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<span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_traces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_traces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early traces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_traces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epigraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epigraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Epigraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epigraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Coins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Kannada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Kannada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Old Kannada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Kannada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Kannada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Kannada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Middle Kannada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Kannada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Kannada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Kannada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Modern Kannada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Kannada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compound_bases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_bases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Compound bases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_bases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sample text subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kannada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kannada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Kannada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kannada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanisation_(ISO_15919)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanisation_(ISO_15919)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Romanisation (ISO 15919)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanisation_(ISO_15919)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IPA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>IPA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IPA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kannada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 125 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">125 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%90%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%9B" title="ካነዳኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካነዳኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC" title="कन्नड़ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कन्नड़" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الكنادية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الكنادية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_canar%C3%A9s" title="Idioma canarés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma canarés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="কন্নড় ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কন্নড় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_canar%C3%A9s" title="Idioma canarés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma canarés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_dili" title="Kannada dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kannada dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کنادا دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کنادا دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="কন্নড় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কন্নড় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada-g%C3%AD" title="Kannada-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kannada-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Канада (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канада (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Канадзкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канадзкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कन्नड़ भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कन्नड़ भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Каннада – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каннада" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadeg_(yezh)" title="Kannadeg (yezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kannadeg (yezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanar%C3%A8s" title="Kanarès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kanarès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Kanares" title="Pinulongang Kanares – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Kanares" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannad%C5%A1tina" title="Kannadština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kannadština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_(sprog)" title="Kannada (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kannada (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%91%DE%A7" title="ކައްނަޑާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކައްނަޑާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_keel" title="Kannada keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kannada keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κανάντα γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κανάντα γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_canar%C3%A9s" title="Idioma canarés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma canarés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanara_lingvo" title="Kanara lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanara lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="زبان کنادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان کنادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_bhasa" title="Kannada bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kannada bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_kanaresa" title="Lingua kanaresa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua kanaresa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="કન્નડ ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કન્નડ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कन्नड भास – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="कन्नड भास" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada-ng%C3%AE" title="Kannada-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kannada-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B8%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4%EC%96%B4" title="칸나다어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칸나다어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1_(%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82)" title="Կաննադա (լեզու) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաննադա (լեզու)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कन्नड़ भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कन्नड़ भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_jezik" title="Kannada jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kannada jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanarezo_linguo" title="Kanarezo linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kanarezo linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Kanares" title="Pagsasao a Kanares – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Kanares" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="কন্নড় ঠার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কন্নড় ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kannada" title="Bahasa Kannada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Kannada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_kannada" title="Lingua kannada – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua kannada" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanar%C3%ADska" title="Kanaríska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kanaríska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_kanna%E1%B8%8Da" title="Lingua kannaḍa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua kannaḍa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="קאנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קאנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Kannada" title="Basa Kannada – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Kannada" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A1" title="ಕನ್ನಡ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="კანადა (ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კანადა (ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%DA%91_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کننڑ زبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کننڑ زبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Каннада тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Каннада тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikannada" title="Kikannada – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kikannada" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Каннада – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Каннада" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Каннада – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Каннада" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Cannadica" title="Lingua Cannadica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Cannadica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadu_valoda" title="Kannadu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kannadu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanad%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kanadų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanadų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_nyelv" title="Kannada nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kannada nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कन्नड़ भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कन्नड़ भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Канадски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Канадски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_kanada" title="Fiteny kanada – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny kanada" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A1" title="കന്നഡ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കന്നഡ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Kanada" title="Reo Kanada – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Kanada" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कन्नड भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कन्नड भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="კანადა (ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კანადა (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكناديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكناديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="کندا زوون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کندا زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kannada" title="Bahasa Kannada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Kannada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%97_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯟꯅꯗ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯟꯅꯗ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Kannada-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kannada-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Каннада хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Каннада хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कन्नड भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कन्नड भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कन्नड भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कन्नड भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E8%AA%9E" title="カンナダ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カンナダ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canar%C3%A9s" title="Canarés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Canarés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="କନ୍ନଡ଼ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କନ୍ନଡ଼ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_tili" title="Kannada tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kannada tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%9C" title="ਕੰਨੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੰਨੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%91_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کنڑ بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنڑ بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%89%D8%A7_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کناډا ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کناډا ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Kannada" title="Lenga Kannada – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Kannada" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_kannada" title="Język kannada – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język kannada" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_canaresa" title="Língua canaresa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua canaresa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_kannada" title="Limba kannada – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba kannada" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannara_simi" title="Kannara simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kannara simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Каннада – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каннада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कन्नडभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कन्नडभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B2_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadisht" title="Kanadisht – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanadisht" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%A9" title="කන්නඩ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කන්නඩ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%86%DA%99_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ڪنڙ ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪنڙ ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannad%C4%8Dina" title="Kannadčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kannadčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="زمانی کانادا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی کانادا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Канада (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Канада (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_jezik" title="Kanada jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kanada jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kannada" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Kannada" title="Wikang Kannada – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Kannada" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கன்னடம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கன்னடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Каннада теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Каннада теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A1_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="కన్నడ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కన్నడ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษากันนาดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษากันนาดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Забони каннада – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони каннада" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A1_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಕನ್ನಡ ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕನ್ನಡ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_dili" title="Kannada dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kannada dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Каннада – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каннада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%91_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کنڑ زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنڑ زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%95" title="كانناداچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كانناداچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kannada" title="Tiếng Kannada – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Kannada" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BA%B3%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="卡纳达语 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hreflang="zh" data-title="卡纳达语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kannada" title="Bahasa Kannada – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Kannada" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33673#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kannada">History of Kannada</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dravidian language of South India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kannada_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kannada (disambiguation)">Kannada (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanada_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kanada (disambiguation)">Kanada (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kanata_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kanata (disambiguation)">Kanata</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;">Kannada</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;"><span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shukla_Kannada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shukla_Kannada.svg/200px-Shukla_Kannada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shukla_Kannada.svg/300px-Shukla_Kannada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shukla_Kannada.svg/400px-Shukla_Kannada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="551" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The word "Kannada" in <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada script</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈkɐnːɐɖa]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">Kannadigas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 44 million (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 15 million (2011)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Southern<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Tamil–Kannada<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Kannada</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kannada" title="Old Kannada">Old Kannada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangalore_Kannada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalore Kannada">Mangalore Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havigannada_dialect" title="Havigannada dialect">Havyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundagannada_dialect" title="Kundagannada dialect">Kundagannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arebhashe_dialect" title="Arebhashe dialect">Arebhashe</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada Braille</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_legal_status_in_India" title="Languages with legal status in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka" title="Government of Karnataka">Government of Karnataka</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=kn">kn</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=224">kan</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kan" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kan">kan</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1305">nucl1305</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=49-EBA-a">49-EBA-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kannada_language_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kannada_language_distribution.svg/320px-Kannada_language_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kannada_language_distribution.svg/480px-Kannada_language_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kannada_language_distribution.svg/640px-Kannada_language_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1713" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of Kannada native speakers, majority regions in dark blue and minority regions in light blue.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background-color:#ffffec;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka" title="Category:Karnataka">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Karnataka">Culture of Karnataka</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Karnataka.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Seal_of_Karnataka.svg/100px-Seal_of_Karnataka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Seal_of_Karnataka.svg/150px-Seal_of_Karnataka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Seal_of_Karnataka.svg/200px-Seal_of_Karnataka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="639" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><small><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Karnataka" title="Emblem of Karnataka">Emblem of Karnataka</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_medieval_Karnataka" title="Political history of medieval Karnataka">Political history of medieval Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Karnataka" title="Etymology of Karnataka">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Karnataka_historical_sites" title="List of North Karnataka historical sites">Historical sites of North Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a>:</b><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Vijayanagara_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of Vijayanagara Empire">Origin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_musicological_nonet" title="Vijayanagara musicological nonet">Musicological nonet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Medieval_City_of_Vijayanagara" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval City of Vijayanagara">Medieval city</a>. <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Vijayanagara" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Vijayanagara">Military</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raichur" title="Battle of Raichur">Battle of Raichur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a>)<br /> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a>:</b><br /> </p> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berar_sultanate" title="Berar sultanate">Berar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Bijapur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Golconda</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a>:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Kodagu" title="History of Kodagu">History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Kodavas_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam">Kodavas captivity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Coorg" title="Kingdom of Coorg">Kingdom of Coorg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coorg_State" title="Coorg State">Coorg State</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coorg_War" title="Coorg War">Coorg War</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">Kannadigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_people" title="Tulu people">Tuluvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_people" title="Kodava people">Kodavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Veerashaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Brahmins" title="Kota Brahmins">Kota Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komarpant" title="Komarpant">Komarpant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vokkaliga" title="Vokkaliga">Vokkaliga/Gowda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_Gowda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodagu Gowda">Kodagu Gowda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_Gowda" title="Tulu Gowda">Tulu Gowda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunchitiga" title="Kunchitiga">Kunchitiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka ethnic groups">Ethnic groups</a><br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Lists:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karnataka" title="List of people from Karnataka">Kannadigas</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tulu_people" title="List of Tulu people">Tuluvas</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kodavas" title="List of Kodavas">Kodavas</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Bangalore" title="List of people from Bangalore">Bangaloreans</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu_state_movement" title="Tulu Nadu state movement">Tulu Nadu state movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgaum_border_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgaum border dispute">Belgaum border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokak_agitation" title="Gokak agitation">Gokak agitation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Karnataka">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>Kannada:</b><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Grammar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kannada_prosody" title="Kannada prosody">Prosody</a>. <a href="/wiki/Old_Kannada" title="Old Kannada">Old Kannada</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Beary language">Byari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumba language">Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholaga_language" title="Sholaga language">Sholaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urali_language" title="Urali language">Urali</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Kannada_dialects" title="Kannada dialects">Dialects:</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Kundagannada_dialect" title="Kundagannada dialect">Kundagannada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Havigannada_dialect" title="Havigannada dialect">Havigannada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arebhashe_dialect" title="Arebhashe dialect">Arebhashe</a>) </p> <b>In cities:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Kannada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore Kannada">Bangalore Kannada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangalori_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalori Urdu">Bangalori Urdu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_Kannada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalore Kannada">Mangalore Kannada</a>)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry#Kannada_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Kannada epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic mythology">Vedic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_mythology" title="Buddhist mythology">Buddhist mythology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Karnataka">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Karnataka#Karnataka_cuisine_-_common_to_all_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Karnataka">Common cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Karnataka#North_Karnataka_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Karnataka">North Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Karnataka#South_Karnataka_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Karnataka">South Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Karnataka#Malenadu_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Karnataka">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Karnataka#Kodagu_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Karnataka">Kodagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Karnataka#North_Canara_(Coastal/Malenadu_Karnataka)_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Karnataka">Coastal/Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_cuisine" title="Mangalorean cuisine">Mangalorean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Karnataka#Navayath_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Karnataka">Navayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavalli_Tiffin_Room" title="Mavalli Tiffin Room">Mavalli Tiffin Room (MTR)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>State:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Kannada_Rajyotsava" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada Rajyotsava">Kannada Rajyotsava</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Dasara" title="Mysore Dasara">Nada habba</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Karnataka" title="Religion in Karnataka">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Karnataka" title="Hinduism in Karnataka">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Buddhism in North Karnataka">Buddhism in North Karnataka</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>:</b><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">In Karnataka</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Jainism in North Karnataka">In North Karnataka</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jain_Bunt" title="Jain Bunt">Jain Bunt</a>)<br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Art</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>Architecture:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">State</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_architecture" title="Kadamba architecture">Kadamba</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_architecture" title="Badami Chalukya architecture">Badami Chalukya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Inscriptions:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Kannada_inscriptions" title="Kannada inscriptions">Kannada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Halmidi_inscription" title="Halmidi inscription">Halmidi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola_inscription_of_Nandisena" title="Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena">Shravanabelagola</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atakur_inscription" title="Atakur inscription">Atakur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doddahundi_nishidhi_inscription" title="Doddahundi nishidhi inscription">Doddahundi nishidhi</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_study_of_Kannada_inscriptions" title="List of people associated with the study of Kannada inscriptions">Kannada inscription people</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Tourism:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Karnataka" title="Tourism in Karnataka">State</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Bangalore" title="List of tourist attractions in Bangalore">Bangalore</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attractions_in_Mangalore" title="Tourist attractions in Mangalore">Mangalore</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attractions_in_Mysore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist attractions in Mysore">Mysore</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Culture:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangalore" title="Culture of Bangalore">Bangalore</a>. <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mysore" title="Culture of Mysore">Mysore</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_literature" title="List of Karnataka literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_poetry" title="Kannada poetry">Poetry</a><br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Literature:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mysore_literature_in_Kannada" title="Mysore literature in Kannada">Mysore literature in Kannada</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_milestones_in_Kannada_literature" title="List of milestones in Kannada literature">Milestones</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Kannada_literature" title="Modern Kannada literature">Modern Kannada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dasa_sahitya" title="Dasa sahitya">Dasa sahitya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachana sahitya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_literature" title="Hoysala literature">Hoysala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Rashtrakuta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_literature_in_Kannada" title="Western Chalukya literature in Kannada">Western Chalukya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature" title="Vijayanagara literature">Vijayanagara</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada" title="Vijayanagara literature in Kannada">Vijayanagara literature in Kannada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_literature" title="Western Ganga literature">Western Ganga</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_Kannada_literature" title="Extinct Kannada literature">Extinct Kannada literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba alphabet">Kadamba script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu-Kannada script">Telugu-Kannada script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari- Tulu script</a><br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Conference:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Sammelana" title="Kannada Sahitya Sammelana">Kannada Sahitya Sammelana</a>)<br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka#Culture" title="Karnataka">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaanapada" title="Jaanapada">Jaanapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_culture_of_Karnataka" title="Art and culture of Karnataka">Art and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasas_and_Carnatic_music" title="Haridasas and Carnatic music">Haridasas and Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasanta_Habba" title="Vasanta Habba">Vasanta Habba</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka" title="Folk arts of Karnataka">Folk arts</a>:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Kamsale" title="Kamsale">Kamsale</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a>:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Yakshagana_plays_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language">Playlist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana_raga" title="Yakshagana raga">Raga</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana_Tala" title="Yakshagana Tala">Tala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana_poetry" title="Yakshagana poetry">Poetry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bayalaata" title="Bayalaata">Bayalaata</a>. Artists. <i>Instruments:</i> <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana_bells" title="Yakshagana bells">Bells</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maddale" title="Maddale">Maddale</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chande" title="Chande">Chande</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Dances:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Aati_kalenja" title="Aati kalenja">Aati kalenja</a>. <a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a>. <a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Puppet shows:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Togalu_Gombeyaata" class="mw-redirect" title="Togalu Gombeyaata">Togalu Gombeyaata</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gaarudi_Gombe" title="Gaarudi Gombe">Gaarudi Gombe</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tala-Maddale" title="Tala-Maddale">Tala-Maddale</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Karnataka">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_newspapers" title="List of Kannada-language newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_magazines" title="List of Kannada-language magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_television_channels" title="List of Kannada-language television channels">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_radio_stations" title="List of Kannada-language radio stations">Radio</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Karnataka" title="Sports in Karnataka">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>Cricket:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Karnataka_State_Cricket_Association" title="Karnataka State Cricket Association">Governing body (KSCA)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cricket_team" title="Karnataka cricket team">Men's cricket team</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_women%27s_cricket_team" title="Karnataka women's cricket team">Women cricket team</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_cricketers" title="List of Karnataka cricketers">List of Karnataka cricketers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Premier_League" title="Karnataka Premier League">KPL</a>. <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Cricket_League" title="Celebrity Cricket League">CCL</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Tennis:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore Open">Bangalore Open</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Badminton:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Badminton_League" title="Celebrity Badminton League">CBL</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Hockey:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Kodavas#Hockey" title="List of Kodavas">Kodava hockey players</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kodava_Hockey_Festival" title="Kodava Hockey Festival">Kodava Hockey Festival</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>National interest monuments:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Karnataka" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Karnataka">Main list</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Bangalore_circle" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Bangalore circle">Bangalore circle</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Belgaum_district" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Belgaum district">Belgaum</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Bidar_district" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Bidar district">Bidar</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Bijapur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Bijapur district">Bijapur</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Dharwad_district" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Dharwad district">Dharwad</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Gulbarga_district" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Gulbarga district">Gulbarga</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_North_Kanara_district" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in North Kanara district">North Kanara</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Raichur_district" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Raichur district">Raichur</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State_Protected_Monuments_in_Karnataka" title="List of State Protected Monuments in Karnataka">State protected monuments list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Karnataka" title="List of forts in Karnataka">List of forts</a><br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b>List of temples:</b><br /> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Vijayanagara_era_temples_in_Karnataka" title="List of Vijayanagara era temples in Karnataka">Vijayanagara era</a>. <a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Template:Hindu temples in Karnataka">Hindu temples</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chola_temples_in_Bangalore" title="List of Chola temples in Bangalore">Chola temples in Bangalore</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Tulu_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mahakuta_group_of_temples" title="Mahakuta group of temples">Mahakuta group</a>. <a href="/wiki/Badami_cave_temples" title="Badami cave temples">Badami cave temples</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_temples" title="Western Chalukya temples">Western Chalukya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Temples_of_North_Karnataka" title="Temples of North Karnataka">North Karnataka</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahakuta_Pillar" title="Mahakuta Pillar">Mahakuta Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagada_Brahmadeva_Pillar" title="Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar">Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gol_Gumbaz" title="Gol Gumbaz">Gol Gumbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbaz,_Srirangapatna" title="Gumbaz, Srirangapatna">Gumbaz</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Karnataka">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Karnataka" title="Flag of Karnataka">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Karnataka">Coat of arms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#fcfcd3;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>Legislative:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly" title="Karnataka Legislative Assembly">Assembly</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Legislative_Council" title="Karnataka Legislative Council">Council</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vidhana_Soudha" title="Vidhana Soudha">Vidhana Soudha</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Public_Works_Department" title="Karnataka Public Works Department">Karnataka Public Works Department</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Museums:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Karnataka" title="List of museums in Karnataka">List</a>. <a href="/wiki/Janapada_Loka" title="Janapada Loka">Janapada Loka</a>)<br /></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Cultural:</b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" title="Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Gayana_Samaja" title="Bangalore Gayana Samaja">Bangalore Gayana Samaja</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ranga_Shankara" title="Ranga Shankara">Ranga Shankara</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rangayana" title="Rangayana">Rangayana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chowdiah_Memorial_Hall" title="Chowdiah Memorial Hall">Chowdiah Memorial Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Chitrakala_Parishath" title="Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath">Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nrityagram" title="Nrityagram">Nrityagram</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ravindra_Kalakshetra" title="Ravindra Kalakshetra">Ravindra Kalakshetra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gubbi_Veeranna#Theatre_company" title="Gubbi Veeranna">Gubbi Veeranna Rangamandira</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rangayana" title="Rangayana">Rangayana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ninasam" title="Ninasam">Ninasam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Kalavidaru" title="Prabhat Kalavidaru">Prabhat Kalavidaru</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Vidyavardhaka_Sangha" title="Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha">Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Rakshana_Vedike" title="Karnataka Rakshana Vedike">Karnataka Rakshana Vedike</a>)<br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Karnataka" title="Template:Culture of Karnataka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Karnataka" title="Template talk:Culture of Karnataka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Karnataka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Karnataka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Kannaḍiga</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Kannaḍigaru</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Kannaḍa</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kannada</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈkɐnːɐɖa]</a></span>), formerly also known as <b>Canarese</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-WesleyanMissionPress1858_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WesleyanMissionPress1858-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Classical_languages_of_India" title="Classical languages of India">classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian language</a> spoken predominantly by the people of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> in southwestern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, with minorities in all neighbouring states. It has around 44 million native speakers, and is additionally a second or third language for around 15 million non-native speakers in Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka,<sup id="cite_ref-official_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also has <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_legal_status_in_India" title="Languages with legal status in India">scheduled status</a> in India and has been included among the country's <a href="/wiki/Classical_languages_of_India" title="Classical languages of India">designated classical languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tag_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tag-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oldest_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldest-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kannada was the court language of a number of dynasties and empires of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nolamba_dynasty" title="Nolamba dynasty">Nolamba dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Seuna dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Nayakas of Keladi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Kingdom" title="Hoysala Kingdom">Hoysala dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>. </p><p>The Kannada language is written using the <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada script</a>, which evolved from the 5th-century <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba script</a>. Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia and literary <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Old Kannada</a> flourished during the 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tradition_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradition-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kannada has an <a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">unbroken literary history</a> of around 1200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-thousand_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thousand-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kannada literature has been presented with eight <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanapith awards</a>, the most for any Dravidian language and the second highest for any Indian language.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2011, a center for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Indian_Languages" title="Central Institute of Indian Languages">Central Institute of Indian Languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> to facilitate research related to the language.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kannada had 43.7<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> million native speakers in India at the time of the 2011 census. It is the main language of the state of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, where it is spoken natively by 40.6 million people, or about two thirds of the state's population. There are native Kannada speakers in the neighbouring states of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> (1,140,000 speakers), <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> (993,000), <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> (533,000), <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> (78,100) and <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> (67,800).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also spoken as a second and third language by over 12.9 million non-native speakers in Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-2001census_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001census-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kannadigas form Tamil Nadu's third biggest linguistic group; their population is roughly 1.23 million, which is 2.2% of Tamil Nadu's total population.<sup id="cite_ref-TimesofIndia_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesofIndia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> spoken by people of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> has many Kannada words.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, there were 35,900 speakers in 2006–2008,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number that had risen to 48,600 by the time of the 2015 census. There are 4,000 speakers in Canada (according to the 2016 census), 9,700 in Australia (2016 census), 22,000 in Singapore (2018 estimate),<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_kan_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_kan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 59,000 in Malaysia (2021 estimate).<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_kan_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_kan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kannada, like <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/South_Dravidian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Dravidian language">South Dravidian language</a> and a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Kannada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil-Kannada">Tamil-Kannada</a>, from which it derives its grammar and core vocabulary. Its history can be divided into three stages: Old Kannada, or <i>Haḷegannaḍa</i> from 450 to 1200 AD, Middle Kannada (<i>Naḍugannaḍa</i>) from 1200 to 1700 and Modern Kannada (<i>Hosagannaḍa</i>) from 1700 to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteever1998129_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteever1998129-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kannada has it been influenced to a considerable degree by <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, both in morphology, phonetics, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. The three principle sources of influence on literary Kannada grammar appear to be <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>'s grammar, non-Pāṇinian schools of Sanskrit grammar, particularly <i>Katantra</i> and <i>Sakatayana</i> schools, and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-prak_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prak-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary Prakrit seems to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times. Speakers of vernacular Prakrit may have come into contact with Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada was used for administrative or liturgical purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-prak_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prak-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Studies_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Studies-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar K. V. Narayana claims that many tribal languages which are now designated as Kannada dialects could be nearer to the earlier form of the language, with lesser influence from other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-civil_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civil-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work of scholar <a href="/wiki/Iravatham_Mahadevan" title="Iravatham Mahadevan">Iravatham Mahadevan</a> indicates that Kannada was already a language of rich spoken tradition by the 3rd century BC and that and based on the native Kannada words found in Prakrit inscriptions of that period, Kannada must have been spoken by a broad and stable population.<sup id="cite_ref-civil_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civil-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tamil_epigraphy1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamil_epigraphy1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kannada includes many loan words from Sanskrit. Some unaltered loan words (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">तत्सम</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">tatsama</a></i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'same as that'') include <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">dina</i></span>, 'day', <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">kōpa</i></span>, 'anger', <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">sūrya</i></span>, 'sun', <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">mukha</i></span>, 'face', and <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">nimiṣa</i></span>, 'minute'.<sup id="cite_ref-tatsama_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tatsama-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of naturalised Sanskrit words (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">तद्भव</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">tadbhava</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'arising from that') in Kannada are <span title="Kannada-language text"><i lang="kn">varṇa</i></span>, 'colour', <span title="Kannada-language text"><i lang="kn">pūrṇime</i></span>, and <span title="Kannada-language text"><i lang="kn">rāya</i></span> from <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">rāja</i></span>, 'king'.<sup id="cite_ref-banna_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banna-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some naturalised words of Prakrit origin in Kannada are <span title="Kannada-language text"><i lang="kn">baṇṇa</i></span>, 'colour' derived from <span title="Prakrit languages collective text"><i lang="pra">vaṇṇa</i></span>, <span title="Kannada-language text"><i lang="kn">huṇṇime</i></span>, 'full moon' from <span title="Prakrit languages collective text"><i lang="pra">puṇṇivā</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_traces">Early traces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early traces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Halmidi_inscription" title="Halmidi inscription">Halmidi inscription</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kappe_Arabhatta" title="Kappe Arabhatta">Kappe Arabhatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola_inscription_of_Nandisena" title="Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena">Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyagada_Brahmadeva_Pillar" title="Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar">Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atakur_inscription" title="Atakur inscription">Atakur inscription</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doddahundi_nishidhi_inscription" title="Doddahundi nishidhi inscription">Doddahundi nishidhi inscription</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_study_of_Kannada_inscriptions" title="List of people associated with the study of Kannada inscriptions">List of people associated with the study of Kannada inscriptions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG/170px-Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG/255px-Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG/340px-Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Halmidi_inscription" title="Halmidi inscription">Halmidi inscription</a> at <a href="/wiki/Halmidi" title="Halmidi">Halmidi</a> village, in old-Kannada, is usually dated to 450 AD (<a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg/220px-6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg/330px-6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg/440px-6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Old-Kannada inscription dated 578 AD (Badami Chalukya dynasty), outside Badami cave no.3</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TalakadInscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/TalakadInscription.jpg/170px-TalakadInscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/TalakadInscription.jpg/255px-TalakadInscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/TalakadInscription.jpg/340px-TalakadInscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1842" /></a><figcaption>Old-Kannada inscription of c. 726 AD, discovered in <a href="/wiki/Talakad" class="mw-redirect" title="Talakad">Talakad</a>, from the rule of King Shivamara I or Sripurusha (<a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_(9th_century)_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_%289th_century%29_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg/170px-Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_%289th_century%29_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_%289th_century%29_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg/255px-Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_%289th_century%29_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_%289th_century%29_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg/340px-Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_%289th_century%29_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Old-Kannada inscription of the 9th century (<a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Dynasty">Rashtrakuta Dynasty</a>) at Durga Devi temple in <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a>, Karnataka</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atakur_memorial_stone_with_inscription_in_old_Kannada_(949_C.E.).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Atakur_memorial_stone_with_inscription_in_old_Kannada_%28949_C.E.%29.jpg/170px-Atakur_memorial_stone_with_inscription_in_old_Kannada_%28949_C.E.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Atakur_memorial_stone_with_inscription_in_old_Kannada_%28949_C.E.%29.jpg/255px-Atakur_memorial_stone_with_inscription_in_old_Kannada_%28949_C.E.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Atakur_memorial_stone_with_inscription_in_old_Kannada_%28949_C.E.%29.jpg/340px-Atakur_memorial_stone_with_inscription_in_old_Kannada_%28949_C.E.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="4968" /></a><figcaption>The famous <a href="/wiki/Atakur_inscription" title="Atakur inscription">Atakur inscription</a> (AD 949) from <a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya district</a>, a classical Kannada composition in two parts; a fight between a hound and a wild boar, and the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a> over the Chola dynasty in the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Takkolam" title="Battle of Takkolam">battle of Takkolam</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Kannada_inscription_(c.1057)_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Hire_Hadagali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Old_Kannada_inscription_%28c.1057%29_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Hire_Hadagali.jpg/170px-Old_Kannada_inscription_%28c.1057%29_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Hire_Hadagali.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Old_Kannada_inscription_%28c.1057%29_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Hire_Hadagali.jpg/255px-Old_Kannada_inscription_%28c.1057%29_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Hire_Hadagali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Old_Kannada_inscription_%28c.1057%29_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Hire_Hadagali.jpg/340px-Old_Kannada_inscription_%28c.1057%29_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Hire_Hadagali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Old Kannada inscription dated 1057 AD of Western Chalukya King Someshvara I at <a href="/wiki/Kalleshwara_Temple,_Hire_Hadagali" title="Kalleshwara Temple, Hire Hadagali">Kalleshwara Temple, Hire Hadagali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bellary_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary district">Bellary district</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Kannada_inscription_(1112_CE)_of_King_Vikramaditya_VI_in_the_Mahadeva_temple_at_Itagi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Old_Kannada_inscription_%281112_CE%29_of_King_Vikramaditya_VI_in_the_Mahadeva_temple_at_Itagi.jpg/170px-Old_Kannada_inscription_%281112_CE%29_of_King_Vikramaditya_VI_in_the_Mahadeva_temple_at_Itagi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Old_Kannada_inscription_%281112_CE%29_of_King_Vikramaditya_VI_in_the_Mahadeva_temple_at_Itagi.jpg/255px-Old_Kannada_inscription_%281112_CE%29_of_King_Vikramaditya_VI_in_the_Mahadeva_temple_at_Itagi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Old_Kannada_inscription_%281112_CE%29_of_King_Vikramaditya_VI_in_the_Mahadeva_temple_at_Itagi.jpg/340px-Old_Kannada_inscription_%281112_CE%29_of_King_Vikramaditya_VI_in_the_Mahadeva_temple_at_Itagi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Old-Kannada inscription ascribed to King <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a>), dated AD 1112, at the Mahadeva Temple in Itagi, Koppal district of Karnataka state</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old-Kannada_inscription_at_Arasikere_Ishwara_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Old-Kannada_inscription_at_Arasikere_Ishwara_temple.jpg/220px-Old-Kannada_inscription_at_Arasikere_Ishwara_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Old-Kannada_inscription_at_Arasikere_Ishwara_temple.jpg/330px-Old-Kannada_inscription_at_Arasikere_Ishwara_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Old-Kannada_inscription_at_Arasikere_Ishwara_temple.jpg/440px-Old-Kannada_inscription_at_Arasikere_Ishwara_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>Old-Kannada inscription of 1220 AD (<a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a>) at Ishwara temple of Arasikere town in the <a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan district</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kannada_inscription_(1509_AD)_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG/170px-Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG/255px-Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG/340px-Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Kannada inscription dated 1509, of King <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>), at the Virupaksha temple in <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a> describes his coronation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kannada_inscription_(17th_century)_at_Gaurishvara_temple_at_Yelandur_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kannada_inscription_%2817th_century%29_at_Gaurishvara_temple_at_Yelandur_1.jpg/170px-Kannada_inscription_%2817th_century%29_at_Gaurishvara_temple_at_Yelandur_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kannada_inscription_%2817th_century%29_at_Gaurishvara_temple_at_Yelandur_1.jpg/255px-Kannada_inscription_%2817th_century%29_at_Gaurishvara_temple_at_Yelandur_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kannada_inscription_%2817th_century%29_at_Gaurishvara_temple_at_Yelandur_1.jpg/340px-Kannada_inscription_%2817th_century%29_at_Gaurishvara_temple_at_Yelandur_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Kannada inscription dated 1654, at <a href="/wiki/Gaurishvara_Temple,_Yelandur" title="Gaurishvara Temple, Yelandur">Yelandur</a> with exquisite relief</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest Kannada inscriptions are from the middle of the 5th century AD, but there are a number of earlier texts that may have been influenced by the ancestor language of Old Kannada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhat1993102,103_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhat1993102,103-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iravatam Mahadevan, a Brahmin, author of a work on early Tamil epigraphy, argued that oral traditions in Kannada and Telugu existed much before written documents were produced. Although the rock inscriptions of Ashoka were written in Prakrit, the spoken language in those regions was Kannada as the case may be. He can be quoted as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-civil2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civil2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If proof were needed to show that Kannada was the spoken language of the region during the early period, one needs only to study the large number of Kannada personal names and place names in the early Prakrit inscriptions on stone and copper in Upper South India [...] Kannada was spoken by relatively large and well-settled populations, living in well-organised states ruled by able dynasties like the Satavahanas, with a high degree of civilisation [...] There is, therefore, no reason to believe that these languages had less rich or less expressive oral traditions than Tamil had towards the end of its pre-literate period.</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_rock_edict" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka rock edict">Ashoka rock edict</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Brahmagiri_archaeological_site" title="Brahmagiri archaeological site">Brahmagiri</a> (dated to 250 BC) has been suggested to contain words (<i>Isila</i>, meaning to throw, viz. an arrow, etc.) in identifiable Kannada.<sup id="cite_ref-isila_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isila-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deccanherald_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deccanherald-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some 3rd–1st century BC Tamil inscriptions, words of Kannada influence such as <i>Naliyura</i>, <i>kavuDi</i> and <i>posil</i> were found. In a 3rd-century AD Tamil inscription there is usage of <i>oppanappa vIran</i>. Here the honorific <i>appa</i> to a person's name is an influence from Kannada. Another word of Kannada origin is <i>taayviru</i> and is found in a 4th-century AD Tamil inscription. S. Settar studied the <i>sittanavAsal</i> inscription of first century AD as also the inscriptions at <i>tirupparamkunram</i>, <i>adakala</i> and <i>neDanUpatti</i>. The later inscriptions were studied in detail by Iravatham Mahadevan also. Mahadevan argues that the words <i>erumi</i>, <i>kavuDi</i>, <span title="Old Tamil-language text"><i lang="oty">poshil</i></span> and <i>tAyiyar</i> have their origin in Kannada because Tamil cognates are not available. Settar adds the words <i>nADu</i> and <i>iLayar</i> to this list. Mahadevan feels that some grammatical categories found in these inscriptions are also unique to Kannada rather than Tamil. Both these scholars attribute these influences to the movements and spread of Jainas in these regions. These inscriptions belong to the period between the first century BC and fourth century AD. These are some examples that are proof of the early usage of a few Kannada origin words in early <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> inscriptions before the common era and in the early centuries of the common era.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, a Roman historian, wrote about pirates between <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> and Nitrias (<a href="/wiki/Netravati_River" title="Netravati River">Netravati River</a>), called Nitran by Ptolemy. He also mentions Barace (Barcelore), referring to the modern port city of <a href="/wiki/Mangaluru" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangaluru">Mangaluru</a>, upon its mouth. Many of these are Kannada origin names of places and rivers of the Karnataka coast of 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (150 AD) mentions places such as Badiamaioi (Badami), Inde (Indi), Kalligeris (Kalkeri), Modogoulla (Mudagal), Petrigala (Pattadakal), Hippokoura (Huvina Hipparagi), Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Tiripangalida (Gadahinglai), Soubouttou or Sabatha (Savadi), Banaouase (Banavasi), Thogorum (Tagara), Biathana (Paithan), Sirimalaga (Malkhed), Aloe (Ellapur) and Pasage (Palasige).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He mentions a Satavahana king Sire Polemaios, who is identified with Sri Pulumayi (or Pulumavi), whose name is derived from the Kannada word for <i>Puli</i>, meaning tiger. Some scholars indicate that the name Pulumayi is actually Kannada's '<i>Puli Maiyi</i>' or '<i>One with the body of a tiger</i>' indicating native Kannada origin for the Satavahanas.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pai identifies all the 10 cities mentioned by Ptolemy (100–170 AD) as lying between the river Benda (or Binda) or <a href="/wiki/Bhima_River" title="Bhima River">Bhima river</a> in the north and Banaouasei (<a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a>) in the south, viz. Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Inde (<a href="/wiki/Indi,_Karnataka" title="Indi, Karnataka">Indi</a>), Tiripangalida (<a href="/wiki/Gadhinglaj" title="Gadhinglaj">Gadhinglaj</a>), Hippokoura (<a href="/wiki/Huvina_Hipparagi" title="Huvina Hipparagi">Huvina Hipparagi</a>), Soubouttou (<a href="/wiki/Savadi,_Gadag" title="Savadi, Gadag">Savadi</a>), Sirimalaga (<a href="/wiki/Malkheda" title="Malkheda">Malkhed</a>), Kalligeris (<a href="/wiki/Kalkeri" title="Kalkeri">Kalkeri</a>), Modogoulla (<a href="/wiki/Mudgal" title="Mudgal">Mudgal</a>) and Petirgala (<a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>), as being located in Northern Karnataka which signify the existence of Kannada place names (and the language and culture) in the southern Kuntala region during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi" title="Vasishthiputra Pulumavi">Vasishtiputra Pulumayi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 85</span>-125 AD, i.e., late 1st century – early 2nd century AD) who was ruling from Paithan in the north and his son, prince Vilivaya-kura or Pulumayi Kumara was ruling from Huvina Hipparagi in present Karnataka in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early ancestor of Kannada (or a related language) may have been spoken by Indian traders in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman-era Egypt</a> and it may account for the Indian-language passages in the ancient Greek play known as the <a href="/wiki/Charition_mime" title="Charition mime">Charition mime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salomon1991_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salomon1991-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Epigraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest examples of a full-length Kannada language stone inscription (<i>śilāśāsana</i>) containing <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> characters with characteristics attributed to those of <a href="/wiki/Halegannada" class="mw-redirect" title="Halegannada">proto-Kannada</a> in <i>Haḷe Kannaḍa</i> (<i>lit</i> Old Kannada) script can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Halmidi_inscription" title="Halmidi inscription">Halmidi inscription</a>, usually dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450 AD</span>, indicating that Kannada had become an administrative language at that time. The Halmidi inscription provides invaluable information about the history and culture of Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-admin_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admin-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hal_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hal-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oldest_inscription_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldest_inscription-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ind_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A set of five copper plate inscriptions discovered in Mudiyanur, though in the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> language, is in the Pre-<a href="/wiki/Old_Kannada_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kannada script">Old Kannada script</a> older than the Halmidi edict date of 450 AD, as per palaeographers. </p><p>Followed by <a href="/wiki/B._Lewis_Rice" title="B. Lewis Rice">B. L. Rice</a>, leading epigrapher and historian, K. R. Narasimhan following a detailed study and comparison, declared that the plates belong to the 4th century, i.e., 338 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kannada Lion balustrade inscription excavated at the Pranaveshwara temple complex at Talagunda near Shiralakoppa of Shivamogga district, dated to 370 AD is now considered the earliest Kannada inscriptions replacing the Halmidi inscription of 450 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5th century poetic Tamatekallu inscription of <a href="/wiki/Chitradurga" title="Chitradurga">Chitradurga</a> and the Siragunda inscription from <a href="/wiki/Chikkamagaluru" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikkamagaluru">Chikkamagaluru</a> Taluk of 500 AD are further examples.<sup id="cite_ref-chikka_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chikka-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rice_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rice-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tamate_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamate-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent reports indicate that the <a href="/wiki/Halegannada" class="mw-redirect" title="Halegannada">Old Kannada</a> <i>Gunabhushitana</i> <i>Nishadi</i> inscription discovered on the Chandragiri hill, <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a>, is older than Halmidi inscription by about fifty to hundred years and may belong to the period AD 350–400.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The noted archaeologist and art historian S. Shettar is of the opinion that an inscription of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga</a> King Kongunivarma Madhava (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350</span>–370) found at Tagarthi (Tyagarthi) in Shikaripura taluk of Shimoga district is of 350 AD and is also older than the Halmidi inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-konga_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konga-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current estimates of the total number of existing <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphs</a> written in Kannada range from 25,000 by the scholar <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock">Sheldon Pollock</a> to over 30,000 by Amaresh Datta of the <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-current_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-current-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dense_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dense-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the Halmidi inscription, there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words, phrases and sentences, proving its antiquity. The 543 AD Badami cliff inscription of <a href="/wiki/Pulakesi_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulakesi I">Pulakesi I</a> is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in old Kannada script.<sup id="cite_ref-cliff_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cliff-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cliff1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cliff1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kannada inscriptions are discovered in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat in addition to Karnataka. This indicates the spread of the influence of the language over the ages, especially during the rule of large Kannada empires.<sup id="cite_ref-jura_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jura-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest copper plates inscribed in Old Kannada script and language, dated to the early 8th century AD, are associated with <a href="/wiki/Alupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alupas">Alupa</a> King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu (the Dakshina Kannada district), and display the double crested fish, his royal emblem.<sup id="cite_ref-Kannada_copperplate_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kannada_copperplate-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript in <i>Old Kannada</i> is that of <i>Dhavala</i>. It dates to around the 9th century and is preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a> district.<sup id="cite_ref-Palm_leaf_manuscript_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palm_leaf_manuscript-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written using ink.<sup id="cite_ref-Palm_leaf_manuscript_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palm_leaf_manuscript-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coins">Coins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some early <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a> coins bearing the Kannada inscription <i>Vira</i> and <i>Skandha</i> were found in Satara collectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-sat_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sat-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gold coin bearing three inscriptions of <i>Sri</i> and an abbreviated inscription of king Bhagiratha's name called <i>bhagi</i> (c. 390–420 AD) in old Kannada exists.<sup id="cite_ref-bhagi_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhagi-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Kadamba copper coin dated to the 5th century AD with the inscription <i>Srimanaragi</i> in Kannada script was discovered in Banavasi, <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Kannada district">Uttara Kannada district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadamba_coin_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadamba_coin-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins with Kannada legends have been discovered spanning the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a>, the Badami <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas">Chalukyas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alupas">Alupas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukyas">Western Chalukyas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hoysalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysalas">Hoysalas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar Empire">Vijayanagar Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a> of Banavasi, the <a href="/wiki/Keladi_Nayaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Keladi Nayaka">Keladi Nayakas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore Kingdom">Mysore Kingdom</a>, the Badami Chalukya coins being a recent discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-coins_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coins-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coins1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coins1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coins2_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coins2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate,<sup id="cite_ref-triple_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triple-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a few coins of the Kadambas of <a href="/wiki/Hangal" title="Hangal">Hangal</a> are also available.<sup id="cite_ref-han_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-han-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_important_milestones_in_Kannada_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important milestones in Kannada literature">List of important milestones in Kannada literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_epics_in_the_Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable epics in the Kannada language">List of notable epics in the Kannada language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Kannada">Old Kannada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Old Kannada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Rashtrakuta literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_literature" title="Western Ganga literature">Western Ganga literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature_in_the_Western_Chalukya_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada literature in the Western Chalukya Empire">Kannada literature in the Western Chalukya Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_literature" title="Hoysala literature">Hoysala literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Kannada_literature" title="Medieval Kannada literature">Medieval Kannada literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11th_century_Someshwara_temple,_Lakshmeswar,_Karnataka_India_-_89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/11th_century_Someshwara_temple%2C_Lakshmeswar%2C_Karnataka_India_-_89.jpg/220px-11th_century_Someshwara_temple%2C_Lakshmeswar%2C_Karnataka_India_-_89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/11th_century_Someshwara_temple%2C_Lakshmeswar%2C_Karnataka_India_-_89.jpg/330px-11th_century_Someshwara_temple%2C_Lakshmeswar%2C_Karnataka_India_-_89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/11th_century_Someshwara_temple%2C_Lakshmeswar%2C_Karnataka_India_-_89.jpg/440px-11th_century_Someshwara_temple%2C_Lakshmeswar%2C_Karnataka_India_-_89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="4518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lakshmeshwara_Jain_temples" title="Lakshmeshwara Jain temples">Shankha Jain Basadi</a> temple at Lakshmeshwar where the notable <a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Adipurana" class="mw-redirect" title="Adipurana">Adipurana</a> in Kannada language</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest known existing record of Kannada poetry in <i>Tripadi</i> metre is the <a href="/wiki/Kappe_Arabhatta" title="Kappe Arabhatta">Kappe Arabhatta</a> record of 7th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-hal_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hal-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poetry_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poetry-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Kavirajamarga" title="Kavirajamarga">Kavirajamarga</a></i> by King Nripatunga <a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a> I (850 AD) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardise various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King <a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a> of the 6th century and Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-extinct_works6_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extinct_works6-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of <a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada grammar</a> and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-extinct_works6_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extinct_works6-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-extinct_works5_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extinct_works5-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early <a href="/wiki/Extant_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant literature">extant</a> prose work, the <i>Vaḍḍārādhane</i> (ವಡ್ಡಾರಾಧನೆ) by <a href="/wiki/Shivakotiacharya" title="Shivakotiacharya">Shivakotiacharya</a> of 900 AD provides an elaborate description of the life of Bhadrabahu of <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kavirajamarga_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kavirajamarga-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the early writers of prose and verse mentioned in the <i>Kavirajamarga,</i> numbering 8–10, stating these are but a few of many, but whose works are lost, are Vimala or Vimalachandra (c. 777), Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabandhu, Durvinita (6th century), and poets including Kaviswara, Srivijaya, Pandita, Chandra, Ravi Kirti (c. 634) and Lokapala.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dandin_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dandin-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For fragmentary information on these writers, we can refer the work <i>Karnataka Kavi Charite</i>. Ancient indigenous Kannada literary compositions of (folk) poetry like the <i>Chattana</i> and <i>Bedande</i> which preferred to use the <i>Desi</i> metre are said to have survived at least until the date of the Kavirajamarga in 850 AD and had their roots in the early Kannada folk literature. These Kannada verse-compositions might have been representative of folk songs containing influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit metrical patterns to some extent. "Kavirajamarga" also discusses earlier composition forms peculiar to Kannada, the "gadyakatha", a mixture of prose and poetry, the "<i>chattana</i>" and the "<i>bedande</i>", poems of several stanzas that were meant to be sung with the optional use of a musical instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha_Nripathunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoghavarsha Nripathunga">Amoghavarsha Nripatunga</a> compares the <i>puratana-kavigal</i> (old Kannada poets) who wrote the great <i>Chattana</i> poems in Kannada to the likes of the great Sanskrit poets like Gunasuri, Narayana, Bharavi, Kalidasa, Magha, etc. This Old Kannada work, <i>Kavirajamarga</i>, itself in turn refers to a <i>Palagannada</i> (Old Kannada) of much ancient times, which is nothing but the Pre-Old Kannada and also warns aspiring Kannada writers to avoid its archaisms, as per R. S. Hukkerikar. Regarding earlier poems in Kannada, the author of "<i>Kavirajamarga</i>" states that old Kannada is appropriate in ancient poems but insipid in contemporaneous works as per R. Narasimhacharya.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gunanandi (900 AD), quoted by the grammarian Bhattakalanka and always addressed as <i>Bhagawan</i> (the adorable), was the author of a logic, grammar and <i>sahitya</i>. Durvinita (529–579 AD), the Ganga king, was the pupil of the author of Sabdavatara, i.e., Devanandi Pujyapada. Durvinita is said to have written a commentary on the difficult 15th <i>sarga</i> of Bharavi's <i>Kiratarjuniya</i> in Kannada. Early Kannada writers regularly mention three poets as of especial eminence among their predecessors – Samanta-bhadra, Kavi Parameshthi and Pujyapada. Since later Kannada poets so uniformly name these three as eminent poets, it is probable that they wrote in Kannada also. Samantabhadra is placed in 2nd century AD by Jain tradition. Old Kannada commentaries on some of his works exist. He was said to have born in Utkalikagrama and while performing penance in Manuvakahalli, he was attacked by a disease called <i>Bhasmaka</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pujyapada also called Devanandi, was the preceptor of Ganga king Durvinita and belonged to the late 5th to early 6th century AD. Kaviparameshthi probably lived in the 4th century AD. He may possibly be the same as the <i>Kaviswara</i> referred to in the Kavirajamarga, and the <i>Kaviparameswara</i> praised by Chavunda Raya (978 AD) and his spiritual teacher, Nemichandra (10th century AD), all the names possibly being only epithets.<sup id="cite_ref-archive_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kannada works from earlier centuries mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Kavirajamarga" title="Kavirajamarga">Kavirajamarga</a> are not yet traced. Some ancient Kannada texts now considered extinct but referenced in later centuries are <i>Prabhrita</i> (650 AD) by Syamakundacharya, <i>Chudamani</i> (Crest Jewel—650 AD or earlier) by Srivaradhadeva, also known as Tumbuluracharya, which is a work of 96,000 verse-measures and a commentary on logic (<i>Tatwartha-mahashastra</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-extint_works_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extint_works-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-extinct_works1_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extinct_works1-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-extinct_works2_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extinct_works2-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources date <i>Chudamani</i> to the 6th century or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-dandin_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dandin-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-god2_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-god2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inscription of 1128 AD quotes a couplet by the famous Sanskrit poet Dandin (active 680–720 AD), highly praising Srivaradhadeva, for his Kannada work Chudamani, as having "produced Saraswati (i.e., learning and eloquence) from the tip of his tongue, as Siva produced the Ganges from the tip of his top-knot." Bhattakalanka (1604 CE), the great Kannada grammarian, refers to Srivaradhadeva's Chudamani as the greatest work in Kannada, and as incontestable proof of the scholarly character and value of Kannada literature. This makes Srivaradhadeva's time earlier than the 6th–7th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-archive_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other writers, whose works are not extant now but titles of which are known from independent references such as Indranandi's "Srutavatara", Devachandra's "Rajavalikathe",<sup id="cite_ref-:5_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhattakalanka's "Sabdanusasana" of 1604,<sup id="cite_ref-extinct_works6_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extinct_works6-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writings of Jayakirthi<sup id="cite_ref-:7_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are Syamakundacharya (650), who authored the "Prabhrita", and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya, 650 or earlier), who wrote the "Chudamani" ("Crest Jewel"), a 96,000-verse commentary on logic.<sup id="cite_ref-extinct_works6_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extinct_works6-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dandin_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dandin-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-god2_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-god2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Karnateshwara Katha</i>, a eulogy for King <a href="/wiki/Pulakesi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulakesi II">Pulakesi II</a>, is said to have belonged to the 7th century;<sup id="cite_ref-:7_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Gajastaka</i>, a lost "ashtaka" (eight line verse) composition and a work on elephant management by King <a href="/wiki/Shivamara_II" title="Shivamara II">Shivamara II</a>, belonged to the 8th century,<sup id="cite_ref-early_works3_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-early_works3-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this served as the basis for 2 popular folk songs <i>Ovanige</i> and <i>Onakevadu,</i> which were sung either while pounding corn or to entice wild elephants into a pit ("<i>Ovam</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-:7_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Chandraprabha-purana</i> by Sri Vijaya, a court poet of emperor <a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoghavarsha I">Amoghavarsha I</a>, is ascribed to the early 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His writing has been mentioned by Vijayanagara poets Mangarasa III and Doddiah (also spelt Doddayya, c. 1550 AD) and praised by Durgasimha (c. 1025 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-extinct_works4_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extinct_works4-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 9th century period, the Digambara Jain poet Asaga (or Asoka) authored, among other writings, "Karnata Kumarasambhava Kavya" and "Varadamana Charitra". His works have been praised by later poets, although none of his works are available today.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Gunagankiyam", the earliest known prosody in Kannada, was referenced in a Tamil work dated to 10th century or earlier ("Yapparungalakkarigai" by Amritasagara). Gunanandi, an expert in logic, Kannada grammar and prose, flourished in the 9th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_92-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dandin_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dandin-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 900 AD, Gunavarma I wrote "Sudraka" and "Harivamsa" (also known as "Neminatha Purana"). In "Sudraka" he compared his patron, Ganga king Ereganga Neetimarga II (c. 907–921 AD), to a noted king called Sudraka.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_92-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-early_works3_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-early_works3-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jinachandra, who is referred to by Sri Ponna (c. 950 AD) as the author of "Pujyapada Charita", had earned the honorific "modern Samantha Bhadra".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil Buddhist commentators of the 10th century AD (in the commentary on <i>Neminatham</i>, a Tamil grammatical work) make references that show that Kannada literature must have flourished as early as the BC 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-greek_roman_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek_roman-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the beginning of the 9th century, Old Kannada was spoken from <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> to <a href="/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a>. The Kannada spoken between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Varada" title="Varada">Varada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaprabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaprabha">Malaprabha</a> was the pure well of Kannada undefiled.<sup id="cite_ref-{{ISBN|9788120605596}}_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-{{ISBN|9788120605596}}-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late classical period gave birth to several genres of Kannada literature, with new forms of composition coming into use, including <i>Ragale</i> (a form of blank verse) and meters like <i>Sangatya</i> and <i>Shatpadi</i>. The works of this period are based on <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> principles. Two of the early writers of this period are <a href="/wiki/Harihara_(poet)" title="Harihara (poet)">Harihara</a> and Raghavanka, trailblazers in their own right. Harihara established the <i>Ragale</i> form of composition while <a href="/wiki/Raghavanka" title="Raghavanka">Raghavanka</a> popularised the <i>Shatpadi</i> (six-lined stanza) meter.<sup id="cite_ref-hari_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hari-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A famous <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jaina</a> writer of the same period is <a href="/wiki/Janna" title="Janna">Janna</a>, who expressed Jain religious teachings through his works.<sup id="cite_ref-jan_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jan-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vachana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vachana">Vachana Sahitya</a> tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature, and the sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachanas were pithy poems on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. Some of the important writers of Vachana literature include <a href="/wiki/Basavanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Basavanna">Basavanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-akka_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akka-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I of 850 AD recognised that the Sanskrit style of Kannada literature was <i>Margi</i> (formal or written form of language) and <i>Desi</i> (folk or spoken form of language) style was popular and made his people aware of the strength and beauty of their native language Kannada. In 1112 AD, Jain poet Nayasena of Mulugunda, Dharwad district, in his Champu work <i>Dharmamrita</i> (ಧರ್ಮಾಮೃತ), a book on morals, warns writers from mixing Kannada with Sanskrit by comparing it with mixing of clarified butter and oil. He has written it using very limited Sanskrit words which fit with idiomatic Kannada. In 1235 AD, Jain poet Andayya, wrote <i>Kabbigara Kava</i>- ಕಬ್ಬಿಗರ ಕಾವ (Poet's Defender), also called <i>Sobagina Suggi</i> (Harvest of Beauty) or <i>Madana-Vijaya and</i> <i>Kavana-Gella</i> (Cupid's Conquest)<i>,</i> a <i>Champu</i> work in pure Kannada using only indigenous (<i>desya</i>) Kannada words and the derived form of Sanskrit words – <i>tadbhavas</i>, without the admixture of Sanskrit words. He succeeded in his challenge and proved wrong those who had advocated that it was impossible to write a work in Kannada without using Sanskrit words. Andayya may be considered as a protector of Kannada poets who were ridiculed by Sanskrit advocates. Thus Kannada is the only Dravidian language which is not only capable of using only native Kannada words and grammar in its literature (like Tamil), but also use Sanskrit grammar and vocabulary (like Telugu, Malayalam, Tulu, etc.) The Champu style of literature of mixing poetry with prose owes its origins to the Kannada language which was later incorporated by poets into Sanskrit and other Indian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-google_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kannada_literature_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kannada_literature-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Kannada">Middle Kannada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Middle Kannada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature_in_Vijayanagara_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada literature in Vijayanagara empire">Kannada literature in Vijayanagara empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Kingdom of Mysore">Literature of the Kingdom of Mysore</a></div> <p>During the period between the 15th and 18th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> had a great influence on Middle Kannada (<i>Naḍugannaḍa</i>- ನಡುಗನ್ನಡ) language and literature. <a href="/wiki/Kumara_Vyasa" title="Kumara Vyasa">Kumara Vyasa</a>, who wrote the <i>Karṇāṭa Bhārata Kathāman̄jari</i> (ಕರ್ಣಾಟ ಭಾರತ ಕಥಾಮಂಜರಿ), was arguably the most influential Kannada writer of this period. His work, entirely composed in the native <i>Bhamini Shatpadi</i> (hexa-meter), is a sublime adaptation of the first ten books of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kumar_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kumar-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the Sanskritic influence is present in most abstract, religious, scientific and rhetorical terms.<sup id="cite_ref-influence_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influence-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-inf_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inf-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sang_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sang-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, several <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> words came into Kannada, chiefly relating to feudalism and militia.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindu saints of the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> sect such as <a href="/wiki/Kanakadasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakadasa">Kanakadasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purandaradasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Purandaradasa">Purandaradasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naraharitirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Naraharitirtha">Naraharitirtha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sripadaraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripadaraya">Sripadaraya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vadirajatirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadirajatirtha">Vadirajatirtha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Dasa" title="Vijaya Dasa">Vijaya Dasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopala_Dasa" title="Gopala Dasa">Gopala Dasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Kannada_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a>, Prasanna Venkatadasa produced devotional poems in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-bhakti_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhakti-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kanakadasa's <i>Rāmadhānya Charite</i> (ರಾಮಧಾನ್ಯ ಚರಿತೆ) is a rare work, concerning with the issue of class struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-ragi_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ragi-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period saw the advent of <i><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a> Sahitya</i> (<i>lit</i> Dasa literature) which made rich contributions to <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i> literature and sowed the seeds of Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa is widely considered the <i>Father of Carnatic music</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pura_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pura-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tattu_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tattu-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kana_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kana-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Kannada">Modern Kannada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern Kannada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Kannada_literature" title="Modern Kannada literature">Modern Kannada literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannada_poetry" title="Kannada poetry">Kannada poetry</a></div> <p>The Kannada works produced from the 19th century make a gradual transition and are classified as <i>Hosagannaḍa</i> or Modern Kannada. Most notable among the modernists was the poet <a href="/wiki/Muddana" title="Muddana">Nandalike Muddana</a> whose writing may be described as the "Dawn of Modern Kannada", though generally, linguists treat <i>Indira Bai</i> or <i>Saddharma Vijayavu</i> by Gulvadi Venkata Raya as the first literary works in Modern Kannada. The first modern <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> printing of "Canarese" appears to be the <i>Canarese Grammar</i> of <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">Carey</a> printed at <a href="/wiki/Serampore" title="Serampore">Serampore</a> in 1817, and the "<a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Kannada" title="Bible translations into Kannada">Bible in Canarese</a>" of <a href="/wiki/John_Hands" title="John Hands">John Hands</a> in 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first novel printed was <a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim's Progress">Pilgrim's Progress</a></i>, along with other texts including <i>Canarese Proverbs</i>, <i>The History of Little Henry and his Bearer</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Martha_Sherwood" title="Mary Martha Sherwood">Mary Martha Sherwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottlob_Barth" title="Christian Gottlob Barth">Christian Gottlob Barth</a>'s <i>Bible Stories</i> and "a Canarese hymn book."<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably <i>Navodaya</i>, <i>Navya</i>, <i>Navyottara</i>, <i>Dalita</i> and <i>Bandaya</i>. Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Further, Kannada has produced a number of prolific and renowned poets and writers such as <a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bendre" title="Bendre">Bendre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/V_K_Gokak" class="mw-redirect" title="V K Gokak">V K Gokak</a>. Works of Kannada literature have received eight <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnanpith">Jnanpith awards</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the highest number awarded to any Indian language.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kannada–Kannada dictionary has existed in Kannada along with ancient works of Kannada grammar. The oldest available Kannada dictionary was composed by the poet 'Ranna' called 'Ranna Kanda' (ರನ್ನ ಕಂದ) in 996 AD. Other dictionaries are '<a href="/wiki/Abhidhana" title="Abhidhana">Abhidhana</a> Vastukosha' (ಅಭಿದಾನ ವಾಸ್ತುಕೋಶ) by Nagavarma (1045 AD), 'Amarakoshada Teeku' (ಅಮರಕೋಶದ ತೀಕು) by Vittala (1300), 'Abhinavaabhidaana' (ಅಭಿನವಾಭಿದಾನ) by Abhinava Mangaraja (1398 AD) and many more.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Kannada–English dictionary consisting of more than 70,000 words was composed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Kittel" title="Ferdinand Kittel">Ferdinand Kittel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kittel_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kittel-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/G._Venkatasubbiah" title="G. Venkatasubbiah">G. Venkatasubbaiah</a> edited the first modern Kannada–Kannada dictionary, a 9,000-page, 8-volume series published by the <a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" title="Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a>. He also wrote a Kannada–English dictionary and a <i>kliṣtapadakōśa</i> (ಕ್ಲಿಷ್ಟಪಾದಕೋಶ), a dictionary of difficult words.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kannada_dialects" title="Kannada dialects">Kannada dialects</a></div> <p>There is also a considerable difference between the spoken and written forms of the language. Spoken Kannada tends to vary from region to region. The written form is more or less consistent throughout Karnataka. The <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> reports "about 20 dialects" of Kannada. Among them are <a href="/wiki/Kundagannada" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundagannada">Kundagannada</a> (spoken exclusively in Kundapura, Brahmavara, Bynduru and Hebri), Nador-Kannada (spoken by <a href="/wiki/Nadavaru" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadavaru">Nadavaru</a>), <a href="/wiki/Havigannada" class="mw-redirect" title="Havigannada">Havigannada</a> (spoken mainly by <a href="/wiki/Havyaka_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Havyaka Brahmin">Havyaka Brahmins</a>), <a href="/wiki/Are_Bhashe" class="mw-redirect" title="Are Bhashe">Are Bhashe</a> (spoken by Gowda community mainly in <a href="/wiki/Madikeri" title="Madikeri">Madikeri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sullia" title="Sullia">Sullia</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a>), Malenadu Kannada (Sakaleshpur, Coorg, Shimoga, Chikmagalur), <a href="/wiki/Sholaga_language" title="Sholaga language">Sholaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulbarga_Kannada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulbarga Kannada">Gulbarga Kannada</a>, Dharawad Kannada etc. All of these dialects are influenced by their regional and cultural background. The one million <a href="/wiki/Komarpant" title="Komarpant">Komarpants</a> in and around Goa speak their own dialect of Kannada, known as Halegannada. They are settled throughout Goa state, throughout Uttara Kannada district and Khanapur taluk of Belagavi district, Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Halakki_Vokkaliga" title="Halakki Vokkaliga">Halakki Vokkaligas</a> of Uttara Kannada and Shimoga districts of Karnataka speak in their own dialect of Kannada called Halakki Kannada or Achchagannada. Their population estimate is about 75,000.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethnologue also classifies a group of four languages related to Kannada, which are, besides Kannada proper, <a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holiya_language" title="Holiya language">Holiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumba language">Kurumba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urali_language" title="Urali language">Urali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Golars or <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkars</a> are a nomadic herdsmen tribe present in <a href="/wiki/Nagpur_district" title="Nagpur district">Nagpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrapur_district" title="Chandrapur district">Chanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhandara_district" title="Bhandara district">Bhandara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoni_district" title="Seoni district">Seoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balaghat_district" title="Balaghat district">Balaghat</a> districts of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> speak the Golari dialect of Kannada which is identical to the Holiya dialect spoken by their tribal offshoot Holiyas present in Seoni, Nagpur and Bhandara of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. There were around 3,600 speakers of this dialect as per the 1901 census. Matthew A. Sherring describes the Golars and Holars as a pastoral tribe from the <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a> banks established in the districts around Nagpur, in the stony tracts of <a href="/wiki/Ambagarh_Chowki" title="Ambagarh Chowki">Ambagarh</a>, forests around Ramplee and Sahangadhee. Along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Wainganga_River" title="Wainganga River">Wainganga</a>, they dwell in the Chakurhaitee and Keenee subdivisions.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kurumvars of Chanda district of Maharashtra, a wild pastoral tribe, 2,200 in number as per the 1901 census, spoke a Kannada dialect called Kurumvari. The Kurumbas or Kurubas, a nomadic shepherd tribe were spread across the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris">Nilgiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_district" title="Coimbatore district">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vellore_district" title="Vellore district">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Arcot_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)">South Arcots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichinopoly_District" title="Trichinopoly District">Trichinopoly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanjore_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)">Tanjore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_district" title="Pudukkottai district">Pudukottai</a> of Tamil Nadu, <a href="/wiki/Kadapa_district" title="Kadapa district">Cuddapah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anantapur_district" title="Anantapur district">Anantapur</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Coorg</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and spoke the Kurumba Kannada dialect. The Kurumba and Kurumvari dialect (both closely related with each other) speakers were estimated to be around 11,400 in total as per the 1901 census. There were about 34,250 Badaga speakers as per the 1901 census.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nasik_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasik district">Nasik district</a> of Maharashtra has a distinct tribe called 'Hatkar Kaanadi' people who speak a Kannada (Kaanadi) dialect with lot of old Kannada words. Per Chidananda Murthy, they are the native people of Nasik from ancient times, which shows that North Maharashtra's Nasik area had Kannada population 1000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kannada speakers formed 0.12% of Nasik district's population as per 1961 census.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannada_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada braille">Kannada braille</a></div> <p>The language uses forty-nine <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> letters, divided into three groups: <i>swaragalu</i> (vowels – thirteen letters); <i>vyanjanagalu</i> (consonants – thirty-four letters); and <i>yogavaahakagalu</i> (neither vowel nor consonant – two letters: <i><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a></i> <span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">ಂ</span></span> and <i><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></i> <span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">ಃ</span></span>). The character set is almost identical to that of other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a>. The Kannada script is almost entirely phonetic, but for the sound of a "half n" (which becomes a half m). The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the forty-nine characters in the alphabet, because different characters can be combined to form <i>compound</i> characters <i>(ottakshara)</i>. Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>, as opposed to one <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> in languages like English—the Kannada script is syllabic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="627" data-mwtitle="Deepadadi_25.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Deepadadi_25.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Deepadadi_25.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Deepadadi_25.ogg/Deepadadi_25.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Spoken Kannada</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alv.</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> (ಮ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> (ನ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> (ಣ) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>) (ಞ) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>) (ಙ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> (ಪ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span> (ತ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> (ಟ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> (ಚ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> (ಕ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant"><small>aspirated</small></a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> (ಫ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">t̪ʰ</a></span> (ಥ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> (ಠ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʃʰ</a></span> (ಛ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> (ಖ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)"><small>voiced</small></a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> (ಬ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a></span> (ದ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> (ಡ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> (ಜ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> (ಗ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a></span> (ಭ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">d̪ʱ</a></span> (ಧ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a></span> (ಢ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʒʱ</a></span> (ಝ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a></span> (ಘ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> (ಸ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> (ಷ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> (ಶ) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> (ಹ) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> (ವ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> (ಲ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> (ಳ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> (ಯ) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> (ರ) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Most consonants can be <a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminated</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated consonants</a> very rarely occur in native vocabulary only in a few numerals like the number 9 and 80, which can be written with a /bʱ/, as in "ಒಂಭತ್ತು", <i>ಎಂಭತ್ತು</i>. However, it is usually written with a /b/, as in "ಒಂಬತ್ತು", <i>ಎಂಬತ್ತು</i>.</li> <li>The aspiration of consonants depends entirely on the speaker and many do not do it in non-formal situations.</li> <li>The alveolar trill /r/ may be pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ].</li> <li>The voiceless retroflex sibilant /ʂ/ is commonly pronounced as a /ʃ/ except in consonant clusters with retroflex consonants.</li> <li>There are also the consonants /f, z/ which occur in recent English and Perso-Arabic loans but they may be replaced by the consonants /pʰ, dʒ/ respectively by speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-bhk_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhk-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Additionally, Kannada included the following phonemes, which dropped out of common usage in the 12th and 18th century respectively: </p> <ul><li>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>/ ಱ (ṟ), the alveolar trill.</li> <li>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span>/ ೞ (ḻ), the retroflex central approximant.</li></ul> <p>Old Kannada had an archaic phoneme /ɻ/ under retroflexes in early inscriptions which merged with /ɭ/ and it maintained the contrast between /r/ (< PD ∗ṯ) and /ɾ/ from (< PD ∗r). Both merged in Medieval Kannada.<sup id="cite_ref-bhk_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhk-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In old Kannada at around 10th-14th century, most of the initial /p/ <a href="/wiki/Debuccalise" class="mw-redirect" title="Debuccalise">debuccalised</a> into a /h/ e.g. OlKn. pattu, MdKn. hattu "ten".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003120_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003120-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the Tamil-Malayalam languages and, independently, Telugu, phonemically palatalised /k/ before a front vowel; Kannada never developed such phonemic palatalisation (c.f. Kn. ಕಿವಿ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kiʋi/</span>, Ta. செவி <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/seʋi/</span>, Te. చెవి <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃeʋi/</span> "ear");<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003128_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003128-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, <i>phonetically</i>, Kannada speakers frequently palatalise velar consonants before front vowels, for example, realising ಕಿವಿ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kiʋi/</span> "ear" as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ciʋi]</span> and ಗಿಳಿ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡiɭi/</span> "parrot" as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟiɭi]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> (ಇ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> (ಈ) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> (ಉ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> (ಊ) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> (ಎ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> (ಏ) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> (ಒ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> (ಓ) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> (ಅ) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> (ಆ) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> are phonetically central <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a>]</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐ/</span> may be as open as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span>) or higher <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]</span>.</li> <li>The vowels /i iː e eː/ may be preceded by /j/ and the vowels /u uː o oː/ may be preceded by /ʋ/ when they are in an initial position.</li> <li>The short vowels /a i u e o/, when in an initial or a medial position tend to be pronounced as [ɐ ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ]. In a final position, this phenomenon occurs less frequently.</li> <li>/æː/ occurs in English loans but can be switched with /aː/ or /ja:/.<sup id="cite_ref-bhk_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhk-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>At around the 8th century, Kannada raised the vowels e, o to i, u when before a short consonant and a high vowel, before written literature emerged in the language, e.g. Kn. kivi, Ta. cevi, Te. cevi "ear".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003106_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti2003106-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada grammar</a></div> <p>The canonical word order of Kannada is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> (subject–object–verb), typical of Indian languages. Kannada is a highly <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> language with three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> (masculine, feminine, and neuter or common) and two numbers (singular and plural). It is inflected for gender, number and tense, among other things. The most authoritative known book on old Kannada grammar is <i><a href="/wiki/Shabdhamanidarpana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabdhamanidarpana">Shabdhamanidarpana</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Keshiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshiraja">Keshiraja</a>. The first available Kannada book, a treatise on poetics, rhetoric and basic grammar is the <i><a href="/wiki/Kavirajamarga" title="Kavirajamarga">Kavirajamarga</a></i> from 850 AD. </p><p>The most influential account of Kannada grammar is <a href="/wiki/Keshiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshiraja">Keshiraja</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shabdamanidarpana" title="Shabdamanidarpana">Shabdamanidarpana</a></i> (c. 1260 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-GS_Gai_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS_Gai-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-F._Kittel,_'A_Grammar_of_the_Kannada_Language'_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F._Kittel,_'A_Grammar_of_the_Kannada_Language'-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earlier grammatical works include portions of <i><a href="/wiki/Kavirajamarga" title="Kavirajamarga">Kavirajamarga</a></i> (a treatise on <i>alańkāra</i>) of the 9th century, and <i>Kavyavalokana</i> and <i>Karnatakabhashabhushana</i> (both authored by <a href="/wiki/Nagavarma_II" title="Nagavarma II">Nagavarma II</a> in the first half of the 12th century).<sup id="cite_ref-F._Kittel,_'A_Grammar_of_the_Kannada_Language'_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F._Kittel,_'A_Grammar_of_the_Kannada_Language'-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_bases">Compound bases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Compound bases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compound bases, called <i>samāsa</i> in Kannada, are a set of two or more words compounded together.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several types of compound bases, based on the rules followed for compounding. The types of compound bases or samāsas: tatpurusha, karmadhāraya, dvigu, bahuvreehi, anshi, dvandva, kriya and gamaka samāsa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Examples: <i>taṅgāḷi</i>, <i>hemmara</i>, <i>kannusanne</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many ways the third-person pronouns are more like demonstratives than like the other pronouns. They are pluralised like nouns and the first- and second-person pronouns have different ways to distinguish number.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The given sample text is Article 1 from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kannada">Kannada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Kannada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಮಾನವರು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರರಾಗಿ ಹುಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಘನತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅಧಿಕಾರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮಾನರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ತಿಳಿವು ಮತ್ತು ಅಂತಃಸಾಕ್ಷಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದವರಾದ್ದರಿಂದ, ಅವರು ಒಬ್ಬರಿಗೊಬ್ಬರು ಸಹೋದರ ಭಾವದಿಂದ ನಡೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು.</span></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanisation_(ISO_15919)"><span id="Romanisation_.28ISO_15919.29"></span>Romanisation (ISO 15919)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Romanisation (ISO 15919)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ellā mānavaru svatantrarāgiyē huṭṭiddāre hāgu ghanate mattu adhikāragaḷalli samānarāgiddāre. Tiḷivu mattu antaḥsākṣīyannu paḍedavarāddarinda avaru obbarigobbaru sahōdara bhāvadinda naḍedukoḷḷabēku. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IPA">IPA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: IPA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ellaː<span class="wrap"> </span>maːn̪ɐʋɐɾu<span class="wrap"> </span>sʋɐt̪ɐn̪t̪ɾɐɾaːɡijeː<span class="wrap"> </span>huʈʈid̪d̪aːɾe<span class="wrap"> </span>haːɡu<span class="wrap"> </span>gʱɐn̪ɐt̪e<span class="wrap"> </span>mɐt̪t̪u<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐd̪ʱikaːɾɐɡɐɭɐlli<span class="wrap"> </span>sɐmaːn̪ɐɾaːɡid̪d̪aːɾe<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪iɭiʋu<span class="wrap"> </span>mɐt̪t̪u<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐn̪t̪ɐkkɐɾɐɳɐɡɐɭɐn̪n̪u<span class="wrap"> </span>pɐɖed̪ɐʋɐraːd̪d̪ɐɾin̪d̪ɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐʋɐɾu<span class="wrap"> </span>obbɐɾiɡobbɐɾu<span class="wrap"> </span>sɐhoːd̪ɐɾɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>bʱaːʋɐd̪in̪d̪ɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>n̪ɐɖed̪ukoɭɭɐbeːku<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ/</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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radio stations">List of Kannada-language radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_literature" title="List of Karnataka literature">List of Karnataka literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">List of languages by number of native speakers in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siribhoovalaya" title="Siribhoovalaya">Siribhoovalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Karnataka" title="Timeline of Karnataka">Timeline of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kan">Kannada</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Karnataka official language act, 1963 – Karnataka Gazette (Extraordinary) Part IV-2A</i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka" title="Government of Karnataka">Government of Karnataka</a>. 1963. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Karnataka+official+language+act%2C+1963+%E2%80%93+Karnataka+Gazette+%28Extraordinary%29+Part+IV-2A&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Government+of+Karnataka&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Schwartzberg" title="Joseph E. Schwartzberg">Schwartzberg, Joseph E.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/overview/languages/himal1992max.jpg">"Currency of Selected Languages and Scripts"</a>. <i>A Historical Atlas of South Asia</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195068696" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195068696"><bdi>978-0195068696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Currency+of+Selected+Languages+and+Scripts&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0195068696&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00maplinks%2Foverview%2Flanguages%2Fhimal1992max.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kannada">"Kannada"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Kannada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FKannada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Kannada" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Kannada">"Kannada"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kannada&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DKannada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WesleyanMissionPress1858-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WesleyanMissionPress1858_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeve1858" class="citation book cs1">Reeve, William (1858). Sanderson, Daniel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adictionarycana00sandgoog"><i>A Dictionary, Canarese and English</i></a>. Bangalore: Wesleyan Mission Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary%2C+Canarese+and+English&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=Wesleyan+Mission+Press&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadictionarycana00sandgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-official-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-official_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dpal.kar.nic.in/26%20of%201963%20(E).pdf">"The Karnataka Official Language Act"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Official website of Department of Parliamentary Affairs and Legislation</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+Department+of+Parliamentary+Affairs+and+Legislation&rft.atitle=The+Karnataka+Official+Language+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdpal.kar.nic.in%2F26%2520of%25201963%2520%28E%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tag-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tag_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuiper (2011), p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldest-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oldest_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R Zydenbos in Cushman S, Cavanagh C, Ramazani J, Rouzer P, <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition</i>, p. 767, Princeton University Press, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15491-6">978-0-691-15491-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeshanKumbhojkar2018" class="citation book cs1">Seshan, Radhika; Kumbhojkar, Shraddha (27 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RyZhDwAAQBAJ&dq=rashtrakuta+court+language+kannada&pg=PT43"><i>Re-searching Transitions in Indian History</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-94630-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-94630-1"><bdi>978-0-429-94630-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-searching+Transitions+in+Indian+History&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft.isbn=978-0-429-94630-1&rft.aulast=Seshan&rft.aufirst=Radhika&rft.au=Kumbhojkar%2C+Shraddha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRyZhDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Drashtrakuta%2Bcourt%2Blanguage%2Bkannada%26pg%3DPT43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy2007" class="citation book cs1">Ramaswamy, Harish (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UM3LjKo8Uo8C&pg=PA334"><i>Karnataka Government and Politics</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-397-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-397-7"><bdi>978-81-8069-397-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karnataka+Government+and+Politics&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-397-7&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Harish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUM3LjKo8Uo8C%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1993" class="citation book cs1">Masica, Colin P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.karnatakavision.com&rft.atitle=Jnanpeeth+Awardees+from+Karnataka+%26%23124%3B+Jnanapeeta+Awardees+%26%23124%3B+Jnanpith+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karnatakavision.com%2Fjnanpeeth-awardees.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201222120049/https://www.newsgram.com/eight-kannada-authors-who-have-won-prestigious-jnanpith-award/">"Jnanpith Award: Eight Kannada authors who have won 'Jnanpith Award'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 5 September 2017. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C-16%3A+Population+by+mother+tongue%2C+India+%E2%80%93+2011&rft.au=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F10191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2001census-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2001census_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indiaspeak-English-is-our-2nd-language/articleshow/5680962.cms">"Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 14 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Indiaspeak%3A+English+is+our+2nd+language&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FIndiaspeak-English-is-our-2nd-language%2Farticleshow%2F5680962.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimesofIndia-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TimesofIndia_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagarajan2008" class="citation news cs1">Nagarajan, Rema (16 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Kannadigas-TNs-3rd-biggest-group/articleshow/2954903.cms">"Kannadigas TN's 3rd biggest group"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kannadigas+TN%27s+3rd+biggest+group&rft.date=2008-04-16&rft.aulast=Nagarajan&rft.aufirst=Rema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fbengaluru%2FKannadigas-TNs-3rd-biggest-group%2Farticleshow%2F2954903.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoland-CreweLea2003" class="citation book cs1">Boland-Crewe, Tara; Lea, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uPAgAAQBAJ&q=Kannada&pg=PA84"><i>The Territories and States of India</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 224–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135356255" title="Special:BookSources/9781135356255"><bdi>9781135356255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+and+States+of+India&rft.pages=224-226&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781135356255&rft.aulast=Boland-Crewe&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft.au=Lea%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2uPAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DKannada%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalanithurai2002" class="citation book cs1">Palanithurai, Ganapathy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zbKesmg97PAC&q=amindivi+kannada+island&pg=PA5"><i>Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India: Select states</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180691294" title="Special:BookSources/9788180691294"><bdi>9788180691294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+New+Panchayati+Raj+System+in+India%3A+Select+states&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788180691294&rft.aulast=Palanithurai&rft.aufirst=Ganapathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzbKesmg97PAC%26q%3Damindivi%2Bkannada%2Bisland%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604062111/http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls">"Table 1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls">the original</a> on 4 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1.+Detailed+Languages+Spoken+at+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhhes%2Fsocdemo%2Flanguage%2Fdata%2Fother%2Fdetailed-lang-tables.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue_kan-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_kan_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_kan_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/kan">Kannada</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteever1998129-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteever1998129_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteever1998">Steever 1998</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Narasimhacharya1934" class="citation book cs1">R. Narasimhacharya (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhadhammaorli0000nara/page/n10/mode/1up?q=+tamil"><i>History of the Kannada Language (Readership Lectures)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mysore" title="University of Mysore">University of Mysore</a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Kannada+Language+%28Readership+Lectures%29&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Mysore&rft.date=1934&rft.au=R.+Narasimhacharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhadhammaorli0000nara%2Fpage%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2Btamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prak-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prak_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prak_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMythic_Society_(Bangalore,_India)1985" class="citation book cs1">Mythic Society (Bangalore, India) (1985). <i>The quarterly journal of the Mythic society (Bangalore)., Volume 76</i>. Mythic Society (Bangalore, India). pp. Pages_197–210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+quarterly+journal+of+the+Mythic+society+%28Bangalore%29.%2C+Volume+76&rft.pages=Pages_197-210&rft.pub=Mythic+Society+%28Bangalore%2C+India%29&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Mythic+Society+%28Bangalore%2C+India%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Studies-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Studies_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._K._KhadabadiPrākr̥ta_Bhāratī_Akādamī1997" class="citation book cs1">B. K. Khadabadi; Prākr̥ta Bhāratī Akādamī (1997). <i>Studies in Jainology, Prakrit literature, and languages: a collection of select 51 papers Volume 116 of Prakrit Bharti pushpa</i>. Prakrit Bharati Academy. pp. 444 pages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Jainology%2C+Prakrit+literature%2C+and+languages%3A+a+collection+of+select+51+papers+Volume+116+of+Prakrit+Bharti+pushpa&rft.pages=444+pages&rft.pub=Prakrit+Bharati+Academy&rft.date=1997&rft.au=B.+K.+Khadabadi&rft.au=Pr%C4%81kr%CC%A5ta+Bh%C4%81rat%C4%AB+Ak%C4%81dam%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Narasimhacharya1934" class="citation book cs1">R. Narasimhacharya (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhadhammaorli0000nara/page/n10/mode/1up?q=+tamil"><i>History of the Kannada Language (Readership Lectures)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mysore" title="University of Mysore">University of Mysore</a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Kannada+Language+%28Readership+Lectures%29&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Mysore&rft.date=1934&rft.au=R.+Narasimhacharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhadhammaorli0000nara%2Fpage%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2Btamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-civil-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-civil_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-civil_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425022336/http://www.classicalkannada.org/LanguageEng.html">"Classical Kannada, Antiquity of Kannada"</a>. <i>Centre for classical Kannada</i>. Central Institute for Indian Languages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicalkannada.org/LanguageEng.html">the original</a> on 25 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+classical+Kannada&rft.atitle=Classical+Kannada%2C+Antiquity+of+Kannada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicalkannada.org%2FLanguageEng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamil_epigraphy1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tamil_epigraphy1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIravatham_Mahadevan2003" class="citation book cs1">Iravatham Mahadevan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD</i></a>. Cre-A. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674012271" title="Special:BookSources/9780674012271"><bdi>9780674012271</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Tamil+Epigraphy+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Sixth+Century+AD&rft.pub=Cre-A&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780674012271&rft.au=Iravatham+Mahadevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZBkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK_R2002" class="citation book cs1">K R, Subramanian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jHaVqNy-V6UC&pg=PA11"><i>Origin of Saivism and Its History in the Tamil Land</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120601444" title="Special:BookSources/9788120601444"><bdi>9788120601444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Saivism+and+Its+History+in+the+Tamil+Land&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788120601444&rft.aulast=K+R&rft.aufirst=Subramanian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjHaVqNy-V6UC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tatsama-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tatsama_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulli1991" class="citation book cs1">Kulli, Jayavant S (1991). <i>History of grammatical theories in Kannada</i>. Internationial School of Dravidian Linguistics. pp. 330 pages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+grammatical+theories+in+Kannada&rft.pages=330+pages&rft.pub=Internationial+School+of+Dravidian+Linguistics&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Kulli&rft.aufirst=Jayavant+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-banna-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-banna_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha1976" class="citation book cs1">Jha, Ganganatha (1976). <i>Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Volume 32</i>. Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha. pp. see page 319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Ganganatha+Jha+Kendriya+Sanskrit+Vidyapeetha%2C+Volume+32&rft.pages=see+page+319&rft.pub=Ganganatha+Jha+Kendriya+Sanskrit+Vidyapeetha&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Ganganatha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhat1993102,103-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhat1993102,103_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhat1993">Bhat 1993</a>, p. 102,103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-civil2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-civil2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425022336/http://www.classicalkannada.org/LanguageEng.html">"Classical Kannada, Antiquity of Kannada"</a>. <i>Centre for classical Kannada</i>. Central Institute for Indian Languages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicalkannada.org/LanguageEng.html">the original</a> on 25 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+classical+Kannada&rft.atitle=Classical+Kannada%2C+Antiquity+of+Kannada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicalkannada.org%2FLanguageEng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isila-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isila_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <i>Isila</i> found in the Ashokan inscription (called the Brahmagiri edict from Karnataka) meaning to shoot an arrow, is a Kannada word, indicating that Kannada was a spoken language in the 3rd century BC (D.L. Narasimhachar in Kamath 2001, p5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.2018" class="citation web cs1">B., Dr. Suresha (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1810731.pdf">"A study on Ashoka's Inscriptions with special reference to Karnataka"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>JETIR</i>. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1810731.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JETIR&rft.atitle=A+study+on+Ashoka%27s+Inscriptions+with+special+reference+to+Karnataka&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2018-10&rft.aulast=B.&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Suresha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jetir.org%2Fpapers%2FJETIR1810731.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deccanherald-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deccanherald_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngadi2020" class="citation news cs1">Angadi, Jagadish (30 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/kannada-in-alexandria-909294.html">"Kannada in Alexandria"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Kannada+in+Alexandria&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft.aulast=Angadi&rft.aufirst=Jagadish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fspectrum%2Fspectrum-top-stories%2Fkannada-in-alexandria-909294.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahadevan2003" class="citation book cs1">Mahadevan, Iravatham (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ&q=posil"><i>Early Tamil Epigraphy</i></a>. Cre-A. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674012271" title="Special:BookSources/9780674012271"><bdi>9780674012271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Tamil+Epigraphy&rft.pub=Cre-A&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780674012271&rft.aulast=Mahadevan&rft.aufirst=Iravatham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZBkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dposil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyaya1974" class="citation book cs1">Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1 January 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&q=ptolemy+nitran&pg=PA74"><i>Some Early Dynasties of South India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120829411" title="Special:BookSources/9788120829411"><bdi>9788120829411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Early+Dynasties+of+South+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1974-01-01&rft.isbn=9788120829411&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Sudhakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78I5lDHU2jQC%26q%3Dptolemy%2Bnitran%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzirisheritage.org/history.php">"Muziris Heritage Project"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muziris+Heritage+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzirisheritage.org%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarmington1928" class="citation book cs1">Warmington, E. H. (1928). <i>The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2014. pp. 112–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107432147" title="Special:BookSources/9781107432147"><bdi>9781107432147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commerce+between+the+Roman+Empire+and+India&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+2014&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=9781107432147&rft.aulast=Warmington&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._SmithWilliams_Jackson2008" class="citation book cs1">A. Smith, Vincent; Williams Jackson, A. V. (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bP7DzXQBoM4C&q=Siro+Polemaios&pg=PA193"><i>History of India, in Nine Volumes: Vol. II – From the Sixth Century B.C. to the Mohammedan Conquest, Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great</i></a>. Cosimo, Inc., 2008. pp. 193–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605204925" title="Special:BookSources/9781605204925"><bdi>9781605204925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India%2C+in+Nine+Volumes%3A+Vol.+II+%E2%80%93+From+the+Sixth+Century+B.C.+to+the+Mohammedan+Conquest%2C+Including+the+Invasion+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=193-196&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.%2C+2008&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=9781605204925&rft.aulast=A.+Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.au=Williams+Jackson%2C+A.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbP7DzXQBoM4C%26q%3DSiro%2BPolemaios%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dltXAAAAMAAJ&q=pulumayi+tiger"><i>Mysore State, 1956–1966</i></a>. Director of Publicity & Information, Government of Mysore. 1966. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysore+State%2C+1956%E2%80%931966&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Director+of+Publicity+%26+Information%2C+Government+of+Mysore&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdltXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpulumayi%2Btiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPai1942" class="citation journal cs1">Pai, M. Govinda (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44002572">"THE VIḶIVĀYAKURAS AND SIVALAKURA OF THE KOLHAPUR COINS"</a>. <i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</i>. <b>23</b> (1/4): 319–329. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-1143">0378-1143</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44002572">44002572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=THE+VI%E1%B8%B6IV%C4%80YAKURAS+AND+SIVALAKURA+OF+THE+KOLHAPUR+COINS&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=319-329&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44002572%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0378-1143&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=M.+Govinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44002572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salomon1991-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salomon1991_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1991" class="citation journal cs1">Salomon, Richard (1991). "Epigraphic Remains of Indian Traders in Egypt". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>111</b> (4): 731–736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F603404">10.2307/603404</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/603404">603404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Epigraphic+Remains+of+Indian+Traders+in+Egypt&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=731-736&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F603404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F603404%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-admin-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-admin_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. V. Ramesh (1984), p. 10, 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hal-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hal_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hal_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2, Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1717, 1474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldest_inscription-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oldest_inscription_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A report on Halmidi inscription, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuralidhara_Khajane2003" class="citation news cs1">Muralidhara Khajane (3 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031124063238/http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm">"Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm">the original</a> on 24 November 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Halmidi+village+finally+on+the+road+to+recognition&rft.date=2003-11-03&rft.au=Muralidhara+Khajane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2003%2F11%2F03%2Fstories%2F2003110304550500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ind-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ind_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-statescan/when-ancient-copper-plates-came-to-kannadas-rescue-1045565.html">"When ancient copper plates came to Kannada's rescue"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=When+ancient+copper+plates+came+to+Kannada%27s+rescue&rft.date=2021-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fspectrum%2Fspectrum-statescan%2Fwhen-ancient-copper-plates-came-to-kannadas-rescue-1045565.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1912" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Lewis Benjamin (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.213548"><i>Epigraphia Carnatica Inscription In Kolar District Vol.10</i></a>. pp. 111–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Carnatica+Inscription+In+Kolar+District+Vol.10&rft.pages=111-114&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.213548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2018" class="citation book cs1">Rice, B. Lewis (10 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kIwswEACAAJ"><i>Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol. 10: Inscriptions in the Kolar District (Classic Reprint)</i></a>. 1kg Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-656-23957-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-656-23957-3"><bdi>978-0-656-23957-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Carnatica%2C+Vol.+10%3A+Inscriptions+in+the+Kolar+District+%28Classic+Reprint%29&rft.pub=1kg+Limited&rft.date=2018-02-10&rft.isbn=978-0-656-23957-3&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=B.+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kIwswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1886" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKUDwQEACAAJ"><i>Epigraphia Carnatica: [pt. 2]. Inscriptions in the Kolar district [Kannada text</i></a>. Mysore Government Central Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Carnatica%3A+%5Bpt.+2%5D.+Inscriptions+in+the+Kolar+district+%5BKannada+text&rft.pub=Mysore+Government+Central+Press&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKUDwQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVagarnal2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vagarnal, Avinasha (28 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/kolar/ancient-copper-plates-of-kannada-older-than-halmidi-inscription-are-in-kolar/videoshow/88542760.cms">"Ancient copper plates of Kannada older than Halmidi inscription are in Kolar – ಕೋಲಾರದಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಹಲ್ಮಿಡಿ ಶಾಸನಕ್ಕಿಂತಲೂ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನವಾದ ಕನ್ನಡ ಭಾಷೆಯ ತಾಮ್ರದ ಪತ್ರ!"</a>. <i>Vijay Karnataka</i> (in Kannada)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vijay+Karnataka&rft.atitle=Ancient+copper+plates+of+Kannada+older+than+Halmidi+inscription+are+in+Kolar+%E2%80%93+%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%86+%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF+%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82+%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6+%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A1+%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF+%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6+%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%21&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft.aulast=Vagarnal&rft.aufirst=Avinasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvijaykarnataka.com%2Fnews%2Fkolar%2Fancient-copper-plates-of-kannada-older-than-halmidi-inscription-are-in-kolar%2Fvideoshow%2F88542760.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1905" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sscUAAAAYAAJ"><i>Epigraphia Carnatica: Inscriptions in the Kolar District</i></a>. Mysore Government Central Press. pp. 111–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Carnatica%3A+Inscriptions+in+the+Kolar+District&rft.pages=111-113&rft.pub=Mysore+Government+Central+Press&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsscUAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/content/591046/kannada-inscription-talagunda-may-replace.html">"Kannada inscription at Talagunda of 370 CE may replace Halmidi inscription as the oldest"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Kannada+inscription+at+Talagunda+of+370+CE+may+replace+Halmidi+inscription+as+the+oldest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F591046%2Fkannada-inscription-talagunda-may-replace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chikka-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chikka_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rice-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rice_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rice E. P. (1921), p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tamate-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tamate_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Govinda_Pai" class="mw-redirect" title="Govinda Pai">Govinda Pai</a> in Bhat (1993), p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922145102/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092054690500.htm">"Mysore scholar deciphers Chandragiri inscription"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 20 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092054690500.htm">the original</a> on 22 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Mysore+scholar+deciphers+Chandragiri+inscription&rft.date=2008-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhindu.com%2F2008%2F09%2F20%2Fstories%2F2008092054690500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-konga-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-konga_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506055912/http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20INSCRIPTIONS%20HTML/HALMIDI%20INSCRIPTION%20HTML.htm">"HALMIDI INSCRIPTION"</a>. <i>Centre for classical Kannada</i>. Central Institute for Indian Languages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20INSCRIPTIONS%20HTML/HALMIDI%20INSCRIPTION%20HTML.htm">the original</a> on 6 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+classical+Kannada&rft.atitle=HALMIDI+INSCRIPTION&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicalkannada.org%2FDataBase%2FKannwordHTMLS%2FCLASSICAL%2520KANNADA%2520INSCRIPTIONS%2520HTML%2FHALMIDI%2520INSCRIPTION%2520HTML.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangaloremirror.com/bangalore/cover-story/Historians-study-pushes-earliest-record-of-Kannada-writing-back-by-a-century/articleshow/21220551.cms">"HISTORIAN'S STUDY PUSHES EARLIEST RECORD OF KANNADA WRITING BACK BY A CENTURY"</a>. <i>The antiquity of Kannada</i>. 10 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+antiquity+of+Kannada&rft.atitle=HISTORIAN%27S+STUDY+PUSHES+EARLIEST+RECORD+OF+KANNADA+WRITING+BACK+BY+A+CENTURY&rft.date=2013-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangaloremirror.com%2Fbangalore%2Fcover-story%2FHistorians-study-pushes-earliest-record-of-Kannada-writing-back-by-a-century%2Farticleshow%2F21220551.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-current-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-current_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Datta, Amaresh; <i>Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol. 2</i>, p. 1717, 1988, Sahitya Akademi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-260-1194-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-260-1194-7">81-260-1194-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dense-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dense_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheldon Pollock in Dehejia, Vidya; <i>The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art</i>, p.5, chapter:<i>The body as Leitmotif</i>, 2013, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14028-7">978-0-231-14028-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cliff-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cliff_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cliff1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cliff1_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzmathulla_Shariff2018" class="citation web cs1">Azmathulla Shariff (14 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007040120/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp">"Badami: Chalukyans' magical transformation"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp">the original</a> on 7 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Badami%3A+Chalukyans%27+magical+transformation&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft.au=Azmathulla+Shariff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fdeccanherald%2Fjul262005%2Fspectrum1422512005725.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jura-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jura_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Sircar 1965</i>. pp. 202–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sircar+1965&rft.pages=202-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Luce 1985</i>. pp. 62, n.16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luce+1985&rft.pages=62%2C+n.16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy1996" class="citation web cs1">Guy, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1991/JSS_085_0g_Guy_WarriorRulerSteleFromSriKsetra.pdf">"A WARRIOR-RULER STELE FROM SRI KSETRA, PYU, BURMA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of The Siam Society – Siamese Heritage</i>. Journal of The Siam Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1991/JSS_085_0g_Guy_WarriorRulerSteleFromSriKsetra.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+The+Siam+Society+%E2%80%93+Siamese+Heritage&rft.atitle=A+WARRIOR-RULER+STELE+FROM+SRI+KSETRA%2C+PYU%2C+BURMA&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1991%2FJSS_085_0g_Guy_WarriorRulerSteleFromSriKsetra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kannada_copperplate-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kannada_copperplate_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gururaj Bhat in Kamath (2001), p97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palm_leaf_manuscript-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palm_leaf_manuscript_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palm_leaf_manuscript_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukerjee,_Shruba2005" class="citation web cs1">Mukerjee, Shruba (21 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061022233151/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug212005/sundayherald101012005820.asp">"Preserving voices from the past"</a>. <i>Sunday Herald</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug212005/sundayherald101012005820.asp">the original</a> on 22 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Herald&rft.atitle=Preserving+voices+from+the+past&rft.date=2005-08-21&rft.au=Mukerjee%2C+Shruba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fdeccanherald%2Faug212005%2Fsundayherald101012005820.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sat-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sat_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The coins are preserved at the Archaeological Section, Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai – Kundangar and Moraes in <a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">Moraes</a> (1931), p382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhagi-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bhagi_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The coin is preserved at the Indian Historical Research Institute, St. Xavier's College, Mumbai – Kundangar and Moraes in <a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">Moraes</a> (1938), p 382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kadamba_coin-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kadamba_coin_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Gopal,_director,_Department_of_Archaeology_and_Ancient_History2006" class="citation news cs1">Dr Gopal, director, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History (6 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526191104/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/06/stories/2006020609090400.htm">"5th century copper coin discovered at Banavasi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/06/stories/2006020609090400.htm">the original</a> on 26 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=5th+century+copper+coin+discovered+at+Banavasi&rft.date=2006-02-06&rft.au=Dr+Gopal%2C+director%2C+Department+of+Archaeology+and+Ancient+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F02%2F06%2Fstories%2F2006020609090400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coins-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coins_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p12, p57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coins1-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coins1_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovindaraya_Prabhu,_S" class="citation web cs1">Govindaraya Prabhu, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901102258/http://prabhu.50g.com/">"Indian coins-Dynasties of South"</a>. Prabhu's Web Page on Indian Coinage, 1 November 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prabhu.50g.com/">the original</a> on 1 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+coins-Dynasties+of+South&rft.pub=Prabhu%27s+Web+Page+on+Indian+Coinage%2C+1+November+2001&rft.au=Govindaraya+Prabhu%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprabhu.50g.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coins2-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coins2_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarihariah_Oruganti-Vice-PresidentMadras_Coin_Society" class="citation web cs1">Harihariah Oruganti-Vice-President; Madras Coin Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025110358/http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/history.htm">"Vijayanagar Coins-Catalogue"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/history.htm">the original</a> on 25 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vijayanagar+Coins-Catalogue&rft.au=Harihariah+Oruganti-Vice-President&rft.au=Madras+Coin+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vijayanagaracoins.com%2Fhtm%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-triple-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-triple_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This shows that the native vernacular of the Goa Kadambas was Kannada – <a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">Moraes</a> (1931), p384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-han-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-han_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two coins of the Hangal Kadambas are preserved at the Royal Asiatic Society, Mumbai, one with the Kannada inscription <i>Saarvadhari</i> and other with <i>Nakara</i>. <a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">Moraes</a> (1931), p385</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poetry-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poetry_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extinct_works6-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extinct_works6_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-extinct_works6_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-extinct_works6_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-extinct_works6_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extinct_works5-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-extinct_works5_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJyotsna_Kamat" class="citation web cs1">Jyotsna Kamat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm">"History of the Kannada Literature-I"</a>. <i>Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006</i>. Kamat's Potpourri<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kamat%27s+Potpourri%2C+4+November+2006&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Kannada+Literature-I&rft.au=Jyotsna+Kamat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamat.com%2Fkalranga%2Fkar%2Fliterature%2Fhistory1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kavirajamarga-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kavirajamarga_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1890" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, Benjamin Lewis (April 1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208973">"Early History of Kannaḍa Literature"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. Cambridge University Press: 254–256, 245–262. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208973">25208973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Early+History+of+Kanna%E1%B8%8Da+Literature&rft.pages=254-256%2C+245-262&rft.date=1890-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25208973%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25208973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rao in Datta (1994), pp. 2278–2283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_92-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_92-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_92-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 2, 4–5, 12–18, 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warder (1988), pp. 240–241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dandin-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dandin_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dandin_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dandin_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dandin_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">6th century Sanskrit poet Dandin praised Srivaradhadeva's writing as "having produced <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> from the tip of his tongue, just as <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> from the tip of his top knot" (Rice E.P., 1921, pp.25–28)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garg (1987), vol. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagaraj in Sheldon (2003), p. 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHukkerikar1955" class="citation book cs1">Hukkerikar, Ramarao. S. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsYBAAAAMAAJ"><i>Karnataka Darshana</i></a>. R. S. Hukkerikar; sole distributor: Popular Book Depot. pp. 85, 87, 178, 205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karnataka+Darshana&rft.pages=85%2C+87%2C+178%2C+205&rft.pub=R.+S.+Hukkerikar%3B+sole+distributor%3A+Popular+Book+Depot&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Hukkerikar&rft.aufirst=Ramarao.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsYBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1915" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Edward Peter (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofkanares00rice_0/page/22/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>A History of Kanarese Literature</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 22–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Kanarese+Literature&rft.pages=22-26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Edward+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofkanares00rice_0%2Fpage%2F22%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extint_works-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-extint_works_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The seventeenth-century Kannada grammarian Bhattakalanka wrote about the <i>Chudamani</i> as a milestone in the literature of the Kannada language (Sastri (1955), p355)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extinct_works1-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-extinct_works1_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJyotsna_Kamat" class="citation web cs1">Jyotsna Kamat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm">"History of the Kannada Literature – I"</a>. <i>Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006</i>. Kamat's Potpourri<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kamat%27s+Potpourri%2C+4+November+2006&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Kannada+Literature+%E2%80%93+I&rft.au=Jyotsna+Kamat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamat.com%2Fkalranga%2Fkar%2Fliterature%2Fhistory1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extinct_works2-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-extinct_works2_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-god2-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-god2_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-god2_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rice, B.L. (1897), pp. 496–497</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chidananda Murthy in Kamath (1980), p. 50, 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mugali (1975), p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-early_works3-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-early_works3_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-early_works3_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p50, p67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta1987" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Amaresh (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=andayya"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi, 1987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126018031" title="Special:BookSources/9788126018031"><bdi>9788126018031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature%3A+A-Devo&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi%2C+1987&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788126018031&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Amaresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObFCT5_taSgC%26q%3Dandayya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extinct_works4-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-extinct_works4_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The author and his work were praised by the latter-day poet Durgasimha of AD 1025 (R. Narasimhacharya 1988, p18.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Lewis Rice (1985), p xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greek_roman-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greek_roman_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Appadurai" class="citation web cs1">K. Appadurai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070415154722/http://www.intamm.com/journalism/ta-jour3.htm">"The place of Kannada and Tamil in India's national culture"</a>. INTAMM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intamm.com/journalism/ta-jour3.htm">the original</a> on 15 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+place+of+Kannada+and+Tamil+in+India%27s+national+culture&rft.pub=INTAMM&rft.au=K.+Appadurai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intamm.com%2Fjournalism%2Fta-jour3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-{{ISBN|9788120605596}}-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-{{ISBN|9788120605596}}_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhacharya1999" class="citation book cs1">Narasimhacharya, R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yhXRDSgBuL0C&q=tulu&pg=PA49"><i>History of Kannada Language</i></a>. Asian Educational Services, 1942. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120605596" title="Special:BookSources/9788120605596"><bdi>9788120605596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kannada+Language&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services%2C+1942&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788120605596&rft.aulast=Narasimhacharya&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyhXRDSgBuL0C%26q%3Dtulu%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hari-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hari_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), pp 361–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jan-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jan_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narasimhacharya (1988), p20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-akka-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-akka_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagendra1988" class="citation web cs1">Nagendra, Dr. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqGojPpe8DIC">"Indian Literature"</a>. Prabhat Prakashan, 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Literature&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan%2C+1988&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Nagendra&rft.aufirst=Dr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdqGojPpe8DIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhacharya1988" class="citation book cs1">Narasimhacharya, Ramanujapuram (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059"><i>History of Kannada Literature: Readership Lectures</i></a>. Asian Educational Services, 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120603035" title="Special:BookSources/9788120603035"><bdi>9788120603035</bdi></a>. <q>andayya pure kannada.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kannada+Literature%3A+Readership+Lectures&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services%2C+1988&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788120603035&rft.aulast=Narasimhacharya&rft.aufirst=Ramanujapuram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.489059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Saravanan2014" class="citation book cs1">Hari Saravanan, V. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2noBgAAQBAJ"><i>Gods, Heroes and their Story Tellers: Intangible cultural heritage of South India</i></a>. Notion Press, 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789384391492" title="Special:BookSources/9789384391492"><bdi>9789384391492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Heroes+and+their+Story+Tellers%3A+Intangible+cultural+heritage+of+South+India&rft.pub=Notion+Press%2C+2014&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789384391492&rft.aulast=Hari+Saravanan&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2noBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kannada_literature-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kannada_literature_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rice, Edward. P (1921), "A History of Kannada Literature", Oxford University Press, 1921: 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1982" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Edward P. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2fhCH-NRatUC&pg=PA101"><i>A History of Kannada Literature</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. pp. 15, 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120600638" title="Special:BookSources/9788120600638"><bdi>9788120600638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Kannada+Literature&rft.pages=15%2C+44&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9788120600638&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2fhCH-NRatUC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kumar-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kumar_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-influence-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-influence_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Literature in all Dravidian languages owes a great deal to Sanskrit, the magic wand whose touch raised each of the languages from a level of patois to that of a literary idiom". (Sastri 1955, p309)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inf-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inf_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Takahashi, Takanobu. 1995. Tamil love poetry and poetics. Brill's Indological library, v. 9. Leiden: E.J. Brill, p16,18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sang-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sang_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The author endeavours to demonstrate that the entire Sangam poetic corpus follows the "Kavya" form of Sanskrit poetry"-Tieken, Herman Joseph Hugo. 2001. Kāvya in South India: old Tamil Caṅkam poetry. Groningen: Egbert Forsten</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._BucherFerdinand_Kittel1899" class="citation book cs1">J. Bucher; Ferdinand Kittel (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kannadaenglishsc00buchrich"><i>A Kannaḍa-English school-dictionary: chiefly based on the labours of the Rev. Dr. F. Kittel</i></a>. Basel Mission Book & Tract Depository.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Kanna%E1%B8%8Da-English+school-dictionary%3A+chiefly+based+on+the+labours+of+the+Rev.+Dr.+F.+Kittel&rft.pub=Basel+Mission+Book+%26+Tract+Depository&rft.date=1899&rft.au=J.+Bucher&rft.au=Ferdinand+Kittel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkannadaenglishsc00buchrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhakti-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bhakti_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), pp 364–365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ragi-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ragi_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The writing exalts the grain Ragi above all other grains that form the staple foods of much of modern Karnataka (Sastri 1955, p365)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pura-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pura_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorthy2001" class="citation book cs1">Moorthy, Vijaya (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2s2xJetsy0wC&q=Romance+of+the+Raga&pg=PP1"><i>Romance of the Raga</i></a>. Abinav publications. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-382-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-382-3"><bdi>978-81-7017-382-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romance+of+the+Raga&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Abinav+publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-382-3&rft.aulast=Moorthy&rft.aufirst=Vijaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2s2xJetsy0wC%26q%3DRomance%2Bof%2Bthe%2BRaga%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tattu-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tattu_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iyer (2006), p93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kana-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kana_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report on the administration of Mysore – Page 90 Mysore – 1864 "There is no authentic record of the casting of the first Early Canarese printing. Canarese type, but a Canarese Grammar by Carey printed at Serampore in 1817 is extant. About the same time a translation of the Scriptures was printed</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Missions in south India – Page 56 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mullens" title="Joseph Mullens">Joseph Mullens</a> – 1854 "Among those of the former are tracts on Caste, on the Hindu gods; Canarese Proverbs; Henry and his Bearer; the Pilgrim's Progress; Barth's Bible Stories; a Canarese hymn book"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecial_Correspondent2011" class="citation news cs1">Special Correspondent (20 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2468374.ece">"Jnanpith for Kambar"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Jnanpith+for+Kambar&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft.au=Special+Correspondent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Farts%2Fbooks%2Farticle2468374.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013122739/http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html">"Welcome to: Bhartiya Jnanpith"</a>. jnanpith.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to%3A+Bhartiya+Jnanpith&rft.pub=jnanpith.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjnanpith.net%2Flaureates%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUčidaRajapurohit2013" class="citation book cs1">Učida, Norihiko; Rajapurohit, B. B (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/data/kandic/kannada-english_dictionary.pdf"><i>Kannada-English etymological dictionary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Foreign_Studies" title="Tokyo University of Foreign Studies">Tokyo University of Foreign Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86337-128-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-86337-128-6"><bdi>978-4-86337-128-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906810377">906810377</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021024502/http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/data/kandic/kannada-english_dictionary.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kannada-English+etymological+dictionary&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Research+Institute+for+Languages+and+Cultures+of+Asia+and+Africa%2C+Tokyo+University+of+Foreign+Studies&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906810377&rft.isbn=978-4-86337-128-6&rft.aulast=U%C4%8Dida&rft.aufirst=Norihiko&rft.au=Rajapurohit%2C+B.+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.tufs.ac.jp%2F~tjun%2Fdata%2Fkandic%2Fkannada-english_dictionary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kittel-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kittel_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManjulakshi_&_Bhat" class="citation web cs1">Manjulakshi & Bhat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2005/kannadadictionary1.html">"Kannada Dialect Dictionaries and Dictionaries in Subregional Languages of Karnataka"</a>. <i>Language in India, Volume 5: 9 September 2005</i>. Central Institute of Indian Languages, University of Mysore<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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F. Kittel (1993), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferdinand Kittel, pp. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. <i>Pronouns</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>www.un.org</i>. 6 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Funiversal-declaration-human-rights%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhat1993" class="citation book cs1">Bhat, Thirumaleshwara (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgvHhDqmJw8C"><i>Govinda Pai</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-540-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-540-4"><bdi>978-81-7201-540-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Govinda+Pai&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-540-4&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=Thirumaleshwara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgvHhDqmJw8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarg1992" class="citation book cs1">Garg, Ganga Ram (1992). "Kannada literature". <i>Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: A-Aj, Volume 1</i>. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-374-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-374-0"><bdi>978-81-7022-374-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kannada+literature&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Hindu+World%3A+A-Aj%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-374-0&rft.aulast=Garg&rft.aufirst=Ganga+Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamath2002" class="citation book cs1">Kamath, Suryanath U. (2002) [2001]. <i>A concise history of Karnata.k.a. from pre-historic times to the present</i>. Bangalore: Jupiter books. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/80905179">80905179</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7796041">7796041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Karnata.k.a.+from+pre-historic+times+to+the+present&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=Jupiter+books&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7796041&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F80905179&rft.aulast=Kamath&rft.aufirst=Suryanath+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKittel1993" class="citation book cs1">Kittel, F (1993). <i>A Grammar of the Kannada Language Comprising the Three Dialects of the Language (Ancient, Medieval and Modern)</i>. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0056-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0056-0"><bdi>978-81-206-0056-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Kannada+Language+Comprising+the+Three+Dialects+of+the+Language+%28Ancient%2C+Medieval+and+Modern%29&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+Madras&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0056-0&rft.aulast=Kittel&rft.aufirst=F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloss_and_McConnell1978" class="citation book cs1">Kloss and McConnell, Heinz and Grant D. (1978). <i>The Written languages of the world: a survey of the degree and modes of use-vol 2 part1</i>. Université Laval. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-7186-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-7186-1"><bdi>978-2-7637-7186-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Written+languages+of+the+world%3A+a+survey+of+the+degree+and+modes+of+use-vol+2+part1&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+Laval&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1&rft.aulast=Kloss+and+McConnell&rft.aufirst=Heinz+and+Grant+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuiper2011" class="citation book cs1">Kuiper, Kathleen, ed. (2011). "Dravidian Studies: Kannada". <i>Understanding India-The Culture of India</i>. New York: Britannica educational Printing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-203-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-203-1"><bdi>978-1-61530-203-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dravidian+Studies%3A+Kannada&rft.btitle=Understanding+India-The+Culture+of+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Britannica+educational+Printing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-203-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhacharya1988" class="citation book cs1">Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059"><i>History of Kannada Literature</i></a>. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0303-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0303-5"><bdi>978-81-206-0303-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kannada+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+Madras&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0303-5&rft.aulast=Narasimhacharya&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.489059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhacharya1934" class="citation book cs1">Narasimhacharya, R. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryKannadaLanguage"><i>History of Kannada Language</i></a>. University of Mysore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kannada+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Mysore&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Narasimhacharya&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHistoryKannadaLanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh1984" class="citation book cs1">Ramesh, K.V. (1984). <i>Chalukyas of Vatapi</i>. New Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chalukyas+of+Vatapi&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Agam+Kala+Prakashan&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Ramesh&rft.aufirst=K.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1982" class="citation book cs1">Rice, E.P. (1982) [1921]. <i>Kannada Literature</i>. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0063-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0063-8"><bdi>978-81-206-0063-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kannada+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0063-8&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=E.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2001" class="citation book cs1">Rice, B.L. (2001) [1897]. <i>Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1</i>. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0977-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0977-8"><bdi>978-81-206-0977-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysore+Gazetteer+Compiled+for+Government-vol+1&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+Madras&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0977-8&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=B.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri2002" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. (2002) [1955]. <i>A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar</i>. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-560686-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-560686-7"><bdi>978-0-19-560686-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+South+India+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+fall+of+Vijayanagar&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Indian+Branch%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-560686-7&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=Nilakanta+K.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro_and_Schiffman1981" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro and Schiffman, Michael C., Harold F. (1981). <i>Language And Society in South Asia</i>. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2607-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2607-6"><bdi>978-81-208-2607-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+And+Society+in+South+Asia&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2607-6&rft.aulast=Shapiro+and+Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.%2C+Harold+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteever1998" class="citation book cs1">Steever, S. B. (1998). "Kannada". In Steever, S. B. (ed.). <i>The Dravidian Languages</i>. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. London: Routledge. pp. 129–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10023-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10023-6"><bdi>978-0-415-10023-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kannada&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Language+Family+Descriptions&rft.pages=129-157&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10023-6&rft.aulast=Steever&rft.aufirst=S.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious1988" class="citation book cs1">Various (1988). <i>Encyclopaedia of Indian literature-vol 2</i>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0"><bdi>978-81-260-1194-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+literature-vol+2&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1194-0&rft.au=Various&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1973" class="citation book cs1">Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). <i>Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03591-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03591-1"><bdi>978-90-04-03591-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smile+of+Murugan%3A+On+Tamil+Literature+of+South+India&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03591-1&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1991" class="citation book cs1">Masica, Colin P. (1991) [1991]. <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29944-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29944-2&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2003" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (2003) [2003]. <i>The Penguin History of Early India</i>. New Delhi: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302989-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302989-2"><bdi>978-0-14-302989-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+Early+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-302989-2&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">George M. Moraes</a> (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0595-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0595-0">81-206-0595-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradpande1987" class="citation book cs1">Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987) [1987]. <i>History of Indian Theatre</i>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-221-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Theatre&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-221-5&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=Manohar+Laxman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robert Zydenbos (2020): <i>A Manual of Modern Kannada.</i> Heidelberg: XAsia Books (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/catalog/book/736?lang=en">Open Access publication in PDF format</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com">"Indian inscriptions-South Indian inscriptions, Vol 20, 18, 17, 15, 11 and 9, Archaeological survey of India, What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+inscriptions-South+Indian+inscriptions%2C+Vol+20%2C+18%2C+17%2C+15%2C+11+and+9%2C+Archaeological+survey+of+India%2C+What+Is+India+Publishers+%28P%29+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finscriptions.whatisindia.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfrat.com/english-kannada-kannada-english-dictionary/">English to Kannada Dictionary, Kannada to English Dictionary PDF</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dravidian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dravidian_languages" title="Template:Dravidian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dravidian_languages" title="Template talk:Dravidian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dravidian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dravidian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dravidian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Dravidian_languages" title="South Dravidian languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tamil–Kannada" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tamil–Kannada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kannada <br /> - Badaga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kannadoid" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_dialects" title="Kannada dialects">Kannadoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiya_language" title="Holiya language">Holiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundadan_Chetti_language" title="Maundadan Chetti language">Maundadan Chetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholaga_language" title="Sholaga language">Sholaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alu_Kurumba_language" title="Alu Kurumba language">Alu Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betta_Kurumba_language" title="Betta Kurumba language">Betta Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennu_Kurumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennu Kurumba language">Jennu Kurumba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Toda-Kota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_language_(India)" title="Kota language (India)">Kota</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kodagu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urali_language" title="Urali language">Urali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muduga_language" title="Muduga language">Muduga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attapady_Kurumba_language" title="Attapady Kurumba language">Attapady Kurumba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tamil - <br />Malayalam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil languages">Tamiloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankethi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankethi dialect">Sankethi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravallan_language" title="Eravallan language">Eravallan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikadi_language" title="Kaikadi language">Kaikadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala_Malasar_language" title="Mala Malasar language">Mala Malasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasar_language" title="Malasar language">Malasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malapandaram_language" title="Malapandaram language">Malapandaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannan_language" title="Mannan language">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthuvan_language" title="Muthuvan language">Muthuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliyan_language" title="Paliyan language">Paliyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattapu_language" title="Pattapu language">Pattapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerukala_language" title="Yerukala language">Yerukala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam languages">Malayalamoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeseri" title="Jeseri">Jeseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam (Mappila Malayalam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byari_dialect" title="Byari dialect">Byari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allar_language" title="Allar language">Allar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranadan_language" title="Eranadan language">Eranadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_language" title="Kadar language">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanadi_language" title="Kalanadi language">Kalanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanikkaran_language" title="Kanikkaran language">Kanikkaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduvadi_language" title="Kunduvadi language">Kunduvadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurichiya_language" title="Kurichiya language">Kurichiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamuthan_language" title="Malamuthan language">Malamuthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankuravan_language" title="Malankuravan language">Malankuravan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malaryan_language" title="Malaryan language">Malaryan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malavedan_language" title="Malavedan language">Malavedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullu_Kurumba_language" title="Mullu Kurumba language">Mullu Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniya_language" title="Paniya language">Paniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathiya_language" title="Pathiya language">Pathiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravula_language" title="Ravula language">Ravula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thachanadan_language" title="Thachanadan language">Thachanadan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ullatan_language" title="Ullatan language">Ullatan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishavan_language" title="Vishavan language">Vishavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Chetti_language" title="Wayanad Chetti language">Wayanad Chetti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tulu-Koraga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellari_language" title="Bellari language">Bellari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraga_language" title="Koraga language">Koraga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korra_Koraga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Korra Koraga language">Korra Koraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudu_Koraga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudu Koraga language">Mudu Koraga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudiya_language" title="Kudiya language">Kudiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholanaikkan_language" title="Cholanaikkan language">Cholanaikkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkala_language" title="Kakkala language">Kakkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaran_language" title="Kumbaran language">Kumbaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu languages">Teluguic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenchu_language" title="Chenchu language">Chenchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manna-Dora_language" title="Manna-Dora language">Manna-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukha-Dora_language" title="Mukha-Dora language">Mukha-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddar_language" title="Waddar language">Waddar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gondi-Kui</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gondi_languages" title="Gondi languages">Gondi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirwar_language" title="Khirwar language">Khirwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiya_language" title="Madiya language">Madiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muria_language" title="Muria language">Muria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nagarchal_language" title="Nagarchal language">Nagarchal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhan_language" title="Pardhan language">Pardhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konda-Kui</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konda_language_(Dravidian)" title="Konda language (Dravidian)">Konda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_language_(India)" title="Manda language (India)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengo_language" title="Pengo language">Pengo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kolami-Naiki</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiki_language" title="Naiki language">Naiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parji–Gadaba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duruwa_language" title="Duruwa language">Duruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondekor_language" title="Kondekor language">Kondekor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollari_language" title="Ollari language">Ollari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Dravidian_languages" title="North Dravidian languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kurukh-Malto" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurukh-Malto</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumarbhag_Paharia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumarbhag Paharia language">Kumarbhag Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauria_Paharia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauria Paharia language">Sauria Paharia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Dravidian">Proto-Dravidian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-South_Dravidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-South Dravidian">Proto-South Dravidian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.3em; line-height: 1.2em;"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> (no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major<br />unofficial<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Karnataka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Karnataka" title="Template:Languages of Karnataka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Languages_of_Karnataka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Languages of Karnataka (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Karnataka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Karnataka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Karnataka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravula_language" title="Ravula language">Ravula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraga_language" title="Koraga language">Koraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudiya_language" title="Kudiya language">Kudiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumba language">Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennu_Kurumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennu Kurumba language">Jennu Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alu_Kurumba_language" title="Alu Kurumba language">Alu Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betta_Kurumba_language" title="Betta Kurumba language">Betta Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholaga_language" title="Sholaga language">Sholaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Beary language">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellari_language" title="Bellari language">Bellari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages of South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Languages of Karnataka">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_spoken_in_Andhrapradesh" title="Template:Languages spoken in Andhrapradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Languages_spoken_in_Andhrapradesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Languages spoken in Andhrapradesh (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_spoken_in_Andhrapradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages spoken in Andhrapradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kannada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattapu_language" title="Pattapu language">Pattapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenchu_language" title="Chenchu language">Chenchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda_language_(Dravidian)" title="Konda language (Dravidian)">Konda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerukala_language" title="Yerukala language">Yerukala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollari_language" title="Ollari language">Ollari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukha-Dora_language" title="Mukha-Dora language">Mukha-Dora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages of South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Languages of Andhra Pradesh">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Telangana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_spoken_in_Telangana" title="Template:Languages spoken in Telangana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Languages_spoken_in_Telangana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Languages spoken in Telangana (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_spoken_in_Telangana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages spoken in Telangana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Telangana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiki_language" title="Naiki language">Naiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenchu_language" title="Chenchu language">Chenchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerukala_language" title="Yerukala language">Yerukala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages of South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Telangana" title="Category:Languages of Telangana">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Languages of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this 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title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mannan</li> <li>Kadar</li> <li>Malaryan</li> <li>Malavedan</li> <li>Paliyan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniya_language" title="Paniya language">Paniya</a></li> <li>Ravula</li> <li>Eravallan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanikkaran_language" title="Kanikkaran language">Kanikkaran language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betta_Kurumba_language" title="Betta Kurumba language">Betta Kurumba language</a></li> <li>Muthuvan</li> <li>Yerukula</li> <li>Mannan</li> <li>Kodava</li> <li>Jennu Kurumba</li> <li>Mullu Kurumba</li> <li>Urali</li> <li>Malasar</li> <li>Thachanadan</li> <li>Ullatan</li> <li>Pathiya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_language_(India)" title="Kota language (India)">Kota language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Marathi_dialect" title="Thanjavur Marathi dialect">Thanjavur Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages of South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Languages of Tamil Nadu">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Kerala" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Kerala" title="Template:Languages of Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Kerala" title="Template talk:Languages of Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-tribal languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malayalam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malayalam.svg/50px-Malayalam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malayalam.svg/75px-Malayalam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malayalam.svg/100px-Malayalam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allar_language" title="Allar language">Allar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellari_language" title="Bellari language">Bellari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravallan_language" title="Eravallan language">Eravallan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_language" title="Kadar language">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanadi_language" title="Kalanadi language">Kalanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanikkaran_language" title="Kanikkaran language">Kanikkaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraga_language" title="Koraga language">Koraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_language_(India)" title="Kota language (India)">Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudiya_language" title="Kudiya language">Kudiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaran_language" title="Kumbaran language">Kumbaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduvadi_language" title="Kunduvadi language">Kunduvadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumba language">Kurumba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attapady_Kurumba_language" title="Attapady Kurumba language">Attapady Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betta_Kurumba_language" title="Betta Kurumba language">Betta Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennu_Kurumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennu Kurumba language">Jennu Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullu_Kurumba_language" title="Mullu Kurumba language">Mullu Kurumba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malapandaram_language" title="Malapandaram language">Malapandaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaryan_language" title="Malaryan language">Malaryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasar_language" title="Malasar language">Malasar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mala_Malasar_language" title="Mala Malasar language">Mala Malasar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malavedan_language" title="Malavedan language">Malavedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannan_language" title="Mannan language">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muduga_language" title="Muduga language">Muduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthuvan_language" title="Muthuvan language">Muthuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliyan_language" title="Paliyan language">Paliyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniya_language" title="Paniya language">Paniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathiya_language" title="Pathiya language">Pathiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravula_language" title="Ravula language">Ravula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thachanadan_language" title="Thachanadan language">Thachanadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullatan_language" title="Ullatan language">Ullatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urali_language" title="Urali language">Urali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Chetti_language" title="Wayanad Chetti language">Wayanad Chetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerukala_language" title="Yerukala language">Yerukala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranadan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranadan language">Aranadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Beary language">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannanore_Portuguese_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannanore Portuguese creole">Cannanore Portuguese creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Portuguese_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Portuguese creole">Cochin Portuguese creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages of South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Kerala" title="Category:Languages of Kerala">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="View 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/50px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_state_symbols" title="List of Karnataka state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Karnataka" title="Emblem of Karnataka">Emblem of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Bharata_Jananiya_Tanujate" title="Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate">Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">Fruit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Hypselobarbus_carnaticus" title="Hypselobarbus carnaticus">Carnatic carp</a></li> <li>Insect: <a href="/wiki/Troides_minos" title="Troides minos">Southern birdwing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka" title="Category:Karnataka">Overviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka#Climate" title="Karnataka">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Karnataka" title="Demographics of Karnataka">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karnataka" title="Education in Karnataka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka" title="Folk arts of Karnataka">Folk arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Karnataka" title="Sports in Karnataka">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karnataka" title="Transport in Karnataka">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Karnataka" title="Wildlife of Karnataka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka" title="Category:History of Karnataka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Coorg" title="Kingdom of Coorg">Kingdom of Coorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmidi" title="Halmidi">Halmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Kalyani Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma" title="Kittur Chennamma">Kittur Chennamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Karnataka" title="Administrative divisions of Karnataka">divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_division" title="Bangalore division">Bangalore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Urban_district" title="Bangalore Urban district">Bangalore Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district" title="Bangalore Rural district">Bangalore Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitradurga_district" title="Chitradurga district">Chitradurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davanagere_district" title="Davanagere district">Davanagere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolar_district" title="Kolar district">Kolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumakuru_district" title="Tumakuru district">Tumakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanagara_district" title="Ramanagara district">Ramanagara </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikkaballapura_district" title="Chikkaballapura district">Chikkaballapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_division" title="Belagavi division">Belagavi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagalkot_district" title="Bagalkot district">Bagalkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_district" title="Belagavi district">Belagavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_division" title="Kalaburagi division">Kalaburagi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballari_district" title="Ballari district">Ballari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raichur_district" title="Raichur district">Raichur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_district" title="Vijayanagara district">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadgir_district" title="Yadgir district">Yadgir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_division" title="Mysore division">Mysore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamarajanagar_district" title="Chamarajanagar district">Chamarajanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_district" title="Chikmagalur district">Chikmagalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Cities and towns in Karnataka">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Rivers of Karnataka">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Karnataka" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka">Dams and reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Karnataka" title="List of taluks of Karnataka">Taluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Villages in Karnataka">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullayyana_Giri" title="Mullayyana Giri">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayalu_Seeme" title="Bayalu Seeme">Bayalu Seeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malenadu" title="Malenadu">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Kanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Culture of Karnataka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidriware" title="Bidriware">Bidriware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channapatna_toys" title="Channapatna toys">Channapatna toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Chitrakala_Parishath" title="Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath">Chitrakala Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaarudi_Gombe" title="Gaarudi Gombe">Gaarudi Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkal_sari" title="Ilkal sari">Ilkal sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsale" title="Kamsale">Kamsale</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Karnatik music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuti" title="Kasuti">Kasuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedda" title="Khedda">Khedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Dasara" title="Mysore Dasara">Mysore Dasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togalu_gombeyaata" title="Togalu gombeyaata">Togalu gombeyaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Literature of Karnataka">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_milestones_in_Kannada_literature" title="List of milestones in Kannada literature">Milestones</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epics_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of epics in the Kannada language">Epics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Kannada_literature" title="Medieval Kannada literature">Medieval</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Rashtrakuta</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_literature" title="Western Ganga literature">Western Ganga</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_literature_in_Kannada" title="Western Chalukya literature in Kannada">Western Chalukya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_literature" title="Hoysala literature">Hoysala</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada" title="Vijayanagara literature in Kannada">Vijayanagara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_literature_in_Kannada" title="Mysore literature in Kannada">Mysore</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yakshagana_plays_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language">Play</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Kannada_literature" title="Modern Kannada literature">Modern</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" title="Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Sammelana" title="Kannada Sahitya Sammelana">Kannada Sahitya Sammelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_literature" title="List of Karnataka literature">Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kannada_poets" title="Category:Kannada poets">Noted poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaga" title="Asaga">Asaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunavarma_I" title="Gunavarma I">Gunavarma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponna_(poet)" title="Ponna (poet)">Sri Ponna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranna_(Kannada_poet)" title="Ranna (Kannada poet)">Ranna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devar_Dasimayya" title="Devar Dasimayya">Devar Dasimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara_(poet)" title="Harihara (poet)">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavanka" title="Raghavanka">Raghavanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrabhatta" title="Rudrabhatta">Rudrabhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janna" title="Janna">Janna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumara_Vyasa" title="Kumara Vyasa">Kumara Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamarasa" title="Chamarasa">Chamarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijaguna_Shivayogi" title="Nijaguna Shivayogi">Nijaguna Shivayogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnakaravarni" title="Ratnakaravarni">Ratnakaravarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Dasa" title="Vijaya Dasa">Vijaya Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Dasa" title="Gopala Dasa">Gopala Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Kannada_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmisa" title="Lakshmisa">Lakshmisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvajna" title="Sarvajna">Sarvajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishunala_Sharif" title="Shishunala Sharif">Shishunala Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wadiyar III">Krishnaraja Wadiyar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._R._Bendre" title="D. R. Bendre">D. R. Bendre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalakrishna_Adiga" title="Gopalakrishna Adiga">Gopalakrishna Adiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Seetharamaiah" title="V. Seetharamaiah">V. Seetharamaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy" title="K. S. Narasimhaswamy">K. S. Narasimhaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govinda_Pai" title="M. Govinda Pai">M. Govinda Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Gundappa" title="D. V. Gundappa">D. V. Gundappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._S._Shivarudrappa" title="G. S. Shivarudrappa">G. S. Shivarudrappa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Karnataka" title="Category:People from Karnataka">People</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka_society" title="Category:Karnataka society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka ethnic groups">Karnataka ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karnataka" title="List of people from Karnataka">List of people from Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Karnataka" title="Tourism in Karnataka">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Karnataka" title="List of beaches in Karnataka">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Dams in Karnataka">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Forts in Karnataka">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Karnataka" title="Category:National parks in Karnataka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Jain temples in Karnataka">Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_awards_and_decorations_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Ratna" title="Karnataka Ratna">Karnataka Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampa_Award" title="Pampa Award">Pampa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrupatunga_Award" title="Nrupatunga Award">Nrupatunga Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava_Puraskara" title="Basava Puraskara">Basava Puraskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyotsava_Prashasti" title="Rajyotsava Prashasti">Rajyotsava Prashasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakanachari_Award" title="Jakanachari Award">Jakanachari Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnashilpi_Venkatappa_Award" title="Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award">Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_Award" title="Kempegowda Award">Kempegowda Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_newspapers" title="List of Kannada-language newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_magazines" title="List of Kannada-language magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_television_channels" title="List of Kannada-language television channels">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_radio_stations" title="List of Kannada-language radio stations">Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Kannada</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Kannada_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Kannada language">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kannada_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Kannada language">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kannada_language" class="extiw" title="q:Kannada language">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Kannada" class="extiw" title="b:Kannada">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kannada_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Kannada phrasebook">Phrasebook</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/42px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="kn:">Kannada edition</a></b> of Wikipedia</span></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannada&oldid=1258577181#History">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannada&oldid=1258577181#History</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_attested_from_the_5th_century" title="Category:Languages attested from the 5th century">Languages attested from the 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[\"CITEREFMythic_Society_(Bangalore,_India)1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagarajan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagendra1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaikNaik2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarasimhacharya1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarasimhacharya1988\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNarasimhacharya1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Registrar_General_\u0026amp;_Census_Commissioner,_India\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPai1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalanithurai2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Narasimhacharya1934\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRamaswamy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamesh1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeve1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1982\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRice2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalomon1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastri2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartzberg1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeshanKumbhojkar2018\"] = 1,\n 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[\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Karnataka topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 9,\n [\"Languages of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Karnataka\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages spoken in Andhrapradesh\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages spoken in Kerala\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages spoken in Tamilnadu\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages spoken in Telangana\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 12,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"MerriamWebsterDictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 9,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","22.7"],["?","260","19.7"],["recursiveClone 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