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Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalverskeidenheid" title="Taalverskeidenheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Taalverskeidenheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variet%C3%A4t_(Linguistik)" title="Varietät (Linguistik) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Varietät (Linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86" title="لسن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لسن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varied%C3%A1_lling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Variedá llingüística – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Variedá llingüística" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Разновидност на езика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разновидност на езика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundoat" title="Mundoat – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mundoat" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seurtad_(yezhoniezh)" title="Seurtad (yezhoniezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Seurtad (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D1%85%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Чĕлхе урăхлăхĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕлхе урăхлăхĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiyang-pinulongan" title="Daiyang-pinulongan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Daiyang-pinulongan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variet%C3%A4t_(Linguistik)" title="Varietät (Linguistik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Varietät (Linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variedad_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Variedad lingüística – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Variedad lingüística" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvovario" title="Lingvovario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingvovario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkera" title="Hizkera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="زبان‌گونه‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌گونه‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9_(linguistique)" title="Variété (linguistique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Variété (linguistique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraghys_(%C3%A7hengoaylleeaght)" title="Arraghys (çhengoaylleeaght) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Arraghys (çhengoaylleeaght)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variedade_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Variedade lingüística – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Variedade lingüística" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EB%B3%80%EC%A2%85" title="언어변종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="언어변종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाषिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietas_bahasa" title="Varietas bahasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Varietas bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variet%C3%A0_(linguistica)" title="Varietà (linguistica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Varietà (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietas_(linguistica)" title="Varietas (linguistica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Varietas (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyelvv%C3%A1ltozat" title="Nyelvváltozat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyelvváltozat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vari%C3%ABteit_(taalkunde)" title="Variëteit (taalkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Variëteit (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variaant" title="Variaant – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Variaant" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषिका – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भाषिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%89%E7%A8%AE" title="言語変種 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="言語変種" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietet_(lingvistikk)" title="Varietet (lingvistikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Varietet (lingvistikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietet_i_spr%C3%A5kvitskap" title="Varietet i språkvitskap – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Varietet i språkvitskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odmiana_j%C4%99zykowa" title="Odmiana językowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odmiana językowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variedade_lingu%C3%ADstica" title="Variedade linguística – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Variedade linguística" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietate_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Varietate (lingvistică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Varietate (lingvistică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Разновидности языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разновидности языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_variety" title="Language variety – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Language variety" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atvar_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%A9ho_jazyka" title="Útvar národného jazyka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Útvar národného jazyka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezikovna_zvrst" title="Jezikovna zvrst – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jezikovna zvrst" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezi%C4%8Dki_varijetet" title="Jezički varijetet – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Jezički varijetet" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietet_(lingvistik)" title="Varietet (lingvistik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Varietet (lingvistik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="வகை (மொழியியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வகை (மொழியியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тел вариантлары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тел вариантлары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2" title="วิธภาษา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิธภาษา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fke" title="Değişke – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Değişke" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Різновид мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Різновид мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BA%BFn_th%E1%BB%83_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Biến thể ngôn ngữ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biến thể ngôn ngữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="變體 (語言學) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="變體 (語言學)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="變體 (語言學) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="變體 (語言學)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%A3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_(%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C)" title="ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ) – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ)" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3329375#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Variety_(linguistics)" rel="discussion" 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociolinguistics" title="Template:Sociolinguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociolinguistics" title="Template talk:Sociolinguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociolinguistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociolinguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a>, a <b>variety</b>, also known as a <b>lect</b> or an <b>isolect</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a specific form of a language or <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">language cluster</a>. This may include <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">styles</a>, or other forms of language, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MeechamReesMiller_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeechamReesMiller-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the word <i>variety</i> to refer to the different forms avoids the use of the term <i>language</i>, which many people associate only with the standard language, and the term <i>dialect</i>, which is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">non-standard language forms</a> thought of as less <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestigious</a> or "proper" than the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Schilling-Estes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schilling-Estes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguists speak of both standard and non-standard (<a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> varieties as equally complex, valid, and full-fledged forms of language. <i>Lect</i> avoids the problem in ambiguous cases of deciding whether two varieties are distinct languages or dialects of a single language. </p><p>Variation at the level of the <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argot" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">argot</a>, is often considered in relation to particular styles or levels of formality (also called <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>), but such uses are sometimes discussed as varieties as well.<sup id="cite_ref-MeechamReesMiller_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeechamReesMiller-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variety_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">Dialect</a></div> <p>O'Grady et al. define <i>dialect</i>: "A regional or social variety of a language characterized by its own <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a> properties."<sup id="cite_ref-ContempLx_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ContempLx-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety spoken in a particular region is called a regional dialect (regiolect, geolect<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); some regional varieties are called regionalects<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or topolects, especially to discuss <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there are varieties associated with particular ethnic groups (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Ethnolect" title="Ethnolect">ethnolects</a>), <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">socioeconomic classes</a> (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolects</a>), or other social or cultural groups. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">Dialectology</a> is the study of dialects and their geographic or social distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-ContempLx_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ContempLx-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, dialectologists study the variety of language used within a particular <a href="/wiki/Speech_community" title="Speech community">speech community</a>, a group of people who share a set of norms or conventions for language use.<sup id="cite_ref-MeechamReesMiller_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeechamReesMiller-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to sidestep the vexing problem of distinguishing <i>dialect</i> from <i>language</i>, some linguists have been using the term <i>communalect</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – defined as "a neutral term for any speech tradition tied to a specific community".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguists</a> have adopted the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">community of practice</a>, a group of people who develop shared knowledge and shared norms of interaction, as the social group within which dialects develop and change.<sup id="cite_ref-LaveWenger_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaveWenger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociolinguists <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Eckert" title="Penelope Eckert">Penelope Eckert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sally_McConnell-Ginet" title="Sally McConnell-Ginet">Sally McConnell-Ginet</a> explain: "Some communities of practice may develop more distinctive ways of speaking than others. Thus, it is within communities of practice that linguistic influence may spread within and among speech communities."<sup id="cite_ref-EckertMcConnellGinet_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EckertMcConnellGinet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The words <i>dialect</i> and <i>accent</i> are often used synonymously in everyday speech, but linguists define the two terms differently. <i><a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">Accent</a></i> generally refers to differences in <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a>, especially those that are associated with geographic or social differences, whereas <i>dialect</i> refers to differences in grammar and vocabulary as well.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_varieties">Standard varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variety_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Standard varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard language</a></div> <p>Many languages have a <i>standard variety</i>, some lect that is selected and promoted <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescriptively</a> by either quasi-legal authorities or other social institutions, such as schools or media. Standard varieties are accorded more <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">sociolinguistic prestige</a> than other, <a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">nonstandard lects</a> and are generally thought of as "correct" by speakers of the language. Since the selection is an <a href="/wiki/Arbitrariness" title="Arbitrariness">arbitrary standard</a>, standard forms are the "correct" varieties only in the sense that they are tacitly valued by higher socio-economic strata and promoted by public influencers on matters of <a href="/wiki/Usage_(language)" title="Usage (language)">language use</a>, such as writers, publishers, critics, language teachers, and self-appointed language guardians. As Ralph Harold Fasold puts it, "The standard language may not even be the best possible constellation of linguistic features available. It is general social acceptance that gives us a workable arbitrary standard, not any inherent superiority of the characteristics it specifies."<sup id="cite_ref-Fasold_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasold-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociolinguists generally recognize the standard variety of a language as one of the dialects of that language.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudgill_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudgill-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, an authoritative <a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">regulatory body</a>, such as the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintains and <a href="/wiki/Codification_(linguistics)" title="Codification (linguistics)">codifies</a> the usage norms for a standard variety. More often, though, standards are understood in an implicit, <a href="/wiki/Usus" class="mw-redirect" title="Usus">practice-based</a> way. Writing about Standard English, John Algeo suggests that the standard variety "is simply what English speakers agree to regard as good".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registers_and_styles">Registers and styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variety_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Registers and styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">Register (sociolinguistics)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">Style (sociolinguistics)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Style-shifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Style-shifting">Style-shifting</a></div> <p>A <i>register</i> (sometimes called a <i>style</i>) is a variety of language used in a particular social setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottenheimer_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottenheimer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settings may be defined in terms of greater or lesser formality,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in terms of socially recognized events, such as <a href="/wiki/Child-directed_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-directed speech">baby talk</a>, which is used in many western cultures to talk to small children or as a joking register used in <a href="/wiki/Teasing" title="Teasing">teasing</a> or playing <a href="/wiki/The_Dozens" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dozens">The Dozens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottenheimer_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottenheimer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also registers associated with particular professions or interest groups; <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> refers specifically to the vocabulary associated with such registers. </p><p>Unlike dialects, which are used by particular <a href="/wiki/Speech_community" title="Speech community">speech communities</a> and associated with geographical settings or social groupings, registers are associated with particular communicative situations, purposes, or levels of formality, and can constitute divisions within a single regional lect or standardized variety. Dialect and register may thus be thought of as different dimensions of <a href="/wiki/Variation_(linguistics)" title="Variation (linguistics)">linguistic variation</a>. For example, Trudgill suggests the following sentence as an example of a <a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">nonstandard dialect</a> that is used with the technical register of physical geography: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There was two eskers what we saw in them U-shaped valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudgill_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudgill-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Most speakers command a range of registers, which they use in different situations. The choice of register is affected by the setting and topic of speech, as well as the relationship that exists between the speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-MST_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MST-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The appropriate form of language may also change during the course of a communicative event as the relationship between speakers changes, or different social facts become relevant. Speakers may shift styles, as their perception of an event in progress changes. Consider the following telephone call to the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Cuba_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Cuba in Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Cuba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>. </p> <blockquote> <p>Caller: <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">¿Es la embajada de Cuba?</span></span> (<i>Is this the Cuban embassy?</i>)<br /> Receptionist: <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">Sí. Dígame.</span></span> (<i>Yes, may I help you?</i>)<br /> Caller: <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">Es Rosa.</span></span> (<i>It's Rosa.</i>)<br /> Receptionist: <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">¡Ah Rosa! ¿Cóma anda eso?</span></span> (<i>Oh, Rosa! How's it going?</i>) </p> </blockquote> <p>At first, the receptionist uses a relatively formal register, as befits her professional role. After the caller identifies herself, the receptionist recognizes that she is speaking to a friend, and she shifts to an informal register of <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban Spanish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MST_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MST-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shift is similar to <a href="/wiki/Metaphorical_code-switching" title="Metaphorical code-switching">metaphorical</a> <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a>, but since it involves styles or registers, it is considered an example of style-shifting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idiolect">Idiolect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variety_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Idiolect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Idiolect" title="Idiolect">idiolect</a> is defined as "the language use typical of an individual person".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An individual's idiolect may be affected by contact with various regional or social dialects, professional registers and, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilinguals</a>, various languages.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For scholars who view language from the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_competence" title="Linguistic competence">linguistic competence</a>, essentially the knowledge of language and grammar that exists in the mind of an individual language user, the idiolect, is a way of referring to the specific knowledge. For scholars who regard language as a shared social practice, the idiolect is more like a dialect with a speech community of one individual.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variety_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages" title="Abstand and ausbau languages">Abstand and ausbau languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_localisation" title="Language localisation">Language localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_subsystems" title="List of language subsystems">List of language subsystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">Koiné language</a>, a standard language or dialect that arises due to contact between mutually intelligible varieties (dialects) of the same language</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variety_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hudson, Alfred B. 1967. <i>The Barito isolects of Borneo: A classification based on comparative reconstruction and lexicostatistics</i>. Data Paper no. 68, Southeast Asia Program, Department of Asian Studies, Cornell University. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeechamReesMiller-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MeechamReesMiller_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MeechamReesMiller_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MeechamReesMiller_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meecham, Marjorie and Janie Rees-Miller. (2001) "Language in social contexts." In W. O'Grady, J. Archibald, M. Aronoff and J. Rees-Miller (eds) <i>Contemporary Linguistics</i>. pp. 537-590. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schilling-Estes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schilling-Estes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schilling-Estes, Natalies. (2006) "Dialect variation." In R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds) <i>An Introduction to Language and Linguistics</i>. pp. 311-341. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfram-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWolframSchilling-Estes1998" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram, Walt; Schilling-Estes, Natalie (1998). <i>American English: dialects and variation</i>. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. pp. 13–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+English%3A+dialects+and+variation&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=13-16&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Walt&rft.au=Schilling-Estes%2C+Natalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariety+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ContempLx-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ContempLx_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ContempLx_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, and Jane Rees-Miller. eds. (2001) <i>Contemporary Linguistics</i>. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_D._Land2013" class="citation cs2">Christopher D. Land (21 February 2013), "Varieties of the Greek language", in Stanley E. Porter, Andrew Pitts (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5N9VUT5Tl4C"><i>The Language of the New Testament: Context, History, and Development</i></a>, BRILL, p. 250, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004234772" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004234772"><bdi>978-9004234772</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Varieties+of+the+Greek+language&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Context%2C+History%2C+and+Development&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013-02-21&rft.isbn=978-9004234772&rft.au=Christopher+D.+Land&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5N9VUT5Tl4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariety+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel._W._Bruhn" class="citation cs2">Daniel. W. Bruhn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/dwbruhn_376_Dispossessed.pdf"><i>Walls of the Tongue: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Ursula K. Le Guin's The Dispossessed</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, p. 8</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walls+of+the+Tongue%3A+A+Sociolinguistic+Analysis+of+Ursula+K.+Le+Guin%27s+The+Dispossessed&rft.pages=8&rft.au=Daniel.+W.+Bruhn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.berkeley.edu%2F~dwbruhn%2Fdwbruhn_376_Dispossessed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariety+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"topolect". <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=topolect&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariety+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Pawley, Andrew</a> & Timoci Sayaba. 1971. Fijian dialect divisions: eastern and western Fijian. <i>Journal of the Polynesian Society</i> 80.4 (1971): 405-436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See p.8 of: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Ross, Malcolm D.</a> (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/protooceanicaust0000ross"><i>Proto-Oceanic and the Austronesian languages of Western Melanesia</i></a></span>. Canberra: Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-367-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-367-8"><bdi>978-0-85883-367-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20100109">20100109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto-Oceanic+and+the+Austronesian+languages+of+Western+Melanesia&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20100109&rft.isbn=978-0-85883-367-8&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprotooceanicaust0000ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariety+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See p.89 of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="IJSL" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Alexandre François">François, Alexandre</a> (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2012_NorthVanuatuSocioling_IJSL.pdf">"The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> (214): 85–110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl-2012-0022">10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145208588">145208588</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=The+dynamics+of+linguistic+diversity%3A+Egalitarian+multilingualism+and+power+imbalance+among+northern+Vanuatu+languages&rft.issue=214&rft.pages=85-110&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2012-0022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145208588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falex.francois.online.fr%2Fdata%2FAlexFrancois_2012_NorthVanuatuSocioling_IJSL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariety+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaveWenger-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaveWenger_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lave, Jean & Etienne Wenger. (1991) <i>Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EckertMcConnellGinet-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EckertMcConnellGinet_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eckert, Penelope & Sally McConnell-Ginet. (2003) <i>Language and Gender</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2002" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, John (2002) [1981]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Wg57a3DdYYC&q=accent+dialect"><i>Language and Linguistics: An introduction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52-123034-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-52-123034-9"><bdi>0-52-123034-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Linguistics%3A+An+introduction&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-52-123034-9&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Wg57a3DdYYC%26q%3Daccent%2Bdialect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariety+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fasold-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fasold_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fasold, Ralph. (2006) "The politics of language." In R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds) <i>An Introduction to Language and Linguistics</i>. pp. 371-400. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trudgill-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trudgill_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trudgill_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Trudgill, Peter</a> (1999). "Standard English: what it isn't". In Bex, T.; Watts, R.J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321091659/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/SEtrudgill.htm"><i>Standard English: The Widening Debate</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 117–128. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/SEtrudgill.htm">the original</a> on 21 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Standard+English%3A+what+it+isn%27t&rft.btitle=Standard+English%3A+The+Widening+Debate&rft.place=London&rft.pages=117-128&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Fdick%2FSEtrudgill.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariety+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-francaise.fr/le-dictionnaire/la-9e-edition">"Le Dictionnaire"</a>. <i>Académie française</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2006) <i>The Anthropology of Language</i>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joos, Martin. (1961) <i>The Five Clocks.</i> New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MST-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MST_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MST_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saville-Troike, Muriel. (1982) <i>The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction</i>. Oxford and Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeborn, Dennis, Peter French & David Langford. (1993) <i>Varieties of English</i>. Houndsmill and London: MacMillan Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory, Michael and Susanne Carroll. (1978) <i>Language and situation: language varieties and their social contexts</i>. London: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber, Alex. (2004) "Idiolects." <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/idiolects/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. Retrieved 07-01-2009.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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