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data-v-37f3ca11><span></span><span></span><span></span></button></div></div></div><div class="menu-wrapper"></div><div class="menu-wrapper-user"></div></header><div class="dn-grid-layout"><span></span><span></span><div class="content"><div class="article"><article style="" class="dn-article" datalayout="text-first"><div class="dn-article-top" data-zone="article-top" data-list><div class="topic-holder"><a href="https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/electrolysers" rel="noopener" title="Electrolysers" class="dn-link pill tag" data-v-8c016434><span class="text" data-v-8c016434>Electrolysers</span></a></div><h1 class="dn-headline title" data-v-6d246014>The impact of intermittency on electrolysers and green hydrogen production: what we know and what we don’t</h1><p class="lead">Comprehensive review of 130 studies shows that alkaline and PEM electrolysis performance will be negatively affected by variable power supply from wind and solar</p><figure class="dn-image default article-top-image" data-load="eager"><picture class="ratio-3x2"><source type="webp" srcset="https://images.dngroup.com/image/eyJ3Ijo5ODAsImYiOiJ3ZWJwIiwiayI6ImRiNGQyYTYwY2I3NWEyMDUxNDVkMjFhMWQ0MTc3YTViIiwiY3JvcCI6WzE1NiwwLDEzNjYsOTEwXSwiciI6MS41LCJvIjoiZ2xvYmFsIn0"><source type="jpeg" srcset="https://images.dngroup.com/image/eyJ3Ijo5ODAsImYiOiJqcGVnIiwiayI6ImRiNGQyYTYwY2I3NWEyMDUxNDVkMjFhMWQ0MTc3YTViIiwiY3JvcCI6WzE1NiwwLDEzNjYsOTEwXSwiciI6MS41LCJvIjoiZ2xvYmFsIn0"><img alt="A rendering of an alkaline electrolysis system - with electrolyser stack in the foreground and balance of plant in the background - produced by Chinese supplier Sungrow." loading="eager" src="https://images.dngroup.com/image/eyJ3Ijo5ODAsImYiOiJ3ZWJwIiwiayI6ImRiNGQyYTYwY2I3NWEyMDUxNDVkMjFhMWQ0MTc3YTViIiwiY3JvcCI6WzE1NiwwLDEzNjYsOTEwXSwiciI6MS41LCJvIjoiZ2xvYmFsIn0" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async"></picture><figcaption><span class="caption-below-image">A rendering of an alkaline electrolysis system - with electrolyser stack in the foreground and balance of plant in the background - produced by Chinese supplier Sungrow.</span><span class="credit">Photo: Sungrow</span></figcaption></figure><div class="dn-meta-data"><div class="dn-bylines-column" data-list><div class="dn-byline"><div class="author-content"><div class="author"><ul class="author-list"><li data-info-comma="," data-info-and="and"><a href="mailto:leigh.collins@hydrogeninsight.com" rel="noopener" title="Leigh Collins" class="dn-link" data-v-8c016434><span class="text" data-v-8c016434>Leigh Collins</span></a></li></ul><div class="author-subtle"><span>Editor, Hydrogen Insight</span></div></div></div></div><span></span></div><div class="dn-published-and-buttons" data-list="reverse"></div><div class="dn-published-and-buttons" data-list="reverse"></div><span></span></div></div><div class="dn-content" data-zone="article-body"><script type="text/javascript"> if (!window.Zephr) window.Zephr = {}; if (!window.Zephr.outcomes) window.Zephr.outcomes = {}; window.Zephr.outcomes['hide-seo'] = { featureLabel: 'Hide SEO', outcomeId: 'transformation/1#1', outcomeLabel: 'Remove' }; </script> <span></span></div></article><div style="" class="dn-below-article-interaction" data-zone="article-bottom"><div class="action" data-list><div class="meta-info"><span class="dn-date-time published" data-datetime="2024-06-10T07:35:05+00:00" data-v-e1a22bc5>Published 10 June 2024, 07:35</span><span class="dn-date-time updated" data-datetime="2024-06-10T09:59:38+00:00" data-v-e1a22bc5>Updated 10 June 2024, 09:59</span></div><a href="https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/tag/alkaline_electrolysers" rel="noopener" title="alkaline electrolysers" class="dn-link pill tag" data-v-8c016434><span class="text" data-v-8c016434>alkaline electrolysers</span></a><a href="https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/tag/PEM_electrolysers" rel="noopener" title="PEM electrolysers" class="dn-link pill tag" data-v-8c016434><span class="text" data-v-8c016434>PEM electrolysers</span></a><a 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impact of intermittency on electrolysers and green hydrogen production: what we know and what we don’t","text-first","news","published","Comprehensive review of 130 studies shows that alkaline and PEM electrolysis performance will be negatively affected by variable power supply from wind and solar","2024-06-10T09:59:38Z","2024-06-10T07:35:05Z",{"type":39,"src":40,"caption":41,"credit":42,"imageCrops":43,"pointOfInterest":55},"picture","https://images-global.nhst.tech/image/bVI5cGZ0MzNyQmNNUE9yb1RVMnYzTmE5cTRtemFrUWFBSVNINUMvZ20xZz0=/nhst/binary/db4d2a60cb75a205145d21a1d4177a5b","A rendering of an alkaline electrolysis system - with electrolyser stack in the foreground and balance of plant in the background - produced by Chinese supplier Sungrow.","Photo: Sungrow",{"2x1":44,"free":49,"3x2":51},[45,46,47,48],0,73,1600,798,[45,45,47,50],946,[52,45,53,54],156,1366,910,{"originalWidth":47,"originalHeight":50,"x":56,"y":45,"width":57,"height":58,"centerX":59,"centerY":60},0.205,0.59125,1,0.500625,0.5,[62,65,67,97,99,101,103,113,115,119,121,123,125,147,149,151,153,155,180,182,184,186,188,190,213,215,217,219,221,226,228,230,232,234,252,255,257,259,261,276,278,280,282,284,286,288,307,309,311,313,336,338,340,344,346],{"type":63,"html":64},"text","The production of green hydrogen requires renewable energy to power the electrolysers that split water molecules into H\u003Csub>2\u003C/sub> and oxygen.",{"type":63,"html":66},"And under the “additionality” rules to access the much-needed subsidies in the US and EU (under current guidelines), it will be necessary for developers to use power from new renewables projects — which, on the basis of cost and ease of construction, are most likely to be intermittent wind and solar power.",{"type":68,"header":69,"items":70},"related","",[71],{"type":33,"id":72,"title":73,"url":74,"accessLevel":75,"picture":76},"2-1-1585237","Green hydrogen | 'Electrolysers have not fully demonstrated that they are compatible with intermittent renewables': BNEF","https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/electrolysers/green-hydrogen-electrolysers-have-not-fully-demonstrated-that-they-are-compatible-with-intermittent-renewables-bnef/2-1-1585237","open",{"type":39,"src":77,"caption":78,"credit":79,"imageCrops":80,"pointOfInterest":94},"https://images-global.nhst.tech/image/MHZudDNZdmFheE0zVHdLdEJVVWFHdFlxczlySU1SQ2Iyb05pSlk4VXJRdz0=/nhst/binary/354c325b015fc80e0dbdf83fefd4c01e","One of the underperforming Chinese electrolysers at the 260MW Kuqa green hydrogen project in Xinjiang, China.","Photo: Chinese government",{"5x7":81,"2x1":85,"free":88,"3x2":89},[82,45,83,84],421,756,1068,[45,86,47,87],268,799,[45,45,47,84],[90,91,92,93],43,201,1302,866,{"originalWidth":47,"originalHeight":84,"x":95,"y":45,"width":96,"height":58,"centerX":60,"centerY":60},0.16625,0.6675,{"type":63,"html":98},"Given the importance of wind and solar to the green hydrogen sector, it may be surprising to learn that the impact of intermittent (or variable) power supply on electrolysers is not yet fully understood, according to a new “comprehensive review” of 130 previously published studies into alkaline and PEM electrolysis published in the \u003Ci>International Journal of Hydrogen Energy\u003C/i>.",{"type":63,"html":100},"\u003Cb>The knowns\u003C/b>",{"type":63,"html":102},"The study does point out that there is a known negative impact on the performance of electrolysis systems when powered by variable renewable supply.",{"type":104,"promoboxType":105,"template":106,"view":69,"design":107,"title":108,"selectedImage":109,"hideImage":9,"text":110,"buttonLabel":111,"url":112},"promobox","feature,news","Accelerate Hydrogen - Hydrogen Insight","green","Stay ahead on hydrogen with our free newsletter","https://static1.dn.no/promobox/2023/06/30/01/54/01/a394ba3c-fddb-9ce9-401f-927ab32716be.jpg","Keep up with the latest developments in the international hydrogen industry with the free Accelerate Hydrogen newsletter.\n\nSign up now for an unbiased, clear-sighted view of the fast-growing hydrogen sector.","Sign up now","https://rechargenews.us1.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=9ce2040dca4d38f9282025975&id=1c1e9d119f",{"type":63,"html":114},"“Both the performance and durability of electrolysers are impacted by the frequency of intermittent cycles during intermittent operation,” says the report, entitled \u003Ci>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319924019049\">Impacts of intermittency on low-temperature electrolysis technologies: A comprehensive review\u003C/a>\u003C/i>.",{"type":116,"injected":8,"id":117,"label":118,"minHeight":-1,"class":-1},"ad","hydrogen_netboard-article-1","Article continues below the advert",{"type":63,"html":120},"“Quantitative studies incorporating intermittent profiles from renewable energies have shown that the average efficiency of electrolyzers is lower than under steady nominal conditions.",{"type":63,"html":122},"“There is unanimous agreement among studies that variations in temperature and electrical load strongly impact efficiency, gas purity, and durability.”",{"type":63,"html":124},"In other words, the continuous ramping up and down of electrolysers from wind- and solar-based input reduces the amount of green hydrogen that electrolyser systems can produce in both the short and long term.",{"type":68,"header":69,"items":126},[127],{"type":33,"id":128,"title":129,"url":130,"accessLevel":75,"picture":131},"2-1-1566679","EXCLUSIVE | World's largest green hydrogen project 'has major problems due to its Chinese electrolysers': BNEF","https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/production/exclusive-worlds-largest-green-hydrogen-project-has-major-problems-due-to-its-chinese-electrolysers-bnef/2-1-1566679",{"type":39,"src":132,"caption":133,"credit":79,"imageCrops":134,"pointOfInterest":144},"https://images-global.nhst.tech/image/Um9DcHFBVURIa1d3bE9aeWZwMGx1TmE5cTRtemFrUWFBSVNINUMvZ20xZz0=/nhst/binary/9e66dcc3ab20d05affd2c963931adcfc","An aerial view of the Kuqa plant.",{"5x7":135,"2x1":139,"free":140,"3x2":141},[136,45,137,138],479,637,900,[45,45,47,87],[45,45,47,138],[142,45,143,138],124,1350,{"originalWidth":47,"originalHeight":138,"x":145,"y":45,"width":146,"height":58,"centerX":60,"centerY":60},0.21875,0.5625,{"type":63,"html":148},"It adds that intermittency does not just impact the electrolyser stack — the part where water molecules are split into hydrogen and oxygen — but the balance of plant (BoP) too, including purification units, circulation pumps, fans and control systems, “leading to an overall decrease of the system efficiency during intermittent operation”.",{"type":63,"html":150},"“The highest efficiency of 59.88% HHV [\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_combustion#Higher_heating_value\">higher heating value\u003C/a>] was achieved at full capacity, compared to 43.96% HHV under wind-type conditions,” the report explains.",{"type":63,"html":152},"It points to one study from 2023 that found that a 60kW PEM electrolyser required 67kWh to produce 1kg of hydrogen at maximum load, but this fell to 80kWh/kg when operating at 60% of load, and 140kWh/kg at 30%.",{"type":63,"html":154},"“Performance losses were mainly attributed to the energy consumption of the BoP components, where 80% were associated to the recirculation pump.”",{"type":68,"header":69,"items":156},[157],{"type":33,"id":158,"title":159,"url":160,"accessLevel":75,"picture":161},"2-1-1608114","'Hydrogen technology across electrolysers, distribution and refuelling is not as mature as we expected on IPO': Everfuel CEO","https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/production/hydrogen-technology-across-electrolysers-distribution-and-refuelling-is-not-as-mature-as-we-expected-on-ipo-everfuel-ceo/2-1-1608114",{"type":39,"src":162,"caption":163,"credit":164,"imageCrops":165,"pointOfInterest":176},"https://images-global.nhst.tech/image/b0paVXY1SG1IYVAvbnRQWWRnOHdpdGE5cTRtemFrUWFBSVNINUMvZ20xZz0=/nhst/binary/a2b6af15a578a75b84b23f8c32fc7b6e","Everfuel CEO Jacob Krogsgaard.","Photo: Everfuel",{"5x7":166,"2x1":170,"free":172,"3x2":173},[167,45,168,169],838,742,1044,[45,45,47,171],797,[45,45,47,169],[174,45,175,169],28,1571,{"originalWidth":47,"originalHeight":169,"x":177,"y":45,"width":178,"height":58,"centerX":179,"centerY":60},0.2575,0.6525,0.58375,{"type":63,"html":181},"The report explains that higher currents lead to a higher amount of heat generation in the stack, and that operating the stack at lower than optimal temperatures results in significant losses in system.",{"type":116,"injected":8,"id":183,"label":118,"minHeight":-1,"class":-1},"hydrogen_netboard-article-2",{"type":63,"html":185},"“When supplied with intermittent power conditions, the electrolyzer struggles to maintain its nominal temperature due to frequent start-up, shut-down periods and fluctuations coming from the electrical load profile,” it says.",{"type":63,"html":187},"“Beyond the thermal aspect, efficiency decrease is also attributed to hydrogen losses, arising from unwanted mechanisms occurring at the stack level, eg, crossover phenomena [in which oxygen and water residues appear in the hydrogen], \u003Ca href=\"https://www.comsol.com/blogs/modeling-shunt-currents-in-an-alkaline-electrolyzer-stack\">shunt current\u003C/a> [which can reduce energy efficiency and cause corrosion] in the case of alkaline technology etc, but also from regeneration processes during the operation of the purification units and hydrogen venting and leaks at the system level.”",{"type":63,"html":189},"The paper explains that one study found that the gas dryer operation [to remove water vapour] accounted for 90% of the total hydrogen losses at the system level.",{"type":68,"header":69,"items":191},[192],{"type":33,"id":193,"title":194,"url":195,"accessLevel":75,"picture":196},"2-1-1606626","ANALYSIS | Hydrogen electrolyser makers standing firm amid a quintuple whammy of pressures","https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/analysis/analysis-hydrogen-electrolyser-makers-standing-firm-amid-a-quintuple-whammy-of-pressures/2-1-1606626",{"type":39,"src":197,"caption":198,"credit":199,"imageCrops":200,"pointOfInterest":210},"https://images-global.nhst.tech/image/ZjZIZWltMTJpVXZJNE81SVlMc0tKRVRDWG9ZbWtaWWp1TEhUUlM1UEhYQT0=/nhst/binary/3cbc7f304efc59539269a5e60f199365","Electrolyser maker McPhy's falling share price over the past 12 months.","Photo: Euronext",{"5x7":201,"2x1":204,"free":206,"3x2":207},[82,45,202,203],761,1072,[45,205,47,87],239,[45,45,47,203],[45,208,47,209],4,1062,{"originalWidth":47,"originalHeight":203,"x":211,"y":45,"width":212,"height":58,"centerX":60,"centerY":60},0.165,0.67,{"type":63,"html":214},"“In the case of PEM electrolysers, an additional issue related to filling and draining phenomena arises when the system operates intermittently.",{"type":63,"html":216},"“Transport mechanisms of water from the oxygen to the hydrogen side through the polymer membrane rises the water level in the hydrogen separator. To counterbalance these phenomena, drainages are scheduled during the system operation when the water level in the hydrogen separator exceeds the tolerated threshold. However, these draining phenomena lead to pressure drops and consequently, variation of the hydrogen flow at the system outlet.”",{"type":63,"html":218},"Regular start-ups and shutdowns of electrolysers also cause long-term performance issues, the study adds (\u003Ci>see panel below for detailed explanation\u003C/i>).",{"type":63,"html":220},"“Intermittent operation involves fluctuations in the electrical load profile, with variations in current density, voltage, and operating conditions (temperature, pressure, flow rate …)... These dynamic operational features generate thermal and mechanical stresses, including shocks and vibrations, affecting the electrochemical performance and long-term mechanical stability of the system,” the report explains.",{"type":222,"id":223,"title":224,"html":225,"source":69},"factbox","2-1-513ef49deef53b82d6e3efef0e6324f5","How shut-downs and cold start-ups cause problems for electrolysers","\u003Cp>“During a cold start-up, the auxiliaries are switched on and the electrolyzer is driven through safety measures and several time-consuming steps including a pressurization stage, the activation of purification units and system heating, inducing additional power consumption and hydrogen losses,\" the report explains.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>“The shut-down process involves the system depressurization and various safety measures related to crossover-related issues, which have to be launched quickly. An electrolyzer operating at high pressure will therefore take a longer time to reach a totally inert state than one operating at atmospheric pressure.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>“Yet, it is necessary to ensure that the power supply needed for the quick launch of these operational steps is sufficient to ensure the system safety, which an intermittent energy source is not able to guarantee.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>“Moreover, intermittent operation may lead to situations where the electrical setpoint drops below the minimum threshold. In this situation, the system automatically leaves the production state to initiate a shut-down. Pressurization hydrogen is then lost through the venting lines and additional energy required to complete each step of system shut-down is consumed.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>“To minimize the energy consumption associated with frequent start-ups and shut-downs, most electrolyzers incorporate stand-by periods. These phases maintain pressure and keep the electrolyzer close to its nominal operating temperature, facilitating quicker system resumption from a hot state compared to cold start-ups.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>“Nevertheless, the continuous operation of auxiliaries during stand-by increases energy consumption without producing hydrogen.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>“Furthermore, due to pressure maintaining, gas crossover [ie, hydrogen and oxygen mixing after crossing over the membrane that is supposed to separate them], which still occurs during stand-by periods leading to decreased gas purity and greater demand on purification units, resulting in higher electricity consumption.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>“Additionally, despite maintaining proximity to the required level, temperature may slightly drop below its nominal range, affecting efficiency.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>“The intermittent nature of the operation therefore poses a challenge because frequent transitions between different operational states during system operation lead to reduced performance.”\u003C/p>",{"type":63,"html":227},"One study on PEM electrolysis found “a significant performance decay with increasing number of short-time scale fluctuations, which suggests that the impact on durability is closely linked to the frequency of intermittent events”.",{"type":63,"html":229},"Another PEM-focused study found that the “irreversible degradation rate” under a PV-only scenario simulation was four times higher than when PV was integrated with a back-up battery to reduce starts and stops in operation.",{"type":63,"html":231},"The “same outcomes” were found in alkaline electrolysis studies, in which on-off cycles resulted in a drop in hydrogen production at the stack, which was attributed to “the progressive formation of a barrier to active sites caused by the accumulation and coalescence of gas bubbles on the upper part of the electrodes, resulting in increased kinetic resistance”.",{"type":63,"html":233},"When gas bubbles are not evenly distributed, local hotspots can form on the membrane and catalysts that can “induce thermal stress to the mechanical structure”.",{"type":68,"header":69,"items":235},[236],{"type":33,"id":237,"title":238,"url":239,"accessLevel":75,"picture":240},"2-1-1577860","Problems at world’s largest existing green hydrogen project will not be solved until late 2025, Sinopec admits","https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/production/problems-at-world-s-largest-existing-green-hydrogen-project-will-not-be-solved-until-late-2025-sinopec-admits/2-1-1577860",{"type":39,"src":241,"caption":242,"credit":243,"imageCrops":244,"pointOfInterest":251},"https://images-global.nhst.tech/image/cVo1VUtlUkZQbHUzK1BUU1VQMU00OWE5cTRtemFrUWFBSVNINUMvZ20xZz0=/nhst/binary/ba6188d3a1791993526302739e4d2a44","Hydrogen storage tanks at Sinopec's 260MW Kuqa green hydrogen project, the world's largest, in Xinjiang, China.","Photo: Sinopec",{"5x7":245,"2x1":246,"free":248,"3x2":249},[136,45,137,138],[45,247,47,87],100,[45,45,47,138],[250,45,143,138],119,{"originalWidth":47,"originalHeight":138,"x":145,"y":45,"width":146,"height":58,"centerX":60,"centerY":60},{"type":253,"value":254},"subhead","Uncertainties",{"type":63,"html":256},"But while most studies reviewed by researchers from Engie’s Crigen Lab and the University of Franche-Comté in eastern France suggested that intermittency negatively impacted durability, “some authors have investigated the effect of specific dynamic conditions and have shown that intermittency may have in some cases positive effects on performance”.",{"type":63,"html":258},"Some studies found that giving rest periods to electrolysis cells that make up stacks allowed them to partially recover some of their performance degradiation, suggesting that integrating rest periods into operation would help reduce irreversible decay — something that would naturally be factored into solar-only operations, as the sun doesn’t shine at night.",{"type":63,"html":260},"It concludes that there is “a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the impacts of intermittency on the decay rate of electrolysers”.",{"type":68,"header":69,"items":262},[263],{"type":33,"id":264,"title":265,"url":266,"accessLevel":75,"picture":267},"2-1-1547716","Lack of experience in large-scale green hydrogen projects increases risk of explosions, injuries and deaths: study","https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/production/lack-of-experience-in-large-scale-green-hydrogen-projects-increases-risk-of-explosions-injuries-and-deaths-study/2-1-1547716",{"type":39,"src":268,"caption":269,"credit":270,"imageCrops":271},"https://images-global.nhst.tech/image/a1JKVXFYQW9USGcwQXZVOEJ2L2ljUkZqenpZalNOdnY0U2VKL0RFamdIbz0=/nhst/binary/82eb4791063499dee8a7cb249dbdd267","Hydrogen and oxygen separator pipes at Repsol's 2.5MW green hydrogen pilot project in Bilbao","Photo: Repsol",{"2x1":272,"3x2":274},[45,273,47,171],136,[45,45,47,275],1066,{"type":253,"value":277},"Unknowns",{"type":63,"html":279},"The researchers argue that their review “has uncovered several gaps in the existing literature”.",{"type":63,"html":281},"“Most publications examining the effects of intermittency on the performance indicators of electrolyzers are grounded in dynamic tests under part-load conditions or synthetic profiles mimicking the behavior of renewable energy sources.",{"type":63,"html":283},"“However, very few quantitative studies of intermittency based on actual operational data profiles, and especially at the system level, are available to date.”",{"type":63,"html":285},"They add: “It is also worth noting that no long-term study based on renewable profiles has been identified in the literature.",{"type":63,"html":287},"“However, a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of intermittency relies on analyzing intermittent events at various time scales. Applying annual renewable profiles would, in this sense, help to capture the effects of seasonal intermittencies on the degradation of electrolyzers.”",{"type":68,"header":69,"items":289},[290],{"type":33,"id":291,"title":292,"url":293,"accessLevel":75,"picture":294},"2-1-1501390","EXCLUSIVE | Cummins issues electrolyser recall amid technical issues for 'a small number' of green hydrogen projects","https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/electrolysers/exclusive-cummins-issues-electrolyser-recall-amid-technical-issues-for-a-small-number-of-green-hydrogen-projects/2-1-1501390",{"type":39,"src":295,"caption":296,"credit":297,"imageCrops":298},"https://images-global.nhst.tech/image/a1JKVXFYQW9USGcwQXZVOEJ2L2ljZldEWk5nSHFoVkg3TFdETjdzcklFWT0=/nhst/binary/036186850a598827fff07fe3ab2d042a","A close-up of PEM electrolyser stacks.","Photo: Accelera",{"5x7":299,"2x1":303,"free":304,"3x2":305},[300,45,301,302],620,850,1200,[45,205,47,48],[45,45,47,302],[45,306,47,275],66,{"type":63,"html":308},"The study also point out that there have been no studies into the impact of intermittency on the degradation of BoP components, and how this might affect gas purity.",{"type":63,"html":310},"In addition to this, there is an “absence of standardized methods and test protocols for assessing the impacts of intermittency”.",{"type":63,"html":312},"“Up to now, most studies rely on comparing the average performances of electrolyzers under intermittent and steady nominal conditions. However, this approach raises two fundamental issues that are not considered: i) the average capacity factor of the tested intermittent profile is not equal to the nominal operating point of the electrolyzer. Thus, it amounts to comparing the system performances at two distinct average operating points, which fails to provide additional insights into the dynamic effects of intermittency on system performance.",{"type":68,"header":69,"items":314},[315],{"type":33,"id":316,"title":317,"url":318,"accessLevel":75,"picture":319},"2-1-1480577","Green hydrogen | Which type of electrolyser should you use? Alkaline, PEM, solid oxide or the latest tech?","https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/electrolysers/green-hydrogen-which-type-of-electrolyser-should-you-use-alkaline-pem-solid-oxide-or-the-latest-tech-/2-1-1480577",{"type":39,"src":320,"caption":321,"credit":322,"imageCrops":323},"https://images-global.nhst.tech/image/UmdFSUd2WklNRFZJU1V3cU14MWFRaTBhMlE3a2JRdlV5MGxyNElDYnQwTT0=/nhst/binary/75bf10c224f81afdaf27c0eac37ca47b","John Cockerill's Roland Hequet speaking at the Hydrogen Insight webinar last week.","Photo: Hydrogen Insight",{"5x7":324,"2x1":328,"free":331,"3x2":332},[325,45,326,327],440,713,1002,[45,329,47,330],205,796,[45,45,47,327],[205,333,334,335],252,1125,749,{"type":63,"html":337},"It continues: “ii) for studies that have incorporated dynamic effects of intermittency into their analysis, the parameters often studied include variations in the frequency and amplitude of intermittent cycles endured by the system. However, the majority of identified publications that have adopted this approach are related to durability and degradation studies. Integrating additional parameters may offer further insights into the performance and behavior of electrolyzers in response to specific dynamic effects. They may also aid in distinguishing the impact factor associated with various inherent features of intermittent operation.”",{"type":63,"html":339},"The paper argues that understanding the impact of intermittent operation is “crucial to enhance the level of knowledge on electrolysis technologies and improve system design and operation”.",{"type":222,"id":341,"title":342,"html":343,"source":69},"2-1-b9cf9aea528395b30492bbb55e33bbce","The report's key conclusions in a nutshell","\u003Cp>1) Performance and durability of electrolysers at all levels of the system operation are significantly influenced by the variation of temperature and electrical load conditions\u003C/p>\u003Cp>2) Both the performance and durability of electrolysers are impacted by the frequency of intermittent cycles during intermittent operation\u003C/p>\u003Cp>3) Short current interruption or decrease promotes partial performance recovery\u003C/p>\u003Cp>4) The stiffness of ramp-up and ramp-down events typically encountered in intermittent operation has an impact on the efficiency, gas purity and degradation rate\u003C/p>\u003Cp>5) The \u003Ca href=\"https://www.hsa.org.uk/electricity/waveform-and-frequency\">frequency and waveform\u003C/a> of \u003Ca href=\"https://byjus.com/physics/ripple-factor/\">ripple factors\u003C/a> encountered in power conversion units impact the efficiency and degradation rate of electrolysers.\u003C/p>",{"type":63,"html":345},"“Ultimately, these efforts may promote the extensive development of renewable electrolyzers and improve the cost-effectiveness of large-scale projects in the coming years.”",{"type":63,"html":347},"And it adds that there should be further investigation into the impact of intermittency on “additional indicators, such as system diagnosis and control design… to elaborate effective mititgation strategies”.",53,{"authors":350,"options":361},[351],{"type":352,"name":353,"source":354,"sourceId":355,"email":356,"userName":357,"hasAuthorPage":9,"options":358},"author","Leigh Collins","drpublish","1053","leigh.collins@hydrogeninsight.com","l_collins",{"alternativeBylineProfileText":359,"profileTitle":360},"Leigh Collins is Recharge’s Managing Editor, leading its energy-transition coverage as well as editing its magazines, dailies and the weekly Accelerate newsletter. 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