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It is technically the oldest of the nineteen congregations affiliated to the [[Benedictine Confederation]]. {{TOC limit|4}} ==History== The English Benedictine Congregation was erected by the [[Holy See]] in 1216 as a means of uniting the great ancient English Benedictine abbeys under a common framework and held its first General Chapter in [[Oxford]] in 1218.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20171105194639/http://www.osb.org/gen/hicks/index.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> The roots of English Benedictine monasticism however go back much further and can be dated to the arrival of [[Augustine of Canterbury]] and the communities established by [[Wilfrid]] and [[Benedict Biscop]] in the 6th and 7th centuries. As such the Benedictines are the oldest surviving religious order in the British Isles, were crucial in the conversion of their people to Christianity, and have impacted the character English Christianity, even its Protestant forms. From 1534-1540 all of the congregations houses were violently suppressed during [[Henry VIII]]’s [[Dissolution of the monasteries|Dissolution]]. The congregation as it exists to day is the result of [[Pope Paul V]]’s 1619 unification of two groups of English Benedictines, a group of continental houses for exiles founded in the early 17th century and a group of about 8 monks who had been aggregated to the ancient English Congregation by Dom [[Sigebert Buckley]], the last surviving monk of [[Westminster Abbey]], in 1607. ===Pre-dissolution Congregation=== The pre-dissolution communities of England were the product of the 10th-century [[English Benedictine Reform]] of [[Dunstan]] and the monastic principles laid down in the [[Regularis Concordia (Winchester)|Regularis Concordia]].<ref>Benedictine Yearbook 2020 p. 19</ref> They could claim a material continuity with the first English Benedictine communities founded by [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] and his companions in the [[Gregorian mission]] of the 6th century; and the many great Anglo Saxon Benedictine saints and foundations such as [[Æthelthryth|Ethelreda]] and [[Seaxburh of Ely|Sexburga]] of [[Ely Abbey]], [[Earconwald|Erkenwald]] of [[Chertsey Abbey]], [[Æthelburh of Barking|Ethelburga]] of [[Barking Abbey]], and [[Mildrith|Mildred]] of [[Minster in Thanet Priory]]. The congregation also claimed a moral continuity with [[Benedict Biscop]], [[Wilfrid]], [[Bede]], and their communities in spite of the material link being broken by the Viking invasions. The 13th-century congregation and the ancient traditions of English Benedictine life completely ceased to exist at the [[dissolution of the monasteries]] under King [[Henry VIII]] 1535–1540. Like all the professed monastic, canonical, and mendicant religious at the time of the Henrician dissolution, English Benedictine priests or scholars were assumed into the reformed [[secular clergy]] of the [[Church of England]] if they assented to the Supremacy. Other priests, lay brethren, and nuns of the congregation were pensioned off if aged, sought lay employment or marriage accepting effective laicisation, were left to vagrancy, or went into exile in the Abbeys of continental Europe if they wished to maintain conventual observances, or lived as covert eremites in England. A relative few were martyred, with some monks tortured to death by being [[Hanged, drawn and quartered]], some in provocative locations like their own Abbeys and associated holy sites or in the place where common criminals were executed on their abbatial estates. These included three beatified abbots and the brethren of their communities who died with them; the last [[Abbot of Glastonbury]] [[Richard Whiting (abbot)|Richard Whiting]], executed on [[Glastonbury Tor|The Tor]] with fellow Glastonbury monks John Thorne, and Roger James; the last [[Reading Abbey|Abbot of Reading]] [[Hugh Faringdon]], executed in the inner courtyard of his Abbey with fellow Reading monks [[John Eynon]], and John Rugg; and the last [[St John's Abbey, Colchester|Abbot of Colchester]] [[Thomas Marshall (Abbot of Colchester)|John Beche]], executed in a common hanging place on his monastic lands.<ref>Benedictine Yearbook 2020 p. 19</ref> ===Post-dissolution Congregation=== [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] briefly restored [[Westminster Abbey]] to 14 English Benedictine monks, professed either in pre-dissolution or continental houses, under Abbot [[John Feckenham]] of [[Evesham Abbey]] on the feast of the [[Presentation of Mary]] (21 November) in 1556 and they admitted a small number of new brethren to profession. This very modest revival was again suppressed on 12 July 1560 under the [[Elizabethan Religious Settlement]].<ref>http://www.plantata.org.uk {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> During the reigns of [[Elizabeth I]] and [[James I of England|James I]] English exiles with monastic vocations joined houses of the [[Subiaco Cassinese Congregation|Cassinese Congregation]] in France, Spain, and Italy. The present congregation was established by English Catholic expatriates in France and the Low Countries at the start of the 17th century encouraged by the Holy See.<ref>Benedictine Yearbook 2020 p. 19</ref> ====Formal reestablishment==== As more rampant persecution emerged in reprisal to the 1605 Gunpowder Plot and fearing the congregation would die with him the last of the Westminster monks professed under Abbot Feckenham, the aged Dom [[Sigebert Buckley]] O.S.B, "aggregated" Doms Robert Sadler and Edward Mayhew O.S.B, two English monks, priests, and missionaries of the [[Abbey of Santa Giustina|Abbey of Santa Giustina, Padua]], and four other lay brothers and oblates to the near-extinct Chapter of Westminster (and thereby the English Benedictine Congregation) on the 21st of November 1607. The Deed of Aggregation was an unofficial, clandestine affair, treasonable under English law and without prior papal consent, with only Buckley, Sadler, and Mayhew personally present. The Deed was later ratified by [[Pope Paul V]]’s in the [[papal brief]] ''Cum Sicut Accepimus'' (24 December 1612).<ref>H.Connolly, 'The Buckley Affair', in Downside Review 30 (1931) 49-74</ref> In 1619 the 4 extant male Priories of exiled English speaking monks (Douai English priory, forerunner to the [[Downside Abbey|Downside]], [[Ealing Abbey|Ealing]], and [[Worth Abbey|Worth]] communities; Dieulouard English Priory, forerunner to the [[Ampleforth Abbey|Ampleforth]] community; St Edmunds Priory Paris, forerunner to the [[Douai Abbey|Douai]] community; and the extinct Priory of Saint-Malo) were united by another brief of Paul V, ''Ex Incumbenti''. The documents issued in Paul’s papacy were further ratified by a bull issued 12 July 1633 by [[Pope Urban VIII]] titled ''Plantata''.<ref>http://www.plantata.org.uk/documents.php {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> The EBC's claim of continuity thus depends entirely on the 1607 Deed of Aggregation and the ''briefs'' of 1612 and 1619, not on any direct line of continuity with regular conventual English Benedictine life prior to the Dissolution. The present congregation owes its original spiritual identity primarily to the Spanish Cassinese communities its monks were formed in, the dangerous situation of persecution, the need for priestly and catechetical workers in the English mission, and the general climate of Tridentine monastic reform.<ref>Benedictine Yearbook 2020 p. 19</ref> ====English Benedictine houses in exile==== In 1598 Lady [[Mary Percy (abbess)|Mary Percy]] O.S.B established the first religious community for English exiles under the Rule of St Benedict for nuns at [[Brussels]] from which sprang a number of daughter houses, which together with the mother house returned to England during the [[French Revolution]]. These communities were the Brussels mother house, later [[East Bergholt Abbey]]; the [[Ghent]] community, later [[Oulton Abbey]], founded 1624; the [[Dunkirk]] community, later [[Teignmouth Abbey]], founded 1662; and the [[Ypres]] community, [[Kylemore Abbey]], founded 1665.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HCkJAQAAIAAJ&dq=Teignmouth+Abbey&pg=PR15 Nolan, Patrick. "English Convents in the Low Countries", ''The Irish Dames of Ypres'', Benziger, 1908, p. 16]{{PD-notice}}</ref> The Abbeys of the Percy tradition remained unaffiliated from any Benedictine congregation including the EBC until Kylemore aggregated in 2020 however Dames from from the Brussels and Ghent were involved of the 1623 EBC convent at [[Cambrai]]. In 1607 a Priory dedicated to [[Pope Gregory I|St Gregory the Great]], the first monastic community for exiled English Benedictine monks (ancestor of [[Downside Abbey]] and its daughter houses [[Ealing Abbey]] and [[Worth Abbey]]) was established at [[Douai]] in [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] by [[John Roberts (martyr)|John Roberts]] and other English monks from Spanish monasteries, particularly the [[San Benito el Real, Valladolid|Royal Abbey of San Benito, Valladolid]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zeller|first=Dom.Hubert Van|title=Downside By and Large|year=1954|publisher=Sheed and Ward|location=London|page=3}}</ref> In 1608 another community (ancestor of [[Ampleforth Abbey]]) was established in the disused [[collegiate church]] of [[Dieulouard]], dedicated to [[Saint Lawrence|St Laurence of Rome]], in the [[Duchy of Lorraine]] (modern [[France]]). Two further houses in the [[Kingdom of France]] followed, the first in 1611 at [[Saint-Malo]] in [[Brittany]], and the second in 1615 in [[Paris]] founded by Dom [[Gabriel Gifford]] O.S.B (ancestor of todays [[Douai Abbey]]) as a daughter house of [[Ampleforth Abbey|St Laurence Priory, Dieulouard]] dedicated to [[Edmund the martyr|St Edmund the Martyr King]]. In in 1632 the Paris community settled on the [[Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris|Rue Saint-Jacques]] where King [[James II of England|James II]] was later buried in the Chapel of St Edmund. The final community for monks was established in a disused collegiate church dedicated St Adrian and St Denis, [[Lamspringe Abbey]] (ancestor of [[Fort Augustus Abbey]]), in Upper Saxony in what is now Germany. The missionary work of the EBC monks among the [[recusancy|recusant]] Catholics in England began to attract women to the monastic life and 8 postulants travelled to Flanders with Dom Benet Jones lead by [[Gertrude More]], great-great granddaughter to [[St Thomas More]], settling near [[Douai]]. The community was established in 1623 at Cambrai and dedicated to [[Our Lady of Consolation]] (ancestor of [[Stanbrook Abbey]]). By 1645 the Cambrai community under Abbess [[Catherine Gascoigne]] had increased to 50 nuns, and was living in conditions of extreme poverty. On 6 February 1652, a new priory was established in Paris dedicated to Our Lady of Good Hope with Dame Bridget More as Prioress (ancestor of [[St Mary's Abbey, Colwich|Colwich Abbey]]).<ref>Benedictine Yearbook 2020 p. 19</ref> == Sexual abuse scandal == {{Main|Sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation}} The sexual abuse scandal in the EBC around the turn of the 21st century was a significant episode in a series of [[Catholic sex abuse cases]] in the United Kingdom. The events concerned ranged from the 1960s to the 2010s, and led to a number of EBC monks being [[Loss of clerical state|laicized]], convicted and imprisoned for the sexual abuse of children and vulnerable adults. ==Structure and membership== Every four years the General Chapter of the EBC elects an Abbot or Abbess President from among the ruling and former ruling abbots and abbesses of the houses of the congregation. He or she is assisted by a number of officials, and periodically undertakes a Visitation of the individual houses. The purpose of the Visitation is the preservation, strengthening and renewal of the religious life, including the laws of the Church and the Constitutions of the congregation. The President may require by Acts of Visitation, that particular points in the Rule, the Constitutions and the law of the Church be observed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantata.org.uk/index.php |title=English Benedictine History |author= |date= |website=plantata.org.uk |publisher=Ampleforth Abbey Trustees |access-date= 25 August 2021 |quote=}}</ref> The current Abbot President is Abbot [[Christopher Jamison]], former Abbot of [[Worth Abbey]].<ref>{{cite news |last= Lamb |first= Christopher |date= 1 August 2017|title= Christopher Jamison appointed Abbot President of English Benedictines |url= https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/7564/christopher-jamison-appointed-abbot-president-of-english-benedictines |work= The Tablet |location= London, UK |access-date= 25 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.benedictines.org.uk/post/abbot-christopher-jamison-elected-new-president|title= Abbot Christopher Jamison elected new President |author= |date= 1 August 2017 |website= benedictines.org.uk |access-date= 25 August 2021 |quote=}}</ref> In 2020 the EBC had houses in the United Kingdom, the United States, Peru, and Zimbabwe. In 2022, three communities of nuns – [[Kylemore Abbey]] (Ireland), [[Mariavall Abbey]] (Sweden) and [[Jamberoo Abbey]] (Australia) – were accepted into the EBC,<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=July 2022 |title=English Benedictine Congregation welcomes three new communities |url=https://www.benedictines.org.uk/post/english-benedictine-congregation-welcomes-three-new-communities |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=benedictines.org.uk |quote=}}</ref> bringing the number of houses and communities to 17. '''Membership Numbers''' In 2022, membership of the constituent houses was as follows.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Benedictine Yearbook|date=2023|publisher=English Benedictine Congregation Trust|isbn=978-0-901089-58-8|location=London|page=26}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |- ! House ! Bishops ! Monks ! Nuns ! Novices |- | [[Downside Abbey]] || 0 || 14 || 0 || 0 |- | [[Ampleforth Abbey]] || 0 || 45 || 0 || 0 |- | [[Douai Abbey]] || 0 || 21 || 0 || 0 |- | [[Stanbrook Abbey]] || 0 || 0 || 23 || 0 |- | [[Belmont Abbey, Herefordshire|Belmont Abbey]] || 1 || 27 || 0 || 4 |- | [[Curzon Park Abbey]] || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 |- | [[Ealing Abbey]] || 0 || 9 || 0 || 0 |- | [[Buckfast Abbey]] || 0 || 8 || 0 || 0 |- | [[Saint Anselm's Abbey]] || 0 || 12 || 0 || 1 |- | [[Worth Abbey]] || 0 || 19 || 0 || 0 |- | [[Portsmouth Abbey]] || 0 || 12 || 0 || 0 |- | [[Saint Louis Abbey]] || 0 || 21 || 0 || 0 |- | [[Kylemore Abbey]] || 0 || 0 || 12 || 0 |- | [[Jamberoo Abbey]] || 0 || 0 || 22 || 0 |- | [[Mariavall Abbey]] || 0 || 0 || 12 || 0 |- | '''Total''' || '''1''' || '''188''' || '''74''' || '''5''' |} ==Houses== ===Houses of the Congregation in exile=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! <small>Religious house in Europe</small> ! <small>Location</small> ! <small>Dates</small> ! <small>Successor house in England</small> |- | St Gregory's Priory, Douai | [[Douai]], France | 1607–1798 | [[Downside Abbey]] |- | Dieulouard Priory | France | 1608–1798 | [[Ampleforth Abbey]] |- | St Malo Priory | [[Saint-Malo|St Malo]], [[Brittany]] | c.1610 – late 17th century | n/a |- | St Edmund's Priory, Paris; later St Edmund's Abbey, Douai | [[Paris]] | 1615–1798 (Paris); 1818–1903 (Douai) | [[Douai Abbey]], Woolhampton |- | Cambrai Priory | [[Cambrai]], [[Flanders]] | 1625–1794 | [[Stanbrook Abbey]] |- | Our Lady of Good Hope Priory, Paris | Paris | 1651–1794 | [[Colwich Abbey]] |- | [[Lamspringe Abbey]] | [[Lamspringe]], Lower Saxony | 1630–1803 | Broadway Priory, 1826–34; [[Fort Augustus Abbey]], 1886–1998 |} ===Houses of the present Congregation=== '''England''' * [[Ampleforth Abbey]] in [[North Yorkshire]] (monks), fdd 1608 in [[Dieulouard]], France * [[Belmont Abbey, Herefordshire|Belmont Abbey]] in [[Herefordshire]] (monks), fdd 1859 * [[Buckfast Abbey]] in [[Devon]] (monks), fdd 1882, aggregated to the EBC in the 1960s * [[Curzon Park Abbey]] in [[Cheshire]] (nuns), fdd 1868 as an [[Church of England|Anglican]] community, aggregated to the EBC 1921 * [[Douai Abbey]] in [[Berkshire]] (monks), fdd 1615 in Paris * [[Downside Abbey]] in [[Somerset]] (monks), fdd 1607 in Douai * [[Ealing Abbey]] in [[Greater London|London]] (monks), fdd 1897 by Downside monks * [[Stanbrook Abbey|Stanbrook Abbey Was]] in [[North Yorkshire]] (nuns), fdd 1625 in Cambrai * [[Worth Abbey]] in [[West Sussex]] (monks), fdd 1933 by Downside monks ''' Australia''' * [[Jamberoo Abbey]] (nuns), fdd 1849 in [[Rydalmere]], aggregated to the EBC 2020 '''Ireland''' * [[Kylemore Abbey]] (nuns), fdd 1665 in [[Ypres]], aggregated to the EBC 2020 '''Peru''' * Priory of the Incarnation (monks), fdd 1981 in [[Tambogrande]], from 2006 in [[Pachacamac]] and from May 2018 transferred to [[Lurín District|Lurín]], in the buildings of the former [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] nunnery, daughter house of Belmont '''Sweden''' * [[Mariavall Abbey]] (nuns), fdd 1957 as a [[Church of Sweden|Lutheran]] community, aggregated to the EBC 2020 '''United States''' * [[Portsmouth Abbey]] in [[Rhode Island]] (monks), fdd 1918, daughter house of Downside * [[Saint Louis Abbey]] in [[St. Louis County, Missouri]] (monks), fdd 1955, daughter house of Ampleforth * [[Saint Anselm's Abbey]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] (monks), fdd 1923, daughter house of Fort Augustus '''Zimbabwe''' * [[Monastery of Christ the Word]] (monks), fdd 1996, daughter house of Ampleforth === Defunct houses of the present Congregation === * [[Colwich Abbey]] in [[Staffordshire]] (nuns), fdd 1651 in Paris; merged with [[Stanbrook Abbey]] and closed in 2020 * [[Fort Augustus Abbey]] in the [[Scottish Highlands]] (monks), fdd 1630 at Lamspringe, closed in 1998 ==Notable English Benedictines== ===Reformation martyrs=== *Saint [[John Roberts (martyr)|John Roberts]] O.S.B. Monk, priest, missionary, and martyr. First prior of [[Downside Abbey|Priory of St Gregory the Great, Douai]]. Born at [[Trawsfynydd]] in [[Gwynedd]] [[Wales]] c 1577. Professed as a monk at the [[Monastery of San Martiño Pinario]] in [[Santiago de Compostela]], late 1600. Martyred at [[Tyburn]] 10 December 1610 (aged 32 - 33). Feast(s) 10 December, 25 October. *Saint [[Ambrose Barlow]] O.S.B. Monk, priest, missionary, and martyr. Born at [[Barlow Hall]], [[Chorlton-cum-Hardy]], [[Lancashire]] c 1585. Professed a monk at [[Downside Abbey|Priory of St Gregory the Great, Douai]] in 1615-17. Martyred at [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] 10 September 1641 (aged 55-56). Feast(s) 10 September, 25 October. *Saint [[Alban Roe]] O.S.B. Monk, priest, missionary, and martyr. Founder member of [[Douai Abbey|Priory of St Edmund, Paris]]. Born at [[Bury St Edmunds]] in [[Suffolk]] on 20 July 1583. Professed a monk at [[Ampleforth Abbey|Priory of St Laurence, Dieulouard]] in 1613. Martyred at [[Tyburn]] 21 Jan 1642 (aged 58). Feast(s) 21 January, 25 October. *Blessed [[Mark Barkworth]] O.S.B. [[Oblate (religion)|Oblate]], priest, missionary, and martyr. Born 1572 at [[Searby]], [[Lincolnshire]]. Professed as an Oblate in the [[Monastery of Irache|Royal Abbey of St Mary of Irache]] in [[Navarre]]. Martyred at [[Tyburn, London|Tyburn]] with Saint [[Anne Line]] and Blessed [[Roger Filcock (Blessed)|Roger Filcock]] [[Society of Jesus|S.J]], on 27 February 1601 (aged 28 - 29). Feast 27 February. *Blessed [[George Gervase]] O.S.B. Monk, priest, missionary, and martyr. Born 1569 at [[Bosham]] in [[Sussex]]. Was kidnapped by pirates and enslaved in the Caribbean in youth. Monastic profession at [[Downside Abbey|Priory of St Gregory the Great, Douai]] in early 1600s. Martyred for the offence of being a priest at [[Tyburn]] 11 April 1608 (aged 37 - 39). Feast 11 April. *Blessed [[Maurus Scott]] O.S.B. Monk, priest, missionary, and martyr. Born c. 1579 at [[Chigwell]], in [[Essex]]. Professed a monk probably at [[Sahagún|Abbey of San Facundo]] in [[Castile and León]] between 1604 and 1610. A eye witness of the martyrdom of [[John Roberts (martyr)]] in 1610. Martyred alongside Blessed Richard Newport at [[Tyburn]] 30 May 1612 (aged 32-34). Feast 30th May. *Blessed [[Philip Powell (martyr)|Philip Powell]] O.S.B. Born on the 2 February 1594 at [[Trallong]] in [[Brecknockshire]], [[Wales]]. Professed a monk at [[Downside Abbey|Priory of St Gregory the Great, Douai]]. Martyred 30th June 1646 (aged 52) at [[Tyburn]]. Feast day 30th June *Blessed [[Thomas Pickering (martyr)|Thomas Pickering]] O.S.B. Born c. 1621 in [[Westmorland]]. Professed a monk at [[Downside Abbey|Priory of St Gregory the Great, Douai]] in 1690. Martyred 9 May 1679 at [[Tyburn]] (aged 57). Feast day 9 May. ==References== {{reflist}} == External links == * {{Official website}} {{English Benedictine Congregation}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1210s]] [[Category:1216 establishments in England]] [[Category:16th-century disestablishments in England]] [[Category:17th-century establishments in England]] [[Category:Benedictine congregations]] [[Category:Christian religious orders established in the 13th century]] [[Category:13th-century establishments in England]] [[es:Congregación Inglesa#top]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a> (<a 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