CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Massimo Pigliucci - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"249eea1a-5e1f-4216-bad8-cbca228261ca","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Massimo_Pigliucci","wgTitle":"Massimo Pigliucci","wgCurRevisionId":1257784409,"wgRevisionId":1257784409,"wgArticleId":1838677,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from July 2023","Articles with hAudio microformats","Articles with hCards","Pages with Italian IPA","Incomplete lists from September 2015","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Official website not in Wikidata","1964 births","Living people","Critics of alternative medicine","Critics of creationism", "Critics of parapsychology","Evolutionary biologists","Extended evolutionary synthesis","Italian geneticists","University of Ferrara alumni","20th-century Italian philosophers","21st-century Italian philosophers","Italian biologists","Italian atheism activists","Italian humanists","Italian skeptics","Atheist philosophers","Lehman College faculty","Stony Brook University faculty","University of Connecticut alumni","University of Tennessee alumni","People from Monrovia","Writers from Rome"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Massimo_Pigliucci","wgRelevantArticleId":1838677,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1361585","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg/1200px-Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg/800px-Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg/640px-Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="960"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Massimo Pigliucci - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Massimo_Pigliucci rootpage-Massimo_Pigliucci skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Massimo+Pigliucci" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Massimo+Pigliucci" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Massimo+Pigliucci" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Massimo+Pigliucci" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_thinking_and_skepticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_thinking_and_skepticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Critical thinking and skepticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critical_thinking_and_skepticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Critical thinking and skepticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Critical_thinking_and_skepticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stoicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stoicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Stoicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stoicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoskepticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoskepticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Neoskepticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoskepticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_consciousness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_consciousness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>On consciousness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_consciousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationally_Speaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationally_Speaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rationally Speaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationally_Speaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Book reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Massimo Pigliucci</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="ماسيمو بيجليوتشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماسيمو بيجليوتشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massimo Pigliucci" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Massimo Pigliucci" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C" title="ماسیمو پیلیوچی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماسیمو پیلیوچی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massimo Pigliucci" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massimo Pigliucci" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%99" title="מאסימו פיליוצ'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאסימו פיליוצ'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Massimo Pigliucci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massimo Pigliucci" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Пильюччи, Массимо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пильюччи, Массимо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Massimo Pigliucci" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%87%D1%87%D1%96" title="Массімо Пільюччі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Массімо Пільюччі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1361585#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Massimo_Pigliucci" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Massimo_Pigliucci" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&oldid=1257784409" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Massimo_Pigliucci&id=1257784409&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMassimo_Pigliucci"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMassimo_Pigliucci"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Massimo_Pigliucci" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1361585" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pagliacci" title="Pagliacci">Pagliacci</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian–American professor of philosophy (born 1964)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Massimo Pigliucci</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg/220px-Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg/330px-Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg/440px-Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="3167" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pigliucci in 2013</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1964-01-16</span>) </span>January 16, 1964<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 60)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a>, Liberia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> in Philosophy of Science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">University of Connecticut</a>, PhD in Biology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ferrara" title="University of Ferrara">University of Ferrara</a>, Italy, Doctorate in Genetics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University of Rome</a>, Italy, BS and Masters in Biological Sciences</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Stoicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Stoicism">contemporary Stoicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Philosophy of pseudoscience</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_science_and_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Relationship between science and religion">Relationship between science and religion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Massimo_Pigliucci_voice.ogg" title="File:Massimo Pigliucci voice.ogg"><span>Massimo Pigliucci's voice</span></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="41" data-mwtitle="Massimo_Pigliucci_voice.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Massimo_Pigliucci_voice.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Massimo_Pigliucci_voice.ogg/Massimo_Pigliucci_voice.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMassimo_Pigliucci_voice.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span><a href="/wiki/File:Massimo_Pigliucci_voice.ogg" title="File:Massimo Pigliucci voice.ogg">Recorded October 2016</a></span></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Massimo Pigliucci</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈmassimo<span class="wrap"> </span>piʎˈʎuttʃi]</a></span>; born January 16, 1964)<sup id="cite_ref-cvitae_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cvitae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an Italian-American philosopher and biologist who is professor of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> former co-host of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rationally_Speaking_Podcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationally Speaking Podcast">Rationally Speaking Podcast</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and former editor in chief for the online magazine <i>Scientia Salon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a critic of <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a><sup id="cite_ref-pseudo-book_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pseudo-book-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pseudo-nyt_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pseudo-nyt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-denying_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denying-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an advocate for <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">science education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coalition_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coalition-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nature_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His recent work has focused on stoicism. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pigliucci was born in <a href="/wiki/Monrovia,_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Monrovia, Liberia">Monrovia, Liberia</a> and raised in <a href="/wiki/Rome,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome, Italy">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cvitae_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cvitae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has a doctorate in <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ferrara" title="University of Ferrara">University of Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, a PhD in biology from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">University of Connecticut</a>, and a PhD in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShortBio_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShortBio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cvitae_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cvitae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pigliucci was formerly a professor of <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> and evolution at <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a>. He explored <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">phenotypic plasticity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a>–environment interactions, <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, and the constraints imposed on natural selection by the genetic and developmental makeup of organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, while working at the University of Tennessee, Pigliucci received the <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a> Prize,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> awarded annually by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Evolution" title="Society for the Study of Evolution">Society for the Study of Evolution</a><sup id="cite_ref-cvitae_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cvitae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to recognize the accomplishments and future promise of an outstanding young evolutionary biologist. As a philosopher, Pigliucci is interested in the structure and foundations of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary theory">evolutionary theory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_science_and_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Relationship between science and philosophy">relationship between science and philosophy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_science_and_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Relationship between science and religion">relationship between science and religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShortBio_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShortBio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a proponent of an <a href="/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis" title="Extended evolutionary synthesis">extended evolutionary synthesis</a> to unify parts of biology not covered by the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">"modern synthesis"</a> of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pigliucci has written regularly for <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i> on topics such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change denial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>, and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also written for <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_Now" title="Philosophy Now">Philosophy Now</a></i> and maintains a blog called "Rationally Speaking".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has debated "deniers of evolution" (<a href="/wiki/Young-earth_creationists" class="mw-redirect" title="Young-earth creationists">young-earth creationists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> proponents), including young earth creationists <a href="/wiki/Duane_Gish" title="Duane Gish">Duane Gish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hovind" title="Kent Hovind">Kent Hovind</a> and intelligent design proponents <a href="/wiki/William_Dembski" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dembski">William Dembski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wells_(intelligent_design_advocate)" title="Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate)">Jonathan Wells</a>, on many occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-denying_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denying-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> His latest podcast Stoic Meditations<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consists of readings from the ancient Stoics, followed by his commentary to interpret the reading and put it into context.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NECSS_2013_-_Rationally_Speaking_Live_with_Michael_Shermer_Julia_Galef_and_Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NECSS_2013_-_Rationally_Speaking_Live_with_Michael_Shermer_Julia_Galef_and_Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg/220px-NECSS_2013_-_Rationally_Speaking_Live_with_Michael_Shermer_Julia_Galef_and_Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/NECSS_2013_-_Rationally_Speaking_Live_with_Michael_Shermer_Julia_Galef_and_Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Galef" title="Julia Galef">Julia Galef</a> and Massimo Pigliucci at <a href="/wiki/NECSS" class="mw-redirect" title="NECSS">NECSS</a> 2013</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_thinking_and_skepticism">Critical thinking and skepticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Critical thinking and skepticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For his views on the <a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence#Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence § Massimo Pigliucci</a>.</div> <p>Pigliucci is an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but does not believe that science necessarily demands atheism, because of two distinctions: that between <a href="/wiki/Methodological_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodological naturalism">methodological naturalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical naturalism">philosophical naturalism</a>, and that between <a href="/wiki/Fact-value_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact-value distinction">value judgements and matters of fact</a>. He believes that many scientists and science educators fail to appreciate these differences.<sup id="cite_ref-nature_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigliucci has criticized <a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheist</a> writers for embracing what he considers to be <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a> (although he largely excludes philosopher <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> from this charge).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a discussion of his book <i>Answers for Aristotle: How Science and Philosophy Can Lead Us to a More Meaningful Life</i>, Pigliucci told <a href="/wiki/Skepticality" title="Skepticality">Skepticality</a> podcast host Derek Colanduno, "Aristotle was the first ancient thinker to really take seriously the idea that you need both empirical facts, you need an evidence-based approach to the world and you need to be able to reflect on the meaning of those facts... If you want answers to moral questions then you don't ask the neurobiologist, you don't ask the evolutionary biologist, you ask the philosopher."<sup id="cite_ref-Skepticality_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skepticality-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pigliucci describes the mission of skeptics, referencing <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i> saying "What skeptics are about is to keep that candle lit and spread it as much as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-skepticzone_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skepticzone-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigliucci serves on the board of NYC Skeptics and on the advisory board of the <a href="/wiki/Secular_Coalition_for_America" title="Secular Coalition for America">Secular Coalition for America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coalition_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coalition-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, he debated <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2001 he debated Craig about the same topic.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massimo Pigliucci criticized the <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> article by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> entitled, "An open dialogue with non-believers". Pigliucci viewed the article as a monologue rather than a dialogue and, in a response personally addressed to Pope Francis, wrote that the Pope only offered non-believers "a reaffirmation of entirely unsubstantiated fantasies about God and his Son...followed by a confusion between the concept of love and truth, the whole peppered by a significant amount of historical revisionism and downright denial of the ugliest facets of your Church."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stoicism">Stoicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stoicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Pigliucci became a popularizer of Stoicism and one of the driving forces in Stoicism's resurgence in the United States in the early twenty-first century. His 2015 essay for <i>The New York Times</i> on the topic was one of the most shared articles to date.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigliucci said he always felt Stoicism was part of his Italian heritage, but he came to practice it after being disenchanted with Buddhism, though he finds both schools of thought to share similarities. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I actually tried to study Buddhism for a bit, but the parts I managed to get exposed to felt too alien, couched in cultural, linguistic, and conceptual terms that did not resonate with me. By contrast, when I picked up Epictetus, or Marcus, or Seneca, I immediately felt at home.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoskepticism">Neoskepticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neoskepticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021 Pigliucci announced<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a shift of interest away from Stoicism and towards, as he said, "a new synthesis, something that I have called Neoskepticism, and which uses the combined insights of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Skeptics</a> and Stoics to craft a better way to think about and especially live one’s life." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_consciousness">On consciousness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: On consciousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pigliucci has criticized <a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">hard problem of consciousness</a>, and he similarly is a critic of <a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">panpsychism</a>. While he is a realist about consciousness, he thinks that claiming there is a distinction between the so called hard and easy problems of consciousness is a <a href="/wiki/Category_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Category error">category error</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationally_Speaking">Rationally Speaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rationally Speaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2000 Pigliucci started a monthly internet column called Rationally Speaking. In August 2005, the column became a blog,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he wrote posts until March 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in February 2010, he co-hosted the bi-weekly <i>Rationally Speaking</i> podcast with <a href="/wiki/Julia_Galef" title="Julia Galef">Julia Galef</a>, whom he first met at the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Conference_on_Science_and_Skepticism" title="Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism">Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism</a>, held in September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-THH83_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THH83-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The podcast is produced by the New York City Skeptics. The show has had many guests—scientists, philosophers—discussing matters of reason, skepticism and rationality. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Neil_DeGrasse_Tyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Neil DeGrasse Tyson">Neil DeGrasse Tyson</a> explained on the show his justification for spending large amounts of government money on space programs. He eventually printed the transcript of his performance as a guest on the show in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Chronicles" title="Space Chronicles">Space Chronicles</a></i> as a full chapter covering eight pages.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another episode in which Tyson explained his position on the label "atheism" received attention on <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigliucci left the podcast in 2015 to pursue his other interests. Galef continued to host the podcast solo.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philosophy_of_Pseudoscience.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Philosophy_of_Pseudoscience.jpg/170px-Philosophy_of_Pseudoscience.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Philosophy_of_Pseudoscience.jpg/255px-Philosophy_of_Pseudoscience.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Philosophy_of_Pseudoscience.jpg/340px-Philosophy_of_Pseudoscience.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <i>Philosophy of Pseudoscience</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchlichting,_CarlPigliucci,_Massimo1998" class="citation book cs1">Schlichting, Carl; Pigliucci, Massimo (1998). <i>Phenotypic evolution : a reaction norm perspective</i>. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phenotypic+evolution+%3A+a+reaction+norm+perspective&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Sinauer&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Schlichting%2C+Carl&rft.au=Pigliucci%2C+Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Tales of the Rational</i> (Freethought Press, 2000): A series of essays on atheism, <a href="/wiki/Straw-man" class="mw-redirect" title="Straw-man">straw-man</a> arguments, creationism and the like.</li> <li><i>Phenotypic Plasticity</i> (<a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, 2001): A technical volume on research concerning <a href="/wiki/Nature_and_nurture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature and nurture">nature and nurture</a> questions.</li> <li><i>Denying Evolution: Creationism, Scientism, and the Nature of Science.</i> (Sinauer, 2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-659-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-659-9">0-87893-659-9</a>: This book covers the evolution-creation controversy, better science teaching, and why people have difficulties with critical thinking.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g9pVvz8hU_sC">Phenotypic Integration</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195160436" title="Special:BookSources/0195160436">0195160436</a>: A collection of technical essays on the evolution of complex biological organs.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXwFPKnVZskC">Making Sense of Evolution</a></i> (with Jonathan Kaplan, University of Chicago Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66837-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66837-6">978-0-226-66837-6</a>): A philosophical examination of the fundamental concepts of evolutionary theory and practice.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4ywPwAACAAJ">Evolution: The Extended Synthesis</a></i> (with Gerd B. Muller, MIT Press, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262513678" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262513678">978-0262513678</a>)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aC8Baky2qTcC">Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66786-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66786-7">978-0-226-66786-7</a>): This book presents a number of case studies on controversial topics in order to examine how science is conducted, how it is disseminated, how it is interpreted, and what it means to our society.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Answers_for_Aristotle.html?id=laZensALMSgC">Answers for Aristotle: How Science and Philosophy Can Lead Us to a More Meaningful Life</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02138-3">978-0-465-02138-3</a>)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc4OAAAAQBAJ">Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Boudry" title="Maarten Boudry">Maarten Boudry</a>, eds., University of Chicago Press, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226051963" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226051963">978-0226051963</a>)</li> <li><i>How to Be a Stoic: Using Ancient Philosophy to Live a Modern Life</i> (<a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465097951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465097951">978-0465097951</a>)</li> <li><i>The Stoic Guide to a Happy Life</i></li> <li><i>A Handbook for New Stoics: How to Thrive in a World Out of Your Control – 52 Week-by-Week Lessons</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are a select few of Pigliucci's articles. Some may be found at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Infidels" title="Internet Infidels">Internet Infidels</a>' <a href="/wiki/Secular_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular Web">Secular Web</a>. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2006/03/22164612/p23.pdf">"Is evolutionary psychology a pseudoscience?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 23–24. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210909220407/https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2006/03/22164612/p23.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Is+evolutionary+psychology+a+pseudoscience%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=23-24&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.centerforinquiry.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F29%2F2006%2F03%2F22164612%2Fp23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1369219">"Science and fundamentalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EMBO_Reports" title="EMBO Reports">EMBO Reports</a></i>. <b>6</b> (12): 1106–1109. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7400589">10.1038/sj.embor.7400589</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1369219">1369219</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16319954">16319954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Reports&rft.atitle=Science+and+fundamentalism&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1106-1109&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1369219%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16319954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7400589&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1369219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci2005" class="citation journal cs1">"The power and perils of metaphors in science". <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>29</b> (5): 20–21. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+power+and+perils+of+metaphors+in+science&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=20-21&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophynow.org/issues/44/What_is_Philosophy_of_Science_Good_For">"What is philosophy of science good for?"</a>. <i>Philosophy Now</i>. <b>44</b>: 45. January–February 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Now&rft.atitle=What+is+philosophy+of+science+good+for%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=45&rft.date=2004-01%2F2004-02&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosophynow.org%2Fissues%2F44%2FWhat_is_Philosophy_of_Science_Good_For&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucciBantaBossu2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pigliucci M, Banta J, Bossu C, et al. (May–June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophynow.org/issues/46/The_Alleged_Fallacies_of_Evolutionary_Theory">"The alleged fallacies of evolutionary theory"</a>. <i>Philosophy Now</i>. <b>46</b>: 36–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Now&rft.atitle=The+alleged+fallacies+of+evolutionary+theory&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=36-39&rft.date=2004-05%2F2004-06&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Banta%2C+J&rft.au=Bossu%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosophynow.org%2Fissues%2F46%2FThe_Alleged_Fallacies_of_Evolutionary_Theory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"The Virtuous Skeptic". <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. 41 (2): 54–57. 2017</li></ul> <p><small>Additional articles can be found on his web sites (see "External Links" below).</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_reviews">Book reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Book reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" width="90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th class="unsortable">Review article </th> <th class="unsortable">Work(s) reviewed </th></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"[Untitled review]". Books. <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_Now" title="Philosophy Now">Philosophy Now</a></i>. <b>95</b>: 44. March–April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Now&rft.atitle=%5BUntitled+review%5D&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2013-03%2F2013-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodruff,_Paul2011" class="citation book cs1">Woodruff, Paul (2011). <i>The Ajax dilemma : justice, fairness, and rewards</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ajax+dilemma+%3A+justice%2C+fairness%2C+and+rewards&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Woodruff%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20110409-542-NECSS2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pigliucci speaking at NECSS 2011"><img alt="Pigliucci speaking at NECSS 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/20110409-542-NECSS2011.jpg/270px-20110409-542-NECSS2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/20110409-542-NECSS2011.jpg/405px-20110409-542-NECSS2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/20110409-542-NECSS2011.jpg/540px-20110409-542-NECSS2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pigliucci speaking at <a href="/wiki/NECSS" class="mw-redirect" title="NECSS">NECSS</a> 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Massimo_Pigliucci_CSICon_2018_The_Variety_of_Scientists_and_the_Limitations_of_Science.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pigliucci speaking at CSICon 2018"><img alt="Pigliucci speaking at CSICon 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massimo_Pigliucci_CSICon_2018_The_Variety_of_Scientists_and_the_Limitations_of_Science.jpg/233px-Massimo_Pigliucci_CSICon_2018_The_Variety_of_Scientists_and_the_Limitations_of_Science.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massimo_Pigliucci_CSICon_2018_The_Variety_of_Scientists_and_the_Limitations_of_Science.jpg/350px-Massimo_Pigliucci_CSICon_2018_The_Variety_of_Scientists_and_the_Limitations_of_Science.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massimo_Pigliucci_CSICon_2018_The_Variety_of_Scientists_and_the_Limitations_of_Science.jpg/467px-Massimo_Pigliucci_CSICon_2018_The_Variety_of_Scientists_and_the_Limitations_of_Science.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5038" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pigliucci speaking at <a href="/wiki/CSICon" title="CSICon">CSICon</a> 2018</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Het_Denkgelag_%E2%80%98The_Limits_of_Science%E2%80%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daniel Dennett, Pigliucci and Lawrence Krauss on a debate about "The Limits of Science""><img alt="Daniel Dennett, Pigliucci and Lawrence Krauss on a debate about "The Limits of Science"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Het_Denkgelag_%E2%80%98The_Limits_of_Science%E2%80%99.jpg/271px-Het_Denkgelag_%E2%80%98The_Limits_of_Science%E2%80%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Het_Denkgelag_%E2%80%98The_Limits_of_Science%E2%80%99.jpg/406px-Het_Denkgelag_%E2%80%98The_Limits_of_Science%E2%80%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Het_Denkgelag_%E2%80%98The_Limits_of_Science%E2%80%99.jpg/541px-Het_Denkgelag_%E2%80%98The_Limits_of_Science%E2%80%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>, Pigliucci and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Krauss" title="Lawrence Krauss">Lawrence Krauss</a> on a debate about "The Limits of Science"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rationally_Speaking_Live_at_NECSS_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pigliucci and Julia Galef at NECSS 2015 during the last Rationally Speaking episode they co-hosted together"><img alt="Pigliucci and Julia Galef at NECSS 2015 during the last Rationally Speaking episode they co-hosted together" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rationally_Speaking_Live_at_NECSS_2015.JPG/225px-Rationally_Speaking_Live_at_NECSS_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rationally_Speaking_Live_at_NECSS_2015.JPG/338px-Rationally_Speaking_Live_at_NECSS_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rationally_Speaking_Live_at_NECSS_2015.JPG/450px-Rationally_Speaking_Live_at_NECSS_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3967" data-file-height="3173" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pigliucci and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Galef" title="Julia Galef">Julia Galef</a> at NECSS 2015 during the last <i>Rationally Speaking</i> episode they co-hosted together</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cvitae-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cvitae_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cvitae_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cvitae_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cvitae_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806205926/http://www.lehman.edu/deanhum/philosophy/platofootnote/PlatoFootnote.org/Plato_files/curriculum%20vitae.pdf">"Massimo Pigliucci – Curriculum Vitae"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehman.edu/deanhum/philosophy/platofootnote/PlatoFootnote.org/Plato_files/curriculum%20vitae.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massimo+Pigliucci+%E2%80%93+Curriculum+Vitae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lehman.edu%2Fdeanhum%2Fphilosophy%2Fplatofootnote%2FPlatoFootnote.org%2FPlato_files%2Fcurriculum%2520vitae.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccny.cuny.edu/philosophy/">"Cuny – City College – Philosophy Department"</a>. July 5, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820050136/https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/philosophy/">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuny+%E2%80%93+City+College+%E2%80%93+Philosophy+Department&rft.date=2015-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccny.cuny.edu%2Fphilosophy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rationallyspeakingpodcast.org/">"Rationally Speaking | Official Podcast of New York City Skeptics – Current Episodes"</a>. <i>rationallyspeakingpodcast.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100128102841/http://www.rationallyspeakingpodcast.org/">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rationallyspeakingpodcast.org&rft.atitle=Rationally+Speaking+%26%23124%3B+Official+Podcast+of+New+York+City+Skeptics+%E2%80%93+Current+Episodes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frationallyspeakingpodcast.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scientiasalon.wordpress.com/the-editors/">"Scientia Salon"</a>. March 18, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820050141/https://scientiasalon.wordpress.com/the-editors//">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientia+Salon&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscientiasalon.wordpress.com%2Fthe-editors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pseudo-book-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pseudo-book_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci,_MassimoBoudry,_Maarten2013" class="citation book cs1">Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc4OAAAAQBAJ"><i>Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226051963" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226051963"><bdi>978-0226051963</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416223958/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc4OAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Pseudoscience%3A+Reconsidering+the+Demarcation+Problem&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0226051963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPc4OAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pseudo-nyt-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pseudo-nyt_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci,_Massimo2013" class="citation news cs1">Pigliucci, Massimo (October 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/the-dangers-of-pseudoscience/">"The Dangers of Pseudoscience"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820050147/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/the-dangers-of-pseudoscience//">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Dangers+of+Pseudoscience&rft.date=2013-10-10&rft.au=Pigliucci%2C+Massimo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinionator.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F10%2Fthe-dangers-of-pseudoscience%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-denying-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-denying_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denying_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci,_Massimo2002" class="citation book cs1">Pigliucci, Massimo (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/denyingevolution00mass"><i>Denying evolution: Creationism, scientism, and the nature of science</i></a></span>. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0878936595" title="Special:BookSources/978-0878936595"><bdi>978-0878936595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denying+evolution%3A+Creationism%2C+scientism%2C+and+the+nature+of+science&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+MA&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0878936595&rft.au=Pigliucci%2C+Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdenyingevolution00mass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coalition-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coalition_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coalition_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122121639/https://www.secular.org/bios/Massimo_Pigliucci.html">"Secular Coalition for America Advisory Board Biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secular.org/bios/Massimo_Pigliucci.html">the original</a> on November 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secular+Coalition+for+America+Advisory+Board+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secular.org%2Fbios%2FMassimo_Pigliucci.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nature_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pigliucci, M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1369219">"Science and fundamentalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EMBO_Reports" title="EMBO Reports">EMBO Reports</a></i>. <b>6</b> (12): 1106–1109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7400589">10.1038/sj.embor.7400589</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1369219">1369219</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16319954">16319954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Reports&rft.atitle=Science+and+fundamentalism&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1106-1109&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1369219%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16319954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7400589&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1369219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShortBio-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShortBio_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShortBio_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806205207/http://www.lehman.edu/deanhum/philosophy/platofootnote/PlatoFootnote.org/Plato_files/bio.pdf">"Massimo Pigliucci – Short Bio"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehman.edu/deanhum/philosophy/platofootnote/PlatoFootnote.org/Plato_files/bio.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massimo+Pigliucci+%E2%80%93+Short+Bio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lehman.edu%2Fdeanhum%2Fphilosophy%2Fplatofootnote%2FPlatoFootnote.org%2FPlato_files%2Fbio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805080631/http://www.lehman.edu/deanhum/philosophy/platofootnote/PlatoFootnote.org/Papers.html">"Massimo Pigliucci – Selected Papers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehman.edu/deanhum/philosophy/platofootnote/PlatoFootnote.org/Papers.html">the original</a> on August 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massimo+Pigliucci+%E2%80%93+Selected+Papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lehman.edu%2Fdeanhum%2Fphilosophy%2Fplatofootnote%2FPlatoFootnote.org%2FPapers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025120243/http://www.evolutionsociety.org/awards.htm">"Society for the Study of Evolution – Description of Awards"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolutionsociety.org/awards.htm">the original</a> on October 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Society+for+the+Study+of+Evolution+%E2%80%93+Description+of+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evolutionsociety.org%2Fawards.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade, Michael J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20151121173101/http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/5/407.full">"The Neo-Modern Synthesis: The Confluence of New Data and Explanatory Concepts"</a> <i>BioScience</i> 61: 407–408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121034426/http://www.csicop.org/author/massimopigliucci/">"Massimo Pigliucci"</a>. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/author/massimopigliucci/">the original</a> on November 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massimo+Pigliucci&rft.pub=Committee+for+Skeptical+Inquiry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fauthor%2Fmassimopigliucci%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.com/">"Rationally Speaking"</a>. <i>rationallyspeaking.blogspot.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820050149/http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.com//">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rationallyspeaking.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Rationally+Speaking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frationallyspeaking.blogspot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130611133833/http://old.richarddawkins.net/audio/606-evolution-debate-pigliucci-vs-hovind">"Evolution Debate – Pigliucci vs Hovind"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_Foundation_for_Reason_and_Science" title="Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science">Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science</a>. January 31, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.richarddawkins.net/audio/606-evolution-debate-pigliucci-vs-hovind">the original</a> on June 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evolution+Debate+%E2%80%93+Pigliucci+vs+Hovind&rft.date=2007-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.richarddawkins.net%2Faudio%2F606-evolution-debate-pigliucci-vs-hovind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150126235408/http://designinference.com/dembski-on-intelligent-design/dembski-curriculum-vitae-resume/">"CV of William Dembski"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://designinference.com/dembski-on-intelligent-design/dembski-curriculum-vitae-resume/">the original</a> on January 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CV+of+William+Dembski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdesigninference.com%2Fdembski-on-intelligent-design%2Fdembski-curriculum-vitae-resume%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308173157/http://www.hoover.org/multimedia/uk/2933961.html">"Evolution and Intelligent Design: Pigliucci vs Wells"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uncommon_Knowledge" title="Uncommon Knowledge">Uncommon Knowledge</a>. January 14, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/multimedia/uk/2933961.html">the original</a> on March 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evolution+and+Intelligent+Design%3A+Pigliucci+vs+Wells&rft.date=2005-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fmultimedia%2Fuk%2F2933961.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anchor.fm/stoicmeditations">"Stoic Meditations • A podcast on Anchor"</a>. <i>Anchor</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820050158/https://anchor.fm/stoicmeditations/">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anchor&rft.atitle=Stoic+Meditations+%E2%80%A2+A+podcast+on+Anchor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanchor.fm%2Fstoicmeditations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatisstoicism.com/stoicism-resources/7-best-stoicism-podcasts/">"The Best Stoicism Podcasts"</a>. August 14, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820050204/https://whatisstoicism.com/stoicism-resources/7-best-stoicism-podcasts//">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Best+Stoicism+Podcasts&rft.date=2020-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhatisstoicism.com%2Fstoicism-resources%2F7-best-stoicism-podcasts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci2008" class="citation web cs1">Pigliucci, Massimo (August 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.com/2008/08/excommunicated-by-atheists.html">"Excommunicated by the Atheists!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820050152/http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.com/2008/08/excommunicated-by-atheists.html/">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excommunicated+by+the+Atheists%21&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frationallyspeaking.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F08%2Fexcommunicated-by-atheists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci,_M.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pigliucci, M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/archive/PIGNAA.pdf">"New Atheism and the Scientistic Turn in the Atheism Movement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Midwest Studies in Philosophy</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 142–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmisp.12006">10.1111/misp.12006</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820050154/https://philpapers.org/archive/PIGNAA.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midwest+Studies+in+Philosophy&rft.atitle=New+Atheism+and+the+Scientistic+Turn+in+the+Atheism+Movement&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=142-153&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmisp.12006&rft.au=Pigliucci%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FPIGNAA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skepticality-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skepticality_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColanduno2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derek_Colanduno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derek Colanduno (page does not exist)">Colanduno, Derek</a> (February 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepticality.com/should-you-answer-aristotle/">"Should You Answer Aristotle?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Audio)</span>. <i>Skepticality Podcast</i>. Skeptic Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820050156/http://www.skepticality.com/should-you-answer-aristotle//">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skepticality+Podcast&rft.atitle=Should+You+Answer+Aristotle%3F&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft.aulast=Colanduno&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skepticality.com%2Fshould-you-answer-aristotle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skepticzone-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-skepticzone_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Saunders2010" class="citation podcast cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Saunders_(skeptic)" title="Richard Saunders (skeptic)">Richard Saunders</a> (September 24, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepticzone.libsyn.com/webpage/2010/09">"The Skeptic Zone #101"</a> (Podcast). Event occurs at 32:50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140509023030/http://skepticzone.libsyn.com/webpage/2010/09">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Skeptic+Zone+%23101&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft.au=Richard+Saunders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskepticzone.libsyn.com%2Fwebpage%2F2010%2F09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘The Craig-Pigliucci Debate: Does God Exist?’, Leadership University, accessed 17 October 2021, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/docs/craig-pigliucci0.html">http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/docs/craig-pigliucci0.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017134612/http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/docs/craig-pigliucci0.html">Archived</a> 2021-10-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moreland, J.P. (2013). <i>Debating Christian Theism</i>. US: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199755431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199755431">978-0199755431</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci2013" class="citation web cs1">Pigliucci, Massimo (September 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/dear-pope.html">"Dear Pope"</a>. <i>Rationally Speaking</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927205321/http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/dear-pope.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rationally+Speaking&rft.atitle=Dear+Pope&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frationallyspeaking.blogspot.co.uk%2F2013%2F09%2Fdear-pope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci2015" class="citation web cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pigliucci, Massimo</a> (February 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/02/02/how-to-be-a-stoic/">"How to be a Stoic"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801175914/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/02/02/how-to-be-a-stoic/">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+to+be+a+Stoic&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinionator.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F02%2F02%2Fhow-to-be-a-stoic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailystoic.com/massimo-pigliucci-interview/">"How to be a Stoic: an Interview with Massimo Pigliucci"</a>. <i>DailyStoic.com</i>. Daily Stoic. May 9, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801175915/https://dailystoic.com/massimo-pigliucci-interview/">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyStoic.com&rft.atitle=How+to+be+a+Stoic%3A+an+Interview+with+Massimo+Pigliucci&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailystoic.com%2Fmassimo-pigliucci-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophyasawayoflife.medium.com/beyond-stoicism-an-ongoing-spiritual-cognitive-journey-fa9f51ad809d">"Beyond Stoicism? An ongoing spiritual-cognitive journey | by Philosophy as a Way of Life | Medium"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130163721/https://philosophyasawayoflife.medium.com/beyond-stoicism-an-ongoing-spiritual-cognitive-journey-fa9f51ad809d">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+Stoicism%3F+An+ongoing+spiritual-cognitive+journey+%7C+by+Philosophy+as+a+Way+of+Life+%7C+Medium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilosophyasawayoflife.medium.com%2Fbeyond-stoicism-an-ongoing-spiritual-cognitive-journey-fa9f51ad809d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci" class="citation web cs1">Pigliucci, Massimo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/99/What_Hard_Problem">"What Hard Problem?"</a>. <i>Philosophy Now</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801175916/https://philosophynow.org/issues/99/What_Hard_Problem">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Now&rft.atitle=What+Hard+Problem%3F&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilosophynow.org%2Fissues%2F99%2FWhat_Hard_Problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci2005" class="citation web cs1">Pigliucci, Massimo (August 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.nl/2005/08/welcome-everyone.html">"Welcome, everyone!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114711/http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.nl/2005/08/welcome-everyone.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome%2C+everyone%21&rft.date=2005-08-01&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frationallyspeaking.blogspot.nl%2F2005%2F08%2Fwelcome-everyone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci2014" class="citation web cs1">Pigliucci, Massimo (March 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.nl/2014/03/so-long-and-thanks-for-all-fish.html">"So long, and thanks for all the fish"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111627/http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.nl/2014/03/so-long-and-thanks-for-all-fish.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=So+long%2C+and+thanks+for+all+the+fish&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frationallyspeaking.blogspot.nl%2F2014%2F03%2Fso-long-and-thanks-for-all-fish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THH83-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THH83_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiefelMetskas2013" class="citation episode cs1">Stiefel, Todd; Metskas, Amanda K. (May 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/the-humanist-hour//2013/05/the-humanist-hour-83-julia-galef/">"Julia Galef"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(podcast)</span>. <i>The Humanist Hour</i>. Episode 083. The Humanist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101104/http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/the-humanist-hour//2013/05/the-humanist-hour-83-julia-galef/">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Humanist+Hour&rft.series=Episode+083&rft.pub=The+Humanist&rft.date=2013-05-22&rft.aulast=Stiefel&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft.au=Metskas%2C+Amanda+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehumanist.com%2Fmultimedia%2Fthe-humanist-hour%2F%2F2013%2F05%2Fthe-humanist-hour-83-julia-galef%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulp2014" class="citation book cs1">Culp, Jennifer (2014). <i>Neil DeGrasse Tyson</i>. Great Science Writers Series. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1477776926" title="Special:BookSources/978-1477776926"><bdi>978-1477776926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neil+DeGrasse+Tyson&rft.series=Great+Science+Writers+Series&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1477776926&rft.aulast=Culp&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombrozo2014" class="citation web cs1">Lombrozo, Tania (December 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2014/12/08/369356881/what-if-atheists-were-defined-by-their-actions">"What If Atheists Were Defined By Their Actions?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227215613/http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2014/12/08/369356881/what-if-atheists-were-defined-by-their-actions">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+If+Atheists+Were+Defined+By+Their+Actions%3F&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft.aulast=Lombrozo&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2F13.7%2F2014%2F12%2F08%2F369356881%2Fwhat-if-atheists-were-defined-by-their-actions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucci,_Massimo_and_Galef,_Julia2015" class="citation podcast cs1">Pigliucci, Massimo and Galef, Julia (February 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809050211/http://rationallyspeakingpodcast.org/show/rs128-5th-anniversary-live-show.html">"RS128 – 5th Anniversary Live Show"</a>. <i>Rationally Speaking</i> (Podcast). New York City Skeptics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rationallyspeakingpodcast.org/show/rs128-5th-anniversary-live-show.html">the original</a> on August 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RS128+%E2%80%93+5th+Anniversary+Live+Show&rft.pub=New+York+City+Skeptics&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft.au=Pigliucci%2C+Massimo+and+Galef%2C+Julia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frationallyspeakingpodcast.org%2Fshow%2Frs128-5th-anniversary-live-show.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassimo+Pigliucci" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast" title="Template:Cite podcast">cite podcast</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Massimo Pigliucci</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=77472624">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=77472624&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Massimo Pigliucci</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=77472624">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=77472624&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Massimo_Pigliucci" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Massimo Pigliucci">Massimo Pigliucci</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://massimopigliucci.blog/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patreon.com/m/MassimoPigliucci">Massimo Pigliucci's new blog</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620162343/https://www.patreon.com/m/MassimoPigliucci">Archived</a> June 20, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on Patreon</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platofootnote.org/">Plato's Footnote</a> – One of Pigliucci's former blogs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://howtobeastoic.wordpress.com/">How to be a Stoic</a> – One of Pigliucci's former blogs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.com/">Rationally Speaking</a> – blog by Pigliucci about skepticism and humanism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rationallyspeakingpodcast.com">Dr. Pigliucci's</a> Rationally Speaking Podcast</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010423134451/http://www.secweb.org/bookstore/author.asp?AuthorID=6">Massimo Pigliucci</a> on <a href="/wiki/Secular_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular Web">Secular Web</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophyandtheoryinbiology.org"><i>Philosophy, Theory, and Practice in Biology</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DJSmIwoAAAAJ">Massimo Pigliucci</a> publications indexed by <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6572236/">Massimo Pigliucci</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template talk:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill%27s_Methods" title="Mill's Methods">Mill's Methods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_(philosophy)" title="Construct (philosophy)">Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">Correlation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_function" title="Correlation function">function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_synthesis" title="Creative synthesis">Creative synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">Empirical evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">Explanatory power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_contextualism" title="Functional contextualism">Functional contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">Hypothesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hypothesis" title="Alternative hypothesis">alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignoramus_et_ignorabimus" title="Ignoramus et ignorabimus">Ignoramus et ignorabimus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Inductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertheoretic_reduction" title="Intertheoretic reduction">Intertheoretic reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">Evidence-based practice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">Scientific law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_pluralism" title="Scientific pluralism">Scientific pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testability" title="Testability">Testability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">Theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_choice" title="Theory choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory-ladenness" title="Theory-ladenness">ladenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underdetermination" title="Underdetermination">Underdetermination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_and_attribute_(research)" title="Variable and attribute (research)">Variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable" title="Control variable">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables" title="Dependent and independent variables">dependent and independent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" title="Index of philosophy of science articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_empiricism" title="Constructive empiricism">Constructive empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_realism" title="Constructive realism">Constructive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological anarchism">Epistemological anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">Evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" title="Hypothetico-deductive model">Hypothetico-deductive model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductionism" title="Inductionism">Inductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-dependent_realism" title="Model-dependent realism">Model-dependent realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_view_of_theories" title="Received view of theories">Received view</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories" title="Semantic view of theories">Semantic view of theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_essentialism" title="Scientific essentialism">Scientific essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_formalism" title="Scientific formalism">Scientific formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy of...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Space and time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Social science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of economics">Economics‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_research" title="Descriptive research">Descriptive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exact_sciences" title="Exact sciences">Exact sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_science" title="Hard and soft science">Hard and soft science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-science" title="Non-science">Non-science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_science" title="Normative science">Normative science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">Rhetoric of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_science" title="List of philosophers of science">Philosophers of science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Precursors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Pierre Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband">Wilhelm Windelband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Laudan" title="Larry Laudan">Larry Laudan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_science" title="Category:Philosophy of science">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361585#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361585#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361585#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122821422">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77472624">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt44H6wpKtBkMd3YV74MP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/13235053X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98036590">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135963268">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135963268">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pigliucci, Massimo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV069092">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20031222026&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1100957">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p244651450">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98069962">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pigliucci, Massimo, 1964-"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000287215&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201226603">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs68b9qd4hrfs1c">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810815735305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007429483705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511183206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15756317?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DJSmIwoAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpeople.org/profiles/massimo-pigliucci">PhilPeople</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Massimo Pigliucci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0123702e-88b1-475e-8208-11344f3cddbf">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/13235053X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/079279783">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&oldid=1257784409">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&oldid=1257784409</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1964_births" title="Category:1964 births">1964 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Critics_of_alternative_medicine" title="Category:Critics of alternative medicine">Critics of alternative medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Critics_of_creationism" title="Category:Critics of creationism">Critics of creationism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Critics_of_parapsychology" title="Category:Critics of parapsychology">Critics of parapsychology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biologists" title="Category:Evolutionary biologists">Evolutionary biologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extended_evolutionary_synthesis" title="Category:Extended evolutionary synthesis">Extended evolutionary synthesis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_geneticists" title="Category:Italian geneticists">Italian geneticists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Ferrara_alumni" title="Category:University of Ferrara alumni">University of Ferrara alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Italian_philosophers" title="Category:20th-century Italian philosophers">20th-century Italian philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_Italian_philosophers" title="Category:21st-century Italian philosophers">21st-century Italian philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_biologists" title="Category:Italian biologists">Italian biologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_atheism_activists" title="Category:Italian atheism activists">Italian atheism activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_humanists" title="Category:Italian humanists">Italian humanists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_skeptics" title="Category:Italian skeptics">Italian skeptics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atheist_philosophers" title="Category:Atheist philosophers">Atheist philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lehman_College_faculty" title="Category:Lehman College faculty">Lehman College faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stony_Brook_University_faculty" title="Category:Stony Brook University faculty">Stony Brook University faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Connecticut_alumni" title="Category:University of Connecticut alumni">University of Connecticut alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Tennessee_alumni" title="Category:University of Tennessee alumni">University of Tennessee alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Monrovia" title="Category:People from Monrovia">People from Monrovia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Rome" title="Category:Writers from Rome">Writers from Rome</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from July 2023">Use mdy dates from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incomplete_lists_from_September_2015" title="Category:Incomplete lists from September 2015">Incomplete lists from September 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_not_in_Wikidata" title="Category:Official website not in Wikidata">Official website not in Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 16:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Pigliucci&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dfb9d98f5-stgcl","wgBackendResponseTime":301,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.167","walltime":"1.507","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7299,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":142762,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7721,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":189016,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1355.896 1 -total"," 19.12% 259.277 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.06% 217.740 1 Template:Infobox_philosopher"," 11.93% 161.701 1 Template:IPA"," 9.46% 128.267 1 Template:Philosophy_of_science"," 9.26% 125.518 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.16% 124.180 23 Template:Cite_web"," 8.36% 113.362 5 Template:Cite_book"," 6.79% 92.096 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.84% 65.624 9 Template:ISBN"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.772","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16209111,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f7b5ccf54-r24vt","timestamp":"20241125152322","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Massimo Pigliucci","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Massimo_Pigliucci","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1361585","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1361585","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-05-04T05:21:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T16:56:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/76\/Massimo_Pigliucci.jpg","headline":"chair of the Department of Philosophy at CUNY-Lehman College"}</script> </body> </html>