" title="Tomas Bata University in Zlín">Tomáš Baťa University in Zlín</a> (UTB), founded in 2000, 10,000 students</li></ul> <dl><dt>Research institutions</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic">Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic</a> (AV ČR), dates back to 1784, 14,000 research staff altogether</li></ul> <dl><dt>Technical faculties at universities</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Evangelista_Purkyn%C4%9B_University_in_%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem" title="Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem">Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem</a> (Faculty of Production Technology and Management, University founded in 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pardubice" title="University of Pardubice">University of Pardubice</a> (Faculty of Chemical Technology since 1950, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Perner" title="Jan Perner">Jan Perner</a> Faculty of Transportation since 1991, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Informatics since 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_West_Bohemia" title="University of West Bohemia">University of West Bohemia</a> (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; University founded in 1991)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Denmark" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Denmark" title="Technical University of Denmark">Technical University of Denmark</a>, founded in 1829 by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo">Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Tecnol%C3%B3gica_de_Santiago" title="Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago">Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ecuador" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_School" class="mw-redirect" title="National Polytechnic School">National Polytechnic School</a> (EPN), National Polytechnic School, <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li></ul> <p>EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">atmospheric physics</a>, engineering and <a href="/wiki/Physical_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical sciences">physical sciences</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a> Institute<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> monitors the country's <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">seismic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> activity in the continental territory and in the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>. </p><p>One of the oldest observatories in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Quito_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Quito Astronomical Observatory">Quito Astronomical Observatory</a>. It was founded in 1873 and is located 12 minutes south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a> in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irradiation facilities like <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">cobalt-60</a> source and <a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam processing">electron beam processing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Egypt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Higher_Institute_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology">Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology</a> (AIET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Technological_Institute" title="Higher Technological Institute">Higher Technological Institute</a></li> <li>Institute of Aviation Engineering and Technology</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Estonia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_University_of_Technology" title="Tallinn University of Technology">Tallinn University of Technology</a> (TalTech), a public research university</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Tallinn University of Applied Sciences">Tallinn University of Applied Sciences</a>, a public vocational university</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Entrepreneurship_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Estonian Entrepreneurship University of Applied Sciences">Estonian Entrepreneurship University of Applied Sciences</a>, a private institution in Tallinn</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Finland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dt>Universities of technology</dt></dl> <p>Universities of technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), <a href="/wiki/Diplomi-insin%C3%B6%C3%B6ri" title="Diplomi-insinööri">Diplomi-insinööri</a> M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees. </p><p>Universities of technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between universities of technology and normal universities are comparable. </p><p>Some Finnish universities of technology are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aalto_University" title="Aalto University">Aalto University</a> formed from <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology" title="Helsinki University of Technology">Helsinki University of Technology</a> and other universities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LUT_University" title="LUT University">Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Polytechnics</dt></dl> <p>Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. <i><a href="/wiki/Ammattikorkeakoulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammattikorkeakoulu">Ammattikorkeakoulu</a></i> is the common term in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, as is the Swedish alternative "<i>yrkeshögskola</i>" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance <i>insinööri</i>, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the <i>hogeschool</i> in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the <i>Fachhochschule</i> in the German language areas. </p><p>Some recognized Finnish polytechnics are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Metropolia_University_of_Applied_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences">Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Lapland University of Applied Sciences">Lapland University of Applied Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Tampere University of Applied Sciences">Tampere University of Applied Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Turku University of Applied Sciences">Turku University of Applied Sciences</a></li></ul> <p>A complete list may be found in <a href="/wiki/List_of_polytechnics_in_Finland" title="List of polytechnics in Finland">List of polytechnics in Finland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_and_Francophone_regions"><span class="anchor" id="France"></span>France and Francophone regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: France and Francophone regions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dt>Instituts de Technologie (<i>Grandes Écoles</i>)</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegiate universities">Collegiate universities</a> grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French <a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">grandes écoles</a> provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech" title="Arts et Métiers ParisTech">Arts et Métiers ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CentraleSup%C3%A9lec" title="CentraleSupélec">CentraleSupélec Graduate School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Institute_of_Technology" title="Grenoble Institute of Technology">Grenoble Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées">Institut national des sciences appliquées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27A%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27Espace" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace">Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Institute of Technology">Paris Institute of Technology</a></li> <li>ESTIA Institute of Technology</li></ul> <p>They provide science and technology master's degrees and doctoral degrees. </p> <dl><dt><i>Universités de Technologie / Polytechs</i></dt></dl> <p>The universities of technology (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">universités de technologie</i>) are public institutions awarding degrees and diplomas that are accredited by the <a href="/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Higher_Education_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ministry of Higher Education and Research">French Ministry of Higher Education and Research</a>. Although called "universities", the universities of technology are in fact non-university institutes (<i>écoles extérieures aux universités</i>), as defined by Chapter I, Section II (Articles 34 through 36) of French law 84-52 of 26 January 1984 regarding higher education (the <i>loi Savary</i>). </p><p>They possess the advantage of combining all the assets of the engineering <a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école"><i>Grandes Écoles</i></a> and those of universities as they develop simultaneously and coherently three missions: <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of technology">Transfer of technology</a>. They maintain close links with the industrial world both on national and international levels and they are reputed for their ability to innovate, adapt and provide an education that matches the ever-changing demands of industry<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>This network includes three institutions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_technologie_de_Belfort-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard">The University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard (<i>Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard</i> or UTBM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="University of Technology of Compiègne">The University of Technology of Compiègne (<i>Université de Technologie de Compiègne</i> or UTC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Troyes" title="University of Technology of Troyes">The University of Technology of Troyes (<i>Université de Technologie de Troyes</i> or UTT)</a></li></ul> <p>'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula. </p><p>In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term <i>haute école specialisée</i> for a type of institution called <i>Fachhochschule</i> in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below). </p> <dl><dt>Écoles polytechniques</dt></dl> <p>Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique">École polytechnique</a></i>. Such terms include <i>Écoles Polytechniques</i> (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>, higher education refers to <i>écoles polytechniques</i>, providing science and engineering curricula: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique">École polytechnique</a> or <b>X</b> (near <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>)</li> <li>École polytechnique de Bruxelles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="École polytechnique de Montréal">École polytechnique de Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" class="mw-redirect" title="École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne">École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Lorraine" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine">National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse">National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dt>Fachhochschule</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a></div> <p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fachhochschulen</i></span> were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science. </p><p>In 2009/10, there existed about 200 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fachhochschulen</i></span> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Fachhochschulen_in_Deutschland" class="extiw" title="de:Liste der Fachhochschulen in Deutschland">German Wikipedia</a> for a list. </p> <dl><dt>Technische Universität</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule" title="Technische Hochschule">Technische Hochschule</a></div> <p><i>Technische Universität</i> (abbreviation: <i>TU</i>) is the common term for universities of technology. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research. </p><p>The nine largest and most renowned <i>Technische Universitäten</i> in Germany have formed <a href="/wiki/TU9" title="TU9">TU9 German Institutes of Technology</a> as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">university hospitals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Klinikum_Aachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Klinikum Aachen">Klinikum Aachen</a>, University Hospital Dresden, <a href="/wiki/Rechts_der_Isar_Hospital" title="Rechts der Isar Hospital">Rechts der Isar Hospital</a>). </p><p>There are 20 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The three states of <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> do not have a <i>Technische Universität</i>. <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> have the highest counts of <i>TUs</i>, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of <i>Technische Universitäten</i> in Germany </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef; width:31%;">Name </th> <th style="background:#efefef; width:24%;"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Land</a> </th> <th style="background:#efefef; width:15%;">Foundation </th> <th style="background:#efefef; width:12%;">Students </th> <th style="background:#efefef; width:19%;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University" title="RWTH Aachen University">RWTH Aachen University</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td>1870</td> <td>44,517</td> <td>member of TU9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/20px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/20px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/30px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td>1770</td> <td>34,428</td> <td>member of TU9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_University_of_Technology" title="Brandenburg University of Technology">Brandenburg University of Technology</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></td> <td>1991</td> <td>6,400</td> <td>in <a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Braunschweig" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Universität Braunschweig">Technische Universität Braunschweig</a> (Braunschweig University of Technology) <br> <i>Carolo-Wilhelmina</i></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td> <td>1745</td> <td>20,000</td> <td>member of TU9, oldest TU in Germany </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz_University_of_Technology" title="Chemnitz University of Technology">Chemnitz University of Technology</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></td> <td>1836</td> <td>10,850</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clausthal_University_of_Technology" title="Clausthal University of Technology">Clausthal University of Technology</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td> <td>1775</td> <td>4,080</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Darmstadt" title="Technische Universität Darmstadt">Technische Universität Darmstadt</a> (Darmstadt University of Technology)</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hesse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a></td> <td>1877</td> <td>23,100</td> <td>member of TU9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Universität Dresden">Technische Universität Dresden</a> (Dresden University of Technology)</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></td> <td>1828</td> <td>36,534</td> <td>member of TU9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TU_Dortmund_University" class="mw-redirect" title="TU Dortmund University">TU Dortmund University</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td>1968</td> <td>24,873</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Freiberg_University_of_Mining_and_Technology" title="Freiberg University of Mining and Technology">Freiberg University of Mining and Technology</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></td> <td>1765</td> <td>5,000</td> <td>the world's oldest university of mining </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Hamburg-Harburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg">Technische Universität Hamburg</a> (University of Technology Hamburg)</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td>1978</td> <td>7,600</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HafenCity Universität Hamburg (<a href="/wiki/HafenCity_University_Hamburg" title="HafenCity University Hamburg">HafenCity University Hamburg</a>)</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td>2006</td> <td>2,500</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leibniz_University_Hannover" title="Leibniz University Hannover">Leibniz University Hannover</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td> <td>1831</td> <td>26,035</td> <td>member of TU9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Ilmenau" title="Technische Universität Ilmenau">Technische Universität Ilmenau</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Thuringia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></td> <td>1894</td> <td>7,200</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kaiserslautern-Landau" title="University of Kaiserslautern-Landau">Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/20px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/20px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/40px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></td> <td>1970</td> <td>20,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology" title="Karlsruhe Institute of Technology">Karlsruhe Institute of Technology</a> <br> <i>Fridericiana</i></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td> <td>1825</td> <td>22,552</td> <td>member of TU9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Universität München">Technische Universität München</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bavaria_(lozengy).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td> <td>1868</td> <td>38,000</td> <td>member of TU9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart" title="University of Stuttgart">University of Stuttgart</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td> <td>1829</td> <td>22,632</td> <td>member of TU9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke_University_Magdeburg" title="Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg">Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>12,833 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_Nuremberg" title="University of Technology Nuremberg">University of Technology Nuremberg</a> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bavaria_(lozengy).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>under construction </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Greece" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Greece has <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_(Greece)" title="Polytechnic (Greece)">Technical Universities</a> (also known as Polytechnic Universities) with 5 years of study legally equivalent to Bachelor's and master's degree 300 ECTS, ISCED 7 and has the full professional rights of the Engineer. and had <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece#Technological_educational_institutes" title="List of universities in Greece">Technological Educational Institutes</a> (TEIs) (1982–2019) also known as Higher Educational Institute of Technology, Technological Institute, Institute of Technology (provides at least 4-year undergraduate degree qualification πτυχίο, Latinised version: Ptychion, in line with the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a> legally equivalent to Bachelor's honours degree 240 ECTS, ISCED 6. Previously it was three and a half years studies from 1983 to 1995, 210 ECTS). All the Technical Universities and Technological Educational Institutes are <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">Higher Education Institutions</a> (HEIs) with university title (UT) and degree awarding powers (DAPs). TEIs existed from 1983 to 2019; they were reformed between 2013 and 2019 and their departments incorporated into existing higher education institutions (HEIs). </p><p>The two Polytechnic Universities (Technical Universities) in Greece (Greek: Πολυτεχνείο) are the <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_University_of_Athens" title="National Technical University of Athens">National Technical University of Athens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Crete" title="Technical University of Crete">Technical University of Crete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many other universities have a faculty of engineering that provides an equivalent diploma of engineerings with an integrated master and the full professional rights as well. </p><p>Many TEIs that got dismantled created engineering faculty with 5 years of study and 300 ECTS, ISCED 6. But those faculty are not under the general term of Polytechnics nor they have an integrated master's degree yet waiting evaluation<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be characterised as equivalent. These have been named School of Engineers for the time being and not Technical Universities or Polytechnic.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Greece, all Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public university</a> owned and government-funded, with <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free education</a> undergraduate programmes that can be attended without any payment of tuition fee. About 1 out of 4 (one-fourth of) HEIs postgraduate programmes are offered free without any payment of tuition fee, especially about a 30% percentage of students can be entitled without tuition fee to attend all the HEIs statutory tuition fee postgraduate programmes after they be assessed on an individual basis of determined criteria as set out in the Ministry of Education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hong Kong" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Education in Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Hong Kong">List of universities in Hong Kong</a></div> <p>The first polytechnic in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards <a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">diplomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher_diploma" title="Higher diploma">higher diplomas</a>, as well as academic degrees. Like the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 and renamed <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Polytechnic_University" title="Hong Kong Polytechnic University">The Hong Kong Polytechnic University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="City University of Hong Kong">City University of Hong Kong</a> respectively. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Hong Kong University of Science and Technology">The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</a>, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hungary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The world's first<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unesco1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in <a href="/wiki/Selmecb%C3%A1nya" class="mw-redirect" title="Selmecbánya">Selmecbánya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a> to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">Academia</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Education">Higher Education</a> courses. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> the institute had to be moved to <a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miskolc" title="University of Miskolc">University of Miskolc</a> re-established in 1949 as Technical University of Heavy Industry in Miskolc and in 1990 as <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miskolc" title="University of Miskolc">University of Miskolc</a>. The university is the successor of the University of Mining and Metallurgy of Selmecbánya (est. as Bergshule 1735).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics" title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">Budapest University of Technology and Economics</a>, one of the oldest institute of technology of the world is located in Budapest (est. 1782). The BME was the first <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> in Europe to award engineering degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Debrecen" title="University of Debrecen">University of Debrecen</a> – Faculty of Engineering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Duna%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ros" title="University of Dunaújváros">University of Dunaújváros</a></li> <li>Pallasz Athéné University – GAMF</li> <li>University of Nyíregyháza – Institute of Technical and Agricultural Sciences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sopron" title="University of Sopron">University of Sopron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Szeged" title="University of Szeged">University of Szeged</a> – Faculty of Engineering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szent_Istv%C3%A1n_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Szent István University">Szent István University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Istv%C3%A1n_University" title="Széchenyi István University">Széchenyi István University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pannonia" title="University of Pannonia">University of Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_P%C3%A9cs" title="University of Pécs">University of Pécs</a> – Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93buda_University" title="Óbuda University">Óbuda University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: India" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>There are <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Information_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Information Technology">Indian Institutes of Information Technology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology">National Institutes of Technology</a> in India which are autonomous public institutions. These institutions are <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_National_Importance" title="Institutes of National Importance">Institutes of National Importance</a>, and hence each of the institutions are autonomous. All Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Information Technology, and National Institutes of Technology have their own councils which are headed by <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>. The activities of these institutions are generally governed by the institutes alone, but sometimes they are bound to follow the directives of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(India)" title="Ministry of Education (India)">Ministry of Education (India)</a> and are answerable to Ministry of Education (India) and President of India. Some departments of some of these institutions are bound to follow certain guidelines of <a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Accreditation" title="National Board of Accreditation">National Board of Accreditation</a> (NBA) if they receive the accreditation from NBA. However, unlike other institutions, it is not mandatory for these institutes to follow guidelines of <a href="/wiki/All_India_Council_for_Technical_Education" title="All India Council for Technical Education">All India Council for Technical Education</a> (AICTE) and NBA completely. </p><p>The authority controlling technical education, other than the <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_National_Importance" title="Institutes of National Importance">Institutes of National Importance</a>, in India is All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and National Board of Accreditation (NBA).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Indonesia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that are owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds of other institutes that are owned by private or other institutions. </p><p>Four public institutes are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Institute_of_Technology" title="Bandung Institute of Technology">Bandung Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepuluh_Nopember_Institute_of_Technology" title="Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology">Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Institute_of_Technology" title="Kalimantan Institute of Technology">Kalimantan Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balikpapan" title="Balikpapan">Balikpapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatera_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatera Institute of Technology">Sumatera Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Lampung" title="Bandar Lampung">Bandar Lampung</a></li></ul> <p>Public state-owned polytechnics also available and provides vocational education offers either three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to an associate degree or four-year bachelor's degree in applied sciences (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Sarjana Terapan</i>). The more advanced vocational Master's are also available and doctoral degrees are still in progress. </p><p>Some notable polytechnics in Indonesia includes <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_State_Polytechnic" title="Jakarta State Polytechnic">State Polytechnic of Jakarta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Polytechnic_of_Bandung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Polytechnic of Bandung (page does not exist)">State Polytechnic of Bandung</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Polytechnic_of_Malang" title="State Polytechnic of Malang">State Polytechnic of Malang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Engineering_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Surabaya" title="Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya">State Electronics Polytechnic of Surabaya</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Naval_and_Shipbuilding_Polytechnic_of_Surabaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Naval and Shipbuilding Polytechnic of Surabaya (page does not exist)">State Naval and Shipbuilding Polytechnic of Surabaya</a>. These polytechnics are known to be departed from Indonesian prestigious universities and institute of technologies, e.g. the State Polytechnic of Jakarta was departed from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a> while both Surabaya Polytechnics were departed from Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Iran" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>There are 18 technological universities in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amirkabir_University_of_Technology" title="Amirkabir University of Technology">Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_University_of_Technology" title="Sharif University of Technology">Sharif University of Technology</a>, Tehran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_and_Vocational_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical and Vocational University">Technical and Vocational University</a>, 172 branches in Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Iran University of Science and Technology">Iran University of Science and Technology</a>, Tehran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Toosi_University_of_Technology" title="K. N. Toosi University of Technology">K. N. Toosi University of Technology</a>, Tehran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_University_of_Technology" title="Petroleum University of Technology">Petroleum University of Technology</a>, Tehran and <a href="/wiki/Ahwaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahwaz">Ahwaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan_University_of_Technology" title="Isfahan University of Technology">Isfahan University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahand_University_of_Technology" title="Sahand University of Technology">Sahand University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_University_of_Technology" title="Shiraz University of Technology">Shiraz University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_University_of_Technology" title="Arak University of Technology">Arak University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urmia_University_of_Technology" title="Urmia University of Technology">Urmia University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babol_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Babol University of Technology">Babol University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babol" title="Babol">Babol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrood_University_of_Technology" title="Shahrood University of Technology">Shahrood University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahrood" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrood">Shahrood</a></li> <li>Hamedan University of Technology, <a href="/wiki/Hamedan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamedan">Hamedan</a></li> <li>Kermanshah University of Technology, <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a></li> <li>Qom University of Technology, <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></li> <li>Birjand University of Technology, <a href="/wiki/Birjand" title="Birjand">Birjand</a></li> <li>Jondi-Shapur University of Technology, <a href="/wiki/Dezful" title="Dezful">Dezful</a></li> <li>Sirjan University of Technology, <a href="/wiki/Sirjan" title="Sirjan">Sirjan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Iraq" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_technical_colleges_and_institutes" title="List of Iraqi technical colleges and institutes">List of Iraqi technical colleges and institutes</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Iraq" title="University of Technology, Iraq">University of Technology, Iraq</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ireland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_technology_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutes of technology in Ireland">Institutes of technology in Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technological_Universities_in_Ireland" title="Technological Universities in Ireland">Technological Universities in Ireland</a></div> <p>An "Institute of Technology" was formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The abbreviation <b>IT</b> is now widely used to refer to an Institute of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and masters level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year <a href="/wiki/Higher_Certificate" title="Higher Certificate">Higher Certificate</a> programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have "delegated authority" that allows them to make doctoral awards in their own name, after authorisation by the <a href="/wiki/Quality_and_Qualifications_Ireland" title="Quality and Qualifications Ireland">Quality and Qualifications Ireland</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Dublin Institute of Technology">Dublin Institute of Technology</a> developed separately from the Regional Technical College system and after several decades of association with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dublin" title="University of Dublin">University of Dublin</a> it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees before becoming a member ofTU Dublin. </p><p>The approval of Ireland's first <a href="/wiki/Technological_Universities_in_Ireland" title="Technological Universities in Ireland">Technological University</a>, <a href="/wiki/TU_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="TU Dublin">TU Dublin</a> was announced in July 2018<sup id="cite_ref-Leo_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fb_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fb-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the new university established on 01 January 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the result of a merger of three of the ITs in the <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a> area - Dublin Institute of Technology, IT Tallaght and IT Blanchardstown.<sup id="cite_ref-Leo_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fb_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fb-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Technological Universities have since been set up in the country. <a href="/wiki/Munster_TU" class="mw-redirect" title="Munster TU">Munster TU</a> was established 01 January 2021 through a merger of Cork IT and IT Tralee (Kerry).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Technological_University_of_the_Shannon:_Midlands_Midwest" title="Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest">Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest</a> was the third such university, established in October 2021 out of Limerick IT and Athlone IT.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Technological_University" title="Atlantic Technological University">Atlantic Technological University</a> was formally established on 01 April 2022 out of Galway-Mayo IT, IT Sligo, and Letterkenny IT.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a fifth such institution, the <a href="/wiki/South_East_Technological_University" title="South East Technological University">South East Technological University</a> was established on 01 May 2022 out of Carlow IT and Waterford IT.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of May 2023, the only remaining Institutes of Technology in Ireland are <a href="/wiki/Dundalk_Institute_of_Technology" title="Dundalk Institute of Technology">Dundalk IT</a> and the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire_Institute_of_Art,_Design_and_Technology" title="Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology">Dun Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Technological Higher Education Association is the representative body for the various Institutes of Technology in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Israel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology" title="Technion – Israel Institute of Technology">Technion – Israel Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holon_Institute_of_Technology" title="Holon Institute of Technology">Holon Institute of Technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Italy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Istituto_tecnico" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto tecnico">Istituto tecnico</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the term "technical institute" generally refers to a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Italy" title="Secondary education in Italy">secondary school</a> which offers a five-year course granting the access to the university system.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Italy" title="Higher education in Italy">higher education</a>, <i>Politecnico</i> refers to a technical university awarding bachelor, master and PhD degrees in engineering. Historically there were two <i>Politecnici</i>, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politecnico_di_Torino" class="mw-redirect" title="Politecnico di Torino">Politecnico di Torino</a>, established 1859;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politecnico_di_Milano" class="mw-redirect" title="Politecnico di Milano">Politecnico di Milano</a>, established 1863.</li></ul> <p>A third <i>Politecnico</i> was added in the south in 1990: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politecnico_di_Bari" class="mw-redirect" title="Politecnico di Bari">Politecnico di Bari</a>, established 1990.</li></ul> <p>In 2003 the Libera Università di Ancona becomes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marche_Polytechnic_University" title="Marche Polytechnic University">Università Politecnica delle Marche</a>.</li></ul> <p>However, many other universities have a faculty of engineering. </p><p>In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Universities_and_Research_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (Italy)">Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (Italy)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Economy and Finance (Italy)">Ministry of Economy and Finance (Italy)</a> jointly established the <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_di_Tecnologia" title="Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia">Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia</a> (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research, not entirely in the fields of engineering and does not offer undergraduate degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Jamaica" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Jamaica" title="University of Technology, Jamaica">University of Technology, Jamaica</a>, in Kingston, Jamaica</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Technical_education_in_Japan" title="Technical education in Japan">Technical education in Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colleges_of_technology_in_Japan" title="Colleges of technology in Japan">Colleges of technology in Japan</a></div> <p>In Japan, an institute of technology<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">工業大学</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kōgyō daigaku</i></span>)</span> is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_of_Engineering" title="Imperial College of Engineering">Imperial College of Engineering</a>, which was the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>'s engineering faculty. </p> <dl><dt>National</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Institute_of_Technology" title="Tokyo Institute of Technology">Tokyo Institute of Technology</a>, 1929</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Institute_of_Technology" title="Kyoto Institute of Technology">Kyoto Institute of Technology</a>, 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muroran_Institute_of_Technology" title="Muroran Institute of Technology">Muroran Institute of Technology</a>, 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Institute_of_Technology" title="Nagoya Institute of Technology">Nagoya Institute of Technology</a>, 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Institute_of_Technology" title="Kyushu Institute of Technology">Kyushu Institute of Technology</a>, 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Electro-Communications" title="University of Electro-Communications">University of Electro-Communications</a>, 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology" title="Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology">Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology</a>, 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitami_Institute_of_Technology" title="Kitami Institute of Technology">Kitami Institute of Technology</a>, 1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_University_of_Technology" title="Nagaoka University of Technology">Nagaoka University of Technology</a>, 1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Advanced_Institute_of_Science_And_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Advanced Institute of Science And Technology">Japan Advanced Institute of Science And Technology</a>, 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Nara Institute of Science and Technology">Nara Institute of Science and Technology</a>, 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology">Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology</a>, 2011</li></ul> <dl><dt>Public</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_University" title="Tokyo Metropolitan University">Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology</a>, 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maebashi_Institute_of_Technology" title="Maebashi Institute of Technology">Maebashi Institute of Technology</a>, 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_University_of_Technology" title="Kochi University of Technology">Kochi University of Technology</a>, 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Institute_of_Industrial_Technology" title="Advanced Institute of Industrial Technology">Advanced Institute of Industrial Technology</a>, 2006</li></ul> <dl><dt>Private</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiba_Institute_of_Technology" title="Chiba Institute of Technology">Chiba Institute of Technology</a>, 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Institute_of_Technology" title="Osaka Institute of Technology">Osaka Institute of Technology</a>, 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibaura_Institute_of_Technology" title="Shibaura Institute of Technology">Shibaura Institute of Technology</a>, 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Polytechnic_University" title="Tokyo Polytechnic University">Tokyo Polytechnic University</a>, 1950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe_Institute_of_Computing" title="Kobe Institute of Computing">Kobe Institute of Computing</a>, 1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_Institute_of_Technology" title="Aichi Institute of Technology">Aichi Institute of Technology</a>, 1959</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Institute_of_Technology" title="Hiroshima Institute of Technology">Hiroshima Institute of Technology</a>, 1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Institute_of_Technology" title="Fukuoka Institute of Technology">Fukuoka Institute of Technology</a>, 1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonan_Institute_of_Technology" title="Shonan Institute of Technology">Shonan Institute of Technology</a>, 1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohoku_Institute_of_Technology" title="Tohoku Institute of Technology">Tohoku Institute of Technology</a>, 1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanazawa_Institute_of_Technology" title="Kanazawa Institute of Technology">Kanazawa Institute of Technology</a>, 1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukui_University_of_Technology" title="Fukui University of Technology">Fukui University of Technology</a>, 1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Institute_of_Technology" title="Nippon Institute of Technology">Nippon Institute of Technology</a>, 1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaido Institute of Technology">Hokkaido Institute of Technology</a>, 1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Institute_of_Technology" title="Ashikaga Institute of Technology">Ashikaga Institute of Technology</a>, 1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachinohe_Technical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachinohe Technical University">Hachinohe Technical University</a>, 1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Institute_of_Technology" title="Kanagawa Institute of Technology">Kanagawa Institute of Technology</a>, 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohashi_University_of_Technology" title="Toyohashi University of Technology">Toyohashi University of Technology</a>, 1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saitama_Institute_of_Technology" title="Saitama Institute of Technology">Saitama Institute of Technology</a>, 1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Technology" title="Tokyo University of Technology">Tokyo University of Technology</a>, 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe_Design_University" title="Kobe Design University">Kobe Design University</a>, 1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohoku_University_of_Art_and_Design" title="Tohoku University of Art and Design">Tohoku University of Art and Design</a>, 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology">Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology</a>, 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niigata_Institute_of_Technology" title="Niigata Institute of Technology">Niigata Institute of Technology</a>, 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_University_of_Technology" title="Aichi University of Technology">Aichi University of Technology</a>, 2000</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Kenya" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Kenya, Technical Universities are special Universities that focus on technical and engineering courses and offer certifications in the same from Artisan, Craft, Diploma, Higher Diploma, Degree, Masters and Doctorate levels. They are former national polytechnics and are the only institutions of learning that offer the complete spectrum of tertiary education programs. They Include </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Kenya" title="Technical University of Kenya">Technical University of Kenya, Formerly Kenya National Polytechnic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Mombasa" title="Technical University of Mombasa">Technical University of Mombasa, Formerly Mombasa National Polytechnic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Jordan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sumaya_University_for_Technology" title="Princess Sumaya University for Technology">Princess Sumaya University for Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Jordan University of Science and Technology">Jordan University of Science and Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balqa_Applied_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Balqa Applied University">Balqa Applied University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt,_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt, Jordan">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafila_Technical_University" title="Tafila Technical University">Tafila Technical University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tafila" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafila">Tafila</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macau">Macau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Macau" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Education in Macau</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Macau" title="List of universities and colleges in Macau">List of universities and colleges in Macau</a></div> <p>The first polytechnic in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> is the Polytechnic Institute of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Asia_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="University of East Asia Macau">University of East Asia</a> which was established in 1981, as an institute of a private university. In 1991, following the splitting of the University of East Asia into three (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Macau" title="University of Macau">University of Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macao_Polytechnic_University" title="Macao Polytechnic University">Macao Polytechnic Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_Macau" title="City University of Macau">Asia International Open University</a>), a public and independent Polytechnic Institute, Macao Polytechnic Institute, was officially established. The first private technology university <a href="/wiki/Macau_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Macau University of Science and Technology">Macau University of Science and Technology</a> is established in 2000. Macao Polytechnic Institute has renamed <a href="/wiki/Macao_Polytechnic_University" title="Macao Polytechnic University">Macao Polytechnic University</a> in 2022. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Malaysia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Education in Malaysia</a></div> <dl><dt>Polytechnics</dt></dl> <p>Polytechnics in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> have been in operation since 1969. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. The first polytechnic in Malaysia, Politeknik Ungku Omar, was established by the Ministry of Education in 1969 with the help of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and the amount of RM24.5 million<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="RM24.5 million in 1969 or in the present? (March 2023)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). </p><p>At present<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, Malaysia has 36 polytechnics all over the country providing engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses. </p><p>The following is a list of the polytechnics in Malaysia in order of establishment: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Official name in <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> </th> <th>Acronym </th> <th>Foundation </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ungku_Omar_Polytechnic" title="Ungku Omar Polytechnic">Politeknik Ungku Omar</a> </td> <td>PUO </td> <td>1969 </td> <td>Premier Polytechnic (University Status) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah </td> <td>POLISAS </td> <td>1976 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Kuantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah </td> <td>POLIMAS </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jitra" title="Jitra">Jitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Politeknik Kota Bharu </td> <td>PKB </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ketereh" title="Ketereh">Ketereh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Politeknik Kuching </td> <td>PKS </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Politeknik Port Dickson </td> <td>PPD </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Dickson_(town)" title="Port Dickson (town)">Si Rusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Politeknik Kota Kinabalu </td> <td>PKK </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah </td> <td>PSA </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>Premier Polytechnic (University Status) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam" title="Shah Alam">Shah Alam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Politeknik_Ibrahim_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan">Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan</a> </td> <td>PIS </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>Premier Polytechnic (University Status) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasir_Gudang" title="Pasir Gudang">Pasir Gudang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Politeknik Seberang Perai </td> <td>PSP </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Permatang_Pauh" title="Permatang Pauh">Permatang Pauh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Pinang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Pinang">Pulau Pinang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Politeknik Melaka </td> <td>PMK </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Politeknik Kuala Terengganu </td> <td>PKKT </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Terengganu" title="Kuala Terengganu">Kuala Terengganu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin </td> <td>PSMZA </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungun">Dungun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Politeknik Merlimau </td> <td>PMM </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merlimau" title="Merlimau">Merlimau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Polytechnic" title="Sultan Azlan Shah Polytechnic">Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah</a> </td> <td>PSAS </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Behrang" class="mw-redirect" title="Behrang">Behrang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah </td> <td>PTSB </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kulim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulim">Kulim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah </td> <td>PSIS </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Air_Tawar_(state_constituency)" title="Sungai Air Tawar (state constituency)">Sungai Air Tawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin </td> <td>PTSS </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arau" title="Arau">Arau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>Politeknik Muadzam Shah </td> <td>PMS </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Muadzam_Shah" title="Bandar Muadzam Shah">Muadzam Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mukah_Polytechnic" title="Mukah Polytechnic">Politeknik Mukah</a> </td> <td>PMU </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mukah" title="Mukah">Mukah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>Politeknik Balik Pulau </td> <td>PBU </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balik_Pulau" title="Balik Pulau">Balik Pulau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Pinang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Pinang">Pulau Pinang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>Politeknik Jeli </td> <td>PJK </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeli">Jeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td>Politeknik Nilai </td> <td>PNS </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilai" title="Nilai">Nilai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td>Politeknik Banting </td> <td>PBS </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Langat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Langat">Kuala Langat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td>Politeknik Mersing </td> <td>PMJ </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mersing" title="Mersing">Mersing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td>Politeknik Hulu Terengganu </td> <td>PHT </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Berang" title="Kuala Berang">Kuala Berang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td>Politeknik Sandakan </td> <td>PSS </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td>Politeknik METrO Kuala Lumpur </td> <td>PMKL </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>METrO Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td>Politeknik METrO Kuantan </td> <td>PMKU </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>METrO Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Kuantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>Politeknik METrO Johor Bahru </td> <td>PMJB </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>METrO Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 </td> <td>Politeknik METrO Betong </td> <td>PMBS </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>METrO Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Betong,_Sarawak" title="Betong, Sarawak">Betong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td>Politeknik METrO Tasek Gelugor </td> <td>PMTG </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>METrO Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Pinang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Pinang">Pulau Pinang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 </td> <td>Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir </td> <td>PTSN </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muar_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muar (district)">Muar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td>Politeknik Besut </td> <td>PoliBesut </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Besut_District" title="Besut District">Besut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td>Politeknik Bagan Datuk </td> <td>PBD </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Datuk_(town)" title="Bagan Datuk (town)">Bagan Datuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>36 </td> <td>Politeknik Tawau </td> <td>PTS </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>Conventional Polytechnic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Technical University</dt></dl> <p>There are four technical universities in Malaysia and all are belongs to <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Technical_University_Network" title="Malaysian Technical University Network">Malaysian Technical University Network</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Tun_Hussein_Onn_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia">Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Malaysia_Perlis" title="Universiti Malaysia Perlis">Universiti Malaysia Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknikal_Malaysia_Melaka" title="Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka">Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Malaysia_Pahang" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiti Malaysia Pahang">Universiti Malaysia Pahang</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Mauritius" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The only technical university in <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology,_Mauritius" title="University of Technology, Mauritius">University of Technology, Mauritius</a> with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country's needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science and public sector policy and management. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Mexico" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Mexico there are different Institutes and Colleges of Technology. Most of them are public institutions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Technological_Institute_of_Mexico" title="National Technological Institute of Mexico">National Technological Institute of Mexico</a> (in Spanish: <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">Tecnológico Nacional de México</span></span>, TecNM) is a Mexican public <a href="/wiki/University_system" title="University system">university system</a> created on 23 July 2014 by presidential decree with the purpose to unify 263 public institutes of technology that had been created since 1948 and are found all around Mexico. </p><p>Another important institute of technology in Mexico is the <a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="National Polytechnic Institute">National Polytechnic Institute</a> (<i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Instituto Politécnico Nacional</i></span></i>), which is located in the northern region of Mexico City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moldova">Moldova</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Moldova" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Education in Moldova</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Moldova" title="Technical University of Moldova">Technical University of Moldova</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Nepal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Engineering" title="Institute of Engineering">Institute of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CTEVT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTEVT (page does not exist)">CTEVT</a>, Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: New Zealand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education_in_New_Zealand" title="Tertiary education in New Zealand">Tertiary education in New Zealand</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended and are typically considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>, colleges of education and <a href="/wiki/Wananga" class="mw-redirect" title="Wananga">wānanga</a>; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_Education_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary Education Institution">Tertiary Education Institutions</a>. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name '<a href="/wiki/Universal_College_of_Learning" title="Universal College of Learning">Universal College of Learning</a>' (UCOL) and another '<a href="/wiki/Unitec_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitec New Zealand">Unitec New Zealand</a>'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees. Some colleges of education or institutes of technology are privately owned, however, the qualification levels vary widely. </p><p>Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with <a href="/wiki/Massey_University" title="Massey University">Massey University</a>. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the <a href="/wiki/Waikato_Institute_of_Technology" title="Waikato Institute of Technology">Waikato Institute of Technology</a>, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Institute_of_Technology" title="Wellington Institute of Technology">Wellington Institute of Technology</a>. Some smaller polytechnics in the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with <a href="/wiki/Universal_College_of_Learning" title="Universal College of Learning">UCOL</a>. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.) </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Auckland_University_of_Technology" title="Auckland University of Technology">Auckland University of Technology</a> is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> status; while <a href="/wiki/Unitec_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitec New Zealand">Unitec</a> has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions. </p><p>In mid-February 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Education (New Zealand)">Minister of Education Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hipkins" title="Chris Hipkins">Chris Hipkins</a> proposed merging the country's sixteen polytechnics into a "NZ Institute of Skills and Technology" in response to deficits and a decline in domestic enrollments. This was commenced with branding changes to 20 establishments in 2022 in preparation of their merger into <a href="/wiki/Te_P%C5%ABkenga" title="Te Pūkenga">Te Pūkenga</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Nigeria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_polytechnics_in_Nigeria" title="List of polytechnics in Nigeria">List of polytechnics in Nigeria</a></div> <p>Virtually, every state in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> has a polytechnic university operated by either the federal or state government. In <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers State</a> for example, there are two state-owned polytechnic universities; <a href="/wiki/Kenule_Beeson_Saro-Wiwa_Polytechnic" title="Kenule Beeson Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic">Kenule Beeson Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bori_City" title="Bori City">Bori City</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State_College_of_Arts_and_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers State College of Arts and Science">Rivers State College of Arts and Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a>. The former was established on 13 May 1988 while the latter–though founded in 1984–was approved by the <a href="/wiki/National_Board_for_Technical_Education" title="National Board for Technical Education">NBTE</a> in 2006. The first private polytechnic university in the state is the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Polytechnic,_Port_Harcourt" title="Eastern Polytechnic, Port Harcourt">Eastern Polytechnic</a>, established in 2008. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Pakistan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The polytechnic institutes in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> offer <a href="/wiki/Diploma_in_Engineering" title="Diploma in Engineering">Diploma in Engineering</a> spanning three years in different engineering branches. This diploma is known as <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_Associate_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploma of Associate Engineering">Diploma of Associate Engineering</a> (DAE). Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the <a href="/wiki/10th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="10th grade">10th grade</a> standardized exams. The main purpose of the diploma offered in polytechnic institutes is to train people in various trades. </p><p>These institutes are located throughout Pakistan and started in the early 1950s. </p><p>After successfully completion of diploma at a polytechnic, students can either get employment or enroll in <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Technology" title="Bachelor of Technology">Bachelor of Technology</a> (B.Tech) and <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a> (BE) degree programs. </p><p>Universities of Engineering & Technology in Pakistan offer <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a> (<a href="/wiki/B.E." class="mw-redirect" title="B.E.">BE/BS/BSc Engineering</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate">postgraduate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Engineering" title="Master of Engineering">ME/MS/MSc Engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>) degree programs in <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>. <a href="/wiki/B.E." class="mw-redirect" title="B.E.">BE/BS/BSc Engineering</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">professional degree</a> in Pakistan. It is a four-year full-time program after <a href="/wiki/HSSC" class="mw-redirect" title="HSSC">HSSC</a> (higher secondary school certificate). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestine">Palestine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Palestine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/University_College_of_Applied_Sciences" title="University College of Applied Sciences">University College of Applied Sciences</a> (UCAS) is a technical college in Gaza founded in 1998. The College offers undergraduate degrees in several unique specializations such as education technology, technological management and planning, and geographic information systems </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Philippines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Map%C3%BAa_University" title="Mapúa University">Mapúa University</a>, the premier engineering school of the Philippines. Being an internationally accredited engineering school, it consistently tops various board exams for engineering students in the Philippines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEU_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="FEU Institute of Technology">FEU Institute of Technology</a>, a premier engineering school known for its technological academic teaching and board topnotchers operating under the <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_University" title="Far Eastern University">Far Eastern University</a> system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_State_University%E2%80%93Iligan_Institute_of_Technology" title="Mindanao State University–Iligan Institute of Technology">Mindanao State University–Iligan Institute of Technology</a>, the premier state university in the southern Philippines and the science and technology flagship campus of the <a href="/wiki/Mindanao_State_University" title="Mindanao State University">Mindanao State University</a> System (the second biggest university system in the Philippines after the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_University_of_the_Philippines" title="Technological University of the Philippines">Technological University of the Philippines</a>, the premier state university of technology education in the Philippines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_Institute_of_the_Philippines" title="Technological Institute of the Philippines">Technological Institute of the Philippines</a>, an engineering school with an international accreditation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicol_University" title="Bicol University">Bicol University</a>, center in teaching excellence, offers IT courses and a well known university.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_Institute_of_Technology_%E2%80%93_University" title="Cebu Institute of Technology – University">Cebu Institute of Technology – University</a>, a premier engineering school, this university is known to have high selectivity in admissions as well as excellence in engineering research and education.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_Technological_University" title="Cebu Technological University">Cebu Technological University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_the_Philippines" title="Polytechnic University of the Philippines">Polytechnic University of the Philippines</a>, a state university in the Philippines that consistently tops various board exams for engineering students in the Philippines, also referred to as the National Comprehensive University of the Philippines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City_Polytechnic_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Quezon City Polytechnic University">Quezon City Polytechnic University</a>, a local university, this university is well known in engineering, IT and technical education.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Technological_University" title="Rizal Technological University">Rizal Technological University</a>, the only university that offers degree courses in astronomy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Poland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><b>Politechnika</b> (translated as a "technical university" or "university of technology") is the designation of a technical university in Poland. Here are some of the larger polytechnics in Poland: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politechnika_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Politechnika Śląska">Politechnika Śląska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politechnika_Wroc%C5%82awska" class="mw-redirect" title="Politechnika Wrocławska">Politechnika Wrocławska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politechnika_Warszawska" class="mw-redirect" title="Politechnika Warszawska">Politechnika Warszawska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technology" title="Poznań University of Technology">Politechnika Poznańska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politechnika_Krakowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Politechnika Krakowska">Politechnika Krakowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politechnika_Gda%C5%84ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Politechnika Gdańska">Politechnika Gdańska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politechnika_%C5%81%C3%B3dzka" class="mw-redirect" title="Politechnika Łódzka">Politechnika Łódzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politechnika_Bia%C5%82ostocka" class="mw-redirect" title="Politechnika Białostocka">Politechnika Białostocka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politechnika_Lubelska" class="mw-redirect" title="Politechnika Lubelska">Politechnika Lubelska</a></li></ul> <p>Other polytechnic universities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akademia_G%C3%B3rniczo-Hutnicza" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza">Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy_im._Jana_i_J%C4%99drzeja_%C5%9Aniadeckich_w_Bydgoszczy" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy im. Jana i Jędrzeja Śniadeckich w Bydgoszczy">Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy im. Jana i Jędrzeja Śniadeckich w Bydgoszczy</a> (University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz)</li> <li>Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny (<a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_University_of_Technology" title="West Pomeranian University of Technology">West Pomeranian University of Technology</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Portugal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_(Portugal)" title="Polytechnic (Portugal)">Polytechnic (Portugal)</a></div> <p>Till recently, there was a Technical University of Lisbon (UTL). It included several of the most prestigious schools, including, an engineering school (Instituto Superior Tecnico) and one of the most ancient business schools in the world (ISEG Lisbon). But UTL merged with the University of Lisbon. In this field, here are also a number of non-university <a href="/wiki/List_of_higher_education_institutions_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of higher education institutions in Portugal">higher educational institutions</a> which are called <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_(Portugal)" title="Polytechnic (Portugal)">polytechnic institutes</a> since the 1970s. Some of these institutions existed since the 19th century with different designations (industrial and commercial institutes, agricultural managers, elementary teachers and nurses schools, etc.). In theory, the polytechnics higher education system is aimed to provide a more practical training and be profession-oriented, while the university higher education system is aimed to have a stronger theoretical basis and be highly research-oriented. The polytechnics are also oriented to provide shorter length studies aimed to respond to local needs. The Portuguese polytechnics can then be compared to the US <a href="/wiki/Community_colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Community colleges">community colleges</a>. </p><p>Since the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a> in Portugal in 2007, the polytechnics offer the 1st cycle (licentiate degree) and 2nd cycle (master's degree) of higher studies. Until 1998, the polytechnics only awarded bachelor (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">bacharelato</i>) degrees (three-year short-cycle degrees) and were not authorized to award higher degrees. They however granted post-bachelor diplomas in specialized higher studies (DESE, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">diploma de estudos superiores especializados</i></span>), that could be obtained after the conclusion of a two-year second cycle of studies and were academical equivalent to the university's <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Licentiate degree">licentiate degrees</a> (<i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">licenciatura</i></span></i>). After 1998, they started to be allowed to confer their own licentiate degrees, which replaced the DESE diplomas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Romania" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Education in Romania</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politehnica_University_of_Bucharest" title="Politehnica University of Bucharest">Politehnica University of Bucharest</a>, 1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Timi%C8%99oara" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnic University of Timișoara">Polytechnic University of Timișoara</a>, 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Asachi_Technical_University_of_Ia%C8%99i" title="Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași">Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași</a>, 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Cluj-Napoca" title="Technical University of Cluj-Napoca">Technical University of Cluj-Napoca</a>, 1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Civil_Engineering_of_Bucharest" title="Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest">Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest</a>, 1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_%26_Gas_University_of_Ploie%C5%9Fti" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil & Gas University of Ploieşti">Oil & Gas University of Ploieşti</a>, 1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Petro%C5%9Fani" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Petroşani">University of Petroşani</a>, 1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Military_Academy_of_Bucharest" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Military Academy of Bucharest">Technical Military Academy of Bucharest</a>, 1949</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Russia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_learning_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of institutions of higher learning in Russia">List of institutions of higher learning in Russia</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauman_Moscow_State_Technical_University" title="Bauman Moscow State Technical University">Bauman Moscow State Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Polytechnical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University">Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_State_Technical_University" title="Novosibirsk State Technical University">Novosibirsk State Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Polytechnic_University" title="Tomsk Polytechnic University">Tomsk Polytechnic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Polytechnic_University" title="Moscow Polytechnic University">Moscow Polytechnic University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Singapore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Education in Singapore</a></div> <p>Polytechnics in Singapore do not offer bachelor's, master's degrees or doctorate. However, Polytechnics in Singapore offer three-year diploma courses in fields ranging from applied sciences to business, information technology, humanities, social sciences, and other vocational fields such as engineering and nursing. There are five polytechnics in Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Polytechnic" title="Singapore Polytechnic">Singapore Polytechnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngee_Ann_Polytechnic" title="Ngee Ann Polytechnic">Ngee Ann Polytechnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temasek_Polytechnic" title="Temasek Polytechnic">Temasek Polytechnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Polytechnic" title="Nanyang Polytechnic">Nanyang Polytechnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_Polytechnic" title="Republic Polytechnic">Republic Polytechnic</a>. </p><p>The Polytechnic diploma certification in Singapore is equivalent to an <a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">associate degree</a> obtainable at the <a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">community colleges</a> in the United States. A Polytechnic diploma in Singapore is also known to be parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution, thus, Polytechnic graduates in Singapore have the privilege of being granted transfer credits or module exemptions when they apply to a local or overseas universities, depending on the university's policies on transfer credits. </p><p>The only university in Singapore with the term "institute of technology", most notably the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Institute_of_Technology" title="Singapore Institute of Technology">Singapore Institute of Technology</a> were developed in 2009 as an option for Polytechnic graduates who desire to pursue a bachelor's degree. Other technological universities in Singapore includes the <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_University_of_Technology_and_Design" title="Singapore University of Technology and Design">Singapore University of Technology and Design</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Slovakia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak University of Technology">Slovak University of Technology</a> in Bratislava</li></ul> <p>The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the <b>Banská Akadémia</b> in <a href="/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_%C5%A0tiavnica" title="Banská Štiavnica">Banská Štiavnica</a>, Slovakia,<sup id="cite_ref-unesco1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of <a href="/wiki/Electrotechnics" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrotechnics">electrotechnics</a> in the world. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Technical University of Košice">Technical University of Košice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_%C5%BDilina" title="University of Žilina">University of Žilina</a></li> <li>Technical University in Zvolen</li> <li>Trenčín University in Trenčín</li> <li>Dubnica Technology Institute</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: South Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_Africa#Universities_of_technology" title="List of universities in South Africa">List of universities in South Africa § Universities of technology</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CPUT_Cape_Town_Campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CPUT_Cape_Town_Campus.jpg/200px-CPUT_Cape_Town_Campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="76" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="453"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 76px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CPUT_Cape_Town_Campus.jpg/200px-CPUT_Cape_Town_Campus.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="76" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CPUT_Cape_Town_Campus.jpg/300px-CPUT_Cape_Town_Campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CPUT_Cape_Town_Campus.jpg/400px-CPUT_Cape_Town_Campus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula_University_of_Technology" title="Cape Peninsula University of Technology">Cape Peninsula University of Technology</a> was composed of two former technikons and other smaller independent colleges.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, there was a division between universities and <b><a href="/wiki/Technikon" title="Technikon">technikons</a></b> (polytechnics), as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. </p><p>By the mid-2000s, former technikons have either been merged with traditional universities to form comprehensive universities or have become universities of technology; however, the universities of technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a university (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Spain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Polit%C3%A9cnica_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Politécnica de Madrid">Universidad Politécnica de Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitat_Polit%C3%A8cnica_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya">Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitat_Polit%C3%A8cnica_de_Val%C3%A8ncia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitat Politècnica de València">Universitat Politècnica de València</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Polit%C3%A9cnica_de_Cartagena" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena">Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA.jpg/220px-%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="785"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA.jpg/220px-%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA.jpg/330px-%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA.jpg/440px-%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vocational_Technology" title="University of Vocational Technology">University of Vocational Technology</a> Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Moratuwa" title="University of Moratuwa">University of Moratuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Technology,_University_of_Moratuwa" title="Institute of Technology, University of Moratuwa">Institute of Technology, University of Moratuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vocational_Technology" title="University of Vocational Technology">University of Vocational Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Institute_of_Information_Technology" title="Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology">Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_College_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Technical College (Sri Lanka)">Technical College</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Sweden" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KTH_Royal_Institute_of_Technology" title="KTH Royal Institute of Technology">KTH Royal Institute of Technology</a>, Stockholm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalmers_University_of_Technology" title="Chalmers University of Technology">Chalmers University of Technology</a>, Gothenburg</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Linköping Institute of Technology">Institute of Technology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_University" title="Linköping University">Linköping University</a>, Linköping</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Engineering_(LTH),_Lund_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Engineering (LTH), Lund University">Faculty of Engineering (LTH), Lund University</a>, Lund</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5_University_of_Technology" title="Luleå University of Technology">Luleå University of Technology</a>, Luleå</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blekinge_Institute_of_Technology" title="Blekinge Institute of Technology">Blekinge Institute of Technology</a>, Blekinge</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Switzerland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Technische_Hochschule_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich">Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich</a></i></span> (ETH Zurich)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne</a></span></span> (EPFL)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Taiwan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The question of Taiwanese college education is, the students either from high school (the aims is to go to normal college) or tech high school(the aims is to go to work or technology university), almost all of the students take the same test(the score can go to two kinds of school), and the school would not care what kind of high school you are from. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="National Taiwan University of Science and Technology">National Taiwan University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taipei_University_of_Technology" title="National Taipei University of Technology">National Taipei University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taichung_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="National Taichung University of Science and Technology">National Taichung University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Yunlin_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="National Yunlin University of Science and Technology">National Yunlin University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Formosa_University" title="National Formosa University">National Formosa University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Kaohsiung_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology">National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pingtung_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="National Pingtung University of Science and Technology">National Pingtung University of Science and Technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Thailand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education in Thailand</a></div> <p>Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from <a href="/wiki/Technical_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical college">technical colleges</a>, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctoral</a> level. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Pathumwan_Institute_of_Technology" title="Pathumwan Institute of Technology">Pathumwan Institute of Technology</a> (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), <a href="/wiki/King_Mongkut%27s_Institute_of_Technology_Ladkrabang" title="King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang">King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang</a> (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre) and <a href="/wiki/King_Mongkut%27s_Institute_of_Technology_North_Bangkok" class="mw-redirect" title="King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok">King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok</a> (Thai-German Technical School). </p><p>There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": <a href="/wiki/Rajamangala_University_of_Technology" title="Rajamangala University of Technology">Rajamangala University of Technology</a> (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and <a href="/wiki/King_Mongkut%27s_University_of_Technology_Thonburi" title="King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi">King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi</a> (Thonburi Technology Institute). </p><p>Institutes of technology with different origins are <a href="/wiki/Asian_Institute_of_Technology" title="Asian Institute of Technology">Asian Institute of Technology</a>, which developed from <a href="/wiki/SEATO" class="mw-redirect" title="SEATO">SEATO</a> Graduate School of Engineering and <a href="/wiki/Sirindhorn_International_Institute_of_Technology" title="Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology">Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology</a>, an engineering school of <a href="/wiki/Thammasat_University" title="Thammasat University">Thammasat University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Suranaree_University_of_Technology" title="Suranaree University of Technology">Suranaree University of Technology</a> is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while <a href="/wiki/Mahanakorn_University_of_Technology" title="Mahanakorn University of Technology">Mahanakorn University of Technology</a> is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the military under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> still unable to stop them from occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Turkey" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education in Turkey</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the oldest technical university is <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Technical_University" title="Istanbul Technical University">Istanbul Technical University</a>. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In the 1950s, two technical universities were opened in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>. In recent years, Yıldız University is reorganized as <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Technical_University" title="Yıldız Technical University">Yıldız Technical University</a> and two institutes of technology were founded in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">Kocaeli</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>. In 2010, another technical university named <a href="/wiki/Bursa_Technical_University" title="Bursa Technical University">Bursa Technical University</a> was founded in Bursa. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of Technical Universities in Turkey </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef; width:31%;">Name </th> <th style="background:#efefef; width:24%;">City </th> <th style="background:#efefef; width:15%;">Foundation </th> <th style="background:#efefef; width:12%;">Students </th> <th style="background:#efefef; width:19%;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Technical_University" title="Istanbul Technical University">Istanbul Technical University</a> (ITU)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td>1773</td> <td>21000</td> <td>Ranked 108th in THES QS <a href="/wiki/University_ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="University ranking">University ranking</a> in the field of technology </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Technical_University" title="Yıldız Technical University">Yıldız Technical University</a> (YTU)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td>1911</td> <td>21000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karadeniz_Technical_University" title="Karadeniz Technical University">Karadeniz Technical University</a> (KTU)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a></td> <td>1955</td> <td></td> <td>First technical university in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University" title="Middle East Technical University">Middle East Technical University</a> (ODTU)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></td> <td>1956</td> <td>23000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gebze_Technical_University" title="Gebze Technical University">Gebze Technical University</a> (GTU)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">Kocaeli</a></td> <td>1992</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Institute_of_Technology" title="İzmir Institute of Technology">İzmir Institute of Technology</a> (IYTE)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></td> <td>1992</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Technical_University" title="Bursa Technical University">Bursa Technical University</a> (BTU)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a></td> <td>2010</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Technical_University" title="Erzurum Technical University">Erzurum Technical University</a> (ETU)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a></td> <td>2010</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adana_Science_and_Technology_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Science and Technology University">Adana Science and Technology University</a> (ABTU)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></td> <td>2011</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iskenderun_Technical_University" title="Iskenderun Technical University">Iskenderun Technical University</a> (ISTE)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hatay" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatay">Hatay</a></td> <td>2015</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OSTIM_Technical_University" title="OSTIM Technical University">OSTIM Technical University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></td> <td>2017</td> <td></td> <td>It is the first and only private technical university in Turkey. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Konya_Technical_University" title="Konya Technical University">Konya Technical University</a> (KTUN)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a></td> <td>2018</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Technical_University" title="Eskişehir Technical University">Eskişehir Technical University</a> (ESTU)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a></td> <td>2018</td> <td>12000+</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Itu_sdkm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Istanbul Technical University Suleyman Demirel Cultural Center, Istanbul"><noscript><img alt="Istanbul Technical University Suleyman Demirel Cultural Center, Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Itu_sdkm.jpg/120px-Itu_sdkm.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Itu_sdkm.jpg/120px-Itu_sdkm.jpg" data-alt="Istanbul Technical University Suleyman Demirel Cultural Center, Istanbul" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Itu_sdkm.jpg/180px-Itu_sdkm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Itu_sdkm.jpg/240px-Itu_sdkm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Istanbul Technical University Suleyman Demirel Cultural Center, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yıldız Technical University, located in Beşiktaş district of Istanbul"><noscript><img alt="Yıldız Technical University, located in Beşiktaş district of Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_07.jpg/120px-Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_07.jpg/120px-Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_07.jpg" data-alt="Yıldız Technical University, located in Beşiktaş district of Istanbul" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_07.jpg/180px-Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_07.jpg/240px-Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Teknik_%C3%9Cniversitesi_07.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yıldız Technical University, located in Beşiktaş district of Istanbul</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityTreeOfScience800x512.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Tree of Science by the main entrance to Middle East Technical University campus in Ankara"><noscript><img alt="Statue of Tree of Science by the main entrance to Middle East Technical University campus in Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityTreeOfScience800x512.jpg/120px-MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityTreeOfScience800x512.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 77px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityTreeOfScience800x512.jpg/120px-MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityTreeOfScience800x512.jpg" data-alt="Statue of Tree of Science by the main entrance to Middle East Technical University campus in Ankara" data-width="120" data-height="77" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityTreeOfScience800x512.jpg/180px-MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityTreeOfScience800x512.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityTreeOfScience800x512.jpg/240px-MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityTreeOfScience800x512.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Tree of Science by the main entrance to Middle East Technical University campus in Ankara</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0YTE_Teknopark_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A-1 Building, İzmir Institute of Technology Teknopark, İzmir"><noscript><img alt="A-1 Building, İzmir Institute of Technology Teknopark, İzmir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%C4%B0YTE_Teknopark_Entrance.jpg/120px-%C4%B0YTE_Teknopark_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%C4%B0YTE_Teknopark_Entrance.jpg/120px-%C4%B0YTE_Teknopark_Entrance.jpg" data-alt="A-1 Building, İzmir Institute of Technology Teknopark, İzmir" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%C4%B0YTE_Teknopark_Entrance.jpg/180px-%C4%B0YTE_Teknopark_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%C4%B0YTE_Teknopark_Entrance.jpg/240px-%C4%B0YTE_Teknopark_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A-1 Building, İzmir Institute of Technology Teknopark, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ktu_foto_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance of mechanical engineering department, Karadeniz Technical University, located in Trabzon"><noscript><img alt="Entrance of mechanical engineering department, Karadeniz Technical University, located in Trabzon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Ktu_foto_2.jpg/120px-Ktu_foto_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="438"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 66px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Ktu_foto_2.jpg/120px-Ktu_foto_2.jpg" data-alt="Entrance of mechanical engineering department, Karadeniz Technical University, located in Trabzon" data-width="120" data-height="66" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Ktu_foto_2.jpg/180px-Ktu_foto_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/Ktu_foto_2.jpg/240px-Ktu_foto_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance of <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a> department, Karadeniz Technical University, located in <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Ukraine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_State_Technical_University" title="Donbas State Technical University">Donbas State Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_National_Technical_University" title="Donetsk National Technical University">Donetsk National Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Kyiv Polytechnic Institute">Kyiv Polytechnic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute">Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Polytechnic" title="Lviv Polytechnic">Lviv Polytechnic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><b>Institutes of Technology</b> </p><p>The UK Government defines institutes of technology as "Business-led Institutes of Technology [that] offer higher level technical education to help close skills gaps in key STEM areas".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They deliver qualifications from level 3 (T-levels) to level 7 (master's degrees). The government is investing £300 million in developing a network of 21 institutes of technology across England, with 19 open as of September 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> and two further institutes expected to open in September 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><b>Polytechnics</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom)" title="Polytechnic (United Kingdom)">Polytechnic (United Kingdom)</a></div> <p>Polytechnics were <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> teaching institutions in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. The comparable institutions in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> were collectively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Central_institution" title="Central institution">central institutions</a>. </p><p>From 1965 to 1992, UK polytechnics operated under the <a href="/wiki/Binary_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary Divide">binary system</a> of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Academic_Awards" title="Council for National Academic Awards">Council for National Academic Awards</a> (CNAA). Initially they concentrated on engineering and applied science degree courses and other <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering_and_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Science, technology, engineering and mathematics">STEM</a> subjects similar to technological universities in the US and continental Europe. Polytechnics were associated with innovations including <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">women's studies</a>, the academic study of <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_degree" title="Sandwich degree">sandwich degrees</a> and the rise of management and <a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">business studies</a>. </p><p>Britain's first polytechnic, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Polytechnic_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Polytechnic Institution">Royal Polytechnic Institution</a> later known as the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_of_Central_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnic of Central London">Polytechnic of Central London</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Westminster" title="University of Westminster">University of Westminster</a>) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expense". The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th century. Most polytechnic institutes were established at the center of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education. </p><p>The designation "institute of technology" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), <a href="/wiki/Central_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Institution">Central Institutions</a> (Dundee, Robert Gordon's) and for the Cranfield Institute of Technology (now <a href="/wiki/Cranfield_University" title="Cranfield University">Cranfield University</a>), most of which later adopted the designation university and there were two "institutes of science and technology": <a href="/wiki/UMIST" class="mw-redirect" title="UMIST">UMIST</a> and <a href="/wiki/UWIST" class="mw-redirect" title="UWIST">UWIST</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">University of Wales</a>). <a href="/wiki/Loughborough_University" title="Loughborough University">Loughborough University</a> was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">University of Strathclyde</a> was the Royal Technical College from 1912 to 1956 and then the Royal College of Science and Technology from 1956 until granted university status in 1964. </p><p>Polytechnics were granted university status under the <a href="/wiki/Further_and_Higher_Education_Act_1992" title="Further and Higher Education Act 1992">Further and Higher Education Act 1992</a>. This meant that polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/New_universities_(United_Kingdom)#Post-1992_universities_that_trace_their_roots_to_former_polytechnics" class="mw-redirect" title="New universities (United Kingdom)">post-1992 universities</a>. </p><p><b>Technical colleges</b> </p><p>In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation <a href="/wiki/College_of_advanced_technology_(United_Kingdom)" title="College of advanced technology (United Kingdom)">college of advanced technology</a>. They became universities in 1966 meaning they could award their own degrees. </p><p>Institutions called "technical institutes" or "technical schools" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and university or polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology_(United_States)" title="Institute of technology (United States)">Institute of technology (United States)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teamsolvingpuzzle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Teamsolvingpuzzle.jpg/220px-Teamsolvingpuzzle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Teamsolvingpuzzle.jpg/220px-Teamsolvingpuzzle.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Teamsolvingpuzzle.jpg/330px-Teamsolvingpuzzle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Teamsolvingpuzzle.jpg/440px-Teamsolvingpuzzle.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Students from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Polytechnic institutes in the USA are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University" or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest of these institutions include: <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a> (1824), <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">Rochester Institute of Technology</a> (1829), <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Tandon_School_of_Engineering" title="New York University Tandon School of Engineering">Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute</a> (1854), <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (1861), and <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Worcester Polytechnic Institute">Worcester Polytechnic Institute</a> (1865). Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a <a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">community college</a> level, parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Venezuela" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the <i>polytechnic</i> French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> economy. </p><p>Nowadays, most of the <i>Institutos de Tecnología</i> are privately run businesses, with varying degrees of quality. </p><p>Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The institute of technology implementation (IUT, from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Instituto universitario de tecnologia</i>) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French "Institut Universitaire de Technologie"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUTs were created in Venezuela, regardless of this the term IUT was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in France. Later, some private institutions sprang up using IUT in their names, but they are not regulated by the original French system and award lower quality degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Vietnam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da_Nang_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Nang University of Technology">Da Nang University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FPT_University" title="FPT University">FPT University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Hanoi University of Science and Technology">Hanoi University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_University_of_Technology" title="Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology">Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Quy_Don_Technical_University" title="Le Quy Don Technical University">Le Quy Don Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VNU_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="VNU University of Engineering and Technology">VNU University of Engineering and Technology</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English#school" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of US and UK Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">List of forestry universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_using_the_term_%22institute_of_technology%22_or_%22polytechnic%22" title='List of institutions using the term "institute of technology" or "polytechnic"'>List of institutions using the term "institute of technology" or "polytechnic"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_mines" title="List of schools of mines">List of schools of mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_Technical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary Technical School">Secondary Technical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="University of Science and Technology (disambiguation)">University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716230009/http://www.uni-miskolc.hu/uni/univ/booklet/MandU.html">"Misckolc and the University"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.UK&rft.atitle=About+Institutes+of+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Finstitutes-of-technology--2%2Finstitutes-of-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+technology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_technology&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon 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