CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Niqqud - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cf290bb4-f922-41ce-abd6-c4c396a17565","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Niqqud","wgTitle":"Niqqud","wgCurRevisionId":1278201536,"wgRevisionId":1278201536,"wgArticleId":752390,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Hebrew-language text","CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages with plain IPA","Articles needing more detailed references","Niqqud"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Niqqud","wgRelevantArticleId":752390,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1777790","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Niqqud - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqqud"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqqud"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Niqqud rootpage-Niqqud skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Niqqud" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Niqqud" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Niqqud" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Niqqud" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Chart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Keyboard</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Keyboard-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Keyboard subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Keyboard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microsoft_Windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microsoft_Windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Microsoft Windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microsoft_Windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Linux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>macOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Niqqud</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B7)" title="نقود (تنقيط) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقود (تنقيط)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%95" title="ܢܩܘܕ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܩܘܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqud" title="Niqud – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Niqud" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Niqqud" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Niqqud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikud" title="Nikud – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nikud" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikud" title="Nikud – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nikud" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqud" title="Niqud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Niqud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromsignoj_de_la_hebrea_skribo" title="Kromsignoj de la hebrea skribo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kromsignoj de la hebrea skribo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritiques_de_l%27alphabet_h%C3%A9breu" title="Diacritiques de l'alphabet hébreu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diacritiques de l'alphabet hébreu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Niqqud" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Niqqud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Niqqud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" title="ניקוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkud" title="Nikkud – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Nikkud" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikoda" title="Nikoda – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nikoda" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="ニクダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニクダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Niqqud" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikud" title="Nikud – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nikud" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicude" title="Nicude – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicude" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Огласовки в еврейском письме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Огласовки в еврейском письме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Niqqud" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkud" title="Nikkud – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikkud" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="உயிர்க்குறி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்க்குறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikud" title="Nikud – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nikud" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Некудот – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Некудот" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%9E_(%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E6%96%87)" title="點 (希伯來文) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="點 (希伯來文)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="希伯來語注音符號 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希伯來語注音符號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1777790#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Niqqud" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Niqqud" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Niqqud" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&oldid=1278201536" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Niqqud&id=1278201536&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNiqqud"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNiqqud"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Niqqud&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Niqqud" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1777790" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System of diacritical signs for Hebrew</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Samaritan pointing" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan vocalization</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other vocalizations of Hebrew, see <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian vocalization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian vocalization</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For equivalent symbols in related writing systems, see <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography#The_Yiddish_alphabet" title="Yiddish orthography">Yiddish orthography § The Yiddish alphabet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a>.</div> <table align="right" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Niqqud</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-style:none"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-style:none"></td> <td style="padding:1px; margin:0px; background:white;line-height:1em; font-size:325%; font-family:SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, 'Times New Roman'; border-width:0px"> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva"> ְ </a></div> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol"> ֱ </a></div> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach"> ֲ </a></div> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz"> ֳ </a></div> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq"> ִ </a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style:none"></td> <td style="padding:1px; margin:0px; background:white;line-height:1em; font-size:325%; font-family:SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, 'Times New Roman'; border-width:0px;"> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere"> ֵ </a></div> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol"> ֶ </a></div> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach"> ַ </a></div> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz"> ָ </a></div> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam"> ֹ </a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-style:none"></td> <td style="padding:1px; margin:0px; background:white;line-height:1em; font-size:325%; font-family:SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, 'Times New Roman'; border-width:0px;"> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk"> ֻ </a></div> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh"> ּ </a></div> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe"> ֿ </a></div> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)"> ׁ </a></div> <div style="float:left; background-color:#efefef; margin:3px; padding-top:6px; padding-bottom:6px; width:1em; text-align:center;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)"> ׂ </a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other diacritics </td> <td style="background:white"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">geresh</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Example </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="background:white;height:50px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg/250px-Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg/330px-Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg/500px-Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:250px;background:white; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Gen.</a> 1:9, "And God said,<br />Let the waters be collected".<b><br /></b>Letters in black, <span style="color:#CC0000;">niqqud in red</span>, <span style="color:#0000CC;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> in blue</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Niqqud articles </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:250px;background:white; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Zeire" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeire">Zeire</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Patach</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Shuruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuruk">Shuruk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kubutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubutz">Kubutz</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Shin_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin dot">Sin/Shin dot</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, <b>niqqud</b> or <b>nikud</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נִקּוּד</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">nikúd</i></span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">niqqūḏ</i></span></i>, "dotting, pointing" or <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נְקֻדּוֹת</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">nekudót</i></span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">nəquddōṯ</i></span></i>, "dots") is a system of <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritical</a> signs used to represent <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. Several such diacritical systems were developed in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. The most widespread system, and the only one still used to a significant degree today, was created by the <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> in the second half of the first millennium AD in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian Hebrew</a>). Text written with niqqud is called <i><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">ktiv menuqad</a></i>. </p><p>Niqqud marks are small compared to the letters, so they can be added without retranscribing texts whose writers did not anticipate them. </p><p>In modern Israeli orthography, <i>niqqud</i> is mainly used in specialised texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or new immigrants to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For purposes of disambiguation, a system of spelling without niqqud, known in Hebrew as <i><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">ktiv maleh</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כְּתִיב מָלֵא</span></span>, literally "full spelling") had developed before the introduction of <i>niqqud</i>. This was formally standardised in the <i>Rules for Spelling without Niqqud</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כְּלָלֵי הַכְּתִיב חֲסַר הַנִּקּוּד</span></span>) enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a> in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and updated in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, <i>niqqud</i> is still used occasionally in texts to prevent ambiguity and mispronunciation of specific words. </p><p>One reason for the lesser use of niqqud is that it no longer reflects the current pronunciation. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">modern Hebrew</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">tzere</a></i> is pronounced the same as <i><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">segol</a></i>, although they were distinct in <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian Hebrew</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pata%E1%B8%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Pataḥ">pataḥ</a></i> the same as <i><a href="/wiki/Qamatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Qamatz">qamatz</a></i>. To the younger generation of native Hebrew speakers, these distinctions seem arbitrary and meaningless; on the other hand, Hebrew language purists have rejected out of hand the idea of changing the basics of niqqud and fitting them to the current pronunciation – with the result that in practice niqqud is increasingly going out of use.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a>, the lack of niqqud in what he calls "Israeli" (Modern Hebrew) often results in "mispronunciations".<sup id="cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revivalistics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> For example, the Israeli lexical item <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מתאבנים</span></span> is often pronounced as <i>mitabním</i> (literally "becoming fossilized (masculine plural)") instead of <i>metaavním</i> "appetizers", the latter deriving from <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תאבון</span></span> <i>teavón</i> "appetite", the former deriving from <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אבן</span></span> <i>éven</i> "stone".<sup id="cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revivalistics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מעלה אדומים</span></span>, which is often pronounced as <i>maalé edomím</i> instead of <i>maalé adumím</i>, the latter appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (Joshua 15:7 and 18:17).<sup id="cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revivalistics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> The hypercorrect <i>yotvetá</i> is used instead of <i>yotváta</i> for the toponym <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יטבתה</span></span>, mentioned in Deuteronomy 10:7.<sup id="cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revivalistics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> The surname of American actress <a href="/wiki/Farrah_Fawcett" title="Farrah Fawcett">Farrah Fawcett</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he">פארה<span class="nowrap"> </span>פוסט</span></span>) is often pronounced <i>fost</i> instead of <i>fóset</i> by many Israelis.<sup id="cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revivalistics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chart">Chart</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table uses the consonant letters <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎</b>, <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎</b> or <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎</b>, where appropriate, to demonstrate where the niqqud is placed in relation to the consonant it is pronounced after. Any other letters shown are actually part of the vowel. Note that there is some variation among different traditions in exactly how some vowel points are pronounced. The table below shows how most <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a> would pronounce them, but the classic <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> pronunciation, for example, differs in several respects. </p><p>Note concerning <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: the transcription symbols are linked to the articles about the sounds they represent. The <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a><big> ˘ </big>(<a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>) indicates a <a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">short vowel</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage" title="Colon (punctuation)">triangular colon</a> symbol<big> ː </big>indicates that the vowel is <a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">long</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Symbol </th> <th scope="col">Common name </th> <th scope="col">Alternative names </th> <th scope="col">Type </th> <th scope="col">Scientific name </th> <th scope="col">Hebrew </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th scope="col">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בְ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sh%27va" class="mw-redirect" title="Sh'va">Sh'va</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">sheva </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>švaʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שְׁוָא</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span> or <a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">Ø</a> </td> <td>ə, e, ', or nothing </td> <td rowspan="2">In modern Hebrew, shva represents either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> or <a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">Ø</a>, regardless of its traditional classification as shva naḥ (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שווא נח</span>) or shva na (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שווא נע</span>). Examples: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Niqqud </th> <th scope="col">Shva denoting the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </th> <th scope="col">Shva denoting <a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">Ø</a> (absence of a vowel) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">shva naḥ </th> <td style="text-align: center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קִמַּטְתְּ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kiˈmate̞t]</span></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הִתְמוֹטַטְתְּ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hitmo̞ˈtate̞t]</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קִפַּלְתְּ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kiˈpalt]</span></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הִתְקַפַּלְתְּ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hitkaˈpalt]</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">shva na </th> <td style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׁדְדוּ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃade̞ˈdu]</span></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לְאַט</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[le̞ˈat]</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׂרְדוּ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sarˈdu]</span></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">זְמַן</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zman]</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>šəwāʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שְׁוָא</span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">ă</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̆</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">ĕ</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">ĭ</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ̆</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">ŏ</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">ŭ</a>]</span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חֱ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Reduced_segol" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced segol">Reduced segol</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">hataf segol </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>ẖataf seggōl</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲטַף סֶגּוֹל</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span> </td> <td>e or é </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>ḥăṭep̄ səgōl</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲטֶף סְגוֹל</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̆</a>]</span> </td> <td>ĕ </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חֲ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Reduced_patach" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced patach">Reduced patach</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">hataf patah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>ẖataf pattaẖ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲטַף פַּתָּח</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> </td> <td>a or á </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>ḥăṭep̄ páṯaḥ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲטֶף פַּתַח</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">ă</a>]</span> </td> <td>ă </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חֳ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Reduced_kamatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced kamatz">Reduced kamatz</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">hataf kamats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>ẖataf qamaṣ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲטַף קָמָץ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]</span> </td> <td>ŏ </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>ḥăṭep̄ qāmeṣ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲטֶף קָמֶץ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ̆</a>]</span> </td> <td>ŏ </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בִ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">hiriq </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>ẖīrīq</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חִירִיק</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> </td> <td>ī </td> <td>Usually promoted to Hiriq Malei in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>ḥīreq</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חִירֶק</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]</span> </td> <td>ī </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בִי</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hiriq_malei" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiriq malei">Hiriq malei</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">hiriq yod </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>ẖīrīq maleʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חִירִיק מָלֵא</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> </td> <td>ī </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>ḥīreq mālēʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חִירֶק מָלֵא</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>]</span> </td> <td>ī </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֵ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Zeire" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeire">Zeire</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">tsere, tzeirei </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>ṣērē</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צֵירֵי</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span> </td> <td>e </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>ṣērē</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צֵרי</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>]</span> </td> <td>ē </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֵי</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֵה</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֵא</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Zeire_malei" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeire malei">Zeire malei</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">tsere yod, tzeirei yod </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>ṣērē maleʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צֵירֵי מָלֵא</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span> </td> <td>ē </td> <td>More commonly <i>ei</i> (IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ei̯]</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>ṣērē mālēʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צֵרֵי מָלֵא</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>]</span> </td> <td>ē </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֶ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">segol </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>seggōl</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סֶגּוֹל</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span> </td> <td>e </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>səḡōl</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סְגוֹל</span>‎ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>]</span> </td> <td>e or é </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֶי</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֶה</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֶא</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Segol_malei" class="mw-redirect" title="Segol malei">Segol malei</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">segol yod </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>seggōl maleʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סֶגּוֹל מָלֵא</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span> </td> <td>e </td> <td>With succeeding yod, it is more commonly <i>ei</i> (IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ei̯]</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>səḡōl mālēʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סְגוֹל מָלֵא</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>]</span> </td> <td>ệ </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בַ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Patach</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">patah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>pattaẖ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פַּתָּח</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> </td> <td>a </td> <td>A patach on a letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎ at the end of a word is sounded <i>before</i> the letter, and not after. Thus, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נֹחַ</span></span> (Noah) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈno.ax/</span>. This only occurs at the ends of words and only with patach and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>‎, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הּ</span>‎ (that is, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎ with a dot (mappiq) in it). This is sometimes called a <i>patach ganuv</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פַּתָּח גָּנוּב</span></span>), or "stolen" patach (more formally, "furtive patach"), since the sound "steals" an imaginary epenthetic consonant to make the extra syllable. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>páṯaḥ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פַּתַח</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">aː</a>]</span> </td> <td>a or á </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בַה</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בַא</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Patach_malei" class="mw-redirect" title="Patach malei">Patach malei</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">patah he </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>pattaẖ maleʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פַּתָּח מָלֵא</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> </td> <td>a </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>páṯaḥ mālēʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פַּתַח מָלֵא</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</span> </td> <td>a </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בָ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kamatz_gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamatz gadol">Kamatz gadol</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">kamats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>qamaṣ gadōl</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָמָץ גָּדוֹל</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> </td> <td>a </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>qāmeṣ gāḏōl</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָמֶץ גָּדוֹל</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>]</span> </td> <td>ā </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בָה</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בָא</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kamatz_malei" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamatz malei">Kamatz malei</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">kamats he </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>qamaṣ maleʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָמָץ מָלֵא</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> </td> <td>a </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>qāmeṣ mālēʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָמֶץ מָלֵא</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>]</span> </td> <td>â </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בׇ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kamatz_katan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamatz katan">Kamatz katan</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">kamats hatuf </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>qamaṣ qatan</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָמָץ קָטָן</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">o </td> <td>Usually promoted to holam malei in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation. Also, not to be confused with Hataf Kamatz. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>qāmeṣ qāṭān</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָמֶץ קָטָן</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span> </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֹ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">holam </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>ẖolam</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חוֹלָם</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]</span> </td> <td>o </td> <td>Usually promoted to holam malei in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation. The holam is written above the consonant on the left corner, or slightly to the left of (i.e., after) it at the top. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>ḥōlem</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֹלֶם</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>]</span> </td> <td>ō </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בוֹ</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֹה</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֹא</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Holam_malei" class="mw-redirect" title="Holam malei">Holam malei</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">holam male </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>ẖōlam mālēʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חוֹלָם מָלֵא</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]</span> </td> <td>ō </td> <td>The holam is written in the normal position relative to the main consonant (above and slightly to the left), which places it directly over the <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">vav</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>ḥōlem mālēʾ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֹלֶם מָלֵא</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>]</span> </td> <td>ō </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֻ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kubutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubutz">Kubutz</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">kubuts (shuruk - Ashkenazi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>qubūṣ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קֻבּוּץ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span> </td> <td>u </td> <td>Usually promoted to Shuruk in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>qībūṣ</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קִבּוּץ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>]</span> </td> <td>u or ú </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בוּ</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בוּה</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בוּא</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shuruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuruk">Shuruk</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">shuruk (melopum - Ashkenazi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>šūrūq</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שׁוּרוּק</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span> </td> <td>ū </td> <td>The shuruk is written after the consonant it applies to (the consonant after which the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> is pronounced). The dot in the shuruk is identical to a dagesh, thus shuruq and vav with a dagesh are indistinguishable. (see below). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>šūreq</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שׁוּרֶק</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>]</span> </td> <td>ū </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בּ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">dagesh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>dageš</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דָּגֵשׁ</span></span> </td> <td><i>varied</i> </td> <td><i>varied</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">Not a vowel, "dagesh" refers to two distinct grammatical entities: <ol><li>"dagesh kal", which designates the <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a> (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a>) variant of any of the letters <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">בגדכפת</a></span></span> (in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">earlier forms of Hebrew</a> this distinction was <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophonic</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/%D7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ג"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D7%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ד"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎</a> and <a href="/wiki/%D7%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ת"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎</a> with or without dagesh kal are acoustically and phonologically indistinguishable, whereas plosive and fricative variants of <a href="/wiki/%D7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ב"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D7%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="כ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כ</span>‎</a> and <a href="/wiki/%D7%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="פ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ</span>‎</a> are sometimes allophonic and sometimes distinct phonemes (e.g., <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אִפֵּר</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iˈper/</span> <i>applied make up</i> vs. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אִפֵר</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iˈfer/</span> <i>tipped ash</i>).</li> <li>"dagesh <u>h</u>azak", which designates <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> (prolonged pronunciation) of consonants, but which, although represented in most cases when transliterated according to standards of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is acoustically and phonologically nonexistent in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> (except occasionally in dramatic or comical recitations, in some loanwords—such as a few Arabic <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">profanities</a>—and pronunciations exaggerated for the sake of disambiguation).</li></ol> For most letters the dagesh is written within the glyph, near the middle if possible, but the exact position varies from letter to letter (some letters do not have an open area in the middle, and in these cases it is written usually beside the letter, as with yod).<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>The <a href="/wiki/Guttural" title="Guttural">guttural</a> consonants (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א, ה, ח, ע</span>‎) and resh (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר</span>‎) are not marked with a dagesh, although the letter he (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎) (and rarely <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎) may appear with a <i>mappiq</i> (which is written the same way as dagesh) at the end of a word to indicate that the letter does not signify a vowel but is consonantal.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>To the resulting form, there can still be added a niqqud diacritic designating a vowel. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>dāḡēš</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">דָּגֵשׁ</span>‎ </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td> <td style="background: #CCC; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: capitalize;" class="table-cast"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֿ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rafe_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafe (diacritic)">Rafe</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">rafe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td><i>rafe</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רָפֵה</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">Ø</a> </td> <td>a˺, e˺, i˺, o˺, or u˺ </td> <td>No longer used in Hebrew. Still seen in Yiddish (especially following the <a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO</a> standard) to distinguish various letter pairs. Some ancient manuscripts have a <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">rafe</a> on nearly every letter. It is also used to indicate that a letter like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎ or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎ is silent. In the particularly strange case of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, which have two different traditions for their <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillations</a> which many texts write together, there are cases of a single letter with both a dagesh and a rafe, if it is hard in one reading and soft in the other. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>rāfa</i> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">◌̆</a>] </td> <td>ă, ĕ, ĭ, or ŭ </td> <td>Niqqud, but not a vowel. Used as an "anti-dagesh", to show that a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">בגדכפת</a></span></span> letter is soft and not hard, or (sometimes) that a consonant is single and not double, or that a letter like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎ or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎ is completely silent </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׁ</span>‎ </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin dot">Shin dot</a> </td> <td>shin dot </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td><i>šin dot</i> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שִׁי"ן</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שִׁי״ן יְמָנִית</span></span>, "right Shin" </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td>š/sh </td> <td>Niqqud, but not a vowel (except when inadequate typefaces merge the holam of a letter before the shin with the shin dot). The dot for shin is written over the right (first) branch of the letter. It is usually transcribed "sh". </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׂ</span>‎ </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sin_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin dot">Sin dot</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">sin dot </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>śin dot</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שִׂי"ן</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שִׁי״ן שְׂמָאלִית</span></span>, "left Shin" </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">ś/s </td> <td>Niqqud, but not a vowel (except when inadequate typefaces merge the holam of the sin with the sin dot). The dot for sin is written over the left (third) branch of the letter </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> </td> <td>Some linguistic evidence indicates that it was originally IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>]</span>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keyboard">Keyboard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Keyboard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both consonants and niqqud can be typed from virtual graphical keyboards available on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, or by methods integrated into particular operating systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microsoft_Windows">Microsoft Windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Microsoft Windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="List of Microsoft Windows versions">later</a>, niqqud can be entered using the right alt (or left alt + ctrl) + the first Hebrew letter of the name of the value, when using the default (Hebrew Standard) keyboard layout:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><big>Niqqud</big> </th> <th>Right Alt (=AltGr) + Hebrew-keyboard key: </th> <th>Explanation<br /><small>(usually the first Hebrew letter of the niqqud's name)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אָ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ק</span>‎</kbd> for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><b>קָ</b>מץ</span></span> (kamatz) </td> <td>first Hebrew letter of the niqqud's name </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אַ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ</span>‎</kbd> for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><b>פַ</b>תח</span></span> (patach) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בְ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎</kbd> for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><b>שְׁ</b>ווא</span></span> (sheva) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בּ וּ הּ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎</kbd> for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><b>דּ</b>גש</span></span> (dagesh) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אִ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎</kbd> for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><b>חִ</b>ירִיק</span></span> (hiriq) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֶ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ס</span>‎</kbd> for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><b>סֶ</b>גול</span></span> (segol) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֵ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צ</span>‎</kbd> for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><b>צֵ</b>ירֵי</span></span> (tsere) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֹ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎</kbd> for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ח<b>וֹ</b>לם</span></span> (holam) </td> <td>the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎</kbd> key (like the 'o' vowel), since the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎</kbd> key is already used for hiriq </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֻ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">\</kbd> for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קֻבּוּץ</span></span> (kubuts) </td> <td>because the line \ visually resembles ֻ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֲ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">[</kbd> for reduced patach <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><b>פַ</b>תח</span></span> </td> <td>the key to the right of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ</span>‎</kbd> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֳ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר</span>‎</kbd> for reduced kamats <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><b>קָ</b>מץ</span></span> </td> <td>the key to the right of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ק</span>‎</kbd> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֱ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎</kbd> for reduced segol <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><b>סֶ</b>גול</span></span> </td> <td>the key to the right of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ס</span>‎</kbd> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׁ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">W</kbd> for the Shin dot </td> <td>the key above <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎</kbd>, right-side, since the dot is placed above <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎, right-side </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׂ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Q</kbd> for the Sin dot </td> <td>the key above <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎</kbd>, left-side, since the dot is placed above <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎, left-side </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֿ</span>‎</big> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">AltGr</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">]</kbd> for <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רפֿה</span></span> (rafe) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> or earlier,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> niqqud can be entered by enabling Caps Lock and then, with the cursor positioned after a letter, pressing Shift and one of the keys in the Windows column <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Macintosh">below</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The user can configure the registry to allow use of the Alt key with the numeric plus key to type the hexadecimal Unicode value.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The user can use the Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator to produce a custom keyboard layout, or can download a layout produced by another party.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linux">Linux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Linux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/GTK%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="GTK+">GTK+</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> systems, niqqud can be entered by holding down <a href="/wiki/AltGR" class="mw-redirect" title="AltGR">AltGR</a> and pressing the same keys as for Windows, above, or by pressing ctrl+shift+u followed by the appropriate 4 digit Unicode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS">macOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: macOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using the Hebrew keyboard layout in <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, the typist can enter niqqud by pressing the Option key together with a number on the top row of the keyboard. Other combinations such as <i>sofit</i> and <i>hataf</i> can also be entered by pressing either the Shift key and a number, or by pressing the Shift key, Option key, and a number at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="background:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6"><b>Niqqud input</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1">Input<br />(Windows) </th> <th colspan="1">Key<br />(Windows) </th> <th colspan="1">Input <br /> (macOS) </th> <th colspan="1">Unicode </th> <th colspan="1">Type </th> <th colspan="1">Result </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">~ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TildeKey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/TildeKey.svg/40px-TildeKey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/TildeKey.svg/60px-TildeKey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/TildeKey.svg/70px-TildeKey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>05B0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%27va" class="mw-redirect" title="Sh'va">Sh'va</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilde_Schwa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tilde_Schwa.svg/40px-Tilde_Schwa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tilde_Schwa.svg/60px-Tilde_Schwa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tilde_Schwa.svg/70px-Tilde_Schwa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>[1]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>05B1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reduced_Segol" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Segol">Reduced Segol</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hataf_Segol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hataf_Segol.svg/40px-Hataf_Segol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hataf_Segol.svg/60px-Hataf_Segol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hataf_Segol.svg/70px-Hataf_Segol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>[1]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>05B2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reduced_Patach" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Patach">Reduced Patach</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hataf_Patah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hataf_Patah.svg/40px-Hataf_Patah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hataf_Patah.svg/60px-Hataf_Patah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hataf_Patah.svg/70px-Hataf_Patah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>[1]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>05B3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reduced_Kamatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Kamatz">Reduced Kamatz</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hataf_Qamaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hataf_Qamaz.svg/35px-Hataf_Qamaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hataf_Qamaz.svg/53px-Hataf_Qamaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hataf_Qamaz.svg/70px-Hataf_Qamaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>[1]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>05B4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Hiriq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hebrew_Hiriq.svg/40px-Hebrew_Hiriq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hebrew_Hiriq.svg/60px-Hebrew_Hiriq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hebrew_Hiriq.svg/70px-Hebrew_Hiriq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>[1]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>05B5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeire" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeire">Zeire</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Zeire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hebrew_Zeire.svg/35px-Hebrew_Zeire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hebrew_Zeire.svg/53px-Hebrew_Zeire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hebrew_Zeire.svg/70px-Hebrew_Zeire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>[1]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>05B6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Segol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hebrew_Segol.svg/35px-Hebrew_Segol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hebrew_Segol.svg/53px-Hebrew_Segol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hebrew_Segol.svg/70px-Hebrew_Segol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>[1]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>05B7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Patach</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Patah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hebrew_Patah.svg/35px-Hebrew_Patah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hebrew_Patah.svg/53px-Hebrew_Patah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hebrew_Patah.svg/70px-Hebrew_Patah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>[]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>05B8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Qamaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hebrew_Qamaz.svg/35px-Hebrew_Qamaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hebrew_Qamaz.svg/53px-Hebrew_Qamaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hebrew_Qamaz.svg/70px-Hebrew_Qamaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9 </td> <td> </td> <td>A </td> <td>05C2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sin_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin dot">Sin dot</a> (left) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Sin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hebrew_Sin.svg/35px-Hebrew_Sin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hebrew_Sin.svg/53px-Hebrew_Sin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hebrew_Sin.svg/70px-Hebrew_Sin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">0 </td> <td> </td> <td>M </td> <td>05C1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin dot">Shin dot</a> (right) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Shin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/0_Shin.svg/35px-0_Shin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/0_Shin.svg/53px-0_Shin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/0_Shin.svg/70px-0_Shin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="78" data-file-height="76" /></a></span> <sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"> – </td> <td> </td> <td>= </td> <td>05B9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Holam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hebrew_Holam.svg/40px-Hebrew_Holam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hebrew_Holam.svg/60px-Hebrew_Holam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center">= <sup>3</sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td>, </td> <td>05BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Equal_Dagesh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hebrew_Equal_Dagesh.svg/40px-Hebrew_Equal_Dagesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hebrew_Equal_Dagesh.svg/60px-Hebrew_Equal_Dagesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hebrew_Equal_Dagesh.svg/70px-Hebrew_Equal_Dagesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td>05BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shuruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuruk">Shuruk</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Equal_Shuruk.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hebrew_Equal_Shuruk.svg/35px-Hebrew_Equal_Shuruk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hebrew_Equal_Shuruk.svg/53px-Hebrew_Equal_Shuruk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hebrew_Equal_Shuruk.svg/70px-Hebrew_Equal_Shuruk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>4</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">\ </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>05BB </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kubutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubutz">Kubutz</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg/40px-Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg/60px-Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg/70px-Hebrew_Backslash_Qubuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> <sup>1</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notes:</b> </p> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> The letter "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ס</span>‎" represents any Hebrew consonant.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> For sin-dot and shin-dot, the letter "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎" (sin/shin) is used.</li> <li><sup>3</sup> The dagesh, mappiq, and shuruk have different uses, but the same graphical representation, and hence are input in the same manner.</li> <li><sup>4</sup> For shuruk, the letter "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎" (vav) is used since it can only be used with that letter.</li> <li>A rafe can be input by inserting the corresponding Unicode character, either explicitly or via a customized keyboard layout.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL International</a> have developed another standard, which is based on Tiro, but adds the Niqqud along the home keys.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linux<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers.">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> comes with "Israel — Biblical Hebrew (Tiro)" as a standard layout. With this layout, niqqud can be typed without pressing the Caps Lock key. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> equivalent, <i><a href="/wiki/Harakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat">harakat</a>.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%27re_perpetuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Q're perpetuum">Q're perpetuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Hebrew keyboard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGonenDan2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gonen, Einat; Dan, Barak (2006). Gadish, Ronit (ed.). "Leshonenu La′am. Academy Decisions: Grammar". <i>Ha-ʻIvrit</i> (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-1091">0024-1091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ha-%CA%BBIvrit&rft.atitle=Leshonenu+La%E2%80%B2am.+Academy+Decisions%3A+Grammar&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0024-1091&rft.aulast=Gonen&rft.aufirst=Einat&rft.au=Dan%2C+Barak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar"><i>Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</i></a>, especially <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/7" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/7">§7</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/8" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/8">§8</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/9" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/9">§9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNetzer1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Netzer, Nisan (1976). <i>Haniqqud halakha lema′ase</i> (in Hebrew). Israel: Massada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haniqqud+halakha+lema%E2%80%B2ase&rft.place=Israel&rft.pub=Massada&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Netzer&rft.aufirst=Nisan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmir_Aharoni2013" class="citation book cs1">Amir Aharoni (2013). Khan, Geoffrey (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics</i>. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. p. 947. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17642-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17642-3"><bdi>978-90-04-17642-3</bdi></a>. <q>The notable exception is the newspaper <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שער למתחיל</span></span> Sha'ar LaMatchil 'Gate for the Beginner', intended for children and students of Hebrew, which is printed in 'easy Hebrew' with a limited vocabulary and partial vocalization applied to scriptio plena.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hebrew+language+and+linguistics&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=947&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17642-3&rft.au=Amir+Aharoni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227051707/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/decision4.html">"כללי הכתיב חסר הניקוד"</a> [Missing spelling rules] (in Hebrew). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/decision4.html">the original</a> on 27 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91+%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrew-academy.huji.ac.il%2Fdecision4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.org.il/topic/hahlatot/missingvocalizationspelling/">"כללי הכתיב החדשים"</a> [New spelling] (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrew-academy.org.il%2Ftopic%2Fhahlatot%2Fmissingvocalizationspelling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalili2004" class="citation web cs1">Galili, Ze'ev (31 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeevgalili.com/2004/12/376">"בני פלד כ" כנעני"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Benny Peled as "Canaanite"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>Supposedly, the teachers who taught my generation knew Hebrew perfectly. They had a thorough knowledge of all the Hebrew classics as well as of modern Hebrew literature. But Hebrew was not their natural language. They had gained their knowledge of Hebrew from books, by tremendous effort. But they did not dream nor curse and did not read in Hebrew. And they subjected us, who grew up with Hebrew as our mother tongue, to a terrible torture. They demanded that we master perfectly all the niceties and nuances of a language purism which meant nothing to us. I remember when I was asked to write words with nikkud on the blackboard and made a hash of it, the teacher said "You are a total ignoramus".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%93+%D7%9B%22+%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%22&rft.date=2004-12-31&rft.aulast=Galili&rft.aufirst=Ze%27ev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeevgalili.com%2F2004%2F12%2F376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revivalistics-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZuckermann,_Ghil'ad2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790?lang=en&cc=us"><i>Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-981279-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-981279-0"><bdi>978-0-19-981279-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revivalistics%3A+From+the+Genesis+of+Israeli+to+Language+Reclamation+in+Australia+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-981279-0&rft.au=Zuckermann%2C+Ghil%27ad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Frevivalistics-9780199812790%3Flang%3Den%26cc%3Dus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703210016/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/taatiq2007.pdf">"תעתיק פשוט לעורכי שילוט ומיפוי"</a> [Simple transcription for signage and mapping editors] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hebrew). The Hebrew Language Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/taatiq2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7+%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%98+%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99+%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99&rft.pub=The+Hebrew+Language+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrew-academy.huji.ac.il%2Fhahlatot%2FTheTranscription%2FDocuments%2Ftaatiq2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.safa-ivrit.org/alphabet/howto_win.php">"כיצד לנקד בחלונות 10"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%93+%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%93+%D7%91%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA+10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.safa-ivrit.org%2Falphabet%2Fhowto_win.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span> (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Likewise in Windows 8 or later if, in the Hebrew options of the language settings, the keyboard is changed from "Hebrew (Standard)" to "Hebrew"–the latter being the legacy keyboard layout.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.safa-ivrit.org/alphabet/howto.php">"כיצד לנקד במקלדת"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%93+%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%93+%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.safa-ivrit.org%2Falphabet%2Fhowto.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span> (Hebrew); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806223541/https://petri.com/typing-hebrew-vowels-niqqud-windows-8">"Typing Hebrew Niqqud (Voweling Points) in Windows 8"</a>. 24 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://petri.com/typing-hebrew-vowels-niqqud-windows-8">the original</a> on 2020-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Typing+Hebrew+Niqqud+%28Voweling+Points%29+in+Windows+8&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpetri.com%2Ftyping-hebrew-vowels-niqqud-windows-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fileformat.info/tip/microsoft/enter_unicode.htm">"How to enter Unicode characters in Microsoft Windows"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+enter+Unicode+characters+in+Microsoft+Windows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fileformat.info%2Ftip%2Fmicrosoft%2Fenter_unicode.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=22339">"Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator 1.4"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Keyboard+Layout+Creator+1.4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fdownload%2Fdetails.aspx%3Fid%3D22339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://download.info.apple.com/Apple_Support_Area/Manuals/software/0307978AHEBRLKITUM.PDF">"Macintosh Hebrew Language Kit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macintosh+Hebrew+Language+Kit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownload.info.apple.com%2FApple_Support_Area%2FManuals%2Fsoftware%2F0307978AHEBRLKITUM.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbl-site.org/Fonts/BiblicalHebrewTiroManual.pdf">"Biblical Hebrew (Tiro) keyboard manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biblical+Hebrew+%28Tiro%29+keyboard+manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbl-site.org%2FFonts%2FBiblicalHebrewTiroManual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiqqud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pollylingu.al/he/en/lessons/1440">Diacritical Vowel Markers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hebrew_language139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_language" title="Template talk:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebrew_language139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&oldid=1278201536">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&oldid=1278201536</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Niqqud" title="Category:Niqqud">Niqqud</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_more_detailed_references" title="Category:Articles needing more detailed references">Articles needing more detailed references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 March 2025, at 01:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niqqud&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Niqqud</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>28 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-sczsj","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.735","walltime":"0.872","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9895,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":152482,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10099,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":122086,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 707.391 1 -total"," 22.51% 159.268 81 Template:Lang"," 13.21% 93.425 2 Template:Hebrew_Name"," 10.28% 72.698 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.09% 71.356 1 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.05% 71.095 1 Template:Hebrew_language"," 9.95% 70.354 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.74% 61.799 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.51% 46.073 11 Template:Cite_web"," 5.74% 40.624 51 Template:IPAblink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.402","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14860956,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-pxq6f","timestamp":"20250331180948","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Niqqud","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niqqud","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1777790","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1777790","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-25T06:04:04Z","dateModified":"2025-03-01T01:24:27Z","headline":"system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the Hebrew alphabet"}</script> </body> </html>