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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>The Gwangju Uprising: The Pivotal Democratic Movement that Changed the ... - Chŏng-un Chʻoe, 최정운 - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_4f54b7ece244bea45b37a7418cb9cf10/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_4f54b7ece244bea45b37a7418cb9cf10__en.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Gwangju_Uprising.html?id=eutTTCoEUrwC"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Gwangju_Uprising.html?id=eutTTCoEUrwC"/><meta name="title" content="The Gwangju Uprising"/><meta name="description" content="The book explores the implications of the democratic movement that took place in Gwangju, a southwestern city of Korea, in May 1980 when military paratroopers brutally crushed a group of protesters who demonstrated against General Chun Doo-hwan, who was about to become the country's president. Because of the event now known as the Gwangju Uprising, 191 people perished and 852 were wounded. In The Gwangju Uprising, Choi Jungwoon analyzes various discourses and motives of the uprising and vividly paints the demonstrators' street battles against paratroopers. He gives an in-depth scrutiny of the participants' mentalities and incentives, and the type of brutality involved. He also examines the stages the participants went through during the uprising, from the peace and togetherness they had at first, to the internal conflict that soon followed, to the lessons they learned in the uprising's aftermath. Choi argues that the united front experienced by the participants during the uprising was a driving force that changed modern Korean history. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Choi Jungwoon is a professor of international relations at Seoul National University. He received his doctorate from the University of Chicago. His publications include "The English Ten Hours Act: Official Knowledge and the Collective Interest of the Ruling Class" (1984) and "Ideological Configuration in Korean Politics" (1998). ABOUT THE TRANSLATOR Yu Young-nan is a freelance translator based in Seoul. Her most recent translation is Yom Sang-seop's novel Three Generations (Archipelago Books, 2005)."/><meta property="og:title" content="The Gwangju Uprising"/><meta property="og:type" content="book"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Books"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=eutTTCoEUrwC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE73YoVTDqf66DYkaF4vfRCHjccnxyHK58Yepd4APHeHkDuQeZjn1qEuOgcADCh-H_i3BGum8BIXoEEt9qoFaeZ0V-_Vwn-rdN8xydLVq-ZDzOL08d6ZT_Aqcg8WurSXg_g_v3brD"/><link rel="image_src" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=eutTTCoEUrwC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE73YoVTDqf66DYkaF4vfRCHjccnxyHK58Yepd4APHeHkDuQeZjn1qEuOgcADCh-H_i3BGum8BIXoEEt9qoFaeZ0V-_Vwn-rdN8xydLVq-ZDzOL08d6ZT_Aqcg8WurSXg_g_v3brD"/><script></script><style>#gbar,#guser{font-size:13px;padding-top:1px !important;}#gbar{height:22px}#guser{padding-bottom:7px !important;text-align:right}.gbh,.gbd{border-top:1px solid #c9d7f1;font-size:1px}.gbh{height:0;position:absolute;top:24px;width:100%}@media all{.gb1{height:22px;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:top}#gbar{float:left}}a.gb1,a.gb4{text-decoration:underline !important}a.gb1,a.gb4{color:#00c !important}.gbi .gb4{color:#dd8e27 !important}.gbf .gb4{color:#900 !important} #gbar { padding:.3em .6em !important;}</style></head><body class=""><div id=gbar><nobr><a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tab=pw">Search</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/imghp?hl=en&tab=pi">Images</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.com.sg/maps?hl=en&tab=pl">Maps</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=en&tab=p8">Play</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=p1">YouTube</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=pn">News</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=pm">Gmail</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=po">Drive</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.com.sg/intl/en/about/products?tab=ph"><u>More</u> »</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn class=gbi></span><span id=gbf class=gbf></span><span id=gbe></span><a target=_top id=gb_70 href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DeutTTCoEUrwC%26q%3Dissue%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r%26hl%3Den&hl=en&ec=GAZACg" class=gb4>Sign in</a></nobr></div><div class=gbh style=left:0></div><div class=gbh style=right:0></div><div role="alert" style="position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0;"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=eutTTCoEUrwC&q=issue&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&hl=en&output=html_text" title="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. 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최정운</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:3px"><form action=/books id=search_form style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" method=get> <input type=hidden name="id" value="eutTTCoEUrwC"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 class="swv-table"><tr><td class="swv-td-search"><span><input id=search_form_input type=text maxlength=1024 class="text_flat swv-input-search" aria-label="Search in this book" name=q value="" title="Go" accesskey=i></span></td><td class="swv-td-space"><div> </div></td><td><input type=submit value="Go"></td></tr></table><script type="text/javascript">if (window['_OC_autoDir']) {_OC_autoDir('search_form_input');}</script></form></div><div><p><a id="sidebar-atb-link" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=eutTTCoEUrwC&vq=issue&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><span dir=ltr>About this book</span></a></p></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-hr"></div><div class="ebook-promo"><a href="https://play.google.com/store/books"><img border="0" src="/googlebooks/images/ebook_promo.png" /><h3 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Gwangju Uprising","subtitle":"The Pivotal Democratic Movement that Changed the History of Modern Korea","attribution":"By Chŏng-un Chʻoe, 최정운","additional_info":{"[JsonBookInfo]":{"BuyLinks":[{"Seller":"Homa \u0026 Sekey 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1","Pid":"PA1","PgNum":"1","Order":21},{"Title":"Chapter 2","Pid":"PA81","PgNum":"81","Order":101},{"Title":"Chapter 3","Pid":"PA161","PgNum":"161","Order":181},{"Title":"Chapter 4","Pid":"PA251","PgNum":"251","Order":271},{"Title":"References","Pid":"PA297","PgNum":"297","Order":317},{"Title":"Index","Pid":"PA311","PgNum":"311","Order":331}]}},"table_of_contents_page_id":"PR5","max_resolution_image_width":1280,"max_resolution_image_height":1918,"num_toc_pages":2,"quality_info":"We have no quality information about this book.","volume_id":"eutTTCoEUrwC","permission_info":"Pages displayed by permission of \u003ca class=link_aux href=\"https://books.google.com.sg/url?id=eutTTCoEUrwC\u0026pg=PA98\u0026q=http://www.homabooks.com\u0026clientid=ca-print-pub-4731434957085322\u0026linkid=1\u0026usg=AOvVaw25_9WgWCYn-mWiaDbfWics\u0026source=gbs_pub_info_r\"\u003eHoma \u0026amp; Sekey Books\u003c/a\u003e","is_ebook":false,"volumeresult":{"has_flowing_text":true,"has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false},"publisher":"Homa \u0026 Sekey Books","publication_date":"2006","subject":"History","num_pages":326,"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=eutTTCoEUrwC\u0026source=gbs_vpt_hover","synposis":"The book explores the implications of the democratic movement that took place in Gwangju, a southwestern city of Korea, in May 1980 when military paratroopers brutally crushed a group of protesters who demonstrated against General Chun Doo-hwan, who was about to become the country's president. Because of the event now known as the Gwangju Uprising, 191 people perished and 852 were wounded. In The Gwangju Uprising, Choi Jungwoon analyzes various discourses and motives of the uprising and vividly paints the demonstrators' street battles against paratroopers. He gives an in-depth scrutiny of the participants' mentalities and incentives, and the type of brutality involved. He also examines the stages the participants went through during the uprising, from the peace and togetherness they had at first, to the internal conflict that soon followed, to the lessons they learned in the uprising's aftermath. Choi argues that the united front experienced by the participants during the uprising was a driving force that changed modern Korean history. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Choi Jungwoon is a professor of international relations at Seoul National University. He received his doctorate from the University of Chicago. His publications include \"The English Ten Hours Act: Official Knowledge and the Collective Interest of the Ruling Class\" (1984) and \"Ideological Configuration in Korean Politics\" (1998). ABOUT THE TRANSLATOR Yu Young-nan is a freelance translator based in Seoul. Her most recent translation is Yom Sang-seop's novel Three Generations (Archipelago Books, 2005).","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false,"last_page":{"pid":"PA333","order":353,"title":"333"}},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DeutTTCoEUrwC%26q%3Dissue%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PA98","highlights":[{"X":254,"Y":214,"W":31,"H":15},{"X":296,"Y":274,"W":31,"H":15},{"X":130,"Y":635,"W":32,"H":15}],"flags":8,"order":118,"vq":"issue"}]},null,{"number_of_results":50,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PR10","page_number":"x","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e, both in terms of hometown and aca- demic focus. A graduate of the Seoul National University Depart- ment of International Relations, he had obtained his doctorate in political science from the University of Chicago in 1989 with a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR15","page_number":"xv","snippet_text":"... to negotiate . 10 : 30 - Martial law troops prepare to withdraw from the Provin- cial Hall , and the martial law commander \u003cb\u003eissues\u003c/b\u003e a state- ment . 11 : 00 - Demonstrators congregate in front of the XV CHRONOLOGY OF THE GWANGJU UPRISING."},{"page_id":"PR16","page_number":"xvi","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissues\u003c/b\u003e a statement on the Gwangju situation . 22:00 Conflict appears among the citizens over weapons collec- tion . May 23 06:00 Stability is restored in Gwangju . 09 : 00 - Professors and students gather at the Nokdu Bookstore to hold\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR18","page_number":"xviii","snippet_text":"... : 30 - A battle is waged in the Provincial Hall , which falls at 06:30 . 05:00 The head of the Martial Law Command Substation \u003cb\u003eissues\u003c/b\u003e a statement . The Gwangju Uprising Chapter One Violence and the Politics of xviii THE GWANGJU UPRISING."},{"page_id":"PA11","page_number":"11","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissues\u003c/b\u003e, but also “hoped to become the citizens\u0026#39; eyes and ears.” The in- formation printed in this bulletin generally fell into two types. The first was about the movement of military troops, and the second had to do with the unfolding\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA14","page_number":"14","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e with them separately , it is also clear that the committee members tried to keep a distance from the position of the citizens involved in the struggle . Soon after the settlement committee was organized under the auspices of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA15","page_number":"15","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of collecting weapons was kept alive for various reasons and justifications ; in particular , the conservatives were conscious of the argument that the uprising might encourage North Ko- rea to flex its muscle . The “ poison\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA19","page_number":"19","snippet_text":"... ” and called for a rapid settlement, claiming that the Gwangju incident was a seri- ous national security \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e. On the other hand, the Donga Ilbo, in its May 24 editorial , hinted at some sinister background 19 CHAPTER ONE."},{"page_id":"PA20","page_number":"20","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e was mostly handled on Page 7 , in the social affairs section , not on Page 1 , the political page . The contents included the efforts of restoration , the government\u0026#39;s support , and the nationwide “ campaign to help the Gwangju\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA21","page_number":"21","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e looming in the city by describ- ing how Gwangju was weighed down by a heavy atmosphere and that the departing governor was at a loss for words when pressed to explain the situation. The next day, an article claimed that virtues\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA28","page_number":"28","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissues\u003c/b\u003e : First , the Korean people\u0026#39;s potential ; second , the \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of the United States ; third , the attitude of the true struggle ; fourth , the need to organize ; and last , a thorough scientific perception and more intense practice\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA30","page_number":"30","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of the armed struggle, however, the article assumes a cautious attitude, em- phasizing that the armament and violence of the minjung were a means of self-defense (JSRI 1988 III-22, 273-281). By contrast, the essay by the Chonnam\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA44","page_number":"44","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e. The basic principle of suppression was to create terrifying pictures—beating, stabbing, slashing—that were excruciating to watch. Special riot police sticks had been ordered in April for this purpose, and bayonets were in use\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA51","page_number":"51","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissues\u003c/b\u003e, in particular redistribution, were extremely rare. From May 23, student activists and youths led by Yun Sang ... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of participation in the struggle was a decision as to whether to risk life to join the com- munity. The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA57","page_number":"57","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of democratization kept surfacing in different contexts . Some argued that democracy could be achieved by prolonging the struggle , while most citizens returned to the sem- blance of a typical peaceful student demonstration from\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA59","page_number":"59","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of state power , whose core is violence . The new military junta\u0026#39;s belief in the omnipotence of violence , dramatically expressed during the Gwangju uprising , was also a product of the West\u0026#39;s modern political discourse and the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA67","page_number":"67","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e ... at the time, from the officials I heard stories that shamed me for wearing a military uniform. . . . I heard many stories and during the meeting I sincerely requested that the military not carry out such actions and also\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA68","page_number":"68","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e number . In other words , from No. 9 , it was published again as Democratic Citizens \u0026#39; Bulletin and printed up to No. 11. The final edition was not distributed due to the martial law troops \u0026#39; reentry into Gwangju . 11 During the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA69","page_number":"69","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e was printed , followed by No. 2 in the afternoon , and No. 3 in the evening .. On May 20 , we judged that guidelines were necessary to encourage citizens to exhibit unified behavior , rather than let them be engaged in random\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA79","page_number":"79","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of supporting President Chun Doo-hwan\u0026#39;s pledge to protect the constitution. All these organizations were unified in the Association of Young Comrades of the May 18 Gwangju Minjung Uprising in 1995 (Na Gan-chae, Jeong Tae-sin 1996)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA93","page_number":"93","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of hallucinogens was put forth by both citizens and the military indicates that both sides perceived the Gwangju uprising as be- ing irrational. 3. Explanations of the Citizens\u0026#39; Participation from the Social Science Perspective It\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA94","page_number":"94","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e is that the military authorities at the time intentionally downplayed the students \u0026#39; roles with the pur- pose of undermining the middle - class citizens \u0026#39; support by em- phasizing “ hooligans , ” “ vagabonds , ” and “ disgruntled\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA97","page_number":"97","snippet_text":"... southwestern Korea, is also an abstract element; the testimonies do not reveal to what extent citizens were aware of this \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e during their participation in the demonstrations . It is clear , however , that the 97 CHAPTER TWO."},{"page_id":"PA98","page_number":"98","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e was rarely mentioned in real- name testimonies . There is no evidence that the rancor coming from regional discrimination was expressed in the early hours of the rebellion . Some part of this \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e came to the surface on May 21\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA101","page_number":"101","snippet_text":"... offered as an explana- tion for the uprising from a sociological viewpoint. This \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e has been presented as a decisive factor in the “theory of the minjung , ” which is concretely linked with social class 101 CHAPTER TWO."},{"page_id":"PA102","page_number":"102","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e , however , must be understood at a community level . The Gwangju region lagged in developed commerce and industry ; few outsiders moved in , while many of its citizens migrated to other parts of Korea . For this reason , the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA103","page_number":"103","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e in understanding the citizens \u0026#39; participation is how this occasion . and structural factors combined to compel them to take action . This \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e can be illuminated only when we microscopically ana- lyze the psychology of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA128","page_number":"128","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e between the military and the university students. Citizens busy with making a living assumed the attitude of onlookers, and the riot police never clamped down on spectators. In this sense, the South Korean public had been\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA144","page_number":"144","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e orders emphasizing “bold attacks” (Jeong Sang-yong et al. 1990, 198-199, Yim Cheol-u 1997). Gen- eral Jeong Ung, who had a nominal command authority as the head of the 31st Division Command, testified in a National As- sembly\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA155","page_number":"155","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e is concerned, Bourdieu\u0026#39;s theory is much more elaborate and realistic. 73 The citizens who participated in many rallies on May 20 and afterward often do not remember when, where, or how they fought, or even exactly what happened\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA169","page_number":"169","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of identity between individuals and groups . On the one hand , it was an \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of power , and on the other hand , it was a matter of class . The questions that had never been asked in the absolute community— “ Who are you ? ” and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA172","page_number":"172","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eIssues\u003c/b\u003e. To secure mobility and equipment for public address in the streets, they forcibly took a Chonnam Na- tional University school bus and obtained a P.A. system on board. In the evening, they gathered university students to seize\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA175","page_number":"175","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissues\u003c/b\u003e, the leaders got together at an office in Honam-dong, away from the eyes of the others. The last political group organized in the first day of libera- tion was the Student Settlement Committee. However, this com- mittee cannot be\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA176","page_number":"176","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e can- not be resolved with a repeater for university admission at the forefront. University students started rallies for democratiza- tion and this situation can be viewed as an extension. How can you, a repeater, take charge and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA181","page_number":"181","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of individual identity and class emerged. Second, emotions and obligations of fam- ily—the key system in the existing community—found their ways back. And finally, the preciousness of individual life was high- lighted as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA183","page_number":"183","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of recovering weapons . It is generally known that the primary reason for this conflict was the Martial Law Command\u0026#39;s threat and the citizens \u0026#39; hope to reduce human losses at the time of the troops \u0026#39; re - entry . The Martial Law\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA187","page_number":"187","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e for the leaders of the civilian militia in liberated Gwangju. It was sensi- tive because a considerable number of the members of the ci- vilian militia defending Gwangju belonged to the classes of workers and the downtrodden, who\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA193","page_number":"193","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of returning arms to the Martial Law Command . Kim Chang - gil said that he would return 100 guns to the Martial Law Command to see how the military authorities would react , but he secretly took 200 . The pro - resistance group\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA197","page_number":"197","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of TNT in the hall\u0026#39;s basement. He said, “If it is exploded by impure elements, Gwangju citizens will be killed. At present, those who guard the explosives do not know each other and no commanding system is in place. We cannot\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA198","page_number":"198","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e—the conflict of different concepts of life and death—was not some- thing to be compromised through rational discussion. There was an aspect they could not comprehend in each other, and this was what could not be compromised. What\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA232","page_number":"232","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e. While I was trying to persuade people, the Nam-dong Settlement Committee, including Father Jo Bi-o, was formed. In the end, the Nam-dong side, the government side, called us a hard-line faction . . . “ (Gwangju City 1997 V, 293)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA234","page_number":"234","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e will become clearer when Mokpo is used as an ex- ample. There was no coercion from the Martial Law Command in this city, but citizens began to feel nervous about their armed col- leagues on May 21. The leaders of the demonstration\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA264","page_number":"264","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e may be related with the emergence of twisted human be- ings, or monsters, who appeared during the period of rapid eco- nomic growth in the 1960s and the 1970s. When the Park Chung-hee regime began to feel a sense of crisis about\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA266","page_number":"266","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e to determine how the state\u0026#39;s public author- ity and society\u0026#39;s private interest and resentment were intertwined to create the specific case of state violence during the Gwangju uprising. 2. Logic of Resistance There are no grounds\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA269","page_number":"269","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of “ the driving force , ” the name that has been continuously imposed on the minjung since the 1980s . I think that establishing a driving force of the Gwangju upris- ing is a misguided heritage of the revolutionary theory by the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA272","page_number":"272","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissues\u003c/b\u003e of regional and class discrimination may be viewed as secondary factors that appeared in the wake of primary reactions, which were shown in the uprising\u0026#39;s development. The so-called “liberated Gwangju,” the period in which\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA283","page_number":"283","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e, the organizing group\u0026#39;s phones kept ringing, to inquire about the details. Many complained that rallies address- ing particular \u003cb\u003eissues\u003c/b\u003e were not staged (Jeong Mun-yeong 1999, 50-51). This narrative indicates that in 1987 a giant\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA287","page_number":"287","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e in evaluating the heritage of the Gwangju uprising. Democracy as the heritage of the Gwangju uprising was achieved in return for the undemocratic organiza- tion of the physical battles waged by student activists, working classes\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA296","page_number":"296","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e of interpreting the uprising as a struggle for recognition, and along with criticism of this approach, in this book; I shall deal with it in a different study. 16 For a recent study on the conflict between classes after the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA305","page_number":"305","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eissue\u003c/b\u003e in commemoration of Labor Day: 14-57. Yi, Jong-beom. 1988. “5.18 ui yeonghyang, hangye, gyeseung” (Influences, Limitations, and Succession of May18). Chonnam National University Newspaper, May 19. Yi, Sam-seong. 1989. “Gwangju\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=eutTTCoEUrwC\u0026pg=PA305\u0026vq=issue"}],"search_query_escaped":"issue"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>