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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_creative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Literary and creative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_creative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Poet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novelist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novelist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Novelist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novelist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satirist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satirist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Satirist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satirist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_story_writer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_story_writer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Short story writer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_story_writer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Performative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Librettist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Librettist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Librettist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Librettist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyricist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyricist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Lyricist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyricist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Playwright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playwright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Playwright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Playwright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screenwriter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screenwriter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Screenwriter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screenwriter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speechwriter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speechwriter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Speechwriter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speechwriter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretive_and_academic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretive_and_academic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Interpretive and academic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretive_and_academic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Biographer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Critic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Editor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopaedist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopaedist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Encyclopaedist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopaedist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essayist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essayist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Essayist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essayist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>Historian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicographer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicographer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.7</span> <span>Lexicographer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicographer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Researcher/Scholar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Researcher/Scholar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.8</span> <span>Researcher/Scholar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Researcher/Scholar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.9</span> <span>Translator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reportage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reportage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Reportage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reportage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blogger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blogger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Blogger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blogger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columnist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columnist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Columnist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columnist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diarist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diarist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Diarist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diarist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Journalist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoirist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>Memoirist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoirist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilitarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilitarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Utilitarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilitarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ghostwriter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghostwriter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Ghostwriter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghostwriter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_writer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_writer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Letter writer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_writer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Report_writer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Report_writer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Report writer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Report_writer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scribe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scribe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Scribe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scribe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_writer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_writer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5</span> <span>Technical writer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_writer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process_and_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_and_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Process and methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process_and_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process and methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process_and_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writing_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Writing process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Sole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Collaborative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaborative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multimedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Multimedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crowd_sourced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crowd_sourced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Crowd sourced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crowd_sourced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Motivations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Develop_skill/explore_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Develop_skill/explore_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Develop skill/explore ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Develop_skill/explore_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Entertain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Payment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Payment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Payment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Teach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tell_a_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tell_a_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Tell a story</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tell_a_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seek_a_lover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seek_a_lover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>Seek a lover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seek_a_lover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Authorship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pen_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pen_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pen names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pen_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fictional writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writers_of_sacred_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writers_of_sacred_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Writers of sacred texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writers_of_sacred_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversial_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controversial writing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversial_writing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversial writing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversial_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_and_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_and_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Protection and representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_and_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Writer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">148 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrywer" title="Skrywer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skrywer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schriftsteller" title="Schriftsteller – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schriftsteller" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%B8%E1%88%93%E1%8D%8A" title="ጸሓፊ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጸሓፊ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_(%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81)" title="كاتب (مؤلف) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتب (مؤلف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritor" title="Escritor – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escritor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A7%D5%BF" title="Գրագէտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գրագէտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88criven" title="Ècriven – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ècriven" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95" title="লেখক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লেখক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritor" title="Escritor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escritor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95" title="लेखक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लेखक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хъвадарухъан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хъвадарухъан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqiri" title="Qillqiri – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qillqiri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1%C3%A7%C4%B1" title="Yazıçı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yazıçı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C" title="یازیچی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یازیچی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95" title="লেখক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেখক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panulis" title="Panulis – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Panulis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chok-ka" title="Chok-ka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chok-ka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D2%99%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Әҙип – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әҙип" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Пісьменнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пісьменнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Літаратар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Літаратар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasurat" title="Parasurat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Parasurat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Писател – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Писател" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schriftsteja" title="Schriftsteja – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schriftsteja" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="རྩོམ་པ་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྩོམ་པ་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisac" title="Pisac – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pisac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivagner" title="Skrivagner – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skrivagner" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escriptor" title="Escriptor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escriptor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Çыравçă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çыравçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magsusulat" title="Magsusulat – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Magsusulat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisovatel" title="Spisovatel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spisovatel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munyori" title="Munyori – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Munyori" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenor" title="Llenor – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llenor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schriftsteller" title="Schriftsteller – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schriftsteller" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjanik" title="Kirjanik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirjanik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Συγγραφέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συγγραφέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritor" title="Escritor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escritor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkisto" title="Verkisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Verkisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idazle" title="Idazle – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Idazle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="نویسنده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نویسنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89crivain" title="Écrivain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écrivain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriuwer" title="Skriuwer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skriuwer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrit%C3%B4r" title="Scritôr – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Scritôr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scr%C3%ADbhneoir" title="Scríbhneoir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scríbhneoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screeudeyr" title="Screeudeyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Screeudeyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgr%C3%ACobhadair" title="Sgrìobhadair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sgrìobhadair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritor,_escritora" title="Escritor, escritora – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escritor, escritora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Йоазонхо – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Йоазонхо" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EC%88%A0%EA%B0%80" title="저술가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저술가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marubuci" title="Marubuci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Marubuci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Գրող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95" title="लेखक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लेखक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisac" title="Pisac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pisac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannurat" title="Mannurat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mannurat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penulis" title="Penulis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penulis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptor" title="Scriptor – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Scriptor" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbhali" title="Umbhali – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umbhali" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rith%C3%B6fundur" title="Rithöfundur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rithöfundur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrittore" title="Scrittore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scrittore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="סופר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סופר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panulis" title="Panulis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Panulis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მწერალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მწერალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%90%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%B2%D8%B1%D8%A0" title="لِکھٲرؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لِکھٲرؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Жазушы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жазушы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekriven" title="Ekriven – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekriven" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%C3%A8-pal%C3%B2" title="Markè-palò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Markè-palò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niv%C3%AEskar" title="Nivîskar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nivîskar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrit%C3%ABur" title="Scritëur – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scritëur" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptor" title="Scriptor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scriptor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakstnieks" title="Rakstnieks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rakstnieks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%ABftsteller" title="Schrëftsteller – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schrëftsteller" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ytojas" title="Rašytojas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rašytojas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjriever" title="Sjriever – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjriever" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokomi" title="Mokomi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mokomi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjuttai" title="Kirjuttai – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirjuttai" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/finci%27a" title="finci'a – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="finci'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scritur" title="Scritur – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Scritur" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%B3" title="Író – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Író" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Писател – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Писател" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittieb" title="Kittieb – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kittieb" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95" title="लेखक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लेखक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3" title="ჭარუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭარუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8" title="كاتب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاتب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="بنویشت‌کر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنویشت‌کر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penulis" title="Penulis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penulis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panulih" title="Panulih – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Panulih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Сёрмадысь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сёрмадысь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="စာရေးဆရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာရေးဆရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxtlahcuiloh" title="Amoxtlahcuiloh – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Amoxtlahcuiloh" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrijver" title="Schrijver – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schrijver" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95" title="लेखक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लेखक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="著作家 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="著作家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Йаздархо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йаздархо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skribent_(beskjeftigelse)" title="Skribent (beskjeftigelse) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skribent (beskjeftigelse)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrivan" title="Escrivan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escrivan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Серызе – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Серызе" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yozuvchi" title="Yozuvchi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yozuvchi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਲਿਖਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਖਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="لکھاری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لکھاری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ليکوال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ليکوال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scritor" title="Scritor – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Scritor" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schriever" title="Schriever – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schriever" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisarz" title="Pisarz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pisarz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritor" title="Escritor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escritor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaz%C4%B1wsh%C4%B1" title="Jazıwshı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jazıwshı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriitor" title="Scriitor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scriitor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqaq" title="Qillqaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qillqaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Писатель – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Писатель" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Писатель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Писатель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Суруйааччы – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Суруйааччы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="साहित्यकारः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="साहित्यकारः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iscritore" title="Iscritore – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscritore" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer" title="Writer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Writer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkrimtari" title="Shkrimtari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkrimtari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9B%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ලේඛකයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලේඛකයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer" title="Writer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Writer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%DA%AA" title="ليکڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ليکڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisovate%C4%BE" title="Spisovateľ – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spisovateľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisatelj" title="Pisatelj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pisatelj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisorz" title="Pisorz – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pisorz" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoraa" title="Qoraa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qoraa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1" title="نووسەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نووسەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Писац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Писац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisac" title="Pisac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pisac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjailija" title="Kirjailija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjailija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rfattare_(yrke)" title="Författare (yrke) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Författare (yrke)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manunulat" title="Manunulat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manunulat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="எழுத்தாளர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எழுத்தாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaru" title="Amaru – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amaru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Язучы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Язучы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4" title="రచయిత – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రచయిత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="นักเขียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักเขียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Нависанда – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нависанда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazar" title="Yazar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yazar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86kyer%C9%9Bwfo%C9%94" title="Ɔkyerɛwfoɔ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ɔkyerɛwfoɔ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Чогаалчы – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чогаалчы" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Письменник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Письменник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%81" title="مصنف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مصنف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_v%C4%83n" title="Nhà văn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà văn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kir%C3%A4nik" title="Kiränik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kiränik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrijheu" title="Scrijheu – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Scrijheu" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manunurat" title="Manunurat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Manunurat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="作家 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="作家" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutsari" title="Mutsari – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mutsari" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person who writes texts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Writer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Writer (disambiguation)">Writer (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wordsmith_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wordsmith (disambiguation)">Wordsmith (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about writers of literature. For writers of music, see <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Writer</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos.jpg/250px-Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos.jpg/500px-Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="3051" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos</a>, a Spanish writer depicted with the tools of the trade (by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, 1798).</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Language_proficiency" title="Language proficiency">Language proficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">columnist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>writer</b> is a person who uses <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">written words</a> in different <a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">writing styles</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">genres</a> and techniques to communicate ideas, to inspire feelings and emotions, or to entertain. Writers may develop different forms of writing such as <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short stories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monographs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travelogues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">screenplays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleplay" title="Teleplay">teleplays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">songs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essays</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Report" title="Report">reports</a>, educational material, and <a href="/wiki/Article_(publishing)" title="Article (publishing)">news articles</a> that may be of interest to the <a href="/wiki/Public" title="Public">general public</a>. Writers' works are nowadays published across a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a>. Skilled writers who are able to use <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> to express <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">ideas</a> well, often contribute significantly to the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural content</a> of a society.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "writer" is also used elsewhere in the arts and music, such as songwriter or a screenwriter, but also a stand-alone "writer" typically refers to the creation of written language. Some writers work from an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>. </p><p>Writers can produce material across a number of genres, <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fictional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">non-fictional</a>. Other writers use multiple media such as graphics or illustration to enhance the communication of their ideas. Another recent demand has been created by civil and government readers for the work of non-fictional technical writers, whose skills create understandable, interpretive documents of a practical or scientific kind. Some writers may use <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> (drawing, painting, graphics) or <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> to augment their writing. In rare instances, creative writers are able to communicate their ideas via music as well as words.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as producing their own written works, writers often write about <i>how</i> they write (their <a href="/wiki/Writing_process" title="Writing process">writing process</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolson1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolson1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>why</i> they write (that is, their motivation);<sup id="cite_ref-Blythe_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blythe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also comment on the work of other writers (criticism).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writers work professionally or non-professionally, that is, for payment or without payment and may be paid either in advance, or on acceptance, or only after their work is published. Payment is only one of the motivations of writers and many are not paid for their work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term <i>writer</i> has been used as a synonym of <i>author</i>, although the latter term has a somewhat broader meaning and is used to convey legal responsibility for a piece of writing, even if its <a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">composition</a> is anonymous, unknown or collaborative. Author most often refers to the writer of a book.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zacharias_Topelius_by_Edelfelt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zacharias_Topelius_by_Edelfelt.jpeg/250px-Zacharias_Topelius_by_Edelfelt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zacharias_Topelius_by_Edelfelt.jpeg/330px-Zacharias_Topelius_by_Edelfelt.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zacharias_Topelius_by_Edelfelt.jpeg/500px-Zacharias_Topelius_by_Edelfelt.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="1943" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Swedo-Finnish</a> writer and poet <a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Zachris Topelius</a> (1818–1898) by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Albert Edelfelt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Writers choose from a range of <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genres</a> to express their ideas. Most writing can be adapted for use in another medium. For example, a writer's work may be read privately or recited or performed in a play or film. Satire for example, may be written as a <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poem</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a>, a film, a comic play, or a part of journalism. The writer of a letter may include elements of criticism, biography, or journalism. </p><p>Many writers work across genres. The genre sets the parameters but all kinds of creative adaptation have been attempted: novel to film; poem to play; history to musical. Writers may begin their career in one genre and change to another. For example, historian <a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">William Dalrymple</a> began in the genre of <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travel literature</a> and also writes as a journalist. Many writers have produced both fiction and non-fiction works and others write in a genre that crosses the two. For example, writers of <a href="/wiki/Historical_romance" title="Historical romance">historical romances</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Georgette_Heyer" title="Georgette Heyer">Georgette Heyer</a>, create characters and stories set in historical periods. In this genre, the accuracy of the history and the level of factual detail in the work both tend to be debated. Some writers write both creative fiction and serious analysis, sometimes using other names to separate their work. <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy Sayers</a>, for example, wrote <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a> but was also a <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essayist" class="mw-redirect" title="Essayist">essayist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translator</a>, and critic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_and_creative">Literary and creative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literary and creative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pushkin_derzhavin_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pushkin_derzhavin_edit.jpg/250px-Pushkin_derzhavin_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pushkin_derzhavin_edit.jpg/500px-Pushkin_derzhavin_edit.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> recites his poem before <a href="/wiki/Gavrila_Derzhavin" title="Gavrila Derzhavin">Gavrila Derzhavin</a> (1815)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poet">Poet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Poet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">Poet</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22em; border-width: 1px; font-size: 90%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p> <b>I Will Write</b><br /><br /> He had done for her all that a man could,<br /> And some might say, more than a man should,<br /> Then was ever a flame so recklessly blown out<br /> Or a last goodbye so negligent as this?<br /> ‘I will write to you,' she muttered briefly,<br /> Tilting her cheek for a polite kiss;<br /> Then walked away, nor ever turned about. ...<br /> <br /> Long letters written and mailed in her own head –<br /> There are no mails in a city of the dead.<br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a><sup id="cite_ref-Graves_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </div> </blockquote> </div> <p>Poets make maximum use of the language to achieve an emotional and sensory effect as well as a cognitive one. To create these effects, they use <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a> and rhythm and they also apply the properties of words with a range of other techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliteration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonance</a>. A common topic is love and its vicissitudes. <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s best-known love story <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i>, for example, written in a variety of poetic forms, has been performed in innumerable theaters and made into at least eight cinematic versions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a> is another poet renowned for his love poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novelist">Novelist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Novelist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">Novelist</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a> or writer of <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, though often novelists also write in other <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a>. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a <a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">living</a> writing novels and other fiction, while others aspire to support themselves in this way or write as an <a href="/wiki/Avocation" title="Avocation">avocation</a>. Most novelists struggle to have their <a href="/wiki/Debut_novel" title="Debut novel">debut novel</a> published, but once published they often continue to be published, although very few become literary celebrities, thus gaining prestige or a considerable income from their work. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Tolstoy,_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leo_Tolstoy%2C_portrait.jpg/250px-Leo_Tolstoy%2C_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leo_Tolstoy%2C_portrait.jpg/330px-Leo_Tolstoy%2C_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leo_Tolstoy%2C_portrait.jpg/500px-Leo_Tolstoy%2C_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="3362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, most acknowledged Russian novelist </figcaption></figure></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Every novel worthy of the name is like another planet, whether large or small, which has its own laws just as it has its own flora and fauna. Thus, <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a>'s technique is certainly the best one with which to paint Faulkner's world, and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a>'s nightmare has produced its own myths that make it communicable. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Benjamin Constant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Fromentin" title="Eugène Fromentin">Eugène Fromentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rivi%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rivière">Jacques Rivière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Radiguet" title="Raymond Radiguet">Radiguet</a>, all used different techniques, took different liberties, and set themselves different tasks.</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a>, novelist<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Marchand_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Marchand-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Satirist">Satirist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Satirist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></div> <p>A satirist uses wit to ridicule the shortcomings of society or individuals, with the intent of revealing stupidity. Usually, the subject of the satire is a contemporary issue such as ineffective political decisions or politicians, although human vices such as <a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">greed</a> are also a common and prevalent subject. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> wrote a satire about optimism called <i><a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide</a></i>, which was subsequently turned into an opera, and many well known lyricists wrote for it. There are elements of <a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a> in <i>Candide</i>, just as there are in the work of contemporary satirist <a href="/wiki/Barry_Humphries" title="Barry Humphries">Barry Humphries</a>, who writes comic satire for his character <a href="/wiki/Dame_Edna_Everage" title="Dame Edna Everage">Dame Edna Everage</a> to perform on stage. </p><p>Satirists use different techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">hyperbole</a> to make their point and they choose from the full range of genres – the satire may be in the form of prose or poetry or dialogue in a film, for example. One of the most well-known satirists is <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> who wrote the four-volume work <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> and many other satires, including <i><a href="/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Books" title="The Battle of the Books">The Battle of the Books</a></i>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>It is amazing to me that ... our age is almost wholly illiterate and has hardly produced one writer upon any subject.</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, satirist (1704)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Short_story_writer">Short story writer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Short story writer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></div> <p>A short story writer is a writer of short stories, works of fiction that can be read in a single sitting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performative">Performative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Performative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Librettist">Librettist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Librettist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagner_Luzern_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wagner_Luzern_1868.jpg/250px-Wagner_Luzern_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wagner_Luzern_1868.jpg/330px-Wagner_Luzern_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wagner_Luzern_1868.jpg/500px-Wagner_Luzern_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, who also wrote the libretti for his works</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></div> <p>Libretti (the plural of libretto) are the texts for musical works such as operas. The Venetian poet and librettist <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Da_Ponte" title="Lorenzo Da Ponte">Lorenzo Da Ponte</a>, for example, wrote the libretto for some of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s greatest operas. <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Illica" title="Luigi Illica">Luigi Illica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Giacosa" title="Giuseppe Giacosa">Giuseppe Giacosa</a> were Italian librettists who wrote for <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>. Most opera composers collaborate with a librettist but unusually, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> wrote both the music and the libretti for his works himself. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Chi son? Sono poeta. Che cosa faccio? Scrivo. E come vivo? Vivo.</i> ("Who am I? I'm a poet. What do I do? I write. And how do I live? I live.")<br />Rodolpho, in <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lyricist">Lyricist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lyricist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></div> <p>Usually writing in verses and choruses, a lyricist specializes in writing <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a>, the words that accompany or underscore a song or opera. Lyricists also write the words for songs. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lehrer" title="Tom Lehrer">Tom Lehrer</a>, these were satirical. Lyricist <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a>, who wrote musicals and songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Mad_Dogs_and_Englishmen_(song)" title="Mad Dogs and Englishmen (song)">Mad Dogs and Englishmen</a>" and the recited song "<a href="/wiki/I_Went_to_a_Marvellous_Party" title="I Went to a Marvellous Party">I Went to a Marvellous Party</a>", also wrote plays and films and performed on stage and screen as well. Writers of lyrics, such as these two, adapt other writers' work as well as create entirely original parts. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Making lyrics feel natural, sit on music in such a way that you don't feel the effort of the author, so that they shine and bubble and rise and fall, is very, very hard to do.</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a>, lyricist<sup id="cite_ref-Lipton_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipton-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Playwright">Playwright</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Playwright"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FF_The_Tempest_title.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FF_The_Tempest_title.jpg/250px-FF_The_Tempest_title.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FF_The_Tempest_title.jpg/330px-FF_The_Tempest_title.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FF_The_Tempest_title.jpg/500px-FF_The_Tempest_title.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a></i> from the 1623 <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">Playwright</a></div> <p>A playwright writes plays which may or may not be performed on a stage by actors. A play's narrative is driven by dialogue. Like novelists, playwrights usually explore a theme by showing how people respond to a set of circumstances. As writers, playwrights must make the language and the dialogue succeed in terms of the characters who speak the lines as well as in the play as a whole. Since most plays are performed, rather than read privately, the playwright has to produce a text that works in spoken form and can also hold an audience's attention over the period of the performance. Plays tell "a story the audience should care about", so writers have to cut anything that worked against that.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plays may be written in prose or verse. Shakespeare wrote plays in <a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">iambic pentameter</a> as does <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bartlett_(playwright)" title="Mike Bartlett (playwright)">Mike Bartlett</a> in his play <i>King Charles III</i> (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Playwrights also adapt or re-write other works, such as plays written earlier or literary works originally in another genre. Famous playwrights such as <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a> have had their works adapted several times. The plays of early Greek playwrights <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> are still performed. Adaptations of a playwright's work may be honest to the original or creatively interpreted. If the writers' purpose in re-writing the play is to make a film, they will have to prepare a screenplay. Shakespeare's plays, for example, while still regularly performed in the original form, are often adapted and abridged, especially for the <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">cinema</a>. An example of a creative modern adaptation of a play that nonetheless used the original writer's words, is <a href="/wiki/Baz_Luhrmann" title="Baz Luhrmann">Baz Luhrmann</a>'s version of <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i>. The amendment of the name to <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_%2B_Juliet" title="Romeo + Juliet">Romeo + Juliet</a></i> indicates to the audience that the version will be different from the original. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead</a></i> is a play inspired by Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> that takes two of Shakespeare's most minor characters and creates a new play in which they are the protagonists. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i><b>Player</b></i>: <i>It's what the actors do best. They have to exploit whatever talent is given to them, and their talent is dying. They can die heroically, comically, ironically, slowly, suddenly, disgustingly, charmingly or from a great height.</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead</a> (Act Two)<sup id="cite_ref-Stoppard_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoppard-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Screenwriter">Screenwriter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Screenwriter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">Screenwriter</a></div> <p>Screenwriters write a screenplay – or script – that provides the words for media productions such as films, television series and video games. Screenwriters may start their careers by writing the screenplay <a href="/wiki/Spec_script" title="Spec script">speculatively</a>; that is, they write a script with no advance payment, solicitation or contract. On the other hand, they may be employed or commissioned to adapt the work of a playwright or novelist or other writer. Self-employed writers who are paid by contract to write are known as <a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelancers</a> and screenwriters often work under this type of arrangement. </p><p>Screenwriters, playwrights and other writers are inspired by the classic <a href="/wiki/Theme_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (arts)">themes</a> and often use similar and familiar plot devices to explore them. For example, in Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> is a "play within a play", which the hero uses to demonstrate the king's guilt. Hamlet hives the co-operation of the actors to set up the play as a thing "wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Teleplay" title="Teleplay">Teleplay</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Joe_Menosky" title="Joe Menosky">Joe Menosky</a> deploys the same "play within a play" device in an episode of the science fiction <a href="/wiki/Television_program#Seasons/series" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television series</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager" title="Star Trek: Voyager">Star Trek: Voyager</a></i>. The bronze-age playwright/hero enlists the support of a <i>Star Trek</i> crew member to create a play that will convince the ruler (or "patron" as he is called), of the futility of war.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speechwriter">Speechwriter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Speechwriter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Speechwriter" title="Speechwriter">Speechwriter</a></div> <p>A speechwriter prepares the text for a <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">speech</a> to be given before a group or crowd on a specific occasion and for a specific purpose. They are often intended to be persuasive or inspiring, such as the speeches given by skilled orators like <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>; charismatic or influential political leaders like <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>; or for use in a court of law or parliament. The writer of the speech may be the person intended to deliver it, or it might be prepared by a person hired for the task on behalf of someone else. Such is the case when speechwriters are employed by many senior-level elected officials and executives in both government and private sectors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretive_and_academic">Interpretive and academic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interpretive and academic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biographer">Biographer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biographer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_biographers" title="List of biographers">List of biographers</a></div> <p>Biographers write an account of another person's life. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellmann" title="Richard Ellmann">Richard Ellmann</a> (1918–1987), for example, was an eminent and award-winning biographer whose work focused on the Irish writers <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>. For the Wilde biography, he won the 1989 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Biography_or_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography">Pulitzer Prize for Biography</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critic">Critic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Critic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Critic" title="Critic">Critic</a></div> <p>Critics consider and assess the extent to which a work succeeds in its purpose. The work under consideration may be literary, theatrical, musical, artistic, or architectural. In assessing the success of a work, the critic takes account of why it was done – for example, why a text was written, for whom, in what style, and under what circumstances. After making such an assessment, critics write and publish their evaluation, adding the value of their scholarship and thinking to substantiate any opinion. The theory of criticism is an area of study in itself: a good critic understands and is able to incorporate the theory behind the work they are evaluating into their assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-Habib_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habib-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some critics are already writers in another genre. For example, they might be novelists or essayists. Influential and respected writer/critics include the art critic <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a> (1821–1867) and the literary critic <a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(critic)" title="James Wood (critic)">James Wood</a> (born 1965), both of whom have books published containing collections of their criticism. Some critics are poor writers and produce only superficial or unsubstantiated work. Hence, while anyone can be an uninformed critic, the notable characteristics of a good critic are understanding, insight, and an ability to write well. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>We can claim with at least as much accuracy as a well-known writer claims of his little books, that no newspaper would dare print what we have to say. Are we going to be very cruel and abusive, then? By no means: on the contrary, we are going to be impartial. We have no friends – that is a great thing – and no enemies.</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, introducing his Review of the <a href="/wiki/Salon_(Paris)" title="Salon (Paris)">Paris Salon</a> of 1845<sup id="cite_ref-Mayne_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayne-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Editor">Editor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Editor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copywriting" title="Copywriting">Copywriting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Un_C%C5%93ur_simple_(manuscrito).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Un_C%C5%93ur_simple_%28manuscrito%29.jpg/220px-Un_C%C5%93ur_simple_%28manuscrito%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Un_C%C5%93ur_simple_%28manuscrito%29.jpg/330px-Un_C%C5%93ur_simple_%28manuscrito%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Un_C%C5%93ur_simple_%28manuscrito%29.jpg/440px-Un_C%C5%93ur_simple_%28manuscrito%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption>Flaubert's heavily edited page of his manuscript for <a href="/wiki/Three_Tales_(Flaubert)#"A_Simple_Heart"" title="Three Tales (Flaubert)">Un Cœur simple</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An editor prepares literary material for publication. The material may be the editor's own original work but more commonly, an editor works with the material of one or more other people. There are different types of editor. <a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editors</a> format text to a particular style and/or correct errors in grammar and spelling without changing the text substantively. On the other hand, an editor may suggest or undertake significant changes to a text to improve its readability, sense or structure. This latter type of editor can go so far as to excise some parts of the text, add new parts, or restructure the whole. The work of editors of ancient texts or <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> or collections of works results in differing editions. For example, there are many editions of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s plays by notable editors who also contribute original introductions to the resulting publication.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Editors who work on journals and newspapers have varying levels of responsibility for the text. They may write original material, in particular editorials, select what is to be included from a range of items on offer, format the material, and/or fact check its accuracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encyclopaedist">Encyclopaedist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Encyclopaedist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/250px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/330px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/500px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture in Berlin depicting a stack of books on which are inscribed the names of great writers: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Fontane</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Böll</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Seghers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a>; <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Grass</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</a></div> <p>Encyclopaedists create organised bodies of knowledge. <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> (1713–1784) is renowned for his contributions to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i>. The encyclopaedist <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a> (1499–1590) was a <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> whose <i>Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España</i> is a vast encyclopedia of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> civilization, commonly referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a></i>, after the Italian manuscript library which holds the best-preserved copy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Essayist">Essayist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Essayist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_essayists" title="List of essayists">List of essayists</a></div> <p>Essayists write essays, which are original pieces of writing of moderate length in which the author makes a case in support of an opinion. They are usually in <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>, but some writers have used poetry to present their argument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historian">Historian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Historian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_historians" title="List of historians">List of historians</a></div> <p>A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it.<sup id="cite_ref-wordnetprinceton_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wordnetprinceton-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of a historian is to employ <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historical analysis</a> to create coherent narratives that explain "what happened" and "why or how it happened". Professional historians typically work in colleges and universities, archival centers, government agencies, museums, and as freelance writers and consultants.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>'s six-volume <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i> influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lexicographer">Lexicographer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lexicographer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></div> <p>Writers who create dictionaries are called lexicographers. One of the most famous is <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> (1709–1784), whose <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="A Dictionary of the English Language">Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> was regarded not only as a great personal scholarly achievement but was also a dictionary of such pre-eminence, that would have been referred to by such writers as <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Researcher/Scholar"><span id="Researcher.2FScholar"></span>Researcher/Scholar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Researcher/Scholar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">Scholarly method</a></div> <p>Researchers and scholars who write about their discoveries and ideas sometimes have profound effects on society. Scientists and philosophers are good examples because their new ideas can revolutionise the way people think and how they behave. Three of the best known examples of such a revolutionary effect are <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a></i> (1543); <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> (1859); and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a></i> (1899). </p><p>These three highly influential, and initially very controversial, works changed the way people understood their place in the world. Copernicus's <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric</a> view of the cosmos displaced humans from their previously accepted place at the center of the universe; Darwin's evolutionary theory placed humans firmly within, as opposed to above, the order of manner; and Freud's ideas about the power of the <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious mind</a> overcame the belief that humans were consciously in control of all their own actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinert_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinert-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Translator">Translator</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Translator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></div> <p>Translators have the task of finding some equivalence in another language to a writer's meaning, intention and style. Translators whose work has had very significant cultural effect include <a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B8%A4ajj%C4%81j_ibn_Y%C5%ABsuf_ibn_Ma%E1%B9%ADar" title="Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar">Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar</a>, who translated <i><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Elements</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> into <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Jean-François Champollion</a>, who deciphered <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> with the result that he could publish the first translation of the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> hieroglyphs in 1822. Difficulties with translation are exacerbated when words or phrases incorporate rhymes, rhythms, or <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">puns</a>; or when they have connotations in one language that are non-existent in another. For example, the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Grand_Meaulnes" title="Le Grand Meaulnes">Le Grand Meaulnes</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alain-Fournier" title="Alain-Fournier">Alain-Fournier</a> is supposedly untranslatable because "no English adjective will convey all the shades of meaning that can be read into the simple [French] word 'grand' which takes on overtones as the story progresses."<sup id="cite_ref-Gopnik_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gopnik-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Translators have also become a part of events where political figures who speak different languages meet to look into the relations between countries or solve political conflicts. It is highly critical for the translator to deliver the right information as a drastic impact could be caused if any error occurred. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Even if translation is impossible – we have no choice but to do it: to take the next step and start translating. ... The translator's task is to make us either forget or else enjoy the difference.</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dessaix" title="Robert Dessaix">Robert Dessaix</a>, translator, author<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reportage">Reportage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reportage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blogger">Blogger</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Blogger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blog</a></div> <p>Writers of blogs, which have appeared on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> since the 1990s, need no authorisation to be published. The contents of these short opinion pieces or "posts" form a commentary on issues of specific interest to readers who can use the same technology to interact with the author, with an immediacy hitherto impossible. The ability to link to other sites means that some blog writers – and their writing – may become suddenly and unpredictably popular. <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a>, a young Pakistani education activist, rose to prominence due to her blog for <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. </p><p>A blog writer is using the technology to create a message that is in some ways like a newsletter and in other ways, like a personal letter. "The greatest difference between a blog and a photocopied school newsletter, or an annual family letter photocopied and mailed to a hundred friends, is the potential audience and the increased potential for direct communication between audience members".<sup id="cite_ref-Rettburg_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rettburg-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, as with other forms of letters the writer knows some of the readers, but one of the main differences is that "some of the audience will be random" and "that presumably changes the way we [writers] write."<sup id="cite_ref-Rettburg_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rettburg-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that blogs owe a debt to Renaissance essayist <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>, whose <i>Essais</i> ("attempts"), were published in 1580, because Montaigne "wrote as if he were chatting to his readers: just two friends, whiling away an afternoon in conversation".<sup id="cite_ref-Bakewell_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakewell-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Columnist">Columnist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Columnist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></div> <p>Columnists write regular parts for newspapers and other periodicals, usually containing a lively and entertaining expression of opinion. Some columnists have had collections of their best work published as a collection in a book so that readers can re-read what would otherwise be no longer available. Columns are quite short pieces of writing so columnists often write in other genres as well. An example is the female columnist <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farrelly" title="Elizabeth Farrelly">Elizabeth Farrelly</a>, who besides being a columnist, is also an architecture critic and author of books. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diarist">Diarist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Diarist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diarists" title="List of diarists">List of diarists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_Frank_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Anne_Frank_signature.svg/250px-Anne_Frank_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Anne_Frank_signature.svg/330px-Anne_Frank_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Anne_Frank_signature.svg/500px-Anne_Frank_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="149" /></a><figcaption>Signature of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Writers who record their experiences, thoughts, or emotions in a sequential form over a period of time in a diary are known as diarists. Their writings can provide valuable insights into historical periods, specific events, or individual personalities. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> (1633–1703), an English administrator and Member of Parliament, whose detailed private diary provides eyewitness accounts of events during the 17th century, most notably of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a> (1929–1945) was a 13-year-old Dutch girl whose diary from 1942 to 1944 records both her experiences as a persecuted Jew in World War II and an adolescent dealing with intra-family relationships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journalist">Journalist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Journalist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></div> <p>Journalists write reports about current events after investigating them and gathering information. Some journalists write reports about predictable or scheduled events such as social or political meetings. Others are <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">investigative journalists</a> who need to undertake considerable research and analysis in order to write an explanation or account of something complex that was hitherto unknown or not understood. Often investigative journalists are reporting criminal or corrupt activity which puts them at risk personally and means that what it is likely that attempts may be made to attack or suppress what they write. An example is <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a>, a journalist who investigated and wrote about <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">criminal activities by the US President</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>Journalism ... is a public trust, a responsibility, to report the facts with context and completeness, to speak truth to power, to hold the feet of politicians and officials to the fire of exposure, to discomfort the comfortable, to comfort those who suffer.</i><br />Geoffrey Barker, journalist.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_and_de_Brito_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker_and_de_Brito-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Memoirist">Memoirist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Memoirist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">Memoir</a></div> <p>Writers of memoirs produce accounts from the memories of their own lives, which are considered unusual, important, or scandalous enough to be of interest to general readers. Although meant to be factual, readers are alerted to the likelihood of some inaccuracies or bias towards an idiosyncratic perception by the choice of genre. A memoir, for example, is allowed to have a much more selective set of experiences than an autobiography which is expected to be more complete and make a greater attempt at balance. Well-known memoirists include <a href="/wiki/Frances_Vane,_Viscountess_Vane" title="Frances Vane, Viscountess Vane">Frances Vane, Viscountess Vane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova" title="Giacomo Casanova">Giacomo Casanova</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilitarian">Utilitarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Utilitarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ghostwriter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriter</a></div> <p>Ghostwriters write for, or in the style of, someone else so the credit goes to the person on whose behalf the writing is done. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Letter_writer">Letter writer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Letter writer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_Writing_Letter_(large).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_Writing_Letter_%28large%29.jpg/220px-Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_Writing_Letter_%28large%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_Writing_Letter_%28large%29.jpg/330px-Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_Writing_Letter_%28large%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_Writing_Letter_%28large%29.jpg/440px-Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_Writing_Letter_%28large%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>Writing Letter</i><br />(Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Kusakabe_Kimbei" title="Kusakabe Kimbei">Kusakabe Kimbei</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter (message)</a></div> <p>Writers of letters use a reliable form of transmission of messages between individuals, and surviving sets of letters provide insight into the motivations, cultural contexts, and events in the lives of their writers. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a> (1079–1142), philosopher, logician, and theologian is known not only for the heresy contained in some of his work, and the punishment of having to burn his own book, but also for the letters he wrote to <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse_(abbess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Héloïse (abbess)">Héloïse d'Argenteuil</a> <span class="nowrap">(1090?–1164)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The letters (or <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistles</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> were so influential that over the two thousand years of Christian history, Paul became "second only to Jesus in influence and the amount of discussion and interpretation generated".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nla.ms-ms5393-2-s1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nla.ms-ms5393-2-s1.jpg/220px-Nla.ms-ms5393-2-s1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nla.ms-ms5393-2-s1.jpg/330px-Nla.ms-ms5393-2-s1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nla.ms-ms5393-2-s1.jpg/440px-Nla.ms-ms5393-2-s1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>Water damaged unpublished autograph manuscript page of <a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">Bligh</a>'s voyage in the launch of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bounty" title="HMS Bounty">HMS <i>Bounty</i></a>, from the ship to <a href="/wiki/Tofua" title="Tofua">Tofua</a> and from thence to <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> April 28 to June 14, 1789, after the <i><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty" title="Mutiny on the Bounty">Mutiny</a></i>. It contains notes used later as the basis for his report and all his subsequent narratives.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Report_writer">Report writer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Report writer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Report" title="Report">Report</a></div> <p>Report writers are people who gather information, organise and document it so that it can be presented to some person or authority in a position to use it as the basis of a decision. Well-written reports influence policies as well as decisions. For example, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> (1820–1910) wrote reports that were intended to effect administrative reform in matters concerning health in the army. She documented her experience in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> and showed her determination to see improvements: "...after six months of incredible industry she had put together and written with her own hand her <i>Notes affecting the Health, Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army.</i> This extraordinary composition, filling more than eight hundred closely printed pages, laying down vast principles of far-reaching reform, discussing the minutest detail of a multitude of controversial subjects, containing an enormous mass of information of the most varied kinds – military, statistical, sanitary, architectural" became for a long time, the "leading authority on the medical administration of armies".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The logs and reports of <a href="/wiki/Master_mariner" title="Master mariner">Master mariner</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a> contributed to his being honourably acquitted at the <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> inquiring into the loss of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bounty" title="HMS Bounty">HMS <i>Bounty</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scribe">Scribe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Scribe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Letter_Writer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_Letter_Writer.jpg/250px-The_Letter_Writer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_Letter_Writer.jpg/330px-The_Letter_Writer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_Letter_Writer.jpg/440px-The_Letter_Writer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Scribe in India taking instructions from a client</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">Scribe</a></div> <p>A scribe writes ideas and information on behalf of another, sometimes copying from another document, sometimes from oral instruction on behalf of an illiterate person, sometimes transcribing from another medium such as a <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">tape recording</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a>, or personal notes. </p><p>Being able to write was a rare achievement for over 500 years in Western Europe so monks who copied texts were scribes responsible for saving many texts from first times. The monasteries, where monks who knew how to read and write lived, provided an environment stable enough for writing. Irish monks, for example, came to Europe in about 600 and "found manuscripts in places like <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>" which they copied.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monastic writers also illustrated their books with highly skilled art work using gold and rare colors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technical_writer">Technical writer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Technical writer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Technical_writer" title="Technical writer">Technical writer</a></div> <p>A technical writer prepares instructions or manuals, such as <a href="/wiki/User_guide" title="User guide">user guides</a> or <a href="/wiki/Owner%27s_manual" title="Owner's manual">owner's manuals</a> for users of equipment to follow. Technical writers also write different procedures for business, professional or domestic use. Since the purpose of technical writing is practical rather than creative, its most important quality is clarity. The technical writer, unlike the creative writer, is required to adhere to the relevant <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guide</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process_and_methods">Process and methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Process and methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_process">Writing process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Writing process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlyle_manuscript_burning_Japan_cph.3g10399.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Carlyle_manuscript_burning_Japan_cph.3g10399.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Carlyle_manuscript_burning_Japan_cph.3g10399.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Carlyle_manuscript_burning_Japan_cph.3g10399.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Carlyle_manuscript_burning_Japan_cph.3g10399.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Carlyle_manuscript_burning_Japan_cph.3g10399.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Carlyle_manuscript_burning_Japan_cph.3g10399.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="3131" /></a><figcaption>Japanese print depicting <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>'s horror at his manuscript burning</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Writing_process" title="Writing process">Writing process</a></div> <p>There is a range of approaches that writers take to the task of writing. Each writer needs to find their own process and most describe it as more or less a struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-Older_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Older-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes writers have had the bad fortune to lose their work and have had to start again. Before the invention of <a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">photocopiers</a> and electronic text storage, a writer's work had to be stored on paper, which meant it was very susceptible to fire in particular. (In very earlier times, writers used <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> and clay which were more robust materials.) Writers whose work was destroyed before completion include <a href="/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof">L. L. Zamenhof</a>, the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, whose years of work were thrown into the fire by his father because he was afraid that "his son would be thought a spy working code".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essayist and historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, lost the only copy of a manuscript for <i><a href="/wiki/The_French_Revolution:_A_History" title="The French Revolution: A History">The French Revolution: A History</a></i> when it was mistakenly thrown into the fire by a maid. He wrote it again from the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writers usually develop a personal schedule. <a href="/wiki/Angus_Wilson" title="Angus Wilson">Angus Wilson</a>, for example, wrote for a number of hours every morning.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">Writer's block</a> is a relatively common experience among writers, especially professional writers, when for a period of time the writer feels unable to write for reasons other than lack of skill or commitment. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Happy are they who don't doubt themselves and whose pens fly across the page</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a> writing to <a href="/wiki/Louise_Colet" title="Louise Colet">Louise Colet</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonid_Pasternak_-_The_Passion_of_creation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Leonid_Pasternak_-_The_Passion_of_creation.jpg/220px-Leonid_Pasternak_-_The_Passion_of_creation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Leonid_Pasternak_-_The_Passion_of_creation.jpg/330px-Leonid_Pasternak_-_The_Passion_of_creation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Leonid_Pasternak_-_The_Passion_of_creation.jpg/440px-Leonid_Pasternak_-_The_Passion_of_creation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption><i>Throes of Creation</i> by <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Pasternak" title="Leonid Pasternak">Leonid Pasternak</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sole">Sole</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most writers write alone – typically they are engaged in a solitary activity that requires them to struggle with both the concepts they are trying to express and the best way to express it. This may mean choosing the best genre or genres as well as choosing the best words. Writers often develop idiosyncratic solutions to the problem of finding the right words to put on a blank page or screen. "Didn't <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">Somerset Maugham</a> also write facing a blank wall? ... <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> couldn't write a line if there was another person anywhere in the same house, or so he said at some point."<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collaborative">Collaborative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Collaborative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collaborative writing means that other authors write and contribute to a part of writing. In this approach, it is highly likely the writers will collaborate on editing the part too. The more usual process is that the editing is done by an independent editor after the writer submits a draft version. </p><p>In some cases, such as that between a librettist and composer, a writer will collaborate with another artist on a creative work. One of the best known of these types of collaborations is that between <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>. Librettist <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a> wrote the words for the <a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">comic operas</a> created by the partnership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Committee">Committee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occasionally, a writing task is given to a committee of writers. The most well-known example is the task of translating the Bible into English, sponsored by King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a> of England in 1604 and accomplished by six committees, some in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and some in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, who were allocated different sections of the text. The resulting <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">Authorized King James Version</a>, published in 1611, has been described as an "everlasting miracle" because its writers (that is, its Translators) sought to "hold themselves consciously poised between the claims of accessibility and beauty, plainness and richness, simplicity and majesty, the people and the king", with the result that the language communicates itself "in a way which is quite unaffected, neither literary nor academic, not historical, nor reconstructionist, but transmitting a nearly incredible immediacy from one end of human civilisation to another."<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolson2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolson2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multimedia">Multimedia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Multimedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Blake_Nurses_Song_Copy_Z_1826.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/William_Blake_Nurses_Song_Copy_Z_1826.jpg/250px-William_Blake_Nurses_Song_Copy_Z_1826.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/William_Blake_Nurses_Song_Copy_Z_1826.jpg/330px-William_Blake_Nurses_Song_Copy_Z_1826.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/William_Blake_Nurses_Song_Copy_Z_1826.jpg/500px-William_Blake_Nurses_Song_Copy_Z_1826.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> "<a href="/wiki/Nurse%27s_Song" title="Nurse's Song">Nurse's Song</a>" from <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience" title="Songs of Innocence and of Experience">Songs of Innocence and of Experience</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Some writers support the verbal part of their work with images or graphics that are an integral part of the way their ideas are communicated. <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> is one of rare poets who created his own paintings and drawings as integral parts of works such as his <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience" title="Songs of Innocence and of Experience">Songs of Innocence and of Experience</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a> are writers whose work depends heavily on hand drawn imagery. Other writers, especially writers for children, incorporate painting or drawing in more or less sophisticated ways. <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Tan" title="Shaun Tan">Shaun Tan</a>, for example, is a writer who uses imagery extensively, sometimes combining fact, fiction and illustration, sometimes for a didactic purpose, sometimes on commission.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children's writers <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a>, <a href="/wiki/May_Gibbs" title="May Gibbs">May Gibbs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Theodor Seuss Geisel</a> are as well known for their illustrations as for their texts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crowd_sourced">Crowd sourced</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Crowd sourced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></div> <p>Some writers contribute very small sections to a part of writing that cumulates as a result. This method is particularly suited to very large works, such as dictionaries and encyclopaedias. The best known example of the former is the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, under the editorship of lexicographer <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(lexicographer)" title="James Murray (lexicographer)">James Murray</a>, who was provided with the prolific and helpful contributions of <a href="/wiki/William_Chester_Minor" title="William Chester Minor">W.C. Minor</a>, at the time an inmate of a hospital for the criminally insane.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowthorne_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowthorne-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best known example of the latter – an encyclopaedia that is crowdsourced – is Wikipedia, which relies on millions of writers and editors such as <a href="/wiki/Simon_Pulsifer" title="Simon Pulsifer">Simon Pulsifer</a><sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motivations">Motivations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writers have many different reasons for writing, among which is usually some combination of self-expression<sup id="cite_ref-Styron_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Styron-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recording facts, history or research results. The many <a href="/wiki/Physician_writer" title="Physician writer">physician writers</a>, for example, have combined their observation and knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a> with their desire to write and contributed many poems, plays, translations, essays and other texts. Some writers write extensively on their motivation and on the likely motivations of other writers. For example, <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s essay "<a href="/wiki/Why_I_Write" title="Why I Write">Why I Write</a>" (1946) takes this as its subject. As to "what constitutes success or failure to a writer", it has been described as "a complicated business, where the material rubs up against the spiritual, and psychology plays a big part".<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>The moral I draw is that the writer should seek his reward in the pleasure of his work and in release from the burden of this thoughts; and, indifferent to aught else, care nothing for praise or censure, failure or success.</i><br /><a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_Sixpence" title="The Moon and Sixpence">The Moon and Sixpence</a></i> (1919)<sup id="cite_ref-Maugham_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maugham-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Command">Command</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some writers are the authors of specific military orders whose clarity will determine the outcome of a battle. Among the most controversial and unsuccessful was <a href="/wiki/FitzRoy_Somerset,_1st_Baron_Raglan" title="FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan">Lord Raglan</a>'s order at the <a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="Charge of the Light Brigade">Charge of the Light Brigade</a>, which being vague and misinterpreted, led to defeat with many casualties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Develop_skill/explore_ideas"><span id="Develop_skill.2Fexplore_ideas"></span>Develop skill/explore ideas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Develop skill/explore ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some writers use the writing task to develop their own skill (in writing itself or in another area of knowledge) or explore an idea while they are producing a piece of writing. <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, for example, created a new language for his fantasy books. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>For me the private act of poetry writing is songwriting, confessional, diary-keeping, speculation, problem-solving, storytelling, therapy, anger management, craftsmanship, relaxation, concentration and spiritual adventure all in one inexpensive package.</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a>, author, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entertain">Entertain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Entertain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some genres are a particularly appropriate choice for writers whose chief purpose is to entertain. Among them are <a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">limericks</a>, many comics and <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">thrillers</a>. Writers of children's literature seek to entertain children but are also usually mindful of the educative function of their work as well. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><i>I think that I shall never see</i><br /> <i>a billboard lovely as a tree;</i><br /> <i>Indeed, unless the billboards fall</i><br /> <i>I'll never see a tree at all.</i><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Nash" title="Ogden Nash">Ogden Nash</a>, humorous poet, reworking a poem by <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Kilmer" title="Joyce Kilmer">Joyce Kilmer</a> for comic effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Nash_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence">Influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninety-Five_Theses,_Wittenberg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ninety-Five_Theses%2C_Wittenberg.JPG/220px-Ninety-Five_Theses%2C_Wittenberg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ninety-Five_Theses%2C_Wittenberg.JPG/330px-Ninety-Five_Theses%2C_Wittenberg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ninety-Five_Theses%2C_Wittenberg.JPG/440px-Ninety-Five_Theses%2C_Wittenberg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3255" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> (at the All Saints' Church, <a href="/wiki/Wittenburg" title="Wittenburg">Wittenburg</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Anger has motivated many writers, including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, angry at religious corruption, who wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> in 1517, to reform the church, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> (1840–1902) who wrote the public letter, <i><a href="/wiki/J%27accuse%E2%80%A6!" class="mw-redirect" title="J'accuse…!">J'Accuse</a></i> in 1898 to bring public attention to government injustice, as a consequence of which he had to flee to England from his native France. Such writers have affected ideas, opinion or policy significantly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Payment">Payment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Payment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; border-width: 1px; font-size: 85%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p><b>Even though he is in love with the same woman, Cyrano helps his inarticulate friend, Rageneau, to woo her by writing on his behalf ...</b><br /><br /> CYRANO: What hour is it now, Ragueneau?<br /> RAGUENEAU (stopping short in the act of thrusting to look at the clock): Five minutes after six!...'I touch!' (He straightens himself): ...Oh! to write a ballade!<br /> ...<br /> RAGUENEAU: Ten minutes after six.<br /> CYRANO: (nervously seating himself at Ragueneau's table, and drawing some paper toward him): A pen!. . .<br /> RAGUENEAU (giving him the one from behind his ear): Here – a swan's quill.<br /> ...<br /> CYRANO (taking up the pen, and motioning Ragueneau away): Hush! (To himself): I will write, fold it, give it her, and fly! (Throws down the pen): Coward! ...But strike me dead if I dare to speak to her, ...ay, even one single word! (To Ragueneau): What time is it?<br /> RAGUENEAU: A quarter after six! ...<br /> CYRANO (striking his breast): Ay-a single word of all those here! here! But writing, 'tis easier done... (He takes up the pen): Go to, I will write it, that love-letter! Oh! I have writ it and rewrit it in my own mind so oft that it lies there ready for pen and ink; and if I lay but my soul by my letter-sheet, 'tis naught to do but to copy from it. (He writes. ...)<br /><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Rostand" title="Edmond Rostand">Edmond Rostand</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(play)" title="Cyrano de Bergerac (play)">Cyrano de Bergerac</a></i><br />Act II, Scene 2, (3)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </blockquote> </div> <p>Writers may write a particular piece for payment (even if at other times, they write for another reason), such as when they are commissioned to create a new work, transcribe an original one, translate another writer's work, or write for someone who is illiterate or inarticulate. In some cases, writing has been the only way an individual could earn an income. <a href="/wiki/Frances_Milton_Trollope" title="Frances Milton Trollope">Frances Trollope</a> is an example of women who wrote to save herself and her family from penury, at a time when there were very few socially acceptable employment opportunities for them. Her book about her experiences in the United States, called <i><a href="/wiki/Domestic_Manners_of_the_Americans" title="Domestic Manners of the Americans">Domestic Manners of the Americans</a></i> became a great success, "even though she was over fifty and had never written before in her life" after which "she continued to write hard, carrying this on almost entirely before breakfast".<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to her writer son <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Trollope" title="Anthony Trollope">Anthony Trollope</a> "her books saved the family from ruin".<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>I write for two reasons; partly to make money and partly to win the respect of people whom I respect.</i><br /><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a>, novelist, essayist, librettist<sup id="cite_ref-Forster_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forster-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teach">Teach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Teach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, who was tutor to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, wrote to support his <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">teaching</a>. He wrote two <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatises</a> for the young prince: "On Monarchy", and "On Colonies"<sup id="cite_ref-MacLeod_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLeod-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogues</a> also appear to have been written either "as lecture notes or discussion papers for use in his philosophy school at the Athens <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a> between 334 and 323 BC."<sup id="cite_ref-MacLeod_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLeod-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They encompass both his 'scientific' writings (<a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">argument</a>) the 'non-scientific' works (poetry, <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">oratory</a>, ethics, and politics), and "major elements in traditional <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> education".<sup id="cite_ref-MacLeod_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLeod-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writers of <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbooks</a> also use writing to teach and there are numerous instructional guides to writing itself. For example, many people will find it necessary to make a speech "in the service of your company, church, civic club, political party, or other organization" and so, instructional writers have produced texts and guides for speechmaking.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowis_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowis-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tell_a_story">Tell a story</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Tell a story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many writers use their skill to tell the story of their people, community or cultural tradition, especially one with a personal significance. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a>; <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a>; <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a>. Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a> write about the effect of conflict, dispossession and war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seek_a_lover">Seek a lover</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Seek a lover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writers use prose, poetry, and letters as part of courtship rituals. <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Rostand" title="Edmond Rostand">Edmond Rostand</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(play)" title="Cyrano de Bergerac (play)">Cyrano de Bergerac</a></i>, written in verse, is about both the power of love and the power of the self-doubting writer/hero's writing talent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship">Authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autographe_de_Marianne_Alcoforado_(Maria_Anna_Alcoforada),_comme_%C3%A9crivain_du_couvent_de_B%C3%A9ja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Autographe_de_Marianne_Alcoforado_%28Maria_Anna_Alcoforada%29%2C_comme_%C3%A9crivain_du_couvent_de_B%C3%A9ja.jpg/250px-Autographe_de_Marianne_Alcoforado_%28Maria_Anna_Alcoforada%29%2C_comme_%C3%A9crivain_du_couvent_de_B%C3%A9ja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Autographe_de_Marianne_Alcoforado_%28Maria_Anna_Alcoforada%29%2C_comme_%C3%A9crivain_du_couvent_de_B%C3%A9ja.jpg/330px-Autographe_de_Marianne_Alcoforado_%28Maria_Anna_Alcoforada%29%2C_comme_%C3%A9crivain_du_couvent_de_B%C3%A9ja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Autographe_de_Marianne_Alcoforado_%28Maria_Anna_Alcoforada%29%2C_comme_%C3%A9crivain_du_couvent_de_B%C3%A9ja.jpg/500px-Autographe_de_Marianne_Alcoforado_%28Maria_Anna_Alcoforada%29%2C_comme_%C3%A9crivain_du_couvent_de_B%C3%A9ja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Signature of <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Alcoforado" title="Mariana Alcoforado">Mariana Alcoforado</a> (Maria Anna Alcoforada), once thought to be the writer of the <a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">epistolary fiction</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_a_Portuguese_Nun" title="Letters of a Portuguese Nun">Letters of a Portuguese Nun</a></i>. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pen_names">Pen names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Pen names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writers sometimes use a <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a>, otherwise known as a pen name or "nom de plume". The reasons they do this include to separate their writing from other work (or other types of writing) for which they are known; to enhance the possibility of publication by reducing prejudice (such as against women writers or writers of a particular race); to reduce personal risk (such as political risks from individuals, groups or states that disagree with them); or to make their name better suit another language. </p><p>Examples of well-known writers who used a pen name include: <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a> (1819–1880), whose real name was Mary Anne (or Marian) Evans; <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> (1903–1950), whose real name was Eric Blair; <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a> (1804–1876), whose real name was Lucile Aurore Dupin; <a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Dr. Seuss</a> (1904–1991), whose real name was Theodor Seuss Geisel; Stendhal (1783–1842), whose real name was Marie-Henri Beyle; and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> (1835–1910), whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. </p><p>Apart from the large numbers of works attributable only to "Anonymous", there are a large number of writers who were once known and are now unknown. Efforts are made to find and re-publish these writers' works. One example is the publication of books like <i>Japan As Seen and Described by Famous Writers</i> (a 2010 reproduction of a pre-1923 publication) by "Anonymous".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is the founding of a Library and Study Centre for the Study of Early English Women's Writing in Chawton, England.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CumaeanSibylByMichelangelo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CumaeanSibylByMichelangelo.jpg/250px-CumaeanSibylByMichelangelo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CumaeanSibylByMichelangelo.jpg/330px-CumaeanSibylByMichelangelo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CumaeanSibylByMichelangelo.jpg/500px-CumaeanSibylByMichelangelo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional_writers">Fictional writers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Fictional writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some fictional writers are very well known because of the strength of their characterization by the real writer or the significance of their role as writer in the plot of a work. Examples of this type of fictional writer include Edward Casaubon, a fictional scholar in George Eliot's <i><a href="/wiki/Middlemarch" title="Middlemarch">Middlemarch</a></i>, and Edwin Reardon, a fictional writer in <a href="/wiki/George_Gissing" title="George Gissing">George Gissing</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/New_Grub_Street" title="New Grub Street">New Grub Street</a></i>. Casaubon's efforts to complete an authoritative study affect the decisions taken by the protagonists in Eliot's novel and inspire significant parts of the plot. In Gissing's work, Reardon's efforts to produce high quality writing put him in conflict with another character, who takes a more commercial approach. <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a> is a fictional writer who was originally credited by the real writer (<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>) as being the author of the confessional letters in the work of the same name. <a href="/wiki/Bridget_Jones" title="Bridget Jones">Bridget Jones</a> is a comparable fictional diarist created by writer <a href="/wiki/Helen_Fielding" title="Helen Fielding">Helen Fielding</a>. Both works became well-known and popular; their protagonists and story were developed further through many adaptations, including film versions. <a href="/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac" title="Cyrano de Bergerac">Cyrano de Bergerac</a> was a real writer who created a fictional character with his own name. The <i><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></i>, a collection of prophecies were supposed to have been purchased from the <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a> by the last king of Rome. Since they were consulted during periods of crisis, it could be said that they are a case of real works created by a fictional writer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writers_of_sacred_texts">Writers of sacred texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Writers of sacred texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_-_John_the_Evangelist_-_Walters_W850153V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ethiopian_-_John_the_Evangelist_-_Walters_W850153V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg/250px-Ethiopian_-_John_the_Evangelist_-_Walters_W850153V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ethiopian_-_John_the_Evangelist_-_Walters_W850153V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_-_John_the_Evangelist_-_Walters_W850153V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ethiopian_-_John_the_Evangelist_-_Walters_W850153V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg/500px-Ethiopian_-_John_the_Evangelist_-_Walters_W850153V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a> Ethiopian c. 1540</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a> or scriptures are the texts which different religious traditions consider to be <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a>, or of central importance to their religious tradition. Some religions and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> movements believe that their sacred texts are <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinely</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernaturally</a> <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revealed or inspired</a>, while others have individual authors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversial_writing">Controversial writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Controversial writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Man_with_Water_Studies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Old_Man_with_Water_Studies.jpg/250px-Old_Man_with_Water_Studies.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Old_Man_with_Water_Studies.jpg/500px-Old_Man_with_Water_Studies.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1513</span> <i>Old Man with water studies</i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Librarian_(United_Kingdom)" title="Royal Librarian (United Kingdom)">Royal Library, Windsor</a>. Thought to be a self-portrait, showing Leonardo's writing and drawing.</figcaption></figure> <p>Skilled writers influence ideas and society, so there are many instances where a writer's work or opinion has been unwelcome and controversial. In some cases, they have been persecuted or punished. Aware that their writing will cause controversy or put themselves and others into danger, some writers self-censor; or withhold their work from publication; or hide their manuscripts; or use some other technique to preserve and protect their work. Two of the most famous examples are <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>. Leonardo "had the habit of conversing with himself in his writings and of putting his thoughts into the clearest and most simple form". He used "left-handed or mirror writing" (a technique described as "so characteristic of him") to protect his scientific research from other readers.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonardo_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonardo-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fear of persecution, social disgrace, and being proved incorrect are regarded as contributing factors to Darwin's delaying the publication of his radical and influential work <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>. </p><p>One of the results of controversies caused by a writer's work is scandal, which is a negative public reaction that causes damage to reputation and depends on public outrage. It has been said that it is possible to scandalise the public because the public "wants to be shocked in order to confirm its own sense of virtue".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_&_Wilson_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_&_Wilson-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scandal may be caused by what the writer wrote or by the style in which it was written. In either case, the content or the style is likely to have broken with tradition or expectation. Making such a departure may in fact, be part of the writer's intention or at least, part of the result of introducing innovations into the genre in which they are working. For example, novelist <a href="/wiki/D_H_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="D H Lawrence">D H Lawrence</a> challenged ideas of what was acceptable as well as what was expected in form. These may be regarded as literary scandals, just as, in a different way, are the scandals involving writers who mislead the public about their identity, such as <a href="/wiki/Norma_Khouri" title="Norma Khouri">Norma Khouri</a> or <a href="/wiki/Helen_Darville" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Darville">Helen Darville</a> who, in deceiving the public, are considered to have committed fraud. </p><p>Writers may also cause the more usual type of scandal – whereby the public is outraged by the opinions, behaviour or life of the individual (an experience not limited to writers). Poet <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a> outraged society with his behaviour and treatment of his wife and child as well as his lover. Among the many writers whose writing or life was affected by scandals are <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>. One of the most famously scandalous writers was the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a> who offended the public both by his writings <i>and</i> by his behaviour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punishment">Punishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyndale-martyrdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tyndale-martyrdom.png/250px-Tyndale-martyrdom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tyndale-martyrdom.png/330px-Tyndale-martyrdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tyndale-martyrdom.png/500px-Tyndale-martyrdom.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Engraving depicting the death of <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The consequence of scandal for a writer may be censorship or discrediting of the work, or social ostracism of its creator. In some instances, punishment, persecution, or prison follow. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_Europe" title="List of journalists killed in Europe">list of journalists killed in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_the_United_States" title="List of journalists killed in the United States">list of journalists killed in the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_Russia" title="List of journalists killed in Russia">list of journalists killed in Russia</a> are examples. Others include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Balibo_Five" title="Balibo Five">Balibo Five</a>, a group of Australian television journalists who were killed while attempting to report on Indonesian incursions into <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> in 1975.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a> (1906–1945), an influential theologian who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cost_of_Discipleship" title="The Cost of Discipleship">The Cost of Discipleship</a></i> and was hanged for his resistance to <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (1564–1642), who was sentenced to imprisonment for <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> as a consequence of writing in support of the then controversial theory of <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentrism</a>, although the sentence was almost immediately commuted to <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> (1891–1937), who wrote political theory and criticism and was imprisoned for this by the Italian Fascist regime.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> (1927–2015), whose poem "<a href="/wiki/What_Must_Be_Said" title="What Must Be Said">What Must Be Said</a>" led to his being declared <i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Greste" title="Peter Greste">Peter Greste</a> (born 1965), a journalist who was imprisoned in Egypt for news reporting which was "damaging to national security."<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-crisis_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-crisis-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a> (1919–1987) who, among many Jews imprisoned during World War II, wrote an account of his incarceration called <i><a href="/wiki/If_This_Is_a_Man" title="If This Is a Man">If This Is a Man</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> (145 or 135 BC – 86 BC) who "successfully defended a vilified master from defamatory charges" and was given "the choice between <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a> or execution." He "became a eunuch and had to bury his own book ... in order to protect it from the authorities."<sup id="cite_ref-Battles_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battles-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> (born 1947), whose novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a></i> was banned and burned internationally after causing <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Satanic Verses controversy">such a worldwide storm</a> that a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwā</a> was issued against him. Though Rushdie survived, numerous others were killed in incidents connected to the novel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Saviano" title="Roberto Saviano">Roberto Saviano</a> (born 1979), whose best-selling book <i><a href="/wiki/Gomorrah_(book)" title="Gomorrah (book)">Gomorrah</a></i> provoked the Neapolitan <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a>, annoyed <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> and led to him receiving permanent police protection.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sheppard_(activist)" title="Simon Sheppard (activist)">Simon Sheppard</a> (born 1957) who was imprisoned in the UK for <a href="/wiki/Inciting_racial_hatred" class="mw-redirect" title="Inciting racial hatred">inciting racial hatred</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> (1918–2008), who used his experience of imprisonment as the subject of his writing in <i><a href="/wiki/One_Day_in_the_Life_of_Ivan_Denisovich" title="One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich">One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cancer_Ward" title="Cancer Ward">Cancer Ward</a></i>—the latter, while legally published in the Soviet Union, had to gain the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Writers" title="Union of Soviet Writers">USSR Union of Writers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1494</span> – 1536), who was executed because he translated the Bible into English.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection_and_representation">Protection and representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Protection and representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organisation <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (also known by its French name: Reporters Sans Frontières) was set up to help protect writers and advocate on their behalf. </p><p>The professional and industrial interests of writers are represented by various national or regional guilds or unions. Examples include writers guilds in <a href="/wiki/Australian_Writers%27_Guild" title="Australian Writers' Guild">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Guild_of_Great_Britain" title="Writers' Guild of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and unions in <a href="/wiki/Arab_Writers_Union" title="Arab Writers Union">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writers_Union_of_Armenia" title="Writers Union of Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Azerbaijani_Writers" title="Union of Azerbaijani Writers">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Union_of_Canada" title="Writers' Union of Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Writers%27_Union" title="Estonian Writers' Union">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Writers%27_Union" title="Hungarian Writers' Union">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Writers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Writers' Union">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Writers%27_Union" title="Moldovan Writers' Union">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unyon_ng_mga_Manunulat_sa_Pilipinas" title="Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Writers%27_Union" title="Polish Writers' Union">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_des_%C3%A9crivaines_et_des_%C3%A9crivains_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Union des écrivaines et des écrivains québécois">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Union_of_Romania" title="Writers' Union of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Russian_Writers" title="Union of Russian Writers">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Writers_Union" title="Sudanese Writers Union">Sudan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_Union_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Writer's Union of Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. In the United States, there is both a <a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America" title="Writers Guild of America">writers guild</a> and a <a href="/wiki/National_Writers_Union" title="National Writers Union">National Writers Union</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomas_Transtromer_and_Modhir_Ahmed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tomas_Transtromer_and_Modhir_Ahmed.jpg/250px-Tomas_Transtromer_and_Modhir_Ahmed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tomas_Transtromer_and_Modhir_Ahmed.jpg/330px-Tomas_Transtromer_and_Modhir_Ahmed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Tomas_Transtromer_and_Modhir_Ahmed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize</a> Swedish winning poet and translator <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a> signs a book about his work by <a href="/wiki/Modhir_Ahmed" title="Modhir Ahmed">Modhir Ahmed</a> (2007)</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many awards for writers whose writing has been adjudged excellent. Among them are the many <a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">literary awards</a> given by individual countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>, as well as international awards such as the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. Russian writer <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a> (1890–1960), under pressure from his government, reluctantly declined the Nobel Prize that he won in 1958. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/40px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/60px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing portal</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack_writer" title="Hack writer">Hack writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Lists of writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_writers" title="List of women writers">List of women writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-binary_writers" title="List of non-binary writers">List of non-binary writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers%27_conferences" title="List of writers' conferences">List of writers' conferences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_writing" title="Professional writing">Professional writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_content_writer" title="Website content writer">Website content writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Writer's voice">Writer's voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Abah" title="Betty Abah">Betty Abah</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMagill1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Magill, Frank N. (1974). <i>Cyclopedia of World Authors</i>. Vol. I, II, III (revised ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Salem Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopedia+of+World+Authors&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E1973&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span> [A compilation of the bibliographies and short biographies of notable authors up to 1974.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nobel prize winner <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> is an example.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolson1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolson1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicolson2011" class="citation book cs1">Nicolson, Adam (2011). <i>When God Spoke English: The Making of the King James Bible</i>. London: Harper Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-743100-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-743100-7"><bdi>978-0-00-743100-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+God+Spoke+English%3A+The+Making+of+the+King+James+Bible&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-00-743100-7&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blythe-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blythe_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWill_Blythec._1998" class="citation book cs1">Will Blythe, ed. (c. 1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyiwritethought0000unse"><i>Why I write: thoughts on the practice of fiction</i></a></span>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316102296" title="Special:BookSources/0316102296"><bdi>0316102296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+I+write%3A+thoughts+on+the+practice+of+fiction&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.isbn=0316102296&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyiwritethought0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen" title="Jonathan Franzen">Jonathan Franzen</a>, for example, criticised <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> for being "exquisitely preoccupied with his own literary digestive processes ..." and his "lack of interest in the bigger postwar, postmodern, socio-technological picture" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranzen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Franzen, Jonathan (6 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423133400/https://medium.com/slush-pile/franzen-on-kraus-footnote-89-92335fb9c2e?postPublishedType=initial">"Franzen on Kraus: Footnote 89"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i> (206). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/slush-pile/franzen-on-kraus-footnote-89-92335fb9c2e?postPublishedType=initial">the original</a> on 23 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Franzen+on+Kraus%3A+Footnote+89&rft.issue=206&rft.date=2013-09-06&rft.aulast=Franzen&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fslush-pile%2Ffranzen-on-kraus-footnote-89-92335fb9c2e%3FpostPublishedType%3Dinitial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/author">"Definition of AUTHOR"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. 12 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+AUTHOR&rft.date=2023-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fauthor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graves-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graves_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraves1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Graves, Robert</a> (1957). <i>Poems Selected by Himself</i>. Penguin Books. p. 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poems+Selected+by+Himself&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1936, 1954, 1955, 1966, 1968, 1978, 2013, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/find?q=Romeo+and+Juliet&s=all">IMDb listing.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Le_Marchand-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Le_Marchand_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLe_Marchand1953" class="citation journal cs1">Le Marchand, Jean (Summer 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5197/the-art-of-fiction-no-2-franois-mauriac">"Interviews: François Mauriac, The Art of Fiction No. 2"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i> (2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Interviews%3A+Fran%C3%A7ois+Mauriac%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+2&rft.ssn=summer&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Le+Marchand&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F5197%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-2-franois-mauriac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Epistle Dedicatory of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub" title="A Tale of a Tub">A Tale of a Tub</a></i>. For text at Wikisource, see <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub" class="extiw" title="s:A Tale of a Tub"><i>A Tale of a Tub</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excerpt of Rodolpho's aria in Act I of <i><a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipton-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lipton_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipton1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lipton, James (Spring 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/1283/the-art-of-the-musical-stephen-sondheim">"Interview: Stephen Sondheim, The Art of the Musical"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i>. Spring 1997 (142)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Stephen+Sondheim%2C+The+Art+of+the+Musical&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=Spring+1997&rft.issue=142&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lipton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F1283%2Fthe-art-of-the-musical-stephen-sondheim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2015" class="citation web cs1">Bartlett, Mike (18 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sydneytheatre.com.au/magazine/posts/2015/november/feature-mike-bartlett-kciii?fptd_mode=validation">"Mike Bartlett on writing King Charles III"</a>. <i>Sydney Theatre Company Magazine</i>. Sydney Theatre Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Theatre+Company+Magazine&rft.atitle=Mike+Bartlett+on+writing+King+Charles+III&rft.date=2015-11-18&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sydneytheatre.com.au%2Fmagazine%2Fposts%2F2015%2Fnovember%2Ffeature-mike-bartlett-kciii%3Ffptd_mode%3Dvalidation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoppard-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stoppard_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStopppard1967" class="citation book cs1">Stopppard, Tom (1967). <i>Rosencrantz and Guildentern Are Dead</i>. Faber and Faber. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-08182-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-08182-7"><bdi>0-571-08182-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rosencrantz+and+Guildentern+Are+Dead&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-571-08182-7&rft.aulast=Stopppard&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Hamlet,_Prince_of_Denmark/Act_2" class="extiw" title="s:The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark/Act 2">The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark/Act 2</a></i>, (Act II, Sc.2, line 609)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Season 6, Episode 22: <a href="/wiki/Muse_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)" title="Muse (Star Trek: Voyager)">"Muse", <i>(Star Trek: Voyager)</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habib-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Habib_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHabib2005" class="citation book cs1">Habib, M.A.R. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofliterar0000habi"><i>A History of Literary Criticism and Theory</i></a></span>. MA, USA; Oxford, UK; Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23200-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23200-1"><bdi>978-0-631-23200-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Literary+Criticism+and+Theory&rft.place=MA%2C+USA%3B+Oxford%2C+UK%3B+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23200-1&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=M.A.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofliterar0000habi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayne-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayne_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaudelaire1965" class="citation book cs1">Baudelaire, Charles (1965). "The Salon of 1845". In Mayne, Jonathan (ed.). <i>Baudelaire – Art in Paris 1845–1862: Reviews of Salons and other exhibitions</i>. Translated by Mayne, Jonathan. London: Phaidon Press. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Salon+of+1845&rft.btitle=Baudelaire+%E2%80%93+Art+in+Paris+1845%E2%80%931862%3A+Reviews+of+Salons+and+other+exhibitions&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Baudelaire&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarner2012" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Beverley Ellison (2012). <i>Famous Introductions to Shakespeare's Plays by the Notable Editors of the Eighteenth Century (1906)</i>. HardPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1290807081" title="Special:BookSources/978-1290807081"><bdi>978-1290807081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Introductions+to+Shakespeare%27s+Plays+by+the+Notable+Editors+of+the+Eighteenth+Century+%281906%29&rft.pub=HardPress&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1290807081&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Beverley+Ellison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wordnetprinceton-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wordnetprinceton_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Historian">"Historian"</a>. Wordnetweb.princeton.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historian&rft.pub=Wordnetweb.princeton.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordnetweb.princeton.edu%2Fperl%2Fwebwn%3Fs%3DHistorian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Grafton and Robert B. Townsend, "The Parlous Paths of the Profession" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historians.org/Perspectives/issues/2008/0810/0810pro1.cfm"><i>Perspectives on History</i> (Sept. 2008) online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinert-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weinert_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinert2009" class="citation book cs1">Weinert, Friedel (2009). <i>Copernicus, Darwin and Freud: Revolutions in the History and Philosophy of Science</i>. Malden, Massachusetts, USA; Oxford UK: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8184-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-8184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copernicus%2C+Darwin+and+Freud%3A+Revolutions+in+the+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA%3B+Oxford+UK&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8184-6&rft.aulast=Weinert&rft.aufirst=Friedel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gopnik-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gopnik_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGopnik2007" class="citation book cs1">Gopnik, Adam (2007). <i>"Introduction" to the English translation of "Le Grand Meaulnes"</i>. London: Penguin Books. p. vii–viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141441894" title="Special:BookSources/9780141441894"><bdi>9780141441894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Introduction%22+to+the+English+translation+of+%22Le+Grand+Meaulnes%22&rft.place=London&rft.pages=vii-viii&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780141441894&rft.aulast=Gopnik&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDessaix1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dessaix" title="Robert Dessaix">Dessaix, Robert</a> (1998). <i>"Dandenongs Gothic: On Translation" in (and so forth)</i>. Sydney: Pan MacMillan Australia Ltd. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7329-0943-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7329-0943-0"><bdi>0-7329-0943-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Dandenongs+Gothic%3A+On+Translation%22+in+%28and+so+forth%29&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Pan+MacMillan+Australia+Ltd&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7329-0943-0&rft.aulast=Dessaix&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rettburg-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rettburg_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rettburg_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRettberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Rettberg, Jill Walker (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blogging0000rett/page/42"><i>Blogging</i></a>. Cambridge UK; Malden, Massachusetts USA: Polity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blogging0000rett/page/42">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4133-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4133-1"><bdi>978-0-7456-4133-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blogging&rft.place=Cambridge+UK%3B+Malden%2C+Massachusetts+USA&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-4133-1&rft.aulast=Rettberg&rft.aufirst=Jill+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblogging0000rett%2Fpage%2F42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakewell-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bakewell_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakewell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bakewell, Sarah (12 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2010/11/12/what-bloggers-owe-montaigne/">"What Bloggers Owe Montaigne"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=What+Bloggers+Owe+Montaigne&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft.aulast=Bakewell&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Fblog%2F2010%2F11%2F12%2Fwhat-bloggers-owe-montaigne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker_and_de_Brito-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barker_and_de_Brito_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barker and de Brito, controversially lamenting the preference for looks over experience in televised journalism. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Barker2013" class="citation news cs1">Geoffrey Barker (2 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/comment/switch-off-the-tv-babes-for-some-real-news-20130501-2it0o.html">"Switch off the TV babes for some real news"</a>. <i>The Age</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Switch+off+the+TV+babes+for+some+real+news&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft.au=Geoffrey+Barker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fcomment%2Fswitch-off-the-tv-babes-for-some-real-news-20130501-2it0o.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSam_de_Brito2013" class="citation news cs1">Sam de Brito (2 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/executive-style/culture/blogs/all-men-are-liars/realitys-bite-worse-than-barker-20130502-2ivq8.html">"Reality's bite worse than Barker"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Reality%27s+bite+worse+than+Barker&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft.au=Sam+de+Brito&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fexecutive-style%2Fculture%2Fblogs%2Fall-men-are-liars%2Frealitys-bite-worse-than-barker-20130502-2ivq8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For text see <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letters_of_Ab%C3%A9lard_and_H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse" class="extiw" title="s:Letters of Abélard and Héloïse">Letters of Abélard and Héloïse</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteven_R._Cartwright2013" class="citation book cs1">Steven R. Cartwright, ed. (2013). <i>A Companion to St. Paul in the Middle Ages</i>. Leiden The Netherlands: Koninklijke, Brill, NV. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23672-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23672-1"><bdi>978-90-04-23672-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+St.+Paul+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leiden+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Koninklijke%2C+Brill%2C+NV&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23672-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_S._Babcock1990" class="citation book cs1">William S. Babcock, ed. (1990). <i>Paul and the Legacies of Paul</i>. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+and+the+Legacies+of+Paul&rft.place=Dallas&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrachey1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lytton_Strachey" title="Lytton Strachey">Strachey, Lytton</a> (1918). "Florence Nightingale – 3". <a href="/wiki/Eminent_Victorians" title="Eminent Victorians"><i>Eminent Victorians</i></a> (1981 ed.). Penguin Modern Classics. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eminentvictorian00stra_0/page/142">142–3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-000649-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-000649-4"><bdi>0-14-000649-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Florence+Nightingale+%E2%80%93+3&rft.btitle=Eminent+Victorians&rft.pages=142-3&rft.edition=1981&rft.pub=Penguin+Modern+Classics&rft.date=1918&rft.isbn=0-14-000649-4&rft.aulast=Strachey&rft.aufirst=Lytton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNightingale" class="citation book cs1">Nightingale, Florence. <i>Notes on matters affecting the health, efficiency, and hospital administration of the British army : founded chiefly on the experience of the late war</i>. London : Harrison and Sons, 1858. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7660327">7660327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+matters+affecting+the+health%2C+efficiency%2C+and+hospital+administration+of+the+British+army+%3A+founded+chiefly+on+the+experience+of+the+late+war&rft.pub=London+%3A+Harrison+and+Sons%2C+1858&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7660327&rft.aulast=Nightingale&rft.aufirst=Florence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark1969" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Kenneth (1969). <i>Civilisation</i>. London: Penguin Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-016589-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-016589-4"><bdi>0-14-016589-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilisation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-14-016589-4&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Older-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Older_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlder" class="citation news cs1">Older, Daniel José. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sevenscribes.com/writing-begins-with-forgiveness-why-one-of-the-most-common-pieces-of-writing-advice-is-wrong/">"Writing Begins With Forgiveness: Why One of the Most Common Pieces of Writing Advice Is Wrong"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Writing+Begins+With+Forgiveness%3A+Why+One+of+the+Most+Common+Pieces+of+Writing+Advice+Is+Wrong&rft.aulast=Older&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsevenscribes.com%2Fwriting-begins-with-forgiveness-why-one-of-the-most-common-pieces-of-writing-advice-is-wrong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryson1990" class="citation book cs1">Bryson, Bill (1990). <i>Mother Tongue – The English Language</i>. Penguin Books. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014305-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014305-8"><bdi>978-0-14-014305-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+Tongue+%E2%80%93+The+English+Language&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014305-8&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliot, Charles William, Ed. "Introductory Note" in <i>The Harvard Classics</i>, Vol. XXV, Part 3. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson1957" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Angus (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4848/the-art-of-fiction-no-20-angus-wilson">"Interview with Angus Wilson"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i> (Autumn-Winter No.17)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Angus+Wilson&rft.issue=Autumn-Winter+No.17&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F4848%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-20-angus-wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plate caption to an image of a much-corrected page of <a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a> in the Bibliothèque Municipale de Rouen. In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2006" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Frederick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flaubertbiograph00brow"><i>Flaubert: a biography</i></a>. New York: Little, Brown and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316118781" title="Special:BookSources/9780316118781"><bdi>9780316118781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flaubert%3A+a+biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780316118781&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflaubertbiograph00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHughes1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Hughes" title="Ted Hughes">Hughes</a>, Ted (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/1669/the-art-of-poetry-no-71-ted-hughes">"Ted Hughes: The Art of Poetry No. 71"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i>. Spring (134)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Ted+Hughes%3A+The+Art+of+Poetry+No.+71&rft.volume=Spring&rft.issue=134&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F1669%2Fthe-art-of-poetry-no-71-ted-hughes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolson2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolson2_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicolson2011" class="citation book cs1">Nicolson, Adam (2011). <i>When God Spoke English: The Making of the King James Bible</i>. London: Harper Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-743100-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-743100-7"><bdi>978-0-00-743100-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+God+Spoke+English%3A+The+Making+of+the+King+James+Bible&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-00-743100-7&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span>(p.240, 243)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tan-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tan_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTan2012" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Shaun (2012). <i>The Oopsatoreum</i>. Sydney: Powerhouse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781863171441" title="Special:BookSources/9781863171441"><bdi>9781863171441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oopsatoreum&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Powerhouse+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781863171441&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowthorne-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crowthorne_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinchester1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Winchester" title="Simon Winchester">Winchester, Simon</a> (1998). <a href="/wiki/The_Surgeon_of_Crowthorne:_a_tale_of_murder,_madness_and_the_love_of_words" class="mw-redirect" title="The Surgeon of Crowthorne: a tale of murder, madness and the love of words"><i>The Surgeon of Crowthorne: a tale of murder, madness and the love of words</i></a>. London: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670878626" title="Special:BookSources/0670878626"><bdi>0670878626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Surgeon+of+Crowthorne%3A+a+tale+of+murder%2C+madness+and+the+love+of+words&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0670878626&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grossman-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grossman_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Grossman, Lev (16 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210120348/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1570732%2C00.html">"Simon Pulsifer: The Duke of Data"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570732,00.html">the original</a> on 10 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Simon+Pulsifer%3A+The+Duke+of+Data&rft.date=2006-12-16&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Lev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1570732%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Styron-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Styron_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Matthiessen,_George_Plimpton1954" class="citation journal cs1">Peter Matthiessen, George Plimpton (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5114/the-art-of-fiction-no-5-william-styron">"William Styron, The Art of Fiction No. 5"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i> (Spring)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=William+Styron%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+5&rft.issue=Spring&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Peter+Matthiessen%2C+George+Plimpton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F5114%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-5-william-styron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sullivan-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2014" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Jane (27 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/jk-rowling-on-turning-failure-into-success-20141219-129vm6.html">"JK Rowling on turning failure into success"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=JK+Rowling+on+turning+failure+into+success&rft.date=2014-12-27&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Fjk-rowling-on-turning-failure-into-success-20141219-129vm6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maugham-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maugham_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaugham1999" class="citation book cs1">Maugham, Somerset (1999). "2". <i>The Moon and Sixpence</i>. Vintage. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099284765" title="Special:BookSources/9780099284765"><bdi>9780099284765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=The+Moon+and+Sixpence&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780099284765&rft.aulast=Maugham&rft.aufirst=Somerset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fry-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fry_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFry2007" class="citation book cs1">Fry, Stephen (2007). <i>The Ode Less Travelled – Unlocking the Poet Within</i>. Arrow Books. pp. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-950934-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-950934-9"><bdi>978-0-09-950934-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ode+Less+Travelled+%E2%80%93+Unlocking+the+Poet+Within&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-09-950934-9&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nash-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nash_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nash, Ogden, "Song of the Open Road", <i>The Face Is Familiar</i> (Garden City Publishing, 1941), p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=1445091&pageno=50">"Rostand, <i>Cyrano de Bergerac</i>: Act II, Scene 2, (3)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rostand%2C+Cyrano+de+Bergerac%3A+Act+II%2C+Scene+2%2C+%283%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcatalog%2Fworld%2Freadfile%3Ffk_files%3D1445091%26pageno%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore1974" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Katherine (1974). <i>Victorian Wives</i>. London, New York: Allison & Busby. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85031-634-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85031-634-0"><bdi>0-85031-634-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Wives&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Allison+%26+Busby&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-85031-634-0&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forster-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forster_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in the introduction to the author in the 1962 edition of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFE.M._Forster1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E.M. Forster</a> (1927). <a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_the_Novel" title="Aspects of the Novel"><i>Aspects of the Novel</i></a>. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+the+Novel&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1927&rft.au=E.M.+Forster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacLeod-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacLeod_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacLeod_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacLeod_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR.G._Tanner2000" class="citation book cs1">R.G. Tanner (2000). "Aristotle's Works: The Possible Origins of the Alexandria Collection". In Roy MacLeod (ed.). <i>The Library of Alexandria</i>. Cairo, Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-710-8" title="Special:BookSources/977-424-710-8"><bdi>977-424-710-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aristotle%27s+Works%3A+The+Possible+Origins+of+the+Alexandria+Collection&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+Alexandria&rft.place=Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=977-424-710-8&rft.au=R.G.+Tanner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowis-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dowis_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowis2000" class="citation book cs1">Dowis, Richard (2000). <i>The Lost Art of the Great Speech: How to Write One : How to Deliver It</i>. New York: AMA publications. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8144-7054-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8144-7054-8"><bdi>0-8144-7054-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Art+of+the+Great+Speech%3A+How+to+Write+One+%3A+How+to+Deliver+It&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=AMA+publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8144-7054-8&rft.aulast=Dowis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2010" class="citation book cs1">Anonymous (2010). <i>Japan As Seen and Described by Famous Writers (published pre-1923)</i>. BiblioLife. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781142479084" title="Special:BookSources/9781142479084"><bdi>9781142479084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+As+Seen+and+Described+by+Famous+Writers+%28published+pre-1923%29&rft.pub=BiblioLife&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781142479084&rft.au=Anonymous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chawton.org/">"Chawton House Library | Home to early English women's writing"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chawton+House+Library+%7C+Home+to+early+English+women%27s+writing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chawton.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonardo-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leonardo_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>"Leonardo's Manuscripts" in Leonardo de Vinci</i> (Authoritative work, published in Italy by Istituto Geografico De Agostini, in conjunction with exhibition of Leonardo's work in Milan in 1938 (re-edited English translation) ed.). New York: Reynal and Company, in association with William Morris and Company. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Leonardo%27s+Manuscripts%22+in+Leonardo+de+Vinci&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=157&rft.edition=Authoritative+work%2C+published+in+Italy+by+Istituto+Geografico+De+Agostini%2C+in+conjunction+with+exhibition+of+Leonardo%27s+work+in+Milan+in+1938+%28re-edited+English+translation%29&rft.pub=Reynal+and+Company%2C+in+association+with+William+Morris+and+Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_&_Wilson-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_&_Wilson_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilsonDamon_Wilson2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Colin; Damon Wilson (2011). <i>Scandal!: An Explosive Exposé of the Affairs, Corruption and Power Struggles of the Rich and Famous</i>. Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandal%21%3A+An+Explosive+Expos%C3%A9+of+the+Affairs%2C+Corruption+and+Power+Struggles+of+the+Rich+and+Famous&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Damon+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-crisis-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-crisis_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25546389">"Egypt crisis: Al-Jazeera journalists arrested in Cairo"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 30 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt+crisis%3A+Al-Jazeera+journalists+arrested+in+Cairo&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-25546389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battles-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Battles_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBattles2003" class="citation book cs1">Battles, Matthew (2003). <i>Library – An Unquiet History</i>. London: William Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-00887-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-434-00887-7"><bdi>0-434-00887-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Library+%E2%80%93+An+Unquiet+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-434-00887-7&rft.aulast=Battles&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWriter" class="Z3988"></span>p40</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Writers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Writers">Writers</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letters_of_Ab%C3%A9lard_and_H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse" class="extiw" title="s:Letters of Abélard and Héloïse">Letters of Abélard and Héloïse</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Disputation_of_Doctor_Martin_Luther_on_the_Power_and_Efficacy_of_Indulgences" class="extiw" title="s:Disputation of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences">Luther's Ninety-Five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hamlet" class="extiw" title="s:Hamlet">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" class="extiw" title="s:Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" class="extiw" title="s:A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Books" class="extiw" title="s:The Battle of the Books">The Battle of the Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence" class="extiw" title="s:Songs of Innocence">Songs of Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Songs_of_Experience" class="extiw" title="s:Songs of Experience">Songs of Experience</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="s:The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poems,_now_first_collected/Byron" class="extiw" title="s:Poems, now first collected/Byron">Poems</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/J%27accuse...!" class="extiw" title="s:J'accuse...!">J'accuse...!</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:E._M._Forster" class="extiw" title="s:Author:E. M. Forster">Author:E. M. Forster</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Description" title="Description">Description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">Writer's block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Techniques</a> / devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">Linguistic contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(literary)" title="Contrast (literary)">Literary contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">Idiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_process" title="Writing process">Writing process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prewriting" title="Prewriting">Prewriting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(composition)" title="Assemblage (composition)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">Pastiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Writing style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Writer's voice">Writer's voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Grammatical mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_modes" title="Rhetorical modes">Rhetorical modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistics" title="Stylistics">Stylistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative nonfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Screenplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beyond the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">Articulation (sociological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_writing" title="Technical writing">Technical writing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Television_production117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TV_production" title="Template:TV production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TV_production" title="Template talk:TV production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TV_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TV production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Television_production117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">Television production</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main / general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">Audience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">History of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_crew" title="Television crew">Television crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_apparatus_room" title="Central apparatus room">Central apparatus room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changing_room" title="Changing room">Changing room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_control" title="Master control">Master control room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operations_center" title="Network operations center">Network operations center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_control_room" title="Production control room">Production control room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_(theatre)" title="Stage (theatre)">Stage (theatre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_control_room" title="Transmission control room">Transmission control room</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Profiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">Celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_host" class="mw-redirect" title="Television host">Host</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_commentator" title="Sports commentator">Sports commentator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_director" title="News director">News director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showrunner" title="Showrunner">Showrunner</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casting_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting director">Casting director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">Costume designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_director" title="Television director">TV director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_director" title="Assistant director">Assistant director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_manager" title="Location manager">Location manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Researcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Researcher">Researcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Set designer">Set designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_producer" title="Television producer">TV producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_program_creator" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program creator">Television program creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_producer" title="Executive producer">Executive producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_producer" title="Line producer">Line producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_production_manager" title="Unit production manager">Production manager</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_writer" title="Head writer">Head writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">Screenwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_editor" title="Script editor">Script editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_editor" title="Story editor">Story editor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_operator_(media)" title="Boom operator (media)">Boom operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_operator" title="Camera operator">Camera operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">Cinematographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Videographer">Videographer</a></li> <li>Character generator (CG) <a href="/wiki/Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_floor_manager" title="Studio floor manager">Studio floor manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_coordinator" title="Graphics coordinator">Graphics coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage manager">Stage manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaffer_(motion_picture_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaffer (motion picture industry)">gaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grip_(job)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grip (job)">grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_grip" title="Key grip">Key grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_grip" title="Dolly grip">Dolly grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_production_manager" title="Unit production manager">Unit production manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_assistant" title="Production assistant">Production assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofer" title="Gofer">Gofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_coordinator" title="Stunt coordinator">Stunt coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_director" title="Technical director">Technical director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_director" title="Television director">Television director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_director#Television" title="Technical director">Technical director</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_editor_(filmmaking)" title="Sound editor (filmmaking)">Sound editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foley_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Foley artist">Foley artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_grading" title="Color grading">Colorist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicist" title="Publicist">Publicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VFX" class="mw-redirect" title="VFX">Visual effects artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Types, formats<br />and genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_pageant" title="Beauty pageant">Beauty pageant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">Broadcasting of sports events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_commercial" class="mw-redirect" title="TV commercial">TV commercials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_television" title="Event television">Event television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_show" title="Game show">Game show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">Live television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">Variety show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_crime_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Police crime drama">Police crime drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">Reality television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">Television film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_special" title="Television special">Television special</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Series6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Animated series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-run_series" title="Limited-run series">Limited-run series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">Miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_drama" title="Procedural drama">Procedural drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)" title="Serial (radio and television)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">Soap opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_show" title="Talk show">Talk show</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late-night_talk_show" title="Late-night talk show">Late-night talk show</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_news" title="Breaking news">Breaking news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_show" title="Debate show">Debate show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Political commentary">Political commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic reports">Traffic reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather forecasts">Weather forecasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Valuation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audience_measurement" title="Audience measurement">Audience measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_awards" title="List of television awards">List of television awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_content_rating_system" title="Television content rating system">Television content rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_criticism" title="Television criticism">Television criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_reference_monitor" title="Broadcast reference monitor">Broadcast reference monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_generator" title="Character generator">Character generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-camera_setup" title="Multiple-camera setup">Multiple-camera setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_truck" title="Production truck">Production truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_video_camera" title="Professional video camera">Professional video camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Stage lighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_console" title="Lighting control console">Lighting control console</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_mixer" title="Vision mixer">Vision mixer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media 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