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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Trade_unions_in_Sudan" title="Special:EditPage/Trade unions in Sudan">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Trade_unions_in_Sudan" title="Talk:Trade unions in Sudan">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Trade_unions_in_Sudan" title="Talk:Trade unions in Sudan">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Sudan&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Trade+unions+in+Sudan%22">"Trade unions in Sudan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Trade+unions+in+Sudan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Trade+unions+in+Sudan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Trade+unions+in+Sudan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Trade+unions+in+Sudan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Trade+unions+in+Sudan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about trade unions in Sudan after 2011.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Trade_unions_in_Sudan" title="Talk:Trade unions in Sudan">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This article discusses the history and present status of <b>labor unions in Sudan.</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Sudan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Labor-union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor-union">labor-union</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> originated in 1946 with the formation, by some <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan Railways">Sudan Railways</a> employees, of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Affairs_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Workers' Affairs Association (page does not exist)">Workers' Affairs Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trades_and_Tradesmen%27s_Union_Ordinance_of_1948&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trades and Tradesmen's Union Ordinance of 1948 (page does not exist)">Trades and Tradesmen's Union Ordinance of 1948</a>, which was based largely on the British model and the concepts of voluntary association and limited government intervention in union affairs, gave official sanction to the unions.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proliferation of mostly small, ineffective bodies emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major exception was the rail union, which became Sudan's wealthiest and most powerful union.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949 the workers' association helped start the national Workers' Congress, which in 1950 became the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Workers_Trade_Union_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan Workers Trade Union Federation">Sudan Workers' Trade Union Federation</a> (SWTUF).<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SWTUF was closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Communist_Party" title="Sudanese Communist Party">Sudan Communist Party</a> (SCP), and its actions were strongly political.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It failed to receive government recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">national independence</a>, the federation had frequent confrontations with the new government, including a successful <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> in October 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That strike was one of the factors that contributed to the military takeover of the government the following month.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SWTUF controlled roughly 70 percent of all labor-union membership by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)">1958 coup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new military government repealed the 1948 ordinance, dissolved all unions, and detained many of the federation's leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some union organization was again permitted after 1960, but it was prohibited for <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar workers</a>, and federations were not allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)">restoration of the civilian government</a> in 1964, the 1948 ordinance was reinstated, the SWTUF reemerged, and union membership increased rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most unions were small, financially weak, and generally not very effective.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few larger unions were in the public sector, led by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudan_Railway_Workers%27_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudan Railway Workers' Union (page does not exist)">Sudan Railway Workers' Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SWTUF leadership remained in communist hands.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SCP was allied with the group that carried out the <a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">military coup of May 1969</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strikes</a>, however, were prohibited by a presidential order issued shortly after the 1969 takeover.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the abortive communist coup in mid-1971, the government dissolved the SWTUF and executed a number of its leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late in 1971, the government promulgated the new <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Unions_Act_of_1971&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade Unions Act of 1971 (page does not exist)">Trade Unions Act</a>, under which directives were issued in 1973 that established a list of 87 unions based along sectoral, occupational, and industrial lines.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somewhat more than half were “employees” unions (for white-collar employees), and the rest “workers” unions (for <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar workers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existing unions were merged into the specified groupings.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act contained measures to strengthen unionism, including a provision for compulsory <a href="/wiki/Union_dues" title="Union dues">dues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paid_time_off" title="Paid time off">employer-paid time off</a> to serve as union officials.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SWTUF was reinstituted for the workers' unions, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_Federation_of_Employees_and_Professionals_Trade_Unions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudanese Federation of Employees and Professionals Trade Unions (page does not exist)">Sudanese Federation of Employees and Professionals Trade Unions</a> was formed in 1975 for the white-collar group.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their representation of union interests was carried on within guidelines set by the government and the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Socialist_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan Socialist Union">Sudan Socialist Union</a>, the mass political party established by the government in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1970s, the unions led strikes, which, although illegal, resulted in settlement of issues through negotiations with the government.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 1989, the SWTUF, in its weakened state, included 42 trade unions, representing more than 1.7 million workers in the public and private sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federation was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Arab_Trade_Unions" title="International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions">International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Trade_Union_Unity" title="Organisation of African Trade Union Unity">Organization of African Trade Union Unity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">1989 coup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_for_National_Salvation" title="Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation">Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation</a> temporarily suspended the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_organize" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to organize">right to organize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">bargain collectively</a> and prescribed punishments, including the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a>, for violations of its labor decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many union leaders were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the 1989 coup, leaders of the SWTUF formed a union in exile, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legitimate_Sudan_Workers_Trade_Union_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legitimate Sudan Workers Trade Union Federation (page does not exist)">Legitimate Sudan Workers Trade Union Federation</a>, which carried on secret trade union activities in Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Union_Act_of_1992&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade Union Act of 1992 (page does not exist)">Trade Union Act of 1992</a> facilitated the government's definition of the sectors, industries, and companies that could form trade unions, allowed it to intervene in the internal affairs of the unions and their elections, and provided for the suspension or dissolution of the unions.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993 the government amalgamated the 107 sectoral trade unions into 26 trade unions.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996 the number was reduced to 13 unions.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Labor_Act_of_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Act of 1997">Labor Act of 1997</a> included a section on resolution of trade disputes and a requirement that employers negotiate with employees through a lawful trade union if they had such representation.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strikes and protests occurred in 1998 over the <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of state corporations and public services, an action that had caused massive job losses.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 and again in 2000, teachers went on strike for several months, each time to protest the government's failure to pay salaries.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sudan" title="Constitution of Sudan">1998 constitution</a> provided the right of association for trade-union purposes, but in 2011 the government continued to restrict this right.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the government-controlled SWTUF, the leading blue-collar labor organization with about 800,000 members, functioned legally.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government again imposed severe punishments, including the death penalty, for violation of its labor decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> frequently noted that the trade-union monopoly was contrary to the principles of freedom of association, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unions" title="International Confederation of Free Trade Unions">International Confederation of Free Trade Unions</a> continued to recognize the Legitimate Sudan Workers Trade Union Federation, the national trade-union organization that functioned prior to the ban and that continued to operate in exile.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Sudan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2011, the law allowed labor committees the right to organize and bargain collectively; however, in practice, the government's control of the steering committees meant that it dominated the process of setting wages and working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law also did not prohibit anti-union discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, strikes were considered illegal unless the government granted approval, which never occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, most employees who tried to strike were subject to employment termination, although workers who went on strike in recent years, including in 2008, were not terminated, and there were no reports of union leaders being detained or unfairly dismissed in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2015_1-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Sudan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-loc2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc2015_1-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeLancey2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">DeLancey, Virginia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2014043450/">"Unions"</a>. In Berry, LaVerle (ed.). <i>Sudan: a country study</i> (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">169–</span>171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0750-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0750-0"><bdi>978-0-8444-0750-0</bdi></a>. <q><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unions&rft.btitle=Sudan%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0750-0&rft.aulast=DeLancey&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F2014043450%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+unions+in+Sudan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trade_unions_in_Africa271" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trade_unions_in_Africa271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Trade unions in Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Algeria" title="Trade unions in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Angola" title="Trade unions in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Benin" title="Trade unions in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Botswana" title="Trade unions in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Trade unions in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Burundi" title="Trade unions in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Cameroon" title="Trade unions in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Cape_Verde" title="Trade unions in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Chad" title="Trade unions in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Comoros" title="Trade unions in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Trade unions in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Egypt" title="Trade unions in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ethiopia" title="Trade unions in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Gambia" title="Trade unions in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ghana" title="Trade unions in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Guinea" title="Trade unions in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Niger" title="Trade unions in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Nigeria (page does not exist)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Senegal" title="Trade unions in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Trade unions in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Sudan" title="Trade unions in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Tanzania" title="Trade unions in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Togo" title="Trade unions in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Uganda" title="Trade unions in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Zimbabwe (page does not exist)">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Saint_Helena" title="Trade unions in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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