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href="#Southern_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Southern front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Death and burial </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death and burial subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exhumation_and_analysis_of_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhumation_and_analysis_of_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Exhumation and analysis of remains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhumation_and_analysis_of_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributes_and_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributes_and_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Tributes and commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributes_and_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="كازيمير بولاسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كازيمير بولاسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimir_Pulaski" title="Kazimir Pulaski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kazimir Pulaski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Казімір Пуласкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Казімір Пуласкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Казимеж Пуласки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Казимеж Пуласки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Pulaski" title="Kazimierz Pulaski – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kazimierz Pulaski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski" title="Casimir Pulaski – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Casimir Pulaski" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski" title="Kazimierz Pułaski – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kazimierz Pułaski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%81_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Κάσιμιρ Πουλάσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάσιμιρ Πουλάσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski" title="Kazimierz Pułaski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kazimierz Pułaski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski" title="Kazimierz Pułaski – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kazimierz Pułaski" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski" title="Kazimierz Pułaski – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kazimierz Pułaski" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski" title="Casimir Pulaski – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Casimir Pulaski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%A7%80%EB%AF%B8%EC%97%90%EC%8B%9C_%ED%91%B8%EC%99%80%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="카지미에시 푸와스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카지미에시 푸와스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski" title="Casimir Pulaski – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Casimir Pulaski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski" title="Kazimierz Pułaski – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kazimierz Pułaski" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="קסימיר פולסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קסימיר פולסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski" title="Kazimierz Pułaski – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kazimierz Pułaski" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="كازيمير بولاسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كازيمير بولاسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski" title="Kazimierz Pułaski – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kazimierz Pułaski" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD" title="カジミエシュ・プワスキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カジミエシュ・プワスキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski" title="Kazimierz Pułaski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kazimierz Pułaski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Пулавский, Казимир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пулавский, Казимир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski" title="Casimir Pulaski – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Casimir Pulaski" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski" title="Casimir Pulaski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Casimir Pulaski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski" title="Kazimierz Pułaski – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kazimierz Pułaski" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Казимир Пуласький – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Казимир Пуласький" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Polish nobleman and American Revolutionary War general (1745–1779)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Polish military leader. For places, events and things named after him, see <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Casimir_Pulaski" title="Commemoration of Casimir Pulaski">Commemoration of Casimir Pulaski</a>. For other uses of "Pulaski", see <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pulaski (disambiguation)">Pulaski</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Casimir Pulaski</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski.PNG/220px-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="331" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="nickname">Kazimierz Pułaski</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">March 4 or (1745-03-06)March 6, 1745<a href="#cite_note-a-1">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 11, 1779(1779-10-11) (aged 34) <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt,_Georgia" title="Thunderbolt, Georgia">Thunderbolt, Georgia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)" title="Monterey Square (Savannah, Georgia)">Monterey Square</a>, Savannah, Georgia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/23px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/35px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/46px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1762–1779</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pulaski%27s_Legion" title="Pulaski's Legion">Pulaski's Legion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Bar_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Bar Confederation">War of the Bar Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orzechowo" title="Battle of Orzechowo">Battle of Orzechowo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chestnut_Neck" title="Battle of Chestnut Neck">Battle of Chestnut Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affair_at_Little_Egg_Harbor" title="Affair at Little Egg Harbor">Affair at Little Egg Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Siege of Savannah</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_Signature.svg/100px-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_Signature.svg/150px-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_Signature.svg/200px-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="87" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Alepowron_coat_of_arms" title="Ślepowron coat of arms"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/POL_COA_%C5%9Alepowron.svg/99px-POL_COA_%C5%9Alepowron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/POL_COA_%C5%9Alepowron.svg/149px-POL_COA_%C5%9Alepowron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/POL_COA_%C5%9Alepowron.svg/198px-POL_COA_%C5%9Alepowron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1027" /></a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Kazimierz Michał Władysław Wiktor Pułaski (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Polish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[kaˈʑimjɛʂ puˈwaskʲi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1e\/Pl-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski.ogg\/Pl-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Kazimierz Pu\u0142aski.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Pl-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski.ogg/Pl-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski.ogg" title="File:Pl-Kazimierz Pułaski.ogg">ⓘ</a>; March 4 or 6, 1745<a href="#cite_note-a-1">[a]</a>  – October 11, 1779), anglicized as Casimir Pulaski (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkæzɪmɪər pəˈlæski/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KAZ-im-eer pə-LASK-ee</a>), was a Polish <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">nobleman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-b-5">[b]</a> soldier, and military commander who has been called "The Father of <a href="/wiki/American_cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="American cavalry">American cavalry</a>" or "The Soldier of Liberty".<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and following in his father's footsteps, he became interested in politics at an early age. He soon became involved in the military and in revolutionary affairs in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. Pulaski was one of the leading military commanders for the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a> and fought against the Commonwealth's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_domination" title="Foreign domination">foreign domination</a>. When this uprising failed, he was driven into exile. Following a recommendation by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, Pulaski traveled to North America to help in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. He distinguished himself throughout the revolution, most notably when he saved the life of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. Pulaski became a general in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, and he and his friend, the Hungary-born colonel commandant <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kovats" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Kovats">Michael Kovats</a>, raised <a href="/wiki/Pulaski%27s_Legion" title="Pulaski's Legion">Pulaski's Legion</a> and reformed the American cavalry as a whole. At the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">siege of Savannah</a>, while leading a <a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)#Cavalry_charges" title="Charge (warfare)">cavalry charge</a> against British forces, he was fatally wounded by <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a> and died shortly after. Pulaski is remembered as a hero who fought for independence and freedom in Poland and the United States. Numerous places and events are named in his honor, and he is commemorated by many works of art. Pulaski is one of only eight people to be awarded <a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary citizenship of the United States">honorary United States citizenship</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Pulaski was born on March 6, 1745, in the <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82aski_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Pułaski family">Pułaski family</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland.<a href="#cite_note-fm-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-booklet-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-a-1">[a]</a> Casimir was the second eldest son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marianna_Zieli%C5%84ska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marianna Zielińska (page does not exist)">Marianna Zielińska</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pu%C5%82aski" title="Józef Pułaski">Józef Pułaski</a>, who was an <a href="/wiki/Advocatus" title="Advocatus">advocatus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Tribunal" title="Crown Tribunal">Crown Tribunal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Starost" class="mw-redirect" title="Starost">Starost</a> of <a href="/wiki/Warka" title="Warka">Warka</a>, and one of the town's most notable inhabitants. He was a brother of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier_Pu%C5%82aski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Xavier Pułaski (page does not exist)">Francis Xavier Pulaski</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Pu%C5%82aski" class="extiw" title="pl:Franciszek Ksawery Pułaski">pl</a>] and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoni_Pulaski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoni Pulaski (page does not exist)">Antoni Pułaski</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Pu%C5%82aski" class="extiw" title="pl:Antoni Pułaski">pl</a>]. His family bore the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Alepowron_coat_of_arms" title="Ślepowron coat of arms">Ślepowron coat of arms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb386-10">[8]</a> The Pułaski family was <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> Early in his youth, Casimir Pulaski attended an <a href="/wiki/Collegium_Nobilium_(Warsaw)" title="Collegium Nobilium (Warsaw)">elite college</a> run by <a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a>, a male <a href="/wiki/Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religious order">religious order of the Catholic Church</a> in Warsaw, but did not finish his education.<a href="#cite_note-psb386-10">[8]</a> There is some circumstantial evidence that Pulaski was a <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a> laid the cornerstone of the monument erected in Pulaski's honour in <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)" title="Monterey Square (Savannah, Georgia)">Monterey Square</a> in Savannah in 1824, a full Masonic ceremony took place with Richard T. Turner, High Priest of the Georgia chapter, conducting the service. Other sources claim Pulaski was a member of the Masonic Army Lodge in Maryland. A Masonic Lodge in Chicago is named Casimir Pulaski Lodge, No.1167, and a brochure issued by the lodge claims he obtained the degree of Master Mason on June 19, 1779, and was buried with full Masonic honours. To date, no surviving documents of Pulaski's actual membership have been found.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career">edit</a>]</div> In 1762, Pulaski started his military career as a <a href="/wiki/Page_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Page (occupation)">page</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Christian_Joseph_of_Saxony,_Duke_of_Courland" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Christian Joseph of Saxony, Duke of Courland">Carl Christian Joseph of Saxony, Duke of Courland</a> and the Polish king's vassal. He spent six months at the ducal court in <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Mitau</a>, during which the court was interned in the palaces by the Russian forces occupying the area. He then returned to Warsaw, and his father gave him the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zezuli%C5%84ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zezulińce (page does not exist)">Zezulińce</a> in <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podole</a>; from that time, Pulaski used the title of Starost of Zezulińce.<a href="#cite_note-psb386-10">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bar_Confederation">Bar Confederation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bar Confederation">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa_during_Bar_Confederation.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting by Józef Chełmoński depicting Pulaski at Częstochowa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa_during_Bar_Confederation.PNG/280px-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa_during_Bar_Confederation.PNG" decoding="async" width="280" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa_during_Bar_Confederation.PNG/420px-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa_during_Bar_Confederation.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa_during_Bar_Confederation.PNG/560px-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa_during_Bar_Confederation.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3554" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption>Pulaski at <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a>, an 1875 painting by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski" title="Józef Chełmoński">Józef Chełmoński</a></figcaption></figure> He took part in the 1764 election of the new Polish monarch, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław August of Poland">Stanisław II Augustus</a>, with his family. In December 1767, Pulaski and his father became involved with the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a>, which saw King Stanisław as a Russian puppet and sought to curtail Russian <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a>. The confederation was actively opposed by the Russian forces stationed in Poland. Pulaski recruited a unit and, on February 29, 1768, signed the act of the confederation, thus declaring himself an official supporter of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-psb386-10">[8]</a> On March 6, he received a <a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82kownik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pułkownik">pułkownik</a> (colonel) rank and commanded a <a href="/wiki/Choragiew" class="mw-redirect" title="Choragiew">chorągiew</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish_cavalry" title="Polish cavalry">cavalry</a>. In March and April, Pulaski agitated among the Polish military, successfully convincing some forces to join the Confederates. He fought his first battle on April 20 near Pohorełe. It was a victory, as was another on April 23 near <a href="/wiki/Starokostiantyniv" title="Starokostiantyniv">Starokostiantyniv</a>. An engagement at Kaczanówka on April 28 resulted in a defeat. In early May, he garrisoned <a href="/wiki/Khmilnyk" title="Khmilnyk">Chmielnik</a> (Khmilnyk) but was forced to retreat when allied reinforcements were defeated.<a href="#cite_note-psb386-10">[8]</a> He retreated to a monastery in <a href="/wiki/Berdycz%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Berdyczów">Berdyczów</a>, which he defended during a siege by royalist forces for over two weeks until June 16. Eventually, he was forced to surrender and was taken captive by the Russians. On June 28, he was released in exchange for a pledge that he would not again take up arms with the Confederates, and that he would lobby the Confederates to end hostilities. However, Pulaski considered the assurance to be non-binding and made a public declaration to that effect upon reaching a camp of the Confederates at the end of July. Agreeing to the pledge in the first place weakened his authority and popularity among the Confederates, and his own father considered whether or not he should be <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martialed</a>. Some heated debates followed, and Pulaski was reinstated to active-duty only in early September.<a href="#cite_note-psb387-13">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pu%C5%82aski_at_Bar_by_Korneli_Szlegel.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pu%C5%82aski_at_Bar_by_Korneli_Szlegel.PNG/220px-Pu%C5%82aski_at_Bar_by_Korneli_Szlegel.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pu%C5%82aski_at_Bar_by_Korneli_Szlegel.PNG/330px-Pu%C5%82aski_at_Bar_by_Korneli_Szlegel.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pu%C5%82aski_at_Bar_by_Korneli_Szlegel.PNG/440px-Pu%C5%82aski_at_Bar_by_Korneli_Szlegel.PNG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Casimir Pulaski gathering supporters for the Confederation at <a href="/wiki/Bar,_Ukraine" title="Bar, Ukraine">Bar</a>. Painting by Korneli Szlegel</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_Confederation_1768-1772.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing area of the Bar Confederation conflict" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bar_Confederation_1768-1772.PNG/284px-Bar_Confederation_1768-1772.PNG" decoding="async" width="284" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bar_Confederation_1768-1772.PNG/426px-Bar_Confederation_1768-1772.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bar_Confederation_1768-1772.PNG/568px-Bar_Confederation_1768-1772.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a> conflict in Poland between 1768 and 1772, with white areas being controlled by the Confederates</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa%27s_walls.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting by Juliusz Kossak depicting Pulaski at Jasna Góra in 1770" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa%27s_walls.PNG/200px-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa%27s_walls.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa%27s_walls.PNG/300px-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa%27s_walls.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa%27s_walls.PNG/400px-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_at_Cz%C4%99stochowa%27s_walls.PNG 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Pulaski at the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_Monastery" title="Jasna Góra Monastery">Jasna Góra Monastery</a> in 1770, by artist <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_Kossak" title="Juliusz Kossak">Juliusz Kossak</a></figcaption></figure> In 1769, Pulaski's unit was again besieged by numerically superior forces, this time in the old fortress of <a href="/wiki/Okopy_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Okopy Świętej Trójcy">Okopy Świętej Trójcy</a>, which had served as his base of operations since December the previous year. After a staunch defence, he was able to break the Russian siege. On April 7, he was made the <a href="/wiki/Regimentarz" title="Regimentarz">regimentarz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(14th_century_%E2%80%93_1795)" title="Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)">Kraków Voivodeship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb387-13">[11]</a> In May and June he operated near <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a>, but failed to take the town. Criticized by some of his fellow Confederates, Pulaski departed to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a> with his allies and a force of about 600 men on June 3.<a href="#cite_note-psb387-13">[11]</a> There, Pulaski attempted to incite a larger revolt against Russia.<a href="#cite_note-psb388-14">[12]</a> Despite no decisive military successes, he was able to assemble a 4,000-strong army and deliver it back to a Confederate staging point. This excursion received international notice and gained him a reputation as the most effective military leader in the Bar Confederation. Next, he moved with his unit towards <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> and — after nearly losing his life to the inferior forces of the future Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a> in the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orzechowo" title="Battle of Orzechowo">Battle of Orekhowa</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[c]</a> — on the next day, September 15, he was again defeated at the Battle of Włodawa, with his forces almost completely dispelled. He spent the rest of the year rebuilding his unit in the region of <a href="/wiki/Podkarpacie" class="mw-redirect" title="Podkarpacie">Podkarpacie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb388-14">[12]</a> In February 1770, Pulaski moved near <a href="/wiki/Nowy_Targ" title="Nowy Targ">Nowy Targ</a>, and in March, helped to subdue the mutiny of Józef Bierzyński. Based in <a href="/wiki/Izby" title="Izby">Izby</a>, he operated in southern <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>. On May 13 his force was defeated at the Battle of Dęborzyn. Around June 9–10 in <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a>, in a conference with other Confederate leaders, he met <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, who complimented Pulaski on his actions. On July 3–4, Pulaski's camp was captured by Johann von Drewitz, and he was forced to retreat into Austria. Early in August he met with the French emissary, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a>. He disregarded an order to take <a href="/wiki/Lanckorona" title="Lanckorona">Lanckorona</a> and instead cooperated with Michał Walewski in a raid on <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> on the night of August 31.<a href="#cite_note-psb388-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb389-16">[13]</a> He then departed for <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a>. On September 10, along with Walewski, he used subterfuge to take control of the <a href="/wiki/Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasna Góra monastery">Jasna Góra monastery</a>. On September 18 he met <a href="/wiki/Franciszka_Corvin-Krasi%C5%84ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciszka Corvin-Krasińska">Franciszka z Krasińskich</a>, an aristocrat from the <a href="/wiki/Krasi%C5%84ski_family" title="Krasiński family">Krasiński family</a> and the wife of <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Saxony,_Duke_of_Courland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Saxony, Duke of Courland">Charles of Saxony, Duke of Courland</a>. He impressed her and she became one of his protectors. Around September 22–24 Walewski was made the commandant of Jasna Góra, which slighted Pulaski. Nonetheless, he continued as the de facto commander of Confederate troops stationed in and around Jasna Góra.<a href="#cite_note-psb389-16">[13]</a> Between September 10, 1770, and January 14, 1771, Pulaski, Walewski and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Zaremba" title="Józef Zaremba">Józef Zaremba</a> commanded the Polish forces during the siege of Jasna Góra monastery. They successfully defended against Drewitz in a series of engagements, the largest one on November 11, followed by a siege from December 31 to January 14. The defense of Jasna Góra further enhanced his reputation among the Confederates and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-psb389-16">[13]</a> A popular Confederate song taunting Drewitz included lyrics about Pulaski and Jasna Góra.<a href="#cite_note-Maciejewski1976-17">[14]</a> Pulaski intended to pursue Drewitz, but a growing discord between him and Zaremba prevented this from becoming a real option.<a href="#cite_note-psb389-16">[13]</a> In February 1771, Pulaski operated around <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>. On February 25 he was victorious at <a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Tarłów">Tarłów</a> and on the night of February 28 and March 1, his forces besieged <a href="/wiki/Kra%C5%9Bnik" title="Kraśnik">Kraśnik</a>. In March that year he became one of the members of the Confederates' War Council. Dumouriez, who became a military adviser to the Confederates, at the time described him as "spontaneous, more proud than ambitious, friend of the prince of Courland, enemy of the <a href="/wiki/Potocki_family" title="Potocki family">Potocki family</a>, brave and honest" as well as popular among other commanders. This was due to his refusal to follow orders and adhere to discipline. <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_Kitowicz" title="Jędrzej Kitowicz">Jędrzej Kitowicz</a> who met him as well around that time described him as short and thin, pacing and speaking quickly, and uninterested in women or drinking. He enjoyed fighting against the Russians above everything else, and was daring to the extent he forgot about his safety in battles, resulting in his many failures on the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-psb389-16">[13]</a> In May 1771, Pulaski advanced on Zamość, refusing to coordinate an operation with Dumouriez against <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a>. Without Pulaski's support, the Confederates were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lanckorona" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lanckorona">Battle of Lanckorona</a>. Pulaski's forces were victorious at the Battle of Majdany, and briefly besieged Zamość, but it was relieved by Suvorov. He retreated, suffering major losses, towards Częstochowa. On July 27, pressured by Franciszka z Krasińskich, he declared he would from then on strictly adhere to orders from the Confederacy that he had previously habitually disregarded.<a href="#cite_note-psb390-18">[15]</a> In October his responsibilities in the War Council were increased, and the same month he became involved with the plan to kidnap <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">King Poniatowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb390-18">[15]</a> Pulaski was initially opposed to this plan but later supported it on the condition that the king would not be harmed.<a href="#cite_note-Storozynski2010-23-19">[16]</a> The attempt failed, weakening the international reputation of the Confederates. When Pulaski's involvement with the attempted kidnapping became known, the Austrians expelled him from their territories.<a href="#cite_note-psb390-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stone2001-272-20">[17]</a> He spent the following winter and spring in Częstochowa, during which time several of his followers were defeated, captured or killed.<a href="#cite_note-psb390-18">[15]</a> On May 31, 1772, Pulaski, increasingly distanced from other leaders of the Confederation, left the Jasna Góra monastery and went to <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> in Prussia.<a href="#cite_note-psb390-18">[15]</a> In the meantime, the Bar Confederation was defeated, with most fighting ending around the summer.<a href="#cite_note-Stone2001-272-20">[17]</a> Overall, Pulaski was seen as one of the most famous and accomplished Confederate leaders.<a href="#cite_note-psb388-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb389-16">[13]</a> At the same time, he often acted independently, disobeying orders from Confederate command, and among his detractors, which included Dumouriez, had a reputation of a "loose cannon".<a href="#cite_note-psb389-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb390-18">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a> occurred in 1772. Leaving Prussia, Pulaski sought refuge in France, where he unsuccessfully attempted to join the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>. In 1773, his opponents in Poland accused him of attempted <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">regicide</a>, and proceedings began at the Sejm Court on June 7.<a href="#cite_note-psb390-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb391-21">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Partition_Sejm" title="Partition Sejm">Partition Sejm</a> had been convened by the victors to validate the First Partition. Poniatowski himself warned Pulaski to stay away from Poland, or risk death.<a href="#cite_note-psb390-18">[15]</a> The court verdict, declared <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a> in July, stripped Pulaski of "all dignity and honors", demanded that his possessions be confiscated, and sentenced him to death. He attempted to recreate a Confederate force in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War</a>, but before he could make any progress, the Turks were defeated, and he barely escaped by sea to <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France. He found himself in debt and unable to find an army that would enlist him. He spent the year of 1775 in France, imprisoned at times for debts, until his allies gathered enough funds to arrange for his release. Around that time, due to the efforts of his friend <a href="/wiki/Claude-Carloman_de_Rulhi%C3%A8re" title="Claude-Carloman de Rulhière">Claude-Carloman de Rulhière</a>, he was recruited by the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_La_Fayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, who he met in spring 1777, for service in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb391-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pulaski_Day-22">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the United States">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_front">Northern front</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Northern front">edit</a>]</div> Franklin was impressed by Pulaski, and wrote of him: "Count<a href="#cite_note-b-5">[b]</a> Pulaski of Poland, an officer famous throughout Europe for his bravery and conduct in defence of the liberties of his country against the three great invading powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia ... may be highly useful to our service."<a href="#cite_note-Storozynski2010-55-56-23">[20]</a> He subsequently recommended that General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> accept Pulaski as a volunteer in the <a href="/wiki/American_cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="American cavalry">Continental Army cavalry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cong-24">[21]</a> Pulaski departed France from <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> in June, and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Marblehead,_Massachusetts" title="Marblehead, Massachusetts">Marblehead, Massachusetts</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, on July 23, 1777.<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a> After his arrival, Pulaski wrote to Washington, "I came here, where freedom is being defended, to serve it, and to live or die for it."<a href="#cite_note-cong-24">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_pod_Cz%C4%99stochow%C4%85.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1883 painting by Juliusz Kossak depicting Pulaski on horse back" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_pod_Cz%C4%99stochow%C4%85.PNG/220px-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_pod_Cz%C4%99stochow%C4%85.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_pod_Cz%C4%99stochow%C4%85.PNG/330px-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_pod_Cz%C4%99stochow%C4%85.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_pod_Cz%C4%99stochow%C4%85.PNG/440px-Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski_pod_Cz%C4%99stochow%C4%85.PNG 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Pulaski on horseback, painting by <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_Kossak" title="Juliusz Kossak">Juliusz Kossak</a>, 1883</figcaption></figure> On August 20, he met Washington in his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Neshaminy_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Neshaminy Falls">Neshaminy Falls</a>, outside <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a> He showed off riding stunts, and argued for the superiority of cavalry over infantry.<a href="#cite_note-Storozynski2010-55-56-23">[20]</a> Because Washington was unable to grant him an officer rank, Pulaski spent the next few months traveling between Washington and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in Philadelphia, awaiting his appointment.<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a> His first military engagement against the British occurred before he received it, on September 11, 1777, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> troops began to yield, he reconnoitered with Washington's bodyguard of about 30 men, and reported that the enemy were endeavoring to cut off the line of retreat.<a href="#cite_note-Storozynski2010-55-56-23">[20]</a> Washington ordered him to collect as many as possible of the scattered troops who came his way and employ them according to his discretion to secure the retreat of the army.<a href="#cite_note-appletons133-26">[23]</a> His subsequent charge averted a disastrous defeat of the Continental Army cavalry,<a href="#cite_note-Storozynski2010-55-56-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kazimierz_Pulaski_Citizenship-27">[24]</a> earning him fame in America<a href="#cite_note-Storozynski2010-57-28">[25]</a> and saving the life of George Washington.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> As a result, on September 15, 1777, on the orders of Congress, Washington commissioned Pulaski a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> in the Continental Army cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-cong-24">[21]</a> At that point, the cavalry was only a few hundred men strong organized into four regiments. These men were scattered among numerous infantry formations, and used primarily for scouting duties. Pulaski immediately began work on reforming the cavalry, and wrote the first regulations for the formation.<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a> On September 16, while on patrol west of Philadelphia, Pulaski spotted significant British forces moving toward the Continental position. Upon being informed by Pulaski, Washington prepared for a battle, but the encounter <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Clouds" title="Battle of the Clouds">was interrupted by a major storm</a> before either side was organized.<a href="#cite_note-SokolKissane1992-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-McGuire_31-36-31">[28]</a> On October 4, Pulaski took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a>. He spent the winter of 1777 to 1778 with most of the army at <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a>. Pulaski argued that the military operations should continue through the winter, but this idea was rejected by the general staff. In turn, he directed his efforts towards reorganizing the cavalry force, mostly stationed in <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a> While at Trenton his assistance was requested by General <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a>, whom Washington had dispatched on a foraging expedition into southern New Jersey. Wayne was in danger of encountering a much larger British force sent to oppose his movements. Pulaski and 50 cavalry rode south to <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_New_Jersey" title="Burlington, New Jersey">Burlington</a>, where they skirmished with British sentries on February 28. After this minor encounter the British commander, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Stirling, was apparently convinced that he was facing a much larger force than expected, and prepared to withdraw his troops across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania at Cooper's Ferry (present-day <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_City,_New_Jersey" title="Gloucester City, New Jersey">Gloucester City</a>). Pulaski and Wayne joined forces to attack Stirling's position on February 29 while he awaited suitable weather conditions to cross.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson_73-74-32">[29]</a> In the resulting skirmish, which only involved a few hundred men out of the larger forces on either side, Pulaski's horse was shot out from under him and a few of his cavalry were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Griffin_50-54-33">[30]</a> American officers serving under Pulaski had difficulty taking orders from a foreigner who could scarcely speak English and whose ideas of discipline and tactics differed enormously from those to which they were accustomed. This resulted in friction between the Americans and Pulaski and his fellow Polish officers.<a href="#cite_note-appletons133-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kajencki2005-47-34">[31]</a> There was also discontent in the unit over delays in pay,<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a> and Pulaski's imperious personality was a regular source of discontent among his peers, superiors, and subordinates.<a href="#cite_note-presidential-35">[32]</a> Pulaski was also unhappy that his suggestion to create a <a href="/wiki/Lancer" title="Lancer">lancer</a> unit was denied.<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a> Despite a commendation from Wayne, these circumstances prompted Pulaski to resign his general command in March 1778, and return to Valley Forge.<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-appletons133-26">[23]</a> Pulaski went to <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown</a>, where he met with General <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a> and suggested the creation of a new unit. At Gates' recommendation, Congress confirmed his previous appointment to the rank of a brigadier general, with a special title of "Commander of the Horse", and authorized the formation of a corps of 68 lancers and 200 light infantry.<a href="#cite_note-Storozynski2010-55-56-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a> This corps, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Pulaski%27s_Legion" title="Pulaski's Legion">Pulaski's Legion</a>, was recruited mainly in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, where it was headquartered.<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a> By August 1778, the Pulaski's Legion numbered about 330 men, both Americans and foreigners. American Major-General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a> commented on the high standards of the Legion's training.<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a> would later commemorate in verse the consecration of the Legion's banner.<a href="#cite_note-America1943-36">[33]</a> Longfellow's poem "The Hymn of the Moravian Nuns"<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> was, however, retracted by the poet in 1857 due to its ahistorical details.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Furthermore, according to the latest research it turns out that the Pulaski banner, which symbolised the legion, was inspired by the colours of the Hungarian national flag (red, white and green) in use since the early 17th century, and was created by the Moravian Lutheran Sisters according to the instructions of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kovats" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Kovats">Michael Kovats</a> in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in early 1778. The flag embedded cultural history elements reflecting the close Hungarian-Polish friendship and interstate relations back to the centuries.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> The "father of the American cavalry" demanded much of his men and trained them in tested cavalry tactics. Pulaski, supported by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kovats" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Kovats">Michael Kovats</a>, often referred to as the co-founder of the U.S. cavalry, made great efforts to turn their cavalry into an effective force, and the improvement of the Legion's mounted arm drew high praise form the British.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Pulaski used his own personal finances when money from Congress was scarce, in order to assure his forces of the finest equipment and personal safety.<a href="#cite_note-Quest_Seidner_1976-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Storozynski2010-60-42">[39]</a> However, later that year a controversy arose related to the Legion's finances, and its requisitions from the local populace.<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a> His troubles with the auditors continued until his death. Pulaski complained that he received inadequate funds, was obstructed by locals and officials, and was forced to spend his own money. He was not cleared of these charges until after his death.<a href="#cite_note-psb393-43">[40]</a> In the autumn Pulaski was ordered to <a href="/wiki/Little_Egg_Harbor" title="Little Egg Harbor">Little Egg Harbor</a> on the coast of southeast <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, where in the engagement on October 15, known as the <a href="/wiki/Affair_at_Little_Egg_Harbor" title="Affair at Little Egg Harbor">affair at Little Egg Harbor</a>, the legion suffered heavy losses.<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-StrykerJersey1894-44">[41]</a> During the following winter Pulaski was stationed at <a href="/wiki/Minisink,_New_York" title="Minisink, New York">Minisink</a>, at that time in northwestern New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-psb393-43">[40]</a> Ordered to take part in the punitive <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois people">Iroquois</a>, he was dissatisfied with this command, and intended to leave the service and return to Europe, but instead asked to be reassigned to the Southern front.<a href="#cite_note-psb392-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb393-43">[40]</a> On February 2, 1779, Washington instead ordered him to <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb393-43">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_front">Southern front</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southern front">edit</a>]</div> Pulaski arrived in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> on May 8, 1779, finding the city <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">in crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_107-108-45">[42]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Benjamin Lincoln</a>, commander of the southern army, had led most of the army toward <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a>, in a bid to recapture <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>, which had been <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Savannah" title="Capture of Savannah">captured by the British</a> in late 1778.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_101-102-46">[43]</a> The British commander, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Augustine_Prevost" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine Prevost">Augustine Prevost</a>, responded to Lincoln's move by launching a raiding expedition from Savannah across the <a href="/wiki/Savannah_River" title="Savannah River">Savannah River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_103-47">[44]</a> The South Carolina militia fell back before the British advance, and Prevost's force followed them all the way to Charleston. Pulaski arrived just as military leaders were establishing the city's defenses.<a href="#cite_note-Russell_106-48">[45]</a> When the British advanced on May 11, Pulaski's Legion engaged forward elements of the British force, and was badly mauled in the encounter. The Legion infantry, numbering only about 60 men before the skirmish, was virtually wiped out, and Pulaski was forced to retreat to the safety of the city's guns.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_108-49">[46]</a> Although some historians credit this action with Prevost's decision to withdraw back toward Savannah the next day, despite ongoing negotiations of a possible surrender of Charleston, that decision is more likely based on news Prevost received that Lincoln's larger force was returning to Charleston to face him, and that Prevost's troops had gone further than he had originally intended. One early historian criticized Pulaski's actions during that engagement as "ill-judged, ill-conducted, disgraceful and disastrous".<a href="#cite_note-Griffin_95-50">[47]</a> The episode was of minor strategic consequence and did little to enhance the reputation of Pulaski's unit.<a href="#cite_note-Russell_107-51">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_Pulaski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Death_of_Pulaski.jpg/220px-Death_of_Pulaski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Death_of_Pulaski.jpg/330px-Death_of_Pulaski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Death_of_Pulaski.jpg/440px-Death_of_Pulaski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="3042" /></a><figcaption>Pulaski mortally wounded by grapeshot while leading cavalry charge</figcaption></figure> Although Pulaski frequently suffered from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> while stationed in Charleston, he remained in active service. At the beginning of September, Lincoln prepared to launch an attempt to retake Savannah with French assistance. Pulaski was ordered to Augusta, where he was to join forces with General <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_McIntosh" title="Lachlan McIntosh">Lachlan McIntosh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-appletons133-26">[23]</a> Their combined forces were to serve as the forward elements of Lincoln's army.<a href="#cite_note-The_history_of_Georgia:_Revolutionary_epoch-52">[49]</a> Pulaski captured a British outpost near <a href="/wiki/Ogeechee_River" title="Ogeechee River">Ogeechee River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kajencki2005-93-53">[50]</a> His units then acted as an advance guard for the allied French units under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hector,_comte_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing">Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb393-43">[40]</a> He rendered great services during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">siege of Savannah</a>, and in the assault of October 9 commanded the whole cavalry, both French and American.<a href="#cite_note-appletons133-26">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death and burial">edit</a>]</div> While attempting to rally fleeing French forces during a cavalry charge, Pulaski was mortally wounded by <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb393-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Storozynski2010-91-54">[51]</a> The reported grapeshot is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Historical_Society" title="Georgia Historical Society">Georgia Historical Society</a> in Savannah. The <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Museum" title="Charleston Museum">Charleston Museum</a> also has a grapeshot reported to be from Pulaski's wound.<a href="#cite_note-Kajencki2001-163-55">[52]</a> Pulaski was carried from the field of battle and taken aboard the South Carolina merchant <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brig</a> <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> Wasp, under the command of Captain Samuel Bulfinch,<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> where he died two days later, having never regained consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-cong-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb393-43">[40]</a> His heroic death, admired by <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">American Patriot</a> supporters, further boosted his reputation in America.<a href="#cite_note-Storozynski2010-91-54">[51]</a> Pulaski never married and had no descendants. Despite his fame, there have long been uncertainties and controversies surrounding both his place and date of birth, and his burial. Many primary sources record a burial at sea. The historical accounts for Pulaski's time and place of burial vary considerably. According to several contemporary accounts there were witnesses, including Pulaski's <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a>, that Pulaski received a symbolic burial in Charleston on October 21,<a href="#cite_note-psb393-43">[40]</a> sometime after he was <a href="/wiki/Burial_at_sea" title="Burial at sea">buried at sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pcpdf-58">[55]</a> Other witnesses, including Captain Samuel Bulfinch of the Wasp, claimed that the wounded Pulaski was actually later removed from the ship and taken to the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Plantation" title="Greenwich Plantation">Greenwich Plantation</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt,_Georgia" title="Thunderbolt, Georgia">Thunderbolt</a>, near Savannah, where he died and was buried under the supervision of the plantation's owner <a href="/wiki/Jane_Bowen" title="Jane Bowen">Jane Bowen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pinkowski-59">[56]</a> widow of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowen" title="Samuel Bowen">Samuel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> In March 1825, during his <a href="/wiki/Visit_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_to_the_United_States" title="Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States">grand tour</a> of the United States, Lafayette personally laid the cornerstone for the <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_Monument_in_Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir Pulaski Monument in Savannah">Casimir Pulaski Monument in Savannah</a>, Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-cong-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Szymański301-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exhumation_and_analysis_of_remains">Exhumation and analysis of remains</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exhumation and analysis of remains">edit</a>]</div> In 1853, remains found on a bluff above Augustine Creek on Greenwich Plantation were believed to be the general's. These bones were reinterred at the Casimir Pulaski Monument in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>. They were exhumed in 1996 and examined during a forensic study.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> The eight-year examination, including DNA analysis, ended inconclusively, although the skeleton was consistent with Pulaski's age and occupation. A healed wound on the skull's forehead was consistent with historical records of an injury Pulaski sustained in battle, as was a bone defect on the left cheekbone, believed to have been caused by a benign tumor.<a href="#cite_note-burial2-63">[60]</a> In 2005, the remains were reinterred in a public ceremony with full <a href="/wiki/Military_funeral" title="Military funeral">military honors</a>, including Pulaski's induction into the Georgia Military Hall of Fame.<a href="#cite_note-Pulaski's_Grand_Burial_in_Savannah-64">[61]</a> A later study funded by the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, the results of which were released in 2019, concluded from the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial DNA (human)">mitochondrial DNA</a> of his grandniece, known injuries, and physical characteristics, that the skeleton was likely Pulaski's.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> The skeleton has a number of typically female features, which has led to the hypothesis that Pulaski may have been female or <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> A documentary based on the Smithsonian study suggests that Pulaski's hypothesized intersex condition could have been caused by <a href="/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia" title="Congenital adrenal hyperplasia">congenital adrenal hyperplasia</a>, where a fetus with <a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">female chromosomes</a> is exposed to a high level of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> in utero and develops partially male genitals. This analysis was based on the skeleton's female pelvis, facial structure and jaw angle, in combination with the fact that Pulaski identified as and lived as male.<a href="#cite_note-burial2-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> However, there is no conclusive argument or evidence that Pulaski was intersex.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> The question remains unsettled due to the limited understanding of how an intersex condition might be revealed in the analysis of a skeleton.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> There is no way to prove that Pulaski was born intersex without a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">DNA test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-c-73">[d]</a> In 2022, in a scholarly article, a Polish-American academic historian published a detailed account of the relevant primary sources and recounted a significant number of evidentiary problems with the historical sources and DNA evidence on which the Smithsonian documentary relied. This study suggested that the bones that led to the "intersex" conclusion were in fact not the bones of Casimir Pulaski.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributes_and_commemoration">Tributes and commemoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tributes and commemoration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Casimir_Pulaski" title="Commemoration of Casimir Pulaski">Commemoration of Casimir Pulaski</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Pulaski_1931_Issue-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of Pulaski U.S. commemorative postage stamp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/General_Pulaski_1931_Issue-2c.jpg/180px-General_Pulaski_1931_Issue-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/General_Pulaski_1931_Issue-2c.jpg/270px-General_Pulaski_1931_Issue-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/General_Pulaski_1931_Issue-2c.jpg/360px-General_Pulaski_1931_Issue-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">United States postage stamp</a> featuring General Casimir Pulaski. Issue of 1931, 2 cents</figcaption></figure> The United States has long commemorated Pulaski's contributions to the American Revolutionary War; on October 29, 1779, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed a resolution that a monument should be dedicated to him, but the first monument to him, the <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_Monument_in_Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir Pulaski Monument in Savannah">Casimir Pulaski Monument in Savannah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, was not built until 1854. A bust of Pulaski was added to a collection of other busts of American heroes at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> in 1867. On May 11, 1910, US President <a href="/wiki/William_Taft" class="mw-redirect" title="William Taft">William Taft</a> revealed a Congress-sponsored <a href="/wiki/General_Casimir_Pulaski_(statue)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Casimir Pulaski (statue)">General Casimir Pulaski statue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb393-43">[40]</a> In 1929, Congress passed another resolution, this one recognizing October 11 of each year as "<a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">General Pulaski Memorial Day</a>", with a large parade held annually on <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a> in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-cong-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb393-43">[40]</a> Separately, a <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_Day" title="Casimir Pulaski Day">Casimir Pulaski Day</a> is celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and some other places on the first Monday of each March. In some Illinois school districts, the day is an official school holiday.<a href="#cite_note-Pulaski_Day-22">[19]</a> In 1931 a ten foot tall bronze statue of Pulaski, sculpted by Polish-American sculptor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kiselewski" title="Joseph Kiselewski">Joseph Kiselewski</a>, was erected in Pulaski Park in Milwaukee Wisconsin. 35,000 people attended the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> After a previous attempt failed,<a href="#cite_note-sjres-76">[72]</a> Congress passed a joint resolution conferring <a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizen_of_the_United_States" title="Honorary citizen of the United States">honorary US citizenship</a> on Pulaski in 2009, sending it to President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> for approval.<a href="#cite_note-cong-24">[21]</a> He signed it on November 6, 2009, making Pulaski the seventh person so honored.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazimierz_Pulaski_museum_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Pulaski Statue at the Kazimierz Pułaski Museum in Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kazimierz_Pulaski_museum_statue.jpg/170px-Kazimierz_Pulaski_museum_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kazimierz_Pulaski_museum_statue.jpg/255px-Kazimierz_Pulaski_museum_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kazimierz_Pulaski_museum_statue.jpg/340px-Kazimierz_Pulaski_museum_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Pulaski at the Kazimierz Pułaski Museum in <a href="/wiki/Warka" title="Warka">Warka</a>, Poland.</figcaption></figure> In Poland, in 1793 Pulaski's relative, Antoni Pułaski, obtained a cancellation of his brother's sentence from 1773. He has been mentioned in the literary works of numerous Polish authors, including <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Juliusz Słowacki</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a>. Adolf Nowaczyński wrote a drama "Pułaski w Ameryce" (Pulaski in America) in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-psb393-43">[40]</a> A museum dedicated to Pulaski, the Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka, opened in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-Warka-78">[74]</a> Throughout Poland and the United States, people have celebrated anniversaries of Pulaski's birth and death, and there exist numerous objects of art such as paintings and statues of him.<a href="#cite_note-psb393-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb394-79">[75]</a> In 1879, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his death, Henri Schoeller composed "A Pulaski March". Twenty years earlier, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Sobolewski" title="Eduard Sobolewski">Eduard Sobolewski</a> composed his opera, "Mohega", about the last days of Pulaski's life. Commemorative medals and stamps of Pulaski have been issued. Several cities, towns, <a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">townships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pulaski County (disambiguation)">counties</a> in United States are named after him, as are numerous streets, parks and structures. Although his statue stands in Savannah's Monterey Square, the city's <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_Square_(Savannah,_Georgia)" title="Pulaski Square (Savannah, Georgia)">Pulaski Square</a> is named for him.<a href="#cite_note-monuments-80">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_Bridge" title="Pulaski Bridge">Pulaski Bridge</a> in New York City links Brooklyn to Queens; the <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_Skyway" title="Pulaski Skyway">Pulaski Skyway</a> in Northern New Jersey links Jersey City to Newark, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Maryland" title="U.S. Route 40 in Maryland">Pulaski Highway</a> traverses the city of Baltimore, Maryland. Michigan designated <a href="/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highway_System" title="United States Numbered Highway System">US Highway</a> 112 (now <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_12_in_Michigan" title="U.S. Route 12 in Michigan">US 12</a>) as Pulaski Memorial Highway in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-barnett243-42-81">[77]</a> There are also a number of educational, academic, and <a href="/wiki/Polish-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-American">Polish-American</a> institutions named after him.<a href="#cite_note-psb393-43">[40]</a> A 20th-century <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Casimir_Pulaski_(SSBN-633)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Casimir Pulaski (SSBN-633)">USS Casimir Pulaski</a>, was named for him, as was, in the 19th century, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">United States Revenue Cutter Service</a> <a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">cutter</a>, USRC Pulaski<a href="#cite_note-uscg-82">[78]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">side-wheel steam</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Pulaski_(1854)" title="USS Pulaski (1854)">USS Pulaski</a>. A Polish frigate, <a href="/wiki/ORP_Genera%C5%82_Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski" class="mw-redirect" title="ORP Generał Kazimierz Pułaski">ORP Generał Kazimierz Pułaski</a>, is also named after Pulaski.<a href="#cite_note-Marynarka_Wojenna-83">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pulaski_National_Monument" title="Fort Pulaski National Monument">Fort Pulaski</a> between <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tybee_Island,_Georgia" title="Tybee Island, Georgia">Tybee Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, active during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, is named in honor of Casimir Pulaski.<a href="#cite_note-Casimir_Pulaski_–_Fort_Pulaski_National_Monument-84">[80]</a> Pulaski Barracks, an active US Army post in Kaiserslautern, Germany, is named for Casimir Pulaski in honor of the Polish people who worked for the US Army in Civilian Service Groups after WWII.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> A statue commemorating Pulaski stands at the eastern end of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Plaza" title="Freedom Plaza">Freedom Plaza</a> in Washington, D.C. There is an equestrian statue of Pulaski in <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_Park" title="Roger Williams Park">Roger Williams Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, as well as one in the center of Pulaski park in <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester, New Hampshire</a>. A statue by Granville W. Carter depicting Pulaski on a rearing horse signaling a forward charge with a sword in his right hand is erected in <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ctgov-86">[82]</a> There is a Pulaski Monument in Patterson Park in Baltimore, Maryland. There is also a statue in Buffalo, NY near the intersection of Main and S. Division St. A statue of Pulaski sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Waugh" title="Sidney Waugh">Sidney Waugh</a> resides in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, on the slope behind the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a>. The villages of Mt. Pulaski, Illinois, <a href="/wiki/Pulaski,_New_York" title="Pulaski, New York">Pulaski, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pulaski,_Wisconsin" title="Pulaski, Wisconsin">Pulaski, Wisconsin</a>, are named for him, as is the city of <a href="/wiki/Pulaski,_Tennessee" title="Pulaski, Tennessee">Pulaski, Tennessee</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_High_School" title="Pulaski High School">Pulaski High School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_High_School" title="Casimir Pulaski High School">Casimir Pulaski High School</a>, both in Wisconsin, are also named after him, as is Pulaski Middle School in <a href="/wiki/New_Britain,_Connecticut" title="New Britain, Connecticut">New Britain, Connecticut</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Virginia" title="Pulaski County, Virginia">Pulaski County</a> in Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Arkansas" title="Pulaski County, Arkansas">Pulaski County</a> in Arkansas, <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Georgia" title="Pulaski County, Georgia">Pulaski County</a> in Georgia, <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Missouri" title="Pulaski County, Missouri">Pulaski County</a> in Missouri, <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Kentucky" title="Pulaski County, Kentucky">Pulaski County</a> in Kentucky, and <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Indiana" title="Pulaski County, Indiana">Pulaski County</a> in Indiana are named after him as well. Polish historian <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Konopczy%C5%84ski" title="Władysław Konopczyński">Władysław Konopczyński</a>, who wrote a monograph on Pulaski in 1931, noted that he was one of the most accomplished Polish people, grouping him with other Polish military heroes such as <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski" title="Stanisław Żółkiewski">Stanisław Żółkiewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Czarniecki" title="Stefan Czarniecki">Stefan Czarniecki</a>, and Prince <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb394-79">[75]</a> A major thoroughfare of <a href="/wiki/Bellingham,_Massachusetts" title="Bellingham, Massachusetts">Bellingham, Massachusetts</a>, is named Pulaski Boulevard in honor of the general, extending from Franklin to the Rhode Island border.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FortPulaski02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Pulaski, Georgia"><img alt="Fort Pulaski, Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FortPulaski02.jpg/200px-FortPulaski02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FortPulaski02.jpg/300px-FortPulaski02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FortPulaski02.jpg/400px-FortPulaski02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pulaski_National_Monument" title="Fort Pulaski National Monument">Fort Pulaski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulaski-Szmurlo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument in Baltimore, Maryland"><img alt="Monument in Baltimore, Maryland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pulaski-Szmurlo.jpg/200px-Pulaski-Szmurlo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pulaski-Szmurlo.jpg/300px-Pulaski-Szmurlo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pulaski-Szmurlo.jpg/400px-Pulaski-Szmurlo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument in Baltimore, Maryland</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>-born songwriter <a href="/wiki/Sufjan_Stevens" title="Sufjan Stevens">Sufjan Stevens</a> released a song called "Casimir Pulaski Day" on his album <a href="/wiki/Illinois_(Sufjan_Stevens_album)" title="Illinois (Sufjan Stevens album)">Illinois</a>. The song interweaves his memories of a friend's battle with <a href="/wiki/Bone_tumor" title="Bone tumor">bone cancer</a> with an account of the holiday.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a></li> <li>In a downloadable content of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Empires_III" title="Age of Empires III">Age of Empires III</a>, twelve <a href="/wiki/Uhlan" title="Uhlan">Uhlan</a> cavalry units can be summoned by the player by clicking on a shipment button called Pulaski's Legion.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a></li> <li>An account of Pulaski's death and burial is used as the background and setting for the family reunion of two <a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Viewpoint character">POV characters</a> in Diana Gabaldon's ninth main <a href="/wiki/Outlander_(book_series)" title="Outlander (book series)">Outlander</a> novel, Go Tell the Bees That I Am Gone (2021). Her historical observations and inspirations are in her author's notes.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Portal:Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia (U.S. state) portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_Foundation" title="Casimir Pulaski Foundation">Casimir Pulaski Foundation</a> - leading Polish think tank specialized in foreign policy and national security</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">Johann de Kalb</a>, a Bavarian-born French officer who served as a general in the Continental Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a>, a French officer who served as a general in the Continental Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_General_Was_Female%3F" title="The General Was Female?">The General Was Female?</a>, documentary film about Pulaski's possible intersex status</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_and_military_service_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersex people and military service in the United States">Intersex people and military service in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_Freedom_Award" title="Knight of Freedom Award">Knight of Freedom Award</a>, an award established in honour of General Pulaski</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kovats_de_Fabriczy" title="Michael Kovats de Fabriczy">Michael Kovats de Fabriczy</a>, a Hungarian nobleman and cavalry officer who served in the Continental Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Poles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Poles">List of Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben</a>, a Prussian drill master who served in the Continental Army</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-2">c</a> Older sources have cited varying dates and places of birth of Pulaski. The suggested alternative dates have been March 4, 1746, or 1747, and the alternative place of birth, <a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82aski_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Pułaski family">Pułaski family</a> manor at <a href="/wiki/Winiary,_Warka" title="Winiary, Warka">Winiary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fm-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-booklet-8">[6]</a> Modern sources agree that Pulaski was born on March 4 or March 6, 1745,<a href="#cite_note-CP_bio-9">[7]</a> in the now-nonexistent Pulaski manor house, located near the present address 53 Nowy Świat St. near Warecka St. in Warsaw.<a href="#cite_note-fm-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-booklet-8">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_5-1">b</a> Pulaski was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Szlachta</a>, an untitled member of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish nobility">Polish nobility</a>. While some sources refer to him as a "<a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a>" this is likely an artifact of some well-publicized American letters and statements in which he is titled as such, in particular, Benjamin Franklin's letter of 1777. Americans of that era had a habit of giving such grandiose titles to all European nobles, to resemble the titles of famous European allies of the nascent American state such as <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baron_von_Steuben" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron von Steuben">Baron von Steuben</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pastusiak1977-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> Pulaski never used this title himself.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Also rendered: "Orzechowo", "Orekhovo". Three hundred and twenty (320) officers and men overall against 2,000–3,000 Poles; both sides had two guns each. Pulaski's brother Franz lost his life to a pistol shot from Russian squadron leader count Castelli whose target was Casimir himself. This translation is from the Russian Wikipedia Page, <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="ru:Сражение под Ореховом">ru:Сражение под Ореховом</a> ('Battle of Orekhovo') — which is supported by reliable sources in Russian, including the letters and official reports on the matter made by Suvorov himself. </li> <li id="cite_note-c-73"><a href="#cite_ref-c_73-0">^</a> The DNA needed to verify biological sex and intersex variance is usually not available from skeletal remains, due to degradation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[69]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pastusiak1977-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Pastusiak1977_2-0">^</a> <a href="#Pastusiak">Pastusiak, 1977</a>, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHammack1976" class="citation journal cs1">Hammack, Bill (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outdoorsingeorgi7607geor">"Pulaski and the Siege of Savannah"</a>. Outdoors in Georgia. Georgia Department of Natural Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313093559/https://archive.org/details/outdoorsingeorgi7607geor">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outdoors+in+Georgia&rft.atitle=Pulaski+and+the+Siege+of+Savannah&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hammack&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutdoorsingeorgi7607geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i1QfAQAAIAAJ">Przegląd historyczny</a> (in Polish). Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. 1910. p. 241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Przegl%C4%85d+historyczny&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawn.+Naukowe&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di1QfAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein" class="citation web cs1">Weinstein, Quinton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/casimir-pulaski/#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20United%20States,born%20in%20Poland%20in%201745.">"Casimir Pulaski"</a>. Mount Vernon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mount+Vernon&rft.atitle=Casimir+Pulaski&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Quinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Flibrary%2Fdigitalhistory%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fcasimir-pulaski%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOne%2520of%2520the%2520United%2520States%2Cborn%2520in%2520Poland%2520in%25201745.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fm-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fm_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm_7-2">c</a> <a href="#Makarewicz">Makarewicz, 1998</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-booklet-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-booklet_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-booklet_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-booklet_8-2">c</a> <a href="#DOB">Poles in America Foundation, 2012</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CP_bio-9"><a href="#cite_ref-CP_bio_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzeumpulaski.pl/en/museum/patron-casimir-pulaski">"Casimir Pulaski (1745–1779)"</a>. Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223214150/http://www.muzeumpulaski.pl/en/museum/patron-casimir-pulaski">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casimir+Pulaski+%281745%E2%80%931779%29&rft.pub=Casimir+Pulaski+Museum+in+Warka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzeumpulaski.pl%2Fen%2Fmuseum%2Fpatron-casimir-pulaski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-psb386-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psb386_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb386_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb386_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb386_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb386_10-4">e</a> <a href="#Szczygielski86">Szczygielski, 1986</a>, p. 386 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#Griffin1907">Griffin, 1907</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#Denslow">Denslow, 2004</a>, p. 370 </li> <li id="cite_note-psb387-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psb387_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb387_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb387_13-2">c</a> <a href="#Szczygielski86">Szczygielski 1986</a>, p. 387 </li> <li id="cite_note-psb388-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psb388_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb388_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb388_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb388_14-3">d</a> <a href="#Szczygielski86">Szczygielski 1986</a>, p. 388 </li> <li id="cite_note-psb389-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psb389_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb389_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb389_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb389_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb389_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb389_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb389_16-6">g</a> <a href="#Szczygielski86">Szczygielski, 1986</a>, p. 389 </li> <li id="cite_note-Maciejewski1976-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Maciejewski1976_17-0">^</a> <a href="#Maciejewski">Maciejewski, 1976</a>, p. 381 </li> <li id="cite_note-psb390-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psb390_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb390_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb390_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb390_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb390_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb390_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb390_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb390_18-7">h</a> <a href="#Szczygielski86">Szczygielski, 1986</a>, p. 390 </li> <li id="cite_note-Storozynski2010-23-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Storozynski2010-23_19-0">^</a> <a href="#AlexStorozynski">Storozynski, 2010</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone2001-272-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2001-272_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2001-272_20-1">b</a> <a href="#Stone">Stone, 2001</a>, p. 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-psb391-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psb391_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb391_21-1">b</a> <a href="#Szczygielski86">Szczygielski, 1986</a>, p. 391 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulaski_Day-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pulaski_Day_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pulaski_Day_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722013614/http://castle.eiu.edu/~insight/pulaski/pulaski.htm">"Pulaski Day"</a>. Castle.eiu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://castle.eiu.edu/~insight/pulaski/pulaski.htm">the original</a> on July 22, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulaski+Day&rft.pub=Castle.eiu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcastle.eiu.edu%2F~insight%2Fpulaski%2Fpulaski.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Storozynski2010-55-56-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Storozynski2010-55-56_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storozynski2010-55-56_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storozynski2010-55-56_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storozynski2010-55-56_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storozynski2010-55-56_23-4">e</a> <a href="#AlexStorozynski">Storozynski, 2010</a>, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-cong-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cong_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cong_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cong_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cong_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cong_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cong_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cong_24-6">g</a> <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. 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Retrieved April 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+War+hero+Casimir+Pulaski+might+have+been+a+woman+or+intersex&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft.aulast=Siemaszko&rft.aufirst=Corky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Frevolutionary-war-hero-casimir-pulaski-might-have-been-woman-or-n991371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenberg2019" class="citation web cs1">Schoenberg, Nara (April 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-life-casimir-pulaski-intersex-040319-story.html">"'It's a woman. It's not Pulaski.': New documentary argues Revolutionary War hero was intersex"</a>. chicagotribune.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102160348/https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-life-casimir-pulaski-intersex-040319-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicagotribune.com&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+a+woman.+It%27s+not+Pulaski.%27%3A+New+documentary+argues+Revolutionary+War+hero+was+intersex&rft.date=2019-04-03&rft.aulast=Schoenberg&rft.aufirst=Nara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Flifestyles%2Fct-life-casimir-pulaski-intersex-040319-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Spotting, E., & Inc, C. A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1909&context=inkwell">Changing Perspectives</a>. Georgia Southern University. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Race, S. G. K. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1273&context=inkwell">Anthropology Professor Investigates Remains of General Pulaski</a>. Georgia Southern University. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViloriaNieto2020" class="citation book cs1">Viloria, Hida; Nieto, Maria (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qoq5DwAAQBAJ">The Spectrum of Sex: The Science of Male, Female, and Intersex</a>. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78775-266-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78775-266-5"><bdi>978-1-78775-266-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spectrum+of+Sex%3A+The+Science+of+Male%2C+Female%2C+and+Intersex&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78775-266-5&rft.aulast=Viloria&rft.aufirst=Hida&rft.au=Nieto%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQoq5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> James S. Pula, "Pulaski at Savannah: A Journey through Fact and Fiction," The Polish ReviewVol. 67, No. 4, 2022.' </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kiselewskisculpture.com/">"Sculpture"</a>. Joseph Kiselewski. Retrieved April 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joseph+Kiselewski&rft.atitle=Sculpture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiselewskisculpture.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sjres-76"><a href="#cite_ref-sjres_76-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/senate-joint-resolution/5">S.J.Res. 5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#Mann">Seattle Times, Nov 10, 2009</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warka-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Warka_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzeumpulaski.pl/en">"Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka"</a>. Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223212205/http://www.muzeumpulaski.pl/en/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casimir+Pulaski+Museum+in+Warka&rft.pub=Casimir+Pulaski+Museum+in+Warka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzeumpulaski.pl%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-psb394-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psb394_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb394_79-1">b</a> Szczygielski 1986, p. 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-monuments-80"><a href="#cite_ref-monuments_80-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savannahga.gov/cityweb/p&tweb.nsf/Monuments?OpenView">City of Savannah's monuments page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182655/http://www.savannahga.gov/cityweb/p%26tweb.nsf/Monuments?OpenView">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> This page links directly to numerous short entries, many accompanied by photographs, discussing a variety of monuments, memorials, etc., in the squares and elsewhere. Accessed June 16, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-barnett243-42-81"><a href="#cite_ref-barnett243-42_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2004" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, LeRoy (2004). A Drive Down Memory Lane: The Named State and Federal Highways of Michigan. Allegan Forest, Michigan: Priscilla Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886167-24-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-886167-24-9"><bdi>1-886167-24-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57425393">57425393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Drive+Down+Memory+Lane%3A+The+Named+State+and+Federal+Highways+of+Michigan&rft.place=Allegan+Forest%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Priscilla+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57425393&rft.isbn=1-886167-24-9&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=LeRoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uscg-82"><a href="#cite_ref-uscg_82-0">^</a> <a href="#coastguard">USRC Pulaski, 1825-1833, 78′ Marion Class Schooner</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marynarka_Wojenna-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Marynarka_Wojenna_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001123237/http://www.mw.mil.pl/index.php?akcja=oliver">"Marynarka Wojenna"</a> (in Polish). Mw.mil.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mw.mil.pl/index.php?akcja=oliver">the original</a> on October 1, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marynarka+Wojenna&rft.pub=Mw.mil.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mw.mil.pl%2Findex.php%3Fakcja%3Doliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casimir_Pulaski_–_Fort_Pulaski_National_Monument-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Casimir_Pulaski_–_Fort_Pulaski_National_Monument_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/fopu/historyculture/casimir-pulaski.htm">"Casimir Pulaski – Fort Pulaski National Monument"</a>. Nps.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120704231100/http://www.nps.gov/fopu/historyculture/casimir-pulaski.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casimir+Pulaski+%E2%80%93+Fort+Pulaski+National+Monument&rft.pub=Nps.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffopu%2Fhistoryculture%2Fcasimir-pulaski.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.army.mil/rheinland-pfalz/index.php/about/history#:~:text=He%20died%20of%20his%20wounds,,%20on%20June%2018,%201945.&text=Pulaski%20Barracks%20was%20named%20after,Civilian%20Service%20Groups%20after%20WWII.">"History: USAG Rheinland-Pfalz"</a>. home.army.mil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210211610/https://home.army.mil/rheinland-pfalz/index.php/about/history#:~:text=He%20died%20of%20his%20wounds,,%20on%20June%2018,%201945.&text=Pulaski%20Barracks%20was%20named%20after,Civilian%20Service%20Groups%20after%20WWII.">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=home.army.mil&rft.atitle=History%3A+USAG+Rheinland-Pfalz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.army.mil%2Frheinland-pfalz%2Findex.php%2Fabout%2Fhistory%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHe%2520died%2520of%2520his%2520wounds%2C%2C%2520on%2520June%252018%2C%25201945.%26text%3DPulaski%2520Barracks%2520was%2520named%2520after%2CCivilian%2520Service%2520Groups%2520after%2520WWII.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctgov-86"><a href="#cite_ref-ctgov_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ct.gov/ctva/lib/ctva/digital/hartford_war_memorials_list.pdf">"Hartford War Memorials"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163119/http://www.ct.gov/ctva/lib/ctva/digital/hartford_war_memorials_list.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hartford+War+Memorials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ct.gov%2Fctva%2Flib%2Fctva%2Fdigital%2Fhartford_war_memorials_list.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=pulaski+blvd+bellingham+ma+map&t=h_&iaxm=maps&source=maps">https://duckduckgo.com/?q=pulaski+blvd+bellingham+ma+map&t=h_&iaxm=maps&source=maps</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2008" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Stephen (August 13, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93563053">"Weeping At The Wheel: Crushingly Sad Songs"</a>. NPR. National Public Radio®. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043821/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93563053">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Weeping+At+The+Wheel%3A+Crushingly+Sad+Songs&rft.date=2008-08-13&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D93563053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/OkQzogkhv1A">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412174030/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkQzogkhv1A">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkQzogkhv1A">"Age of Empires III: Definitive Edition - United States Civilization Overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Age+of+Empires+III%3A+Definitive+Edition+-+United+States+Civilization+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DOkQzogkhv1A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabaldon2021" class="citation book cs1">Gabaldon, Diana (November 2021). "Chapters 93–97"; "Chapters 119–120"; "Author's notes". Go Tell the Bees That I Am Gone. Delacorte Press; Penguin Random House. pp. 622–657, 760–767, 962–963. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-49719-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-49719-7"><bdi>978-0-593-49719-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapters+93%E2%80%9397%22%3B+%22Chapters+119%E2%80%93120%22%3B+%22Author%27s+notes&rft.btitle=Go+Tell+the+Bees+That+I+Am+Gone&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E622-%3C%2Fspan%3E657%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E760-%3C%2Fspan%3E767%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E962-%3C%2Fspan%3E963&rft.pub=Delacorte+Press%3B+Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2021-11&rft.isbn=978-0-593-49719-7&rft.aulast=Gabaldon&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pastusiak" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pastusiak, Longin (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3MMCAAAAMAAJ">Kościuszko, Pułaski i inni: o udziale Polaków w osadnictwie amerykańskim i w walce o niepodległość Stanów Zjednoczonych</a> (in Polish). Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ko%C5%9Bciuszko%2C+Pu%C5%82aski+i+inni%3A+o+udziale+Polak%C3%B3w+w+osadnictwie+ameryka%C5%84skim+i+w+walce+o+niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87+Stan%C3%B3w+Zjednoczonych&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Krajowa+Agencja+Wydawnicza&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Pastusiak&rft.aufirst=Longin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3MMCAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bulletin1943" class="citation book cs1">Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ljUoAQAAMAAJ">Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America</a>. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. p. 451. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308192636/https://books.google.com/books?id=ljUoAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved September 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+the+Polish+Institute+of+Arts+and+Sciences+in+America&rft.pages=451&rft.pub=Polish+Institute+of+Arts+and+Sciences+in+America&rft.date=1943&rft.au=Polish+Institute+of+Arts+and+Sciences+in+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DljUoAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mystery" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poles.org/L_Kaz/E_Kaz.html">"The Pulaski Mystery"</a>. Poles.org. April 18, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110918102456/http://www.poles.org/L_Kaz/E_Kaz.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pulaski+Mystery&rft.pub=Poles.org&rft.date=2008-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poles.org%2FL_Kaz%2FE_Kaz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/fopu/historyculture/casimir-pulaski.htm">"Casimir Pulaski – Fort Pulaski National Monument"</a>. Nps.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120704231100/http://www.nps.gov/fopu/historyculture/casimir-pulaski.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casimir+Pulaski+%E2%80%93+Fort+Pulaski+National+Monument&rft.pub=Nps.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffopu%2Fhistoryculture%2Fcasimir-pulaski.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Denslow" class="citation book cs1">Denslow, William R. (2004). 10,000 Famous Freemasons V3, K to P, Volume 3. Kessinger Publishing, prepared by the Missouri Lodge of Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-7579-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-7579-2"><bdi>978-1-4179-7579-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=10%2C000+Famous+Freemasons+V3%2C+K+to+P%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=%3Cbr+%2F%3EKessinger+Publishing%2C+prepared+by+the+Missouri+Lodge+of+Research&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-7579-2&rft.aulast=Denslow&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-cCeOEXGyoC&q=Casimir+Pulaski">Url</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Maciejewski" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maciejewski, Janusz (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgxhAAAAMAAJ">Literatura barska</a> (in Polish). Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. Retrieved June 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literatura+barska&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Maciejewski&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgxhAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001123237/http://www.mw.mil.pl/index.php?akcja=oliver">"Marynarka Wojenna"</a> (in Polish). Mw.mil.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mw.mil.pl/index.php?akcja=oliver">the original</a> on October 1, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marynarka+Wojenna&rft.pub=Mw.mil.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mw.mil.pl%2Findex.php%3Fakcja%3Doliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1985" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Paul David (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthonywaynesold00nels/page/73">Anthony Wayne: Soldier of the Early Republic</a>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthonywaynesold00nels/page/73">73–74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-30751-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-30751-4"><bdi>978-0-253-30751-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11518827">11518827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthony+Wayne%3A+Soldier+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11518827&rft.isbn=978-0-253-30751-4&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Paul+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanthonywaynesold00nels%2Fpage%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="film" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishcultureacpc.org/Pulaski/Pulaski.pdf">"Casimir Pulaski Polish and American Hero. Project of documentary film by Jolanta Kessler-Chojecka"</a> (PDF). American Council for Polish Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215745/http://www.polishcultureacpc.org/Pulaski/Pulaski.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casimir+Pulaski+Polish+and+American+Hero.+Project+of+documentary+film+by+Jolanta+Kessler-Chojecka.&rft.pub=American+Council+for+Polish+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polishcultureacpc.org%2FPulaski%2FPulaski.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Szczygielski86" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szczygielski, Wacław (1986). "Pułaski Kazimierz". Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXIX (in Polish). Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-04-00148-9" title="Special:BookSources/83-04-00148-9"><bdi>83-04-00148-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pu%C5%82aski+Kazimierz&rft.btitle=Polski+S%C5%82ownik+Biograficzny%2C+Tom+XXIX&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+Imenia+Ossoli%C5%84skich+I+Wydawnictwo+Polskieh+Akademii+Nauk&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=83-04-00148-9&rft.aulast=Szczygielski&rft.aufirst=Wac%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722013614/http://castle.eiu.edu/~insight/pulaski/pulaski.htm">"Pulaski Day"</a>. Castle.eiu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://castle.eiu.edu/~insight/pulaski/pulaski.htm">the original</a> on July 22, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulaski+Day&rft.pub=Castle.eiu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcastle.eiu.edu%2F~insight%2Fpulaski%2Fpulaski.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poles.org/Sav_2005/Sav_05.html">"Pulaski's Grand Burial in Savannah"</a>. Poles.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101064022/http://www.poles.org/Sav_2005/Sav_05.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulaski%27s+Grand+Burial+in+Savannah&rft.pub=Poles.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poles.org%2FSav_2005%2FSav_05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sokol1992" class="citation book cs1">Stanley S. Sokol; Sharon F. Mrotek Kissane; Alfred L. Abramowicz (January 1, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polishbiographic00soko">The Polish Biographical Dictionary: Profiles of Nearly 900 Poles Who Have Made Lasting Contributions to World Civilization</a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polishbiographic00soko/page/327">327</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-245-7"><bdi>978-0-86516-245-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Biographical+Dictionary%3A+Profiles+of+Nearly+900+Poles+Who+Have+Made+Lasting+Contributions+to+World+Civilization&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-245-7&rft.au=Stanley+S.+Sokol&rft.au=Sharon+F.+Mrotek+Kissane&rft.au=Alfred+L.+Abramowicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolishbiographic00soko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stone" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Daniel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC&pg=PA272">The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795</a>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98093-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98093-5"><bdi>978-0-295-98093-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206170829/https://books.google.com/books?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC&pg=PA272">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish-Lithuanian+State%2C+1386%E2%80%931795&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98093-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFgB_l4SdHAC%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="AlexStorozynski" class="citation book cs1">Storozynski, Alex (August 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVqnlTbsdXcC&pg=PT23">The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution</a>. Macmillan. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-62594-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-62594-8"><bdi>978-0-312-62594-8</bdi></a>. 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Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp. 31–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3337-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3337-3"><bdi>978-0-8117-3337-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Paoli&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3337-3&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Russell" class="citation book cs1">Russell, David Lee (2000). The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0783-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-0783-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248087936">248087936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution+in+the+Southern+Colonies&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248087936&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0783-5&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=David+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2000" class="citation book cs1">Russell, David Lee (2000). 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Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0783-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-0783-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248087936">248087936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution+in+the+Southern+Colonies&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248087936&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0783-5&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=David+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, David K (2005). 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Retrieved May 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+affair+at+Egg+Harbor%2C+New+Jersey%2C+October+15%2C+1778&rft.pub=Naar%2C+Day+%26+Naar&rft.date=1894&rft.au=William+Scudder+Stryker&rft.au=Society+of+the+Cincinnati+in+the+State+of+New+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJQIrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="coastguard" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Pulaski_1825.pdf">"Pulaski, 1825; U.S. Coast Guard"</a> (PDF). U. S. Coast Guard Historian's Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927181103/http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Pulaski_1825.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulaski%2C+1825%3B+U.S.+Coast+Guard&rft.pub=U.+S.+Coast+Guard+Historian%27s+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscg.mil%2Fhistory%2Fwebcutters%2FPulaski_1825.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ct.gov/ctva/lib/ctva/digital/hartford_war_memorials_list.pdf">"Hartford War Memorials"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163119/http://www.ct.gov/ctva/lib/ctva/digital/hartford_war_memorials_list.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hartford+War+Memorials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ct.gov%2Fctva%2Flib%2Fctva%2Fdigital%2Fhartford_war_memorials_list.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kajencki2005" class="citation book cs1">Kajencki, Annmarie Francis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/countcasimirpula0000kaje">Count Casimir Pulaski: From Poland to America, A Hero's Fight for Liberty</a>. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-2646-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-2646-3"><bdi>978-1-4042-2646-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Count+Casimir+Pulaski%3A+From+Poland+to+America%2C+A+Hero%27s+Fight+for+Liberty&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-2646-3&rft.aulast=Kajencki&rft.aufirst=Annmarie+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcountcasimirpula0000kaje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKfKuDDM0doC">Url</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="WASP" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208073535/http://www.awiatsea.com/Privateers/W/Wasp%20South%20Carolina%20Brig%20%5bBulfinch%20Ferrer%5d.html">"WASP"</a>. American War of Independence – At Sea. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WASP&rft.pub=American+War+of+Independence+%E2%80%93+At+Sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awiatsea.com%2FPrivateers%2FW%2FWasp%2520South%2520Carolina%2520Brig%2520%255bBulfinch%2520Ferrer%255d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pinkowski" class="citation web cs1">Pinkowski, Edward (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poles.org/p_body.html">"General Pulaski's Body"</a>. Pulaski Museum in Warka, Poland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220640/http://www.poles.org/p_body.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Pulaski%27s+Body&rft.pub=Pulaski+Museum+in+Warka%2C+Poland&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Pinkowski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poles.org%2Fp_body.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1885" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Charles Colcock (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sepultureofmajor00jonerich">Sepulture of Major General Nathanael Greene : and of Brig. Gen. Count Casimir Pulaski</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sepulture+of+Major+General+Nathanael+Greene+%3A+and+of+Brig.+Gen.+Count+Casimir+Pulaski&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Charles+Colcock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsepultureofmajor00jonerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1997" class="citation book cs1">Collins, David R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heroonhorsebacks0000coll">Hero on Horseback: The Story of Casimir Pulaski</a>. Los Angeles: Pelican Publishing. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-0570-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-0570-5"><bdi>978-1-4556-0570-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hero+on+Horseback%3A+The+Story+of+Casimir+Pulaski&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-4556-0570-5&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheroonhorsebacks0000coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heroonhorsebacks0000coll">Url</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerner1936" class="citation book cs1">Kerner, Robert Joseph (1936). Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski, A Hero of the American Revolution. San Francisco: Slavonic Alliance of California. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30632693">30632693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brigadier+General+Casimir+Pulaski%2C+A+Hero+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Slavonic+Alliance+of+California&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30632693&rft.aulast=Kerner&rft.aufirst=Robert+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzJCAAAAIAAJ">Url</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonopczynskitranslated_by_Irena_Makarewicz1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wladyslaw_Konopczynski" class="mw-redirect" title="Wladyslaw Konopczynski">Konopczynski, Wladyslaw</a>; translated by Irena Makarewicz (1947). Casimir Pulaski. Archives and museum. Vol. 11. Annals of the Polish Roman Catholic Union. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/459864667">459864667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Casimir+Pulaski&rft.series=Archives+and+museum&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Annals+of+the+Polish+Roman+Catholic+Union&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F459864667&rft.aulast=Konopczynski&rft.aufirst=Wladyslaw&rft.au=translated+by+Irena+Makarewicz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shepherd, Joshua, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2019/02/13/soldiers-casimir-pulaski/">Soldiers: Casimir Pulaski</a>, Warfare History Network, February 13, 2019</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefaniak2007" class="citation book cs1">Stefaniak, Iwona, ed. (2007). 40 lat Muzeum im. Kazimierza Pułaskiego w Warce: bohater, historia i perspektywy rozwoju: materiały z polsko-amerykańskiego sympozjum w Warce-Winiarach, 13–16 października 2007 [Forty Years of the Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka: The Hero, History and Perspectives for Development: Papers from the Polish-American Symposium in Warka-Winiary, October 13–16, 2007]. Warka: Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-925551-5-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-925551-5-5"><bdi>978-83-925551-5-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212815661">212815661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=40+lat+Muzeum+im.+Kazimierza+Pu%C5%82askiego+w+Warce%3A+bohater%2C+historia+i+perspektywy+rozwoju%3A+materia%C5%82y+z+polsko-ameryka%C5%84skiego+sympozjum+w+Warce-Winiarach%2C+13%E2%80%9316+pa%C5%BAdziernika+2007&rft.place=Warka&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Casimir+Pulaski+Museum+in+Warka&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212815661&rft.isbn=978-83-925551-5-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Casimir Pulaski">Casimir Pulaski</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kazimierz_Pu%C5%82aski" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kazimierz Pułaski">Kazimierz Pułaski</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poles.org/PulaskiBio.html">A Chronology of Casimir Pulaski's Life 1745–1779</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poles.org/Lenkiewicz.html">One More Funeral of Kazimierz Pulaski 221 Years After his Death</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12561a.htm">Biography from Catholic Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100901023219/http://castle.eiu.edu/~insight/pulaski/pulaski.htm">Casimir Pulaski Day</a>, the Office of Civil Rights and Diversity at <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Illinois_University" title="Eastern Illinois University">Eastern Illinois University</a>. Leszek Szymański, Casimir Pulaski: A Hero of the American Revolution, E207.P8 S97 1994.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083502/http://www.muzeumpulaski.pl/html/kazimierz_pu3aski.html">"KAZIMIERZ PUŁASKI"</a> [Casimir Pulaski biography on Casimir Pulaski's Museum in Warka, Poland] (in Polish). Muzeum im. Kazimierza Pułaskiego w Warce. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzeumpulaski.pl/html/kazimierz_pu3aski.html">the original</a> on August 17, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KAZIMIERZ+PU%C5%81ASKI&rft.pub=Muzeum+im.+Kazimierza+Pu%C5%82askiego+w+Warce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzeumpulaski.pl%2Fhtml%2Fkazimierz_pu3aski.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACasimir+Pulaski" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulaski.pl/">Casimir Pulaski Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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