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If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{pp-move}} {{good article}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2019}} {{Events by month|2001}} {{About year|2001}} {{Year nav|2001}} {{C21 year in topic}} {{Year article header|2001}} The year's most prominent event was the [[September 11 attacks]] against the United States by [[al-Qaeda]], which [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|killed 2,977 people]] and instigated the global [[war on terror]]. The United States led a [[Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom|multi-national coalition]] in an [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|invasion of Afghanistan]] after the [[Taliban]] government was unable to extradite Al-Qaeda leader [[Osama bin Laden]] within 24 hours. Other international conflicts in 2001 were the [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|standoff]] between India and Pakistan as well as the [[Second Intifada]] between Israel and Palestine. Internal conflicts began [[2001 insurgency in Macedonia|in Macedonia]], [[2001 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt|in the Central African Republic]], and [[RFDG Insurgency|in Guinea]]. Political challenges or violent conflicts caused changes in leadership in Argentina, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, Nepal, and the Philippines. 2001 was the second hottest year on record at the time, which was amplified by the end of a years-long [[La Niña]]. The Atlantic and Pacific tropical storm seasons were both more active than usual. The deadly [[Bhuj Earthquake]] took place in [[Gujarat]] on January 26, while the strongest earthquake in 36 years [[2001 southern Peru earthquake|took place in Peru]] on June 23. A potential health crisis occurred when [[2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak|a major outbreak]] of [[foot-and-mouth disease]] spread among British livestock, bringing about the deaths of millions of animals. Four [[hominid]] species were described or proposed, and several major archaeological finds took place, including a set of [[terracotta]] citizens near the [[Terracotta Army]]. The [[pygmy three-toed sloth]] was also first [[Species description|described]] in 2001. The year had the fewest successful orbital spaceflights since 1963, with eight crewed missions. Successes in space exploration included the landing of ''[[NEAR Shoemaker]]'' on an asteroid and the arrival of ''[[2001 Mars Odyssey]]'' on Mars. Politics and religion in the final months of 2001 focused intently on the [[Muslim world]] and [[Islamic terrorism]] after the September 11 attacks. The [[Catholic Church]] was active in 2001, as [[Pope John Paul II]] went on several goodwill trips to meet with non-Catholic religious groups and investigations of [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse cases]] among the church's priests began. Former [[President of Serbia and Montenegro|Yugoslav president]] [[Slobodan Milošević]] was arrested and became the first head of state to be charged with [[crimes against humanity]] by an international body. The [[27th G8 summit]] took place in [[Genoa]] and was met by 200,000 protestors, where [[Death of Carlo Giuliani|one was killed]]. 2001 took place during a [[Early 2000s recession|minor recession]] among developed and developing nations, with only middle income nations avoiding an economic downturn. The recession saw economic crises take place [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|in Argentina]] and [[2001 Turkish economic crisis|in Turkey]]. American energy company [[Enron]] and the European airlines [[Sabena]] and [[Swissair]] all ended operations in 2001. Popular culture in 2001 saw the beginnings of the [[Harry Potter (film series)|''Harry Potter'']] and [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'']] film franchises, the development of the [[iPod]] and [[iTunes]] for music, and the release of [[Sixth generation of video game consoles|three major video game systems]]. The year also saw the release of [[Mac OS X]] and [[Windows XP]], as well as the launch of [[Wikipedia]]. {{TOC limit|2}} == Demographics == The [[world population]] on January 1, 2001, was estimated to be 6.190&nbsp;billion people and increased to 6.272&nbsp;billion people by January 1, 2002.<ref name="UN Pop Prospects-2022">{{Cite report |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |title=World Population Prospects 2022 |date=2022 |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |access-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An estimated 133.9&nbsp;million births and 52.1&nbsp;million deaths took place in 2001.<ref name="UN Pop Prospects-2022" /> The average global [[life expectancy]] was 66.8 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2000.<ref name="UN Pop Prospects-2022" /> The rate of [[child mortality]] was 7.32%, a decrease of 0.26[[Percentage point|pp]] from 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roser |first1=Max |author1-link=Max Roser |last2=Ritchie |first2=Hannah |author2-link=Hannah Ritchie |last3=Dadonaite |first3=Bernadeta |title=Child and Infant Mortality |url=https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality |journal=Our World in Data |date=May 10, 2013 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-date=December 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216051011/https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality |url-status=live }}</ref> 28.25% of people were living in [[extreme poverty]], a decrease of 0.88pp from 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hasell |first1=Joe |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Ortiz-Ospina |first3=Esteban |last4=Arrigada |first4=Pablo |title=Poverty |url=https://ourworldindata.org/poverty |journal=Our World in Data |date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128215030/https://ourworldindata.org/poverty |url-status=live }}</ref> There were approximately 12&nbsp;million global refugees in 2001. 500,000 were settled over the course of the year, but about the same number of people were displaced in other locations, causing the number of refugees to remain largely unchanged. The largest sources of refugees were from Afghanistan and Macedonia. The number of [[internally displaced person]]s decreased from 21.8&nbsp;million to 19.8&nbsp;million in 2001, with the most affected areas being Afghanistan, Colombia, and Liberia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=del Mundo |first=Fernando |date=2002-06-18 |title=2001 global refugee statistics |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2002/6/3d0f6dcb5/2001-global-refugee-statistics.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=UNHCR |language=en |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207193756/https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2002/6/3d0f6dcb5/2001-global-refugee-statistics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == Conflicts == {{Main category|Conflicts in 2001}} There were 34 active armed conflicts in 28 countries in 2001, the total numbers remaining unchanged from 2000. The majority of these conflicts took place in Africa and Asia: 14 occurred in Africa and 13 occurred in Asia.<ref name=":1" /> 15 were classified as "major armed conflicts"{{Efn|SIPRI defines a major armed conflict as "the use of armed force between two or more organized armed groups, resulting in the battle-related deaths of at least 1000 people in any single calendar year and in which the incompatibility concerns control of government, territory or communal identity".}} by the [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Seybolt |first=Taylor B. |title=SIPRI Yearbook 2002: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |year=2002 |isbn=9780199251766 |pages=21–62 |language=en |chapter=Major armed conflicts |chapter-url=https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2002/01 |access-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906013004/https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2002/01 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|page=21}} Four new armed conflicts emerged in 2001: the [[2001 insurgency in Macedonia|insurgency in Macedonia]], the [[2001 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt|attempted coup in the Central African Republic]], the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan]], and the entry of Sierra Leone's [[Revolutionary United Front]] into the [[RFDG Insurgency]] in Guinea.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Gleditsch |first1=Nils Petter |last2=Wallensteen |first2=Peter |last3=Eriksson |first3=Mikael |last4=Sollenberg |first4=Margareta |last5=Strand |first5=Håvard |date=2002 |title=Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset |journal=Journal of Peace Research |language=en |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=615–637 |doi=10.1177/0022343302039005007 |issn=0022-3433 |s2cid=109206821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] was the only conflict that ended in 2001.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=21}} === Internal conflicts === {{Image frame|content=[[File:Visit of Laurent Désiré Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of Congo, to the EC (cropped2).jpg|179px]] [[File:Pierre Buyoya and Ange-Félix Patassé collage.png|100px]]|width=283|align=right|caption=DRC President [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] (left) was assassinated on January 16. Burundi President [[Pierre Buyoya]] (top) and CAR President [[Ange-Félix Patassé]] both faced coup attempts.}}The [[Second Congo War]] continued with the [[Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila|assassination]] of President [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] on January 16.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=29}} The 1999 ceasefire was mostly respected by the government and the various rebel groups, and United Nations ceasefire monitors established a presence throughout the year.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=30}} The [[Algerian Civil War]], the [[Angolan Civil War]], and the [[Burundian Civil War]] all saw continued fighting between governments and rebels in Africa.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=24–29}} The latter began the peace process through a provisional government on November 1.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=27}} The [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] between the ruling [[National Islamic Front]] and various other groups escalated in 2001.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=37}} This included a sub-conflict, the [[War of the Peters]], which continued into 2001 until a ceasefire was negotiated in August.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WQkACoP3FkC |title=Sudan, Oil, and Human Rights |last=Rone |first=Jemera |date=2003 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=77 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002193114/https://books.google.com/books?id=3WQkACoP3FkC |url-status=live }}</ref> Two failed coup attempts took place in 2001: a group of junior officers sought to overthrow President [[Pierre Buyoya]] in Burundi while he was out of the country on April 18,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Chin |first1=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyScEAAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Modern Coups D'état |last2=Wright |first2=Joseph |last3=Carter |first3=David B. |date=2022-12-13 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-2068-2 |language=en |access-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929025204/https://books.google.com/books?id=WyScEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|page=218}} and [[André Kolingba]], a former president of the Central African Republic, led a military coup against his successor [[Ange-Félix Patassé]] on May 28, causing several days of violence.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=249}} Several conflicts continued in Indonesia, though the [[insurgency in Aceh]] between the Indonesian government and the [[Free Aceh Movement]] was the only one to see widespread violence in 2001, as the war significantly escalated after the end of a ceasefire and breakdown of peace talks.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=46–47}} The [[New People's Army rebellion]] saw two ceasefires between the Philippine government and the [[New People's Army]], separated by a brief surge of heavy fighting after the assassination of a member of parliament. A ceasefire was also established with the nation's other insurgent group, the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=49}} In Myanmar, the [[Karen conflict]] continued, and the [[Internal conflict in Myanmar#Shan State|insurgency of the Shan State]] resumed hostilities after a temporary peace in 1999.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Tamil Tigers]] declared a ceasefire and requested peace talks during the [[Eelam War III]] in Sri Lanka,<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=50}} but hostilities resumed on April 25, and the Tamil Tigers launched several suicide attacks in July, including the [[Bandaranaike Airport attack]].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=51}} The [[Nepalese Civil War]] also saw increased hostilities in 2001.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:JuniAracinovo2001.jpg|thumb|Macedonian soldiers during the [[Battle of Aračinovo]]]] The only major conflict in Europe was the [[Second Chechen War]] between the Russian government and the separatist [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]]. Russian forces controlled the republic's population centers, but Chechen forces continued to use [[guerrilla warfare]].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=53}} Macedonia saw a smaller scale conflict between the Macedonian government and the [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|National Liberation Army]] (NLA), which sought reform for the status of Albanian people in Macedonia.<ref name="Marusic-2021">{{Cite web |last=Marusic |first=Sinisa Jakov |date=2021-01-22 |title=20 Years On, Armed Conflict's Legacy Endures in North Macedonia |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/22/20-years-on-armed-conflicts-legacy-endures-in-north-macedonia/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Balkan Insight |language=en-US |archive-date=November 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127025258/https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/22/20-years-on-armed-conflicts-legacy-endures-in-north-macedonia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Operation Essential Harvest|deployment of NATO peacekeeping forces]] to Macedonia was authorized on August 21.<ref name="NATO-2001" /> Yugoslavia similarly saw [[insurgency in the Preševo Valley|an insurgency]] by Albanian rebels, but the conflict did not escalate.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=53}} The only major conflict in South America was the [[Colombian conflict]] between the Colombian government and various far-left and far-right groups.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=58}} The [[United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia]] expanded into Ecuador in 2001 and carried out attacks on Ecuadorian citizens.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=60}} === International conflicts === The [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff]] was the only conflict between two national governments in 2001.<ref name=":1" /> The territorial dispute over the region of [[Kashmir]] consisted primarily of small scale attacks by militant groups until two attacks on Indian legislature buildings: one [[2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing|in October]] and one [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|in December]]. The latter provoked a major escalation of troop deployments with preparations for a major war.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=46}} The [[Second Intifada]] continued from the previous year between Israel and Palestine.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=55}} The conflict escalated into an undeclared war in which Palestinian militants targeted Israeli civilians with weapons and suicide bombers with the Israeli military responding with fighter jets and missile strikes against Palestinians.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=279}} Every ceasefire ended within a day of its establishment.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=56}} ==== September 11 attacks and invasion of Afghanistan ==== {{Main|September 11 attacks|United States invasion of Afghanistan}} [[File:Explosion following the plane impact into the South Tower (WTC 2) - B6019~11.jpg|thumb|The [[September 11 attacks]] were a defining event of the year 2001.]] The September 11 attacks were carried out by [[Al-Qaeda]] when 19 terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes and crashed two of them into the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]], one into [[the Pentagon]], and one near [[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania]]. 2,977 people were killed;<ref name="Nadeem-2021">{{Cite web |last=Nadeem |first=Reem |date=2021-09-02 |title=Two Decades Later, the Enduring Legacy of 9/11 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/09/02/two-decades-later-the-enduring-legacy-of-9-11/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy |language=en-US |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124003208/https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/09/02/two-decades-later-the-enduring-legacy-of-9-11/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="UN OCT-2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-20 |title=The United Nations pays tribute to the victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks at the 9/11 Memorial in New York |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/events/un-pays-tribute-to-victims-911-terrorist-attacks |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118013139/https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/events/un-pays-tribute-to-victims-911-terrorist-attacks |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNN-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013-07-27 |title=September 11 Terror Attacks Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/27/us/september-11-anniversary-fast-facts/index.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=June 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603190712/https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/27/us/september-11-anniversary-fast-facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the attacks and the subsequent [[global war on terror]] are widely recognized as events that defined 2001.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=1}}<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=8}} This was internationally recognized as an armed attack against the United States under the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN charter]], and [[NATO]] invoked [[Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty]] for the first time in its history.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=491}} The [[Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)|Afghan Civil War]] between the ''de jure'' [[Northern Alliance]] government and the ''de facto'' [[Taliban]] government continued from previous years.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=39}} When the Taliban refused to extradite Al-Qaeda leader [[Osama bin Laden]], the United States led a [[Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom|multi-national coalition]] in an invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=41}} The American-led coalition and the Northern Alliance captured Afghan cities until the Taliban [[Fall of Kandahar|surrendered]] to the Northern Alliance in [[Kandahar]] on December 6.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=42}} The American-led coalition [[Battle of Tora Bora|attacked]] the Al-Qaeda headquarters in [[Tora Bora]] in December, but Al-Qaeda's leadership had gone into hiding. An interim government of Afghanistan led by&nbsp;[[Hamid Karzai]] was formed on December 22.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=42–43}} == Culture == === Architecture === {{Main|2001 in architecture}} [[File:The Leaning Tower of Pisa SB.jpeg|thumb|upright|The [[Leaning Tower of Pisa]] reopened in 2001.]] New buildings constructed or opened in 2001 include the [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]] in [[Alexandria]],<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=163}} the [[Sendai Mediatheque]] in [[Sendai]], the [[DG Bank building]] in [[Berlin]], and [[Aurora Place]] in [[Sydney]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=164}} Museums that opened in 2001 include the [[Jewish Museum Berlin]] designed by [[Daniel Libeskind]], the [[National Museum of Australia]] designed by [[Howard Raggatt]] in [[Canberra]], the [[Changi Chapel and Museum]] in Singapore, the [[Neue Galerie New York]], and the [[Apartheid Museum]] in [[Johannesburg]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=233}} Prominent renovations made in 2001 include the [[Queen Elizabeth II Great Court]] in the [[British Museum]]<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=163}} and the entrance wing of the [[Milwaukee Art Museum]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=164}} Preservation efforts were also completed on the [[Leaning Tower of Pisa]], and it reopened to the public on December 15 after 12 years of reconstruction.<ref name="auto21">{{Cite web |date=2001-12-15 |title=Less leaning tower of Pisa reopens |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/12/15/pisa.tower/ |website=CNN |access-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061313/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/12/15/pisa.tower/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Damaged and destroyed buildings included the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] buildings which were destroyed in the September 11 attacks,<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=527}} and the Biblioteca Gallardo in El Salvador, which was destroyed in an earthquake.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=232}} === Art === {{Main|2001 in art}} The [[49th Venice Biennale]] shifted from traditional paintings and sculptures, giving an increased focus to film and architectural sculpture.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=525}}<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=167}} ''[[Avant-garde]]'' works of art sold well, with the highest earning being [[Gerhard Richter]]'s painting of candles, which sold for US$5.4 million.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=525}} A decline in the fashion industry was exacerbated by the September 11 attacks; styles with military or otherwise violent iconography were phased out.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|pages=219–220}} Improvements in [[inkjet printing]] made high resolution photography more practical. Japanese photographer [[Hiroshi Sugimoto]] exhibited his photographs of wax statues of historical figures to provoke questions about the nature of artistic depiction.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=171}} Several iconic works of [[photojournalism]] were produced during the September 11 attacks, including ''[[The Falling Man]]'' and ''[[Raising the Flag at Ground Zero]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almond |first=Kyle |date=2021-09-10 |title=The 9/11 photos we will never forget |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/09/us/9-11-photos-cnnphotos/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=CNN |archive-date=September 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913054920/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/09/us/9-11-photos-cnnphotos/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fritz Koenig]]'s ''[[The Sphere|Sphere]]'' was the only artwork to be recovered from the site, and the sculpture continued to be displayed in its damaged form as a memorial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackemore |first=Erin |title=The World Trade Center's Only Surviving Art Heads Home |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/world-trade-centers-only-surviving-art-headed-back-home-180959910/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208020202/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/world-trade-centers-only-surviving-art-headed-back-home-180959910/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The most popular exhibition at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York City was artwork depicting [[Jacqueline Kennedy]]'s time as [[first lady of the United States]], followed an exhibition of works by [[Johannes Vermeer]] and the [[Delft School (painting)|Delft School]]. Both exhibitions were seen by over 500,000 visitors.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=525}} New art galleries and museums opened in Tokyo,<ref>{{cite book | last = Miyazaki | first = Hayao | author-link = Hayao Miyazaki |author2=Isao Takahata | title = Starting Point 1979–1996 | publisher = Viz Media | year = 2009 | pages = 446–447 | isbn = 978-1-4215-0594-7}}</ref> Vienna<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leopoldmuseum.org/en/collection|title=Collection|website=Leopold Museum|access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> and New York.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|title=A Face-Lift on Fifth|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/12/03/a-face-lift-on-fifth|access-date=2021-04-13|magazine=The New Yorker|date=November 26, 2001 |language=en-us}}</ref> === Media === {{Main|2001 in film|2001 in music|2001 in video games}} The highest-grossing films in 2001 were [[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'']], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', and ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'' The highest-grossing non-English-language film was [[Studio Ghibli]]'s ''[[Spirited Away]]'' (Japanese), the 15th highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=2001 Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2001/?ref_=bo_cso_table_1 |access-date=March 7, 2020 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |publisher=[[IMDb]] |archive-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719074502/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2001/?ref_=bo_cso_table_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The inaugural entries in the ''Harry Potter'' and ''Lord of the Rings'' film franchises brought [[fantasy]] into mainstream culture, popularizing [[Young adult fiction|young adult novels]] and catering to [[fandom]] communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grauso |first=Alisha |date=2020-08-05 |title=How The 'Harry Potter' And 'Lord Of The Rings' Movies Made Being A Bookworm Cool Again |url=https://atomtickets.com/movie-news/harry-potter-lord-of-the-rings-books-to-movies/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Atom Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205042938/https://atomtickets.com/movie-news/harry-potter-lord-of-the-rings-books-to-movies/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Albury |first=Whitley |date=2021-12-22 |title=20 years ago, Harry Potter and LOTR changed culture |url=https://www.moviejawn.com/home/2021/12/21/hp-lotr-20th |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Moviejawn |language=en-US |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205042942/https://www.moviejawn.com/home/2021/12/21/hp-lotr-20th |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Multiple image | image1 = GameCube-Console-Set.png | image2 = Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg | perrow = 2 / 2 | image3 = Xbox-Console-wDuke-L.jpg | footer = 2001 saw the release of the [[GameCube]] and [[Game Boy Advance]] by [[Nintendo]], the [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]] by [[Microsoft]], and the [[iPod Classic|iPod]] by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. | total_width = 300 | image4 = Ipod 1G.png }} In music, 3.2&nbsp;billion units were sold with a value of US$33.7&nbsp;billion. [[DVD-Audio]] and [[Super Audio CD]] rose to prominence, with approximately 600 titles available in these formats.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2001.pdf |title=The Recording Industry World Sales |date=2002 |access-date=2022-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219035001/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2001.pdf |archive-date=2006-12-19}}</ref> Portable music grew in popularity after [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] released the [[iTunes]] media library on January 9<ref name="Apple Newsroom" /> and the first [[IPod Classic|iPod]] music player device on October 23.<ref name="Apple-2001" /> The music sharing program [[Napster]] ended its services after it was accused of facilitating [[music piracy]], but it was replaced by other programs such as [[FastTrack]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=177}} Worldwide, the best-selling albums were ''[[Hybrid Theory]]'' (2000) by [[Linkin Park]], ''[[No Angel]]'' (1999) by [[Dido (singer)|Dido]], and [[Survivor (Destiny's Child album)|''Survivor'']] (2001) by [[Destiny's Child]].<ref name="ifpi" /> The best-selling non-English album was ''[[Cieli di Toscana]]'' ({{translation|''Tuscan Skies''}}; 2001) by Italian [[tenor]] [[Andrea Bocelli]], which topped the charts in the Netherlands and Sweden<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Andrea+Bocelli&titel=Cieli+di+Toscana&cat=a |title=Cieli di Toscana chart performance |access-date=2022-12-03 |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023022138/http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Andrea+Bocelli&titel=Cieli+di+Toscana&cat=a |url-status=live|website=australian-charts.com}}</ref> and was the 23rd best-selling album globally.<ref name="ifpi">{{Cite web |title=2000-2005 Top 50 Albums [XLS] |url=https://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-5-albums-2000-2005.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323114337/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-5-albums-2000-2005.xls |archive-date=2012-03-23 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=[[IFPI]]}}</ref> Three major video game systems were released in 2001: the [[GameCube]] and the [[Game Boy Advance]] by [[Nintendo]] and the [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]] by Microsoft. Meanwhile, [[Sega]] ended its involvement in the market after the failure of the [[Dreamcast]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=181}} The year 2001 is considered important in the video game industry, partly because of the release of many games recognized as classics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=2021-09-30 |title=2001 Was The Best Year Ever For Video Games |url=https://www.thegamer.com/best-year-for-games-2001-halo-silent-hill-2-grand-theft-auto-3/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=TheGamer |language=en-US |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203045647/https://www.thegamer.com/best-year-for-games-2001-halo-silent-hill-2-grand-theft-auto-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fillari |first=Alessandro |date=2021-02-06 |title=Remembering 2001: The Biggest Games That Turn 20 This Year |url=https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/remembering-2001-the-biggest-games-that-turn-20-this-year/2900-3699/#14 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=GameSpot |language=en-US |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203045651/https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/remembering-2001-the-biggest-games-that-turn-20-this-year/2900-3699/#14 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many video games released in 2001 defined or redefined their respective genres, including [[hack and slash]] game ''[[Devil May Cry]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madsen |first=Hayes |title=21 years ago, Capcom changed action games forever |url=https://www.inverse.com/gaming/devil-may-cry-21st-anniversary |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Inverse |date=October 17, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210042856/https://www.inverse.com/gaming/devil-may-cry-21st-anniversary |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Figueiredo |first=Erick Duarte |date=2022-10-02 |title=Devil May Cry and Ninja Gaiden: The Two Extremes of the Hack-and-Slash Genre |url=https://www.superjumpmagazine.com/devil-may-cry-ninja-gaiden-the-two-extremes-of-the-hack-and-slash-genre/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Superjump |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210042857/https://www.superjumpmagazine.com/devil-may-cry-ninja-gaiden-the-two-extremes-of-the-hack-and-slash-genre/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[first-person shooter]] game ''[[Halo: Combat Evolved]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carnley |first=Zackery Van |date=2021-04-19 |title=How Halo Has Defined the Shooter Genre |url=https://gamerant.com/halo-influence-shooters-multiplayer-story-character/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Game Rant |language=en-US |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210042856/https://gamerant.com/halo-influence-shooters-multiplayer-story-character/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Plant |first=Mike |title=In the loop: how Halo defined a new decade of first-person shooters |url=https://www.theregister.com/2012/11/06/feature_how_halo_became_the_foundation_for_a_decades_games/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=The Register |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210042856/https://www.theregister.com/2012/11/06/feature_how_halo_became_the_foundation_for_a_decades_games/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[open world]] [[Action-adventure game|action-adventure]] game ''[[Grand Theft Auto III]]'', which is regarded as an industry-defining work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=2021-10-27 |title=Grand Theft Auto 3 Changed Video Games Forever |url=https://www.thegamer.com/grand-theft-auto-3-changed-games-forever/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=TheGamer |language=en-US |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203045650/https://www.thegamer.com/grand-theft-auto-3-changed-games-forever/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Jeremy |date=2021-10-22 |title=After 'Grand Theft Auto III,' Open-World Games Were Never (and Always) the Same |url=https://www.theringer.com/2021/10/22/22737333/grand-theft-auto-gta-rockstar-open-world-assassins-creed |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Ringer |language=en |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203045646/https://www.theringer.com/2021/10/22/22737333/grand-theft-auto-gta-rockstar-open-world-assassins-creed |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sports === {{Main|2001 in sports}} Many sports events were postponed in the final months of 2001 after the September 11 attacks, particularly in the United States. Other sports were postponed in the United Kingdom and Ireland because of foot-and-mouth disease. Throughout the year, [[Salt Lake City]], Utah, prepared for the [[2002 Winter Olympics]], while [[Beijing]] was announced as the host of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=316}} Qualifications for the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] were the main football events in 2001.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=534}} The world record for largest victory in an international football match was set by [[Australia men's national soccer team|Australia]] in a [[Tonga 0–22 Australia|0–22 victory]] against [[Tonga national football team|Tonga]] on April 9. Australia set this record again with a [[Australia 31–0 American Samoa|31–0 victory]] against [[American Samoa national football team|American Samoa]] on April 11. The unbalanced nature of these matches prompted changes to the [[FIFA]] qualification process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-09 |title=How a 31-0 'farce' changed Australia's FIFA World Cup fortunes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/how-a-31-0-farce-changed-australia-s-fifa-world-cup-fortunes/story-39iqd32nSWMt146Sdg7vRO.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201184542/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/how-a-31-0-farce-changed-australia-s-fifa-world-cup-fortunes/story-39iqd32nSWMt146Sdg7vRO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2001-04-12 |title=Samoans lose 31-0 - or was it 32-0? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/apr/12/newsstory.sport3 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411104243/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/apr/12/newsstory.sport3 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Europe, the [[UEFA Women's Cup]] began its first season, establishing a continent-wide women's league for association football under the [[UEFA]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-04 |title=Women's Champions League switching to group format |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/womens-champions-league-switching-to-group-format.754837 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Times of Malta |language=en-gb |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324040408/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/womens-champions-league-switching-to-group-format.754837 |url-status=live }}</ref> American tennis players [[Jennifer Capriati]] and [[Venus Williams]] shared the four Grand Slam tournaments,<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=316}} whilst France won the [[Davis Cup]] for the 9th time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bud Collins|title=The Bud Collins History of Tennis|year=2010|publisher=New Chapter Press|location=[New York]|isbn=978-0942257700|pages=495–496, 505|edition=2nd}}</ref> [[NASCAR]] driver [[Dale Earnhardt]], described as the greatest driver in the sport's history, died in a [[Death of Dale Earnhardt|crash]] during the [[2001 Daytona 500]] on February 18.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=316}}<ref name="Caldwell-2001">{{Cite news |last=Caldwell |first=Dave |date=2001-02-19 |title=AUTO RACING; Dale Earnhardt, 49, Racing Star |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/19/sports/auto-racing-dale-earnhardt-49-racing-star.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120191343/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/19/sports/auto-racing-dale-earnhardt-49-racing-star.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In April, golf player [[Tiger Woods]] became the only player to achieve a "[[Tiger Slam]]" after winning the [[2001 Masters Tournament]], in which he consecutively won all four championship golf titles outside of a single calendar year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DiMeglio |first=Steve |date=2021-04-05 |title='Greatest golf ever played': Witnesses to Tiger Woods' streak of four major wins look back on an improbable run |url=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2021/04/05/tiger-woods-masters-2001-tiger-slam-major-championships/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Golfweek |language=en-US |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201184545/https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2021/04/05/tiger-woods-masters-2001-tiger-slam-major-championships/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The "[[Lennox Lewis vs. Hasim Rahman|Thunder in Africa]]" boxing match ended in a major [[Upset (competition)|upset]] after [[Hasim Rahman]] defeated champion [[Lennox Lewis]] on April 22. Lewis would go on to win a rematch on November 11.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=536}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Lancaster |first=Rob |date=2015-04-22 |title=Thunder in Africa: Recalling Hasim Rahman's Shock Win Over Lennox Lewis |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2438671-thunder-in-africa-recalling-hasim-rahmans-shock-win-over-lennox-lewis |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209164604/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2438671-thunder-in-africa-recalling-hasim-rahmans-shock-win-over-lennox-lewis |url-status=live }}</ref> In cricket, Australia's record-setting streak of sixteen Test victories in a row was broken by India.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=537}} == Economy == {{further|Category:2001 in economic history}} {{see also|2001 world oil market chronology|Economic effects of the September 11 attacks}} [[File:Obelisco 20Dic01.jpg|thumb|upright|Social unrest occurred during the [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|Argentine great depression]].]] A [[Early 2000s recession|minor economic decline]] took place among many developed economies in 2001.<ref name=":7" /> It was amplified by the [[dot-com crash]], in which [[Dot-com company|dot-com companies]] went out of business every day for much of the year due to an overvaluation of the tech industry.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Bobbie |last2=Francisco |first2=San |date=2009-12-14 |title=Ten years of technology: 2001 |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/dec/14/technology-decade-2001 |access-date=2023-09-30 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006204734/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/dec/14/technology-decade-2001 |url-status=live }}</ref> Further economic disruption occurred in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Tom |date=2020-04-09 |title=How many recessions you've actually lived through and what happened in every one |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/09/what-happened-in-every-us-recession-since-the-great-depression.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210180825/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/09/what-happened-in-every-us-recession-since-the-great-depression.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These factors gave the first major demonstration of globalization causing mutual downturn across nations rather than the more typical mutual growth.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=7}} Global growth in 2001 was the lowest in a decade, though middle income countries such as those in Eastern Europe were able to sustain growth despite the global downturn.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2002/ |title=World Economic Situation and Prospects 2002 |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |year=2002 |isbn=92-1-109141-1 |access-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-date=November 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128003013/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|page=30}} Unemployment and [[deflation]] became concerns across developed nations.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=3}} The year also marked a decline in [[international trade]] by about 1.5%, which contrasted with the 11% increase in 2000. This was the first negative change in international trade since 1982. IT industries and the dot-com crash are attributed for the decline in trade.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2002_e/its2002_e.pdf |title=International trade statistics 2002 |date=2002 |publisher=World Trade Organization |isbn=92-870-1225-3 |issn=1020-4997 |access-date=2022-11-28 |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206202829/https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2002_e/its2002_e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Economic crises took place [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|in Argentina]] and [[2001 Turkish economic crisis|in Turkey]].<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=16}} The recession in Argentina negatively affected the economy throughout Latin America,<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=37}} and the years-long economic crisis reached its peak in December, causing widespread social unrest and the resignation of the President of Argentina.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/annualregister200000unse/ |title=The Annual Register: A Record of World Events 2001 |publisher=Keesing's Worldwide |year=2002 |isbn=1-886994-45-5 |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=D. S. |volume=243}}</ref>{{Rp|page=16}}<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Epstein |first1=Edward |title=Broken Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy |last2=Pion-Berlin |first2=David |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-5268-3 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref> America Online ([[AOL]]), a U.S.&nbsp;online service provider, was at the apex of its popularity and purchased the media conglomerate [[Time Warner]]. The deal was announced on January 10, in the largest merger in history at that time. AOL would rapidly shrink thereafter, partly due to the decline of [[dial-up]] and rise of [[broadband]], and the deal would fall apart before the end of the decade, which would be regarded as one of the world's greatest business failures.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Lovelace |first=Berkeley |date=2018-06-13 |title=Steve Case to AT&T: Learn from my AOL-Time Warner failures |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/13/steve-case-to-att-learn-from-my-aol-time-warner-failures.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201171523/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/13/steve-case-to-att-learn-from-my-aol-time-warner-failures.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Arango |first=Tim |date=2010-01-11 |title=How the AOL-Time Warner Merger Went So Wrong |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/business/media/11merger.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124024239/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/business/media/11merger.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Major businesses that ended operations in 2001 included the American energy company [[Enron]] and the national airlines of Belgium and Switzerland ([[Sabena]] and [[Swissair]], respectively).<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=189}} The [[Enron scandal]] took place in October 2001 when, Enron was found to be committing fraud, bringing about the criminal conviction of several executives and causing the company to undergo the largest bankruptcy at that point in U.S. history.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=How the Enron Scandal Changed American Business Forever |url=https://time.com/6125253/enron-scandal-changed-american-business-forever/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201054738/https://time.com/6125253/enron-scandal-changed-american-business-forever/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[E-commerce]] declined in 2001, with the exception of [[eBay]], which saw significant growth.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=178}} == Environment and weather == {{main|2001 in the environment}} {{see also|List of earthquakes in 2001|Tropical cyclones in 2001}}[[File:ElSalvadorslide.jpg|thumb|upright|One of the landslides caused by the [[January 2001 El Salvador earthquake|January 2001 earthquake in El Salvador]]]]2001 was the second hottest year on record at the time, exceeded only by [[1998]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Annual 2001 Global Climate Report |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/200113 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=National Centers for Environmental Information |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325051126/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/200113 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] released its [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] on July 12.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=213}} It warned that climate change in the 21st century could cause decreases in [[crop yield]]s and an increase in temperature-related ailments and deaths.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Readfearn |first=Graham |date=2014-03-31 |title=The hellish monotony of 25 years of IPCC climate change warnings |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/planet-oz/2014/mar/31/ipcc-climate-change-impacts-report-history-warnings |access-date=2023-03-25 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325051126/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/planet-oz/2014/mar/31/ipcc-climate-change-impacts-report-history-warnings |url-status=live }}</ref> Droughts occurred in Australia, Central America, Kenya, and the Middle East, the latter continuing from years prior. Hungary, Russia and Southeast Asia experienced significant rains, causing flooding. [[North Asia]] underwent a severe winter.<ref name=":0" /> [[La Niña]], which had been ongoing since 1998, ended in the east Atlantic by April 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=186}} The [[Kyoto Protocol]] was weakened in March when President George W. Bush determined that the United States would relinquish its commitments to the agreement, but an effort to maintain the agreement in Europe was led by Germany.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|pages=486–487}} There was an environmental scare in Europe during an investigation into depleted uranium from the [[Kosovo War]], but it was shown to pose no threat.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=485}} The [[Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants]], which restricted several organic pollutants, was signed on May 22 and 23.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=491}} There were four earthquakes in 2001 that caused significant casualties. El Salvador was struck by two of them: [[January 2001 El Salvador earthquake|a 7.6-magnitude earthquake]] on January 13 and [[February 2001 El Salvador earthquake|a 6.6-magnitude earthquake]] on February 13, which resulted in the deaths of at least 944 and 315 people respectively.<ref name="proteccioncivil">{{cite web |title=Consolidado Final de Afectaciones - Terremoto El Salvador 13 de Enero de 2001 |url=http://proteccioncivil.gob.sv/zonadescargas/Terremoto%20Enero%20de%202001%20-%20Final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082509/http://www.proteccioncivil.gob.sv/zonadescargas/Terremoto%20Enero%20de%202001%20-%20Final.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |language=es}}</ref><ref name="USAID-2001" /> [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|The Bhuj earthquake]], a 7.7-magnitude earthquake in [[Gujarat]], India, on January 26 killed between 13,805 and 20,023 people, and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings.<ref name="USGS">{{cite web |title=Preliminary Earthquake Report |url=http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120094220/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/ |archive-date=20 November 2007 |access-date=21 November 2007 |publisher=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Kavita |date=January 2001 |title=Economic consequences of the Gujarat earthquake |url=https://www.academia.edu/4617331 |website=Academia |access-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130074959/https://www.academia.edu/4617331 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2001 southern Peru earthquake|An 8.4-magnitude earthquake]], then the strongest that had occurred globally since [[1965 Rat Islands earthquake|1965]], killed at least 77 people in Peru on June 23.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2001 |title=Initial Report on 23 June 2001 Arequipa, Peru Earthquake |url=https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/peru_arequipa_initial_reconnaissance_part1.pdf |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=eeri.org |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205135748/https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/peru_arequipa_initial_reconnaissance_part1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2001 Kunlun earthquake|A 7.8-magnitude earthquake]] struck China with an [[epicenter]] near [[Kokoxili]], close to the border between [[Qinghai]] and [[Xinjiang]], on November 14, but it occurred in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there were no casualties.<ref name="VanderWoerd_etal_2005">{{cite journal |last1=Van Der Woerd J. |last2=Meriaux, A.S. |last3=Klinger, Y. |last4=Ryerson, F.J. |last5=Gaudemer, Y. |last6=Tapponnier, P. |year=2002 |title=The 14 November 2001, Mw 7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in northern Tibet (Qinghai Province, China) |url=http://eost.unistra.fr/fileadmin/upload/EOST/Jeromevdw/publications/vdWoerd_et_al._SRL2002.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Seismological Research Letters |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=125–135 |doi=10.1785/gssrl.73.2.125 |bibcode=2002SeiRL..73..125V |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901174057/http://eost.unistra.fr/fileadmin/upload/EOST/Jeromevdw/publications/vdWoerd_et_al._SRL2002.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2020 | issn = 0895-0695}}</ref> Sicily saw the eruption of [[Mount Etna]], beginning on July 17 and continuing into the next month.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=185}} The [[2001 Atlantic hurricane season]] was slightly more active than normal, including 15 tropical storms and hurricanes. The deadliest storms were [[Tropical Storm Allison]] in June, [[Hurricane Iris]] in October, and [[Hurricane Michelle]] in November. All three of these storms had their names [[List of retired Atlantic hurricane names|retired]] by the [[World Meteorological Organization]]. Tropical Storm Allison was the deadliest tropical storm to hit the United States without reaching hurricane strength.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=John L. Beven |author2=Stewart R. Stewart |author3=Miles B. Lawrence |author4=Lixion A. Avila |author5=James L. Franklin |author6=Richard J. Pasch |date=July 1, 2003 |title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/131/7/1520-0493_2003_131_1454_ashso_2.0.co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=131 |issue=7 |pages=1454–1484 |bibcode=2003MWRv..131.1454B |citeseerx=10.1.1.406.2342 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2 |issn=1520-0493 |s2cid=123028502 |access-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130165511/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/131/7/1520-0493_2003_131_1454_ashso_2.0.co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[2001 Pacific typhoon season]] was slightly larger than average, including 28 tropical storms, 20 typhoons, and 11 intense typhoons. The most powerful storms were [[Typhoon Podul (2001)|Typhoon Podul]] in October and [[Typhoon Faxai (2001)|Typhoon Faxai]] in December.<ref name="TSR2001Summ">{{cite web |last1=Rockett |first1=Paul |last2=Saunders |first2=Mark |last3=Roberts |first3=Frank |date=January 25, 2002 |title=Summary of 2001 NW Pacific Typhoon Season and Verification of Authors' Seasonal Forecasts |url=https://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRNWP2001Verification.pdf |website=Tropical Storm Risk |publisher=University College London |access-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130162449/https://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRNWP2001Verification.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> == Health == {{Further|Category:2001 in health}} [[File:Foot-and-mouth disease.jpg|thumb|Cattle being burned to prevent spread of [[foot-and-mouth disease]]: millions of cattle died during the [[2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak|2001 outbreak]]]] The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) began a five-year program to reduce [[Traffic collision|road injury fatalities]] following a warning of the problem's severity by the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-24 |title=Ten Great Public Health Achievements --- Worldwide, 2001--2010 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6024a4.htm |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207232929/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6024a4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The WHO's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health released a report in 2001 detailing how spending by developed nations could protect health in developing nations.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2002-01-05 |title=The big events of 2001 |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=324 |issue=7328 |pages=0 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1121931}}</ref> New drugs developed in 2001 include [[imatinib]] to treat cancer, and [[nateglinide]] to treat diabetes.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=224}} 2001 saw the first self-contained [[artificial heart]] implanted in a patient.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=25}} Outbreaks of [[cholera]] occurred in Chad, India, Pakistan, Tanzania, South Africa, and throughout Western Africa; outbreaks of [[yellow fever]] took place in Brazil, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Peru; and outbreaks of [[meningococcal disease]] occurred in the [[African meningitis belt]] as well as Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Ethiopia. Other major disease outbreaks included [[Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever]] in Kosovo and Pakistan, [[measles]] in India and South Korea, [[Legionnaires' disease]] in Spain and Norway, [[dengue fever]] in Venezuela, and [[Plague (disease)|plague]] in Zambia.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=223}} Spain's outbreak of Legionnaires' disease was the largest ever recorded, with 449 confirmed cases and more than 800 suspected ones.<ref name="auto17">{{Cite journal |last1=García-Fulgueiras |first1=Ana |last2=Navarro |first2=Carmen |last3=Fenoll |first3=Daniel |last4=García |first4=José |last5=González-Diego |first5=Paulino |last6=Jiménez-Buñuales |first6=Teresa |last7=Rodriguez |first7=Miguel |last8=Lopez |first8=Rosa |last9=Pacheco |first9=Francisco |last10=Ruiz |first10=Joaquín |last11=Segovia |first11=Manuel |last12=Baladrón |first12=Beatriz |last13=Pelaz |first13=Carmen |date=2003 |title=Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak in Murcia, Spain |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=915–921 |doi=10.3201/eid0908.030337 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=3020623 |pmid=12967487}}</ref> An [[ebola]] outbreak continued from 2000 in Uganda until the final case was diagnosed on January 16.<ref name="auto13">{{Cite journal |last1=Okware |first1=S. I. |last2=Omaswa |first2=F. G. |last3=Zaramba |first3=S. |last4=Opio |first4=A. |last5=Lutwama |first5=J. J. |last6=Kamugisha |first6=J. |last7=Rwaguma |first7=E. B. |last8=Kagwa |first8=P. |last9=Lamunu |first9=M. |date=2002 |title=An outbreak of Ebola in Uganda |journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=1068–1075 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00944.x |issn=1360-2276 |pmid=12460399 |s2cid=31488443|doi-access=free }}</ref> Another outbreak occurred in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo in October, which continued until July 2002.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |date=2003-06-27 |title=Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001-July 2002 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15571171/ |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=78 |issue=26 |pages=223–228 |issn=0049-8114 |pmid=15571171 |access-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208004925/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15571171/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An [[2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak|outbreak]] of [[foot-and-mouth disease]] occurred among livestock in the United Kingdom in 2001, resulting in millions of farm animals being slaughtered to prevent spread.<ref name="Knight-Jones">{{cite journal |last1=Knight-Jones |first1=T. J. |last2=Rushton |first2=J |year=2013 |title=The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease – What are they, how big are they and where do they occur? |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |volume=112 |issue=3–4 |pages=161–173 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013 |pmc=3989032 |pmid=23958457}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/britannica200100ency |title=Encyclopædia Britannica: 2001 Year in Review |date=2002 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |isbn=9780852298312 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=153–155}} Approximately 400,000 people in [[New York City]] were exposed to [[air pollution]] by [[carcinogen]]s and other harmful particles such as asbestos and metals as a result of the [[Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks|September 11 attacks]], and many would go on to suffer chronic illness as a result of exposure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=Toxins and Health Impacts: Health Effects of 9/11 - WTC Health Program |url=https://www.cdc.gov/wtc/exhibition/toxins-and-health-impacts.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Centers for Disease Control |language=en |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208003659/https://www.cdc.gov/wtc/exhibition/toxins-and-health-impacts.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A series of [[2001 anthrax attacks|anthrax attacks]] against American government and media figures in October further spurred precautions against bioterrorism.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=222}} == Politics and law == {{Main|2001 in politics}}[[Freedom House]] recognized 63% of national governments as electoral democracies by the end of 2001, with the Gambia and Mauritania being recognized as democracies following peaceful transfers of power. Peru also saw a significant expansion of civil rights after emerging from the authoritarian rule of [[Alberto Fujimori]]. Argentina, Liberia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Zimbabwe underwent significant [[democratic backsliding]] in 2001, with Liberia and Zimbabwe recognized as authoritarian governments by the end of the year. 64.65% of the world's population lived in countries that generally respected human rights, while 35.35% lived in countries that denied political rights and civil liberties.<ref name="Karatnycky-2002">{{Cite report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Freedom_in_the_World_2001-2002_complete_book.pdf |title=Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties 2001-2002 |last=Karatnycky |first=Adrian |date=2002 |access-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019090656/http://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Freedom_in_the_World_2001-2002_complete_book.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islamic terrorism]] became the predominant global political concern amidst the September 11 attacks and the War on Terror. [[Islamic extremism]] was identified as a major threat to democracy and human rights, both in the [[Muslim world]] through the implementation of [[Islamism]] and in the rest of the world through terrorism.<ref name="Karatnycky-2002" />{{Undue weight inline|date=December 2023|reason=This is cited to a booklet published by Freedom House in 2002. Its contents are intently focused on the latter half of 2001 and it does not have the required historical distance to view these events with clarity.}} [[Racial discrimination]], the ability to prosecute human rights violators, the number of refugees, and the problems of economic disadvantage were among the global human rights concerns that were given the most attention in 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=312}} === Domestic politics === [[File:De la Rúa deja Casa Rosada (21 dic 2001).jpg|thumb|Former Argentine president [[Fernando de la Rúa]] leaving the ''[[Casa Rosada]]'' after resigning on December 21]] The [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]] was the ''[[de jure]]'' government of Afghanistan in 2001, but for several years it had operated as a [[government in exile]] while the Taliban-led [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] held ''[[de facto]]'' control over most of the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibrahimi |first=S. Yaqub |date=2017-11-02 |title=The Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001): 'War-Making and State-Making' as an Insurgency Strategy |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2017.1374598 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=947–972 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2017.1374598 |s2cid=148986180 |issn=0959-2318}}</ref> The Islamic State of Afghanistan was restored to power following the invasion of Afghanistan with the appointment of president Hamid Karzai on December 22.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=43}} [[Joseph Kabila]] became president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo following [[Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila|the assassination]] of his father, President. [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/time2002annual00edit |title=Time Annual 2002 |publisher=Time Magazine |year=2002|isbn=9781929049622 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=77}} President [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] of Indonesia was removed from office after thousands of protesters stormed the parliament building, and he was replaced by Vice President [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]], daughter of former president [[Sukarno]].<ref name="the Guardian-2001a" /><ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=77}} The [[Second EDSA Revolution]] took place in the Philippines in January when President [[Joseph Estrada]] resigned amid an [[Impeachment of Joseph Estrada|impeachment]], and he was succeeded by Vice President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=77}} The [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|Argentine great depression]] escalated with [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|rioting]] in December, prompting President [[Fernando de la Rúa]] to resign on December 20 and the fall of the interim government soon after.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=16}}<ref name=":9" /> Kosovo and East Timor both held elections for the first time in 2001 as they sought independence.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=18}} Other changes in leadership included the [[First inauguration of George W. Bush|inauguration]] of [[George W. Bush]] as [[President of the United States]], the [[2001 Peruvian general election|election]] of [[Alejandro Toledo]] as [[President of Peru]],<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=16}} the selection of [[Junichiro Koizumi]] as [[Prime Minister of Japan]],<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=19}} and the [[2001 Israeli prime ministerial election|election]] of [[Ariel Sharon]] as [[Prime Minister of Israel]]. Other leaders saw reconfirmation, including the [[2001 Iranian presidential election|reelection]] of [[Mohammad Khatami]] as [[President of Iran]] and the victory of the United Kingdom's [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] led by [[Tony Blair]] in [[2001 United Kingdom general election|the 2001 election]].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=77}} In response to the September 11 attacks, the United States passed the controversial [[Patriot Act]] that granted the U.S. government significant surveillance powers.<ref name=":8" /> Ghana underwent its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 when [[John Kufuor]] was sworn in as [[President of Ghana]] on January 7.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite report |url=https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Ghana2018.pdf |title=Ghana |date=2018 |publisher=Center for Systemic Peace |access-date=2022-12-02 |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205172817/https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Ghana2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Netherlands became the first modern country to legalize [[same-sex marriage]] on April 1.<ref name="William Binchy-20072">{{cite book |author1=Oran Doyle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4IhAQAAIAAJ |title=Committed Relationships and the Law |author2=William Binchy |publisher=Four Courts Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84682-087-8 |page=89}}</ref> The [[King of Nepal|royal family of Nepal]] was [[Nepalese royal massacre|killed]] on June 1 by Crown Prince [[Dipendra of Nepal|Dipendra]], who became king upon his father's death. Dipendra fell into a coma after shooting himself, and he died days later. He in turn was succeeded by his uncle [[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra]].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=72–73}} The [[Constitution of the Comoros]] was [[2001 Comorian constitutional referendum|amended]] on December 24, creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations.<ref name="auto15">{{Cite report |url=https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Comoros2018.pdf |title=Comoros |date=2018 |publisher=Center for Systemic Peace |access-date=2022-12-02 |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202041859/https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Comoros2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> === International politics === [[File:Genova-G8 2001-Incidenti a Corso Torino.jpg|thumb|Anti-globalization activists burning a military vehicle outside of the [[27th G8 summit]]]] Two major regional organizations were announced in 2001. The [[African Union]] was established on May 26 as a pan-African forum to promote unity between African countries, including cooperation in economic and security issues, and would replace the [[Organisation of African Unity]] in 2002.<ref name="Adeniyi-2016" /> The [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] was announced on June 15 to facilitate political and economic cooperation between Asian countries.<ref name="SCO-2017" /> Three countries joined the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) in 2001: Lithuania on May 31,<ref name="Lithuania-2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=Lithuania marks 20th anniversary of its accession to the World Trade Organization |url=https://ca.urm.lt/default/en/news/lithuania-marks-20th-anniversary-of-its-accession-to-the-wold-trade-organization-1 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania}}</ref> Moldova on July 26,<ref name="auto23">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=The Republic of Moldova marks 20 years since joining the World Trade Organization |url=https://mfa.gov.md/en/content/republic-moldova-marks-20-years-joining-world-trade-organization |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215454/https://mfa.gov.md/en/content/republic-moldova-marks-20-years-joining-world-trade-organization |url-status=live }}</ref> and China on December 11.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=China and the WTO |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=World Trade Organization |archive-date=February 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134433/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The WTO began the [[Doha Development Round]] in November to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=18}} The [[World Conference against Racism 2001]] began on August 31, in [[Durban]], South Africa, under&nbsp;the auspices of the [[United Nations]].<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Racism and Human Rights (World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance - 2001) |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/race/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Human Rights Watch |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209022152/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/race/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel and the United States withdrew from the conference on September 3 over objections to a draft resolution document equating [[Zionism]] with racism and singling out the Jewish state for war crimes.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|date=2009-04-20 |title=Anti-Semitism at the UN |url=https://www.dw.com/en/controversy-over-israel-dogs-un-racism-conference-again/a-4193498 |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2022-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043740/https://www.dw.com/en/controversy-over-israel-dogs-un-racism-conference-again/a-4193498|website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Aarhus Convention]] took effect on October 30, establishing the right to environmental information and [[environmental justice]] for European and Central Asian countries.<ref name="auto7">{{Cite journal |last=Rodenhoff |first=Vera |date=2002 |title=The Aarhus Convention and its Implications for the 'Institutions' of the European Community |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |journal=Review of European Community & International Environmental Law |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=343–357 |doi=10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |issn=0962-8797 |access-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202223718/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[27th G8 summit]] was marred by anti-globalization protests in [[Genoa]], Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, were held against the meeting. One demonstrator, [[Death of Carlo Giuliani|Carlo Giuliani]], was killed by a policeman, and several others were injured.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=76}}{{Failed verification|date=November 2023}} The September 11 attacks demonstrated a need for international law to address terrorism and other non-state actors, and a push by UN Secretary General [[Kofi Annan]] in November saw progress in multiple international treaties.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=491}} The [[Convention on Cybercrime]], the first international treaty to address [[cybercrime]], was signed on November 23.<ref name="Weber-2003" /> Diplomatic disputes in 2001 included a [[Hainan Island incident|diplomatic incident]] when an American [[Reconnaissance aircraft|spy plane]] and a Chinese [[fighter plane]] collided over the South China Sea,<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=70–71}} and a dispute between Japan and North Korea when the North Korean leader's son, [[Kim Jong-nam]], attempted to sneak into [[Tokyo Disneyland]].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=76}} [[Achievement test]]s and stricter penalties against delinquent students became controversial educational practices in several countries.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=206}} === Law === {{Multiple image | image1 = Milosevic in Hague (cropped 4 to 3 ratio).jpg | image2 = Radislav Krstic2013.jpg | footer = Former Serbian President [[Slobodan Milošević]] and general [[Radislav Krstić]] both faced prosecution in 2001 by the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]]. | total_width = 250 }} Belgium set precedent when the government prosecuted crimes of the [[Rwandan genocide]], invoking a 1993 law that gave Belgian courts jurisdiction over [[Geneva Conventions]] violations that take place anywhere in the world.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=226}} In another first for international law, the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] determined that [[wartime sexual violence]] was a war crime.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=374}} President [[Slobodan Milošević]] of Serbia (1997–2000) was arrested on April 1 for his role in the [[Srebrenica massacre]] and other crimes against humanity committed during the [[Bosnian War]]. He was the first head of state to see trial for war crimes in this manner.<ref name=":5"/>{{Rp|page=230}} The tribunal also prosecuted general [[Radislav Krstić]], bringing its first conviction for genocide.<ref name=":10"/>{{Rp|page=18}} The [[International Court of Justice]] heard two new cases in 2001: Liechtenstein challenged Germany's claim that Lichtenstein property had been seized from Germany during World War II, and Nicaragua brought a challenge against Colombia regarding maritime borders. It delivered judgement in a 1991 case of a territorial dispute between Bahrain and Qatar, and it ruled in a German challenge against the United States that the court's own provisional orders are binding.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=492}} == Religion == {{Further|Category:2001 in religion}} [[File:Flickr - DVIDSHUB - Giant standing Buddhas of Bamiyan still cast shadows (Image 2 of 8).jpg|thumb|Two women walk past the cavity where the [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]] used to stand before being destroyed by the [[Taliban]].]] The religiously motivated September 11 attacks came to dominate global discourse about religion in 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=300}} Following the attacks, both [[religious tolerance]] and [[religious intolerance]] came to the fore, with an increase in [[Islamophobia]], particularly in the United States and Europe.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Andrew |date=2011-09-10 |title=Why 9/11 was good for religion |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/10/911-religion-september-11 |access-date=2023-03-26 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326044838/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/10/911-religion-september-11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Adelle M. |date=2021-09-09 |title=9/11 became a catalyst for interfaith relations and cooperation |url=https://religionnews.com/2021/09/09/9-11-became-a-catalyst-for-interfaith-relations-and-cooperation/ |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Religion News Service |language=en-US |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326044839/https://religionnews.com/2021/09/09/9-11-became-a-catalyst-for-interfaith-relations-and-cooperation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The imposition of religious law became a major subject of debate, particularly in Afghanistan, where the perpetrators of the attacks were protected by the fundamentalist Taliban, as well as Nigeria, where conflict between Christians and Muslims escalated amid the implementation of Islamic law.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=300}} Prior to the attacks, the Taliban had incited a different religious controversy by destroying the [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]] despite the international community's pleas.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=76}} Another religious conflict took place in [[Khartoum]], Sudan, when Christians were forcibly expelled from the Anglican cathedral during Easter services.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=470}} [[Pope John Paul II]] made trips throughout 2001 to preach for good relations with other religions: he became the first pope to visit a mosque in Syria to build relations with Muslims, and he visited Greece to build relations with Orthodox Christians. Relations between Catholicism and Judaism were strained following a dispute over the release of Holocaust records held by the Vatican.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|pages=300–301}} The Pope named 37 cardinals on January 21, bringing the total number to 128.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=469}} The [[Catholic Church]] also began investigations of [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse cases]] among its priests in 2001, with 3,000 cases being considered over the following decade.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Aidan |date=2010-05-04 |title=Looking behind the Catholic sex abuse scandal |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8654789.stm |access-date=2023-03-26 |archive-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206012930/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8654789.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The subject of women's ordination was also a subject of debate within the Catholic Church.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=470}} The duodecennial Hindu pilgrimage and festival [[Kumbh Mela]] was held for 42 days in January and February 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=308}} A {{Convert|50|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} [[tent city]] was created within [[Allahabad]] to support the festival.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=471}} The [[Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque]] in Oman was completed in May. At the time, its chandelier was the largest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Shaibany |first=Saleh |date=2022-10-01 |title=Iconic carpet, chandelier at the Grand Mosque is a big attraction for tourists |url=https://timesofoman.com/article/121900-iconic-carpet-chandelier-at-the-grand-mosque-is-a-big-attraction-for-tourists |website=Times of Oman |language=en |access-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326044838/https://timesofoman.com/article/121900-iconic-carpet-chandelier-at-the-grand-mosque-is-a-big-attraction-for-tourists |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jediism]] became a social phenomenon in 2001 after a [[Jedi census phenomenon|movement to self-report]] as Jedi caused it to become the fourth largest religion in the United Kingdom and the second largest religion in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Frank |date=2016-03-03 |title=Where Have All the Jedi gone? |url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/where-have-all-the-jedi-gone/ |website=Big Think |language=en-US |access-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326044838/https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/where-have-all-the-jedi-gone/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Science == {{Main|2001 in science}} [[File:Perezoso La Mochila.jpg|thumb|The [[pygmy three-toed sloth]] was first described in 2001.]] Several anthropological and archaeological developments were made in 2001, including the extraction of [[mtDNA]] from prehistoric skeletons<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=158}} and the discovery of an [[arrowhead]] lodged in the shoulder of [[Ötzi]], a 5,300-year-old mummy, after a [[CT scan]] was performed on him.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=128}} Newly described hominids included ''[[Sahelanthropus]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahelanthropus tchadensis |url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program |language=en |archive-date=June 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629225632/https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Ardipithecus]]'', while two additional hominids, ''[[Kenyanthropus]]'' and ''[[Orrorin]]'', were proposed.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|pages=158–159}} January saw the extraction of DNA from a 60,000-year-old skeleton, the oldest human DNA to be studied to that point.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=480}} In October, the discovery of a prehistoric ''[[Sarcosuchus]]'' skeleton was announced after digging began the previous year.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=125}} Archaeological discoveries include [[rock art]] in [[Andros]], 40,000-year-old tools in [[Mamontovaya Kurya]], [[terracotta]] citizens in a pit adjacent to the [[Terracotta Army]], a walled city at [[Dholavira]], and a 2,900-year-old [[sweat lodge]] in [[Cuello]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|pages=160–162}} Two different groups, the [[Human Genome Project]] and [[Celera Genomics]], published the first maps of the human genome on February 15 and 16, respectively. [[Human cloning]] was a controversial subject in 2001, and opponents called for bans on human cloning internationally.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|pages=477–478}}{{Rp|page=215}} Other developments in genetics included a completed sequencing of the ''[[oryza sativa]]'' genome and an experiment saw the successful creation of tomatoes [[Genetically modified organism|genetically modified]] to survive in saltwater.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=237}} The [[pygmy three-toed sloth]] was among the animals first [[Species description|described]] in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shields |first1=Fiona |last2=Hilaire |first2=Eric |date=2012-09-13 |title=10 new mammals discovered in past 10 years |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/sep/13/new-mammals-discovered-10-years |access-date=2023-03-25 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325184702/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/sep/13/new-mammals-discovered-10-years |url-status=live }}</ref> Birds discovered include the [[Mishana tyrannulet]], the [[Chapada flycatcher]], the [[Vanuatu petrel]], and the [[chestnut-eared laughingthrush]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=215}} The ''[[Ruizia parviflora]]'' tree was rediscovered on Mauritius when it was thought extinct since 1863.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=238}} Conversely, the 1993 discovery of ''[[pseudonovibos spiralis]]'' was determined in February 2001 to be unfounded.<ref name=":5" /> The discovery of the [[Lost City Hydrothermal Field]] on the [[Atlantis Massif]] was formally announced in 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=183}} The phenomenon of [[neutrino oscillation]] was confirmed in 2001, while the 1999 discovery of [[element 118]] was retracted.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=263}} The [[University of the Arctic]] was founded in 2001 as a joint project between several northern countries.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=210}} === Technology and transportation === {{Further|2001 in spaceflight|2001 in aviation|2001 in rail transport}}[[File:ISS-02 Soyuz TM-32 Taxi crewmembers.jpg|thumb|Crew of [[Soyuz TM-32]]: (L-R) [[Dennis Tito]], [[Talgat Musabayev]], and [[Yuri Baturin]]]]The computer industry saw major decline during the recession in 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=175}} Apple Computer Inc. released the [[Mac OS X]] [[operating system]] for [[Mac (computer)|Mac]] computers on March 24,<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=176}}<ref name=":17">{{Cite magazine |last=Chen |first=Brian X. |title=March 24, 2001: Apple Unleashes Mac OS X |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/macos-x-released/ |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028 |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204014509/https://www.wired.com/2010/03/macos-x-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and it discontinued the [[Power Mac G4 Cube]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=176}} [[3G]] wireless technology first became available on October 1 when it was [[3G adoption|adopted]] by Japanese telecommunications company [[NTT Docomo]] with its [[Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access]] service.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=182}} Microsoft released the [[Windows XP]] operating system to retail on October 25.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=175}}<ref name="auto8">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Releases Windows XP |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/october/25/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Computer History Museum |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203043603/https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/october/25/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The most powerful [[supercomputer]] as of 2001 was designed by [[IBM]] for the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] in the United States. Several [[malware]] scares took place in 2001, including the [[Code Red (computer worm)|Code Red]], [[Nimda]], and [[Sircam]] worms.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=180}} There were only 57 successful orbital spaceflights in 2001, the fewest since 1963. Eight of these launches were crewed missions. Two failed spaceflights also took place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Flight 2001 - The Year in Review |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/reports/2001/index.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=NASA |language=en |archive-date=April 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407032841/http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/reports/2001/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[NEAR Shoemaker]]'' made the first successful landing of a spacecraft on an asteroid on February 12, and the [[Destiny (ISS module)|''Destiny'' module]] was connected to the [[International Space Station]] the same month.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|pages=474–475}} The Russian ''[[Mir]]'' space station was [[Deorbit of Mir|deorbited]] and destroyed on March 23, landing in the Pacific Ocean.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=126}} The ''[[2001 Mars Odyssey]]'' orbiter was launched on April 7 and arrived at Mars on October 24.<ref name="NASA Mars-2001" /> American entrepreneur [[Dennis Tito]] became the first [[Space tourism|space tourist]] on April 28 aboard the Russian [[Soyuz TM-32]].<ref name="NASA-2001" /> [[28978 Ixion]] was discovered on May 22.<ref name="Minor Planet Center" /> The [[Genesis (spacecraft)|''Genesis'']] probe was launched on August 8 to collect [[solar wind]] samples.<ref name="NASA-Genesis-2004">{{Cite web |title=Genesis |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/genesis/in-depth/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=NASA |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504105535/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/genesis/in-depth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Deep Space 1]]'' carried out a flyby of [[19P/Borrelly|Comet Borrelly]] on September 22,<ref name="NASA-DS1-2001" /> and [[Galileo (spacecraft)|''Galileo'']] carried out a flyby of [[Io (moon)|Io]] on October 15.<ref name="JPL-2001" /> An atmosphere was discovered on an [[exoplanet]] for the first time on November 27.<ref name="Hubble-2001" /> Air travel in the United States and worldwide was heavily affected by the September 11 attacks. Commercial flights in the United States were grounded for three days,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clark |first1=David E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZbCAAAAQBAJ |title=The Impact of 9/11 on Business and Economics: The Business of Terror |last2=McGibany |first2=James M. |last3=Myers |first3=Adam |date=2009-08-31 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-10006-0 |editor-last=Morgan |editor-first=Matthew J. |pages=75–76 |language=en |chapter=The Effects of 9/11 on the Airline Travel Industry |access-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929025204/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZbCAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and air travel then became subject to significantly increased security measures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martinez |first=Marta Rodriguez |date=2021-09-10 |title=How have the 9/11 attacks changed life for Europeans? |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/10/how-have-the-9-11-attacks-changed-life-for-europeans |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325053817/https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/10/how-have-the-9-11-attacks-changed-life-for-europeans |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Incheon International Airport]] opened in [[Incheon]] on March 22, and the [[TGV Mediterranee]] railway opened in France.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=166}} The [[Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)|K-141 ''Kursk'']] nuclear submarine was lifted from the [[Barents Sea]] after the [[Kursk submarine disaster]] of the previous year.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=74–75}} The [[Segway]], a self-balancing [[personal transporter]] invented by [[Dean Kamen]], was unveiled on December 3 after months of public speculation and media hype,<ref name="speculation">{{cite episode |url=http://www.cc.com/events/month-of-zen/live.html |title=January 26, 2000 |series=[[The Daily Show]] |date=26 July 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702125349/http://www.cc.com/events/month-of-zen/live.html |archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> on the [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] morning program ''[[Good Morning America]]''.<ref name="auto4">{{cite news |last=Tweney |first=Dylan |title=Wired.com retrospective |url=https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2009/12/1203segway-unveiled |access-date=2009-04-12 |archive-date=February 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206032414/http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2009/12/1203segway-unveiled/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The reveal that it was a self-balancing transporter was seen as a disappointment.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=477}} ==Events== ===January=== * [[January 1]] – Greece becomes the 12th country to join the [[Eurozone]].<ref name="The Guardian-2001c">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-01-01 |title=Greece joins euro |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/jan/01/emu.theeuro |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215445/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/jan/01/emu.theeuro |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[January 7]] – Ghana undergoes its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 when [[John Kufuor]] is sworn in as [[President of Ghana]].<ref name="auto19"/> * [[January 9]] – [[Apple Inc.]] launches [[iTunes]], a software program that acts as a [[Media player (software)|media player]] and media library.<ref name="Apple Newsroom">{{Cite web |title=Apple Introduces iTunes — World's Best and Easiest To Use Jukebox Software |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/01/09Apple-Introduces-iTunes-Worlds-Best-and-Easiest-To-Use-Jukebox-Software/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US |archive-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604220521/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/01/09Apple-Introduces-iTunes-Worlds-Best-and-Easiest-To-Use-Jukebox-Software/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[January 10]] – [[AOL]] and [[Time Warner]] announce what was at the time the world's largest business merger.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /> * [[January 13]] – A [[January 2001 El Salvador earthquake|7.6-magnitude earthquake]] hits El Salvador, killing at least 944 people and causing massive landslides, which leaves thousands of those affected homeless.<ref name="proteccioncivil" /><ref name="USAID-2001">{{Cite web |title=El Salvador - Earthquakes Final Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year (FY) 2001 - El Salvador |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/el-salvador/el-salvador-earthquakes-final-fact-sheet-fiscal-year-fy-2001 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=ReliefWeb |date=September 7, 2001 |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120030336/https://reliefweb.int/report/el-salvador/el-salvador-earthquakes-final-fact-sheet-fiscal-year-fy-2001 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[January 16]] ** [[Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila]]: The President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is shot in his office during the [[Second Congo War]] and rushed to [[Harare]] in Zimbabwe for medical treatment; his death will be announced two days later. He is succeeded by his son, [[Joseph Kabila]].<ref name=":3"/>{{Rp|page=29}} ** The final documented case of the 2000–2001 Uganda [[ebola]] outbreak is diagnosed.<ref name="auto13"/> * [[January 20]] ** [[George W. Bush]], a former [[governor of Texas]], is [[First inauguration of George W. Bush|sworn in]] as the 43rd president of the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-01-20 |title=President Bush sworn in |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1127937.stm |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120030329/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1127937.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> ** Impeachment proceedings against Philippine President [[Joseph Estrada]] end prematurely as he is peacefully overthrown in the [[Second EDSA Revolution]]. Vice President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] succeeds him as president.<ref name="Paddock-2001">{{Cite web |last=Paddock |first=Richard C. |date=2001-01-20 |title=Estrada Quits; New Philippine Leader Installed |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-20-mn-14778-story.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120030332/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-20-mn-14778-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[January 21]] ** [[Taba Summit]]: Talks between Israel and the [[Palestinian National Authority]] begin in Egypt.<ref>{{cite book|title=Japanese Colleges and Universities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXrYAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Maruzen Company|isbn=978-4-621-03357-9|page=88|access-date=July 4, 2020|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101227/https://books.google.com/books?id=oXrYAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[Pope John Paul II]] names 37 cardinals in one day for a total of 128.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=469}} * [[January 22]] – The [[2001 insurgency in Macedonia]] begins when a police station is shelled by the [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|National Liberation Army]] in [[Tearce]], near the border with Kosovo.<ref name="Marusic-2021"/> * [[January 23]] – [[Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident|A self-immolation incident]] takes place in [[Tiananmen Square]] in central [[Beijing]], China. Five members of the [[Falun Gong]] are alleged to have set themselves on fire, but details surrounding the incident are disputed by Falun Gong sources.<ref name="auto18">{{cite news |author= |date=24 January 2001 |title=Tiananmen tense after fiery protests |publisher=CNN |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/24/asia.falun.03/ |access-date=9 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222110517/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/24/asia.falun.03/ |archive-date=22 February 2007}}</ref> * [[January 26]] – A 7.7 {{M|w|link=y}} [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|Gujarat earthquake]] shakes [[Western India]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of X (''Extreme''), leaving thousands of people dead and more than 166,000 others injured.<ref name="ASC-2001">{{Cite web |title=M7.7 Bhuj " Republic Day " Earthquake, 2001 |url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=18 November 2006}}</ref> * [[January 29]] – Corruption scandals surrounding Indonesian President [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] prompt thousands of protesters to storm the Indonesian [[MPR/DPR/DPD building|parliament building]].<ref name="the Guardian-2001a">{{Cite web |date=2001-01-29 |title=Clashes as 10,000 besiege Indonesian parliament |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/29/indonesia |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215443/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/29/indonesia |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[January 31]] – [[2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident]]: Japan Airlines Flight 907 and Flight 958 almost collided with each other in [[Yaizu]], Shizuoka, [[Japan]]. Flight 907 safely landed at Narita Airport and Flight 958 continued to Naha Airport. 100 people were injured.<ref>{{cite web|title=On this Day in Japan: JAL's Near Miss Collision Above Suruga Bay|date=January 30, 2021 |url=https://www.tokyoweekender.com/japan-life/news-and-opinion/day-japan-jals-near-miss-colision/}}</ref> ===February=== * [[February 6]] – [[2001 Israeli prime ministerial election]]: [[Ariel Sharon]] of the [[Likud]] party is elected [[Prime Minister of Israel]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sontag |first=Deborah |date=2001-02-07 |title=The Sharon Victory: The Overview; Sharon Easily Ousts Barak to Become Israel's Premier; Calls for a Reconciliation |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/07/world/sharon-victory-overview-sharon-easily-ousts-barak-become-israel-s-premier-calls.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215448/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/07/world/sharon-victory-overview-sharon-easily-ousts-barak-become-israel-s-premier-calls.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Eros - PIA02923 (color).jpg|thumb|upright|[[433&nbsp;Eros]]&nbsp;as seen from the&nbsp;''NEAR''&nbsp;spacecraft]] * [[February 12]] ** The ''[[NEAR Shoemaker]]'' spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of [[433 Eros]], a [[near-Earth object]], becoming the first spacecraft to land on an [[asteroid]].<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|pages=474–475}} ** The [[Human Genome Project]] publishes the first draft of its [[human genome]] sequence.<ref name="Wade-2001">{{Cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=2001-02-12 |title=Long-Held Beliefs Are Challenged By New Human Genome Analysis |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/12/us/long-held-beliefs-are-challenged-by-new-human-genome-analysis.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123230753/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/12/us/long-held-beliefs-are-challenged-by-new-human-genome-analysis.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[February 13]] – A [[February 2001 El Salvador earthquake|6.6-magnitude earthquake]] hits El Salvador, killing at least 315 people.<ref name="USAID-2001" /> * [[February 16]] – [[Iraq disarmament crisis]]: British and U.S. forces [[February 2001 airstrike in Iraq|carry out bombing raids]] to disable Iraq's air defense network.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-02-16 |title=US and British aircraft attack Iraq |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/16/iraq |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120030325/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/16/iraq |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[February 18]] – [[NASCAR]] driver [[Dale Earnhardt]] is [[Death of Dale Earnhardt|killed in a crash]] during a race.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=316}}<ref name="Caldwell-2001" /> * [[February 19]] – The [[2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak]] begins.<ref name="Morris-2002">{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Doug |title=A farmer's negligence |work=BBC News |date=30 May 2002 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2016461.stm |access-date=22 April 2015 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121214317/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2016461.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[February 22]] – The [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] (ICTY) sentences three Bosnian Serb soldiers to prison for [[wartime sexual violence]], recognizing it as a [[war crime]] for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-02-22 |title=Historic trial makes rape war crime |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/02/22/hague.trial.04/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124021406/https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/02/22/hague.trial.04/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[February 25]] – [[Sampit conflict]]: Mass ethnic violence begins in [[Sampit]], Indonesia, killing hundreds of people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-02-28 |title=Witnesses Detail Slaughter Of 118 Madurese on Borneo |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/02/28/witnesses-detail-slaughter-of-118-madurese-on-borneo/bdd70e93-8a71-43a7-a103-5434324d2b08/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> ===March=== * [[March 2]] – Despite pleas from the international community to spare them, the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban government]] of Afghanistan begins destroying the [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]], having declared that they are [[Idolatry in Islam|idols]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/science/archaeology/2001-03-22-afghan-buddhas.htm |title=Why the Taliban are destroying Buddhas |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=22 March 2001 |access-date=9 October 2013 |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829010435/http://www.usatoday.com/news/science/archaeology/2001-03-22-afghan-buddhas.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AFP-2001">{{cite news| date = 12 March 2001| title = Destruction of Giant Buddhas Confirmed| publisher = [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]| url = http://www.beliefnet.com/story/70/story_7096_1.html| access-date = 6 January 2008| archive-date = September 28, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080928231734/http://www.beliefnet.com/story/70/story_7096_1.html| url-status = live}}</ref> * [[March 4]] – The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge [[Hintze Ribeiro Bridge collapse|collapses]] in northern Portugal, killing 59 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1202214.stm |title=Portugal bridge collapse 'kills 70' |publisher=BBC News |date=5 March 2001 |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307171536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1202214.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[March 14]] – [[Battle of Tetovo]]: Violence erupts between Albanian rebels and Macedonian soldiers in [[Tetovo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-03-14 |title=Macedonia: Ethnic Albanian Violence Spreads |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1095959.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124161738/https://www.rferl.org/a/1095959.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Conflict in Tetovo will continue for months during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2001 |title=Battle for Tetovo rages |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/09/macedonia.attack/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124161738/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/09/macedonia.attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[March 16]] – [[Shijiazhuang bombings]]: 108 people are killed in a series of bombings in [[Shijiazhuang]], China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-03-17 |title=China says 108 killed in blasts |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1226222.stm |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=April 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410091351/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1226222.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[March 22]] ** ''[[Kenyanthropus]]'' is [[Species description|described]] as an early [[Hominidae|hominid]] after the discovery of remains in Kenya.<ref name="Leakey-2001">{{cite journal |last=Leakey |first=Meave G. |author-link=Meave Leakey |display-authors=etal |year=2001 |title=New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=410 |issue=6827 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2001Natur.410..433L |doi=10.1038/35068500 |pmid=11260704 |s2cid=4409453}}</ref> ** [[Incheon International Airport]] opens in [[Incheon]], South Korea.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=166}} * [[March 23]] – The [[Deorbit of Mir|deorbit of Russian space station ''Mir'']] is processed, with debris falling into the South Pacific Ocean after the station [[Atmospheric entry|enters the atmosphere]] and is destroyed.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=126}} * [[March 24]] – Apple Inc. released the [[Mac OS X]] [[operating system]] for [[Mac (computer)|Mac]] computers.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=176}}<ref name=":17" /> * [[March 26]] – [[World Championship Wrestling]] goes out of business and is purchased by its chief competitor, the [[World Wrestling Federation]], bringing an end to the [[Monday Night Wars]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://itrwrestling.com/features/on-this-day-march-26-2001-wcw-nitros-final-show/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |title=On This Day: March 26 2001, WCW Nitro's Final Show - Inside the Ropes |date=March 26, 2021 }}</ref> * [[March 28]] – The United States declares its intention to end involvement in the [[Kyoto Protocol]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=2001-03-29 |title=Bush kills global warming treaty |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2001/mar/29/globalwarming.usnews |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122203853/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2001/mar/29/globalwarming.usnews |url-status=live }}</ref> ===April=== [[File:Weddinginholland.jpg|thumb|Two men marrying in&nbsp;[[Amsterdam]]&nbsp;on April 1, the first day in which the possibility to marry was opened to same-sex couples]] * [[April 1]] ** The [[Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands|Act on the Opening up of Marriage]] goes into effect in the Netherlands, which becomes the first modern country to legalize [[same-sex marriage]].<ref name="William Binchy-20072" /> ** [[Hainan Island incident]]: A Chinese fighter jet collides with a U.S. [[Lockheed EP-3|EP-3E]] surveillance aircraft, which is forced to make an emergency landing in [[Hainan]], China. The U.S. crew is detained for 10 days and the [[Shenyang J-8|F-8]] Chinese pilot, Wang Wei, goes missing and is presumed dead.<ref name="Air Forces Monthly-2001">{{Citation | title = Air Forces Monthly|date=May 2001| volume = 158| page = 4}}</ref> ** Former [[President of Serbia and Montenegro]] [[Slobodan Milošević]] surrenders to police special forces to be tried on charges of [[crimes against humanity]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=230}} * [[April 7]] – The [[NASA]] orbiter ''[[2001 Mars Odyssey]]'' launches on a [[Delta II]] rocket.<ref name="NASA Mars-2001">{{Cite web |last= |title=2001 Mars Odyssey |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/odyssey |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=NASA Mars Exploration |language=en |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124172241/https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/odyssey/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[April 11]] – [[Australia men's national soccer team|Australia]]'s football team wins against [[American Samoa national football team|American Samoa]] in a record [[Australia 31–0 American Samoa|31–0 victory]], just two days after setting the record with a [[Tonga 0–22 Australia|0–22 victory]] against [[Tonga national football team|Tonga]].<ref name=":11" /> * [[April 15]] – [[Extreme Championship Wrestling]] files for bankruptcy and ceases operations, is eventually bought by its competitor, the [[World Wrestling Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.morningjournal.com/2001/04/15/ecw-officially-bankrupt-officially-done/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |title=ECW officially bankrupt, officially done |date=15 April 2001 }}</ref> * [[April 17]] ** [[Nông Đức Mạnh]] is chosen as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thayer |first=Carlyle A. |date=2002 |title=Vietnam in 2001: The Ninth Party Congress and After |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |jstor=10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |issn=0004-4687 |access-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104125830/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |url-status=live }}</ref> ** Israel occupies an area in the [[Gaza Strip]], killing two people. Israeli forces withdraw the same day after the United States denounces the attack.<ref name="CNN-2001a">{{Cite web |date=2001-04-18 |title=Israel pulls out of Gaza |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/04/17/mideast.violence.06/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124021417/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/04/17/mideast.violence.06/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[April 18]] – [[2001 Burundian coup d'état attempt]]: A group of junior officers make a failed attempt to overthrow President [[Pierre Buyoya]] of Burundi.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=218}} * [[April 22]] – [[Hasim Rahman]] wins an upset victory against champion [[Lennox Lewis]] in the "[[Lennox Lewis vs. Hasim Rahman|Thunder in Africa]]" boxing match.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=536}}<ref name=":12" /> * [[April 25]] – A ceasefire is broken during the [[Eelam War III]] in Sri Lanka.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=51}} * [[April 26]] ** [[Junichiro Koizumi]] becomes the 86th [[Prime Minister of Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-21 |title=Junichiro Koizumi Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/27/world/asia/junichiro-koizumi-fast-facts/index.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120233014/https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/27/world/asia/junichiro-koizumi-fast-facts/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ** The [[Parliament of Ukraine]] votes to dismiss Prime Minister [[Viktor Yushchenko]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyler |first=Patrick E. |date=2001-04-26 |title=Ukrainian Parliament Votes to Oust Prime Minister |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/26/world/ukrainian-parliament-votes-to-oust-prime-minister.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124021408/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/26/world/ukrainian-parliament-votes-to-oust-prime-minister.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[April 28]] ** The Russian spacecraft [[Soyuz TM-32]] lifts off from the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] in Kazakhstan, carrying the first [[Space tourism|space tourist]], American entrepreneur [[Dennis Tito]], and two Russian cosmonauts.<ref name="NASA-2001">{{cite book|author=United States. President|title=Aeronautics and Space Report of the President|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z1DpUAFmghAC&pg=PA138|publisher=U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration|pages=138|access-date=April 8, 2021|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101225/https://books.google.com/books?id=z1DpUAFmghAC&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[Vejce ambush]]: Eight Macedonian soldiers are killed in an ambush by the NLA near [[Vejce]], a village in the [[Šar Mountains]], Macedonia. It represents the heaviest death toll for the government forces in a single incident during the insurgency.<ref>{{cite web |title=8 soldiers slain in ambush near Albanian region |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2001/04/29/8-soldiers-slain-in-ambush-near-albanian-region/ |date=29 April 2001 |publisher=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=5 February 2015 |archive-date=February 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202210050/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-04-29/news/0104290288_1_albanian-macedonia-in-late-march-slav-majority |url-status=live }}</ref> ===May=== * [[May 7]] – In [[Banja Luka]], Bosnia and Herzegovina, an attempt is made to reconstruct the historic 16th-century [[Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Banja Luka)|Ferhadija Mosque]]. [[Serbian nationalism|Serbian nationalists]] respond with riots and mass violence against [[Bosnian Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/05/07/historic-bosnian-mosque-reopens-amid-heavy-security-05-07-2016/|title=Historic Bosnian Mosque Reopens amid Heavy Security|date=May 7, 2016|author=Danijel Kovacevic|website=[[Balkan Insight|Balkan Transitional Justice]]|access-date=September 1, 2021|archive-date=September 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901091157/https://balkaninsight.com/2016/05/07/historic-bosnian-mosque-reopens-amid-heavy-security-05-07-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[May 13]] – The [[House of Freedoms]] coalition led by [[Silvio Berlusconi]] wins the [[2001 Italian general election|Italian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Italy – Parliamentary Chamber: Camera dei Deputati |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2157_01.htm |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920055314/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2157_01.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[May 18]] – [[2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing]]: A Hamas suicide bomber kills six people in [[Netanya]], Israel. The Israeli government responds with the first use of airstrikes against Palestine since 1967.<ref name="BBC-2001a">{{Cite news |date=2001-05-20 |title=Arabs seek to isolate Israel |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1340003.stm |access-date=2022-11-24 |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118095450/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1340003.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[May 21]] – The [[Končulj Agreement]] results in the disarmament of the [[Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac]], ending the [[Insurgency in the Preševo Valley]].<ref name="auto14">{{Cite web |title=Demilitarization Statement (Konculj Agreement) |url=https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/1430 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.peaceagreements.org |publisher=University of Edinburgh |archive-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420054703/https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/1430 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[May 22]] ** [[28978 Ixion]], a large [[trans-Neptunian object]] and a [[List of possible dwarf planets|possible]] [[dwarf planet]], is discovered during the [[Deep Ecliptic Survey]].<ref name="Minor Planet Center">{{cite web |title=28978 Ixion (2001 KX76) |publisher=International Astronomical Union |work=Minor Planet Center |url=https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=28978 |access-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120070851/https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=28978 |url-status=live }}</ref> ** The [[Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants]] is adopted by 127 countries to limit pollution internationally.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=491}}<ref name="LA Times-2001">{{Cite web |date=2001-05-23 |title=127 Countries Adopt Toxic Chemicals Treaty |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-23-mn-1454-story.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124172230/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-23-mn-1454-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[May 24]] – Sherpa [[Temba Tsheri]], 15, becomes the youngest person to reach the summit of [[Mount Everest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12246591.boy-of-15-is-youngest-to-climb-everest-young-sherpa-lost-five-fingers-to-frostbite-in-earlier-attempt-on-summit/|title=Boy of 15 is youngest to climb Everest Young Sherpa lost five fingers to frostbite in earlier attempt on summit|date=May 25, 2001|website=Herald Scotland|access-date=September 1, 2001|archive-date=September 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901091154/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12246591.boy-of-15-is-youngest-to-climb-everest-young-sherpa-lost-five-fingers-to-frostbite-in-earlier-attempt-on-summit/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[May 26]] – The [[African Union]] is formed to replace the [[Organisation of African Unity]]. It will begin operation the following year.<ref name="Adeniyi-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Adeniyi |first1=Olatunbosun |last2=Opara |first2=Ngozi Mercy |last3=Adeyemo |first3=Toyosi |last4=Ekeria |first4=Augustina Irenosen |last5=Faith-Lois |first5=Bolorunduro |date=2016 |title=African Union and the Challenges of Development |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26893815 |journal=Journal of African Union Studies |volume=5 |issue=2/3 |pages=67–89 |jstor=26893815 |issn=2050-4292 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123230753/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26893815 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[May 28]] – [[2001 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt]]: Central African forces led by [[André Kolingba]] carry out a failed attempt to overthrow the government of the Central African Republic. Dozens are killed in the ensuing violence.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=249}} * [[May 31]] ** Lithuania joins the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref name="Lithuania-2021"/> ** Research into [[Crohn's disease]] confirms that it is identified with mutation of the [[NOD2]] gene.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seppa |first=Nathan |date=2001-05-23 |title=Genetic flaw found in painful gut disease |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/genetic-flaw-found-painful-gut-disease |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Science News |language=en-US |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124172231/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/genetic-flaw-found-painful-gut-disease |url-status=live }}</ref> ===June=== * [[June 1]] ** Crown Prince [[Dipendra of Nepal]] kills his father, the king, his mother and other members of the royal family with an assault rifle and then shoots himself in the [[Nepalese royal massacre]]. Dipendra is recognized as King of Nepal while in a coma.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=72–73}} ** [[Dolphinarium discotheque massacre]]: A Hamas suicide bomber kills 21 people, mostly teenagers, in the Dolphinarium disco in [[Tel Aviv]], Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Ian |date=29 January 2006 |title=In Hamas's Overt Hatred, Many Israelis See Hope |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=November 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111022312/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[June 4]] – [[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra]] ascends the throne of Nepal on the death of his nephew, Dipendra.<ref name="massacre">{{cite news |date=2 June 2001 |title=Nepal mourns slain king |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1366170.stm |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107091236/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1366170.stm |archive-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> [[File:Allison Flood Houston.jpg|thumb|[[Buffalo Bayou]] and [[White Oak Bayou]] at Main Street after Tropical Storm Allison hit Houston, Texas, U.S.]] * [[June 5]] – [[Tropical Storm Allison]] hits the U.S. state of [[Texas]], severely flooding [[Houston]] and killing 23 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-05 |title=Remembering Tropical Storm Allison |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/stories/remembering-tropical-storm-allison |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215448/https://www.noaa.gov/education/stories/remembering-tropical-storm-allison |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[June 7]] ** [[2001 United Kingdom general election]]: [[Tony Blair]] and the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] win a second landslide victory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/08/uk.election.05/index.html|title=CNN.com - Blair celebrates historic poll win - June 8, 2001|website=edition.cnn.com|access-date=April 11, 2022|archive-date=April 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411105203/https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/08/uk.election.05/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ** Former Argentinian president [[Carlos Menem]] is arrested on suspicion of illegal arms sales.<ref name="CNN-2001i">{{Cite web |date=2001-06-07 |title=Spokesman: Ex-Argentine president arrested |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/06/07/menem.arrest.02/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124021407/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/06/07/menem.arrest.02/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[June 12]] – [[Aračinovo crisis]]: Albanian rebels violate a 24-hour cease fire with Macedonian soldiers.<ref name="CNN-2001c">{{Cite web |date=2001-06-12 |title=Rebels breach Macedonia truce |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/12/macedonia.fighting/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124161738/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/12/macedonia.fighting/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[June 15]] – Declaration to establish the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] is signed.<ref name="SCO-2017">{{cite web|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|title=About SCO|publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028182720/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|archive-date=28 October 2017|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref> * [[June 19]] ** Syria withdraws thousands of forces from a decades-long military presence in [[Beirut]], Lebanon.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2001-06-20 |title=After Decades, Thousands of Syrian Troops Leave Beirut |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/20/world/after-decades-thousands-of-syrian-troops-leave-beirut.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124021409/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/20/world/after-decades-thousands-of-syrian-troops-leave-beirut.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ** Germany enacts a program to compensate [[Holocaust survivors]] that were subject to slave labor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-06-19 |title=Germany approves Nazi pay-out |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/19/germany.slaves.1601/index.html?related |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124021408/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/19/germany.slaves.1601/index.html?related |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[June 21]] – The world's [[longest trains|longest train]] is run by BHP Iron Ore between Newman and Port Hedland in Western Australia (a distance of {{convert|275|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}); the train consists of 682 loaded iron ore wagons and 8 [[GE AC6000CW]] locomotives, giving a gross weight of almost 100,000 tonnes and moves 82,262 tonnes of ore; the train is {{convert|7.353|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamersley Freight Line |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hamersley-freight-line/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512100443/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hamersley-freight-line/ |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=2022-11-20 |work=Railway Technology}}</ref> * [[June 23]] – An 8.4 {{M|w|link=y}} [[2001 southern Peru earthquake|southern Peru earthquake]] shakes coastal Peru with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''Severe''). A destructive tsunami follows, leaving at least 77 people dead, and 2,687 others injured.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="Keefer-2004">{{Cite journal |last1=Keefer |first1=David K. |last2=Moseley |first2=Michael E. |date=2004-07-27 |title=Southern Peru desert shattered by the great 2001 earthquake: Implications for paleoseismic and paleo-El Niño–Southern Oscillation records |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=101 |issue=30 |pages=10878–10883 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0404320101 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=491987 |pmid=15263069 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[June 25]] – [[Alkhan-Kala operation]]: Russian forces carry out a ''[[zachistka]]'' operation in Alkhan-Kala, [[Grozny]], Chechnya, during the [[Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2001)|Second Chechen War]]. Chechen warlord [[Arbi Barayev]] is killed.<ref name="BBC-2001b">{{Cite news |date=2001-06-25 |title=Russians kill Chechen warlord |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1406317.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412152951/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1406317.stm |archive-date=April 12, 2012 |access-date=2022-11-24 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> ===July=== * July – The largest ever recorded outbreak of [[Legionnaires' disease]] occurs in [[Murcia]], Spain. 449 cases are confirmed, with more than 800 suspected ones.<ref name="auto17"/> * [[July 2]] – The world's first self-contained [[artificial heart]] is implanted in [[Robert Tools]] in the United States.<ref name="Jet-2001">{{cite book|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7QDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22|date=10 September 2001|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|pages=22|access-date=October 31, 2020|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101217/https://books.google.com/books?id=-7QDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[July 4]] – [[Vladivostok Air Flight 352]] crashes on approach while landing at [[Irkutsk Airport]], Russia, killing all 145 people aboard.<ref name="ASN">{{cite web |title=ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev Tu-154M RA-85845 Burdakovka |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20010704-0 |access-date=2022-11-20 |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043737/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20010704-0 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[July 7]] – [[2001 Bradford riots]]: Ethnic violence is provoked in [[Bradford]], England, by the far-right [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] and far-left [[Anti-Nazi League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-07-08 |title=Race riots ignite Bradford |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/jul/08/uk.race |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215447/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/jul/08/uk.race |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[July 12]] – The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] releases its [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=213}} * [[July 13]] – The [[International Olympic Committee]] chooses Beijing to host the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/13/sports/beijing-is-selected-as-2008-host-city.html| title = Beijing Is Selected as 2008 Host City| first = Jere| last = Longman| website = The New York Times| date = July 13, 2001| access-date = September 18, 2017| archive-date = September 18, 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110655/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/13/sports/beijing-is-selected-as-2008-host-city.html| url-status = live}}</ref> * [[July 14]] – [[Agra Summit]]: India and Pakistan begin talks to improve relations. The summit ends inconclusively on July 16.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-07-17 |title=Agra summit at a glance |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1430367.stm |access-date=2022-11-24 |archive-date=January 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103201846/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1430367.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[July 16]] – China and Russia sign the [[2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyler |first=Patrick E. |date=2001-07-17 |title=Russia and China Sign 'Friendship' Pact |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/17/world/russia-and-china-sign-friendship-pact.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043739/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/17/world/russia-and-china-sign-friendship-pact.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Vladimir Putin 22 July 2001-1.jpg|thumb|Photo session of the G8 leaders in Genoa, 2001: (L-R) [[Junichiro Koizumi]], [[Tony Blair]], [[George W. Bush]], [[Jacques Chirac]], [[Silvio Berlusconi]], [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Jean Chretien]], [[Gerhard Schroeder]], [[Guy Verhofstadt]], and [[Romano Prodi]]]] * [[July 20]]–[[July 22|22]] – The [[27th G8 summit]] takes place in [[Genoa]], Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, are held against the meeting by members of the [[anti-globalization movement]]. One demonstrator, [[Death of Carlo Giuliani|Carlo Giuliani]], is killed by a policeman, and several others are injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-21 |title=G8 summit death shocks leaders |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/07/20/genoa.protests/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043738/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/07/20/genoa.protests/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[July 23]] – [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]] is [[Inauguration of Megawati Sukarnoputri|inaugurated]] as the first female president of Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ningrum |first=Desi Aditia |date=2019-10-19 |title=Presiden Megawati dan Pelantikan Dalam Sunyi |trans-title=President Megawati and the Silent Inauguration |url=https://www.merdeka.com/politik/presiden-megawati-dan-pelantikan-dalam-sunyi.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=merdeka.com |language=Indonesian |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120233014/https://www.merdeka.com/politik/presiden-megawati-dan-pelantikan-dalam-sunyi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[July 24]] ** [[Bandaranaike Airport attack]]: The [[Tamil Tigers]] bomb the [[Bandaranaike International Airport]] in Sri Lanka during the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]].<ref name="Jane's Intelligence Review">{{cite web |year=2001 |title=Intelligence failures exposed by Tamil Tiger airport attack |url=http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir010903_1_n.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225162532/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir010903_1_n.shtml |archive-date=February 25, 2008 |access-date=June 3, 2006 |publisher=Jane's Intelligence Review}}</ref> ** [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]], deposed as the last [[Tsar of Bulgaria]] when a child, is sworn in as the democratically elected 48th [[List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria|Prime Minister of Bulgaria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1455674.stm|title=Bulgaria's ex-King swears oath to republic|website=BBC|date=25 July 2001|access-date=March 5, 2022|archive-date=January 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107215126/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1455674.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[July 26]] – Moldova joins the World Trade Organization.<ref name="auto23"/> * [[July 28]] – [[Alejandro Toledo]] becomes the [[President of Peru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-28 |title=Peru's Toledo swears in as president, vows to fight poverty |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/07/28/peru.toledo/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215448/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/07/28/peru.toledo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===August=== * August – A ceasefire is negotiated to end the [[War of the Peters]].<ref name="auto6"/> * [[August 2]] – The ICTY convicts Bosnian Serb general [[Radislav Krstić]] on the charge of [[genocide]] for his role in the [[Srebrenica massacre]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-08-01 |title=Radislav Krstic becomes the First Person to be Convicted of Genocide at the ICTY and is Sentenced to 46 Years Imprisonment. |url=https://www.icty.org/en/press/radislav-krstic-becomes-first-person-be-convicted-genocide-icty-and-sentenced-46-years |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123214630/https://www.icty.org/en/press/radislav-krstic-becomes-first-person-be-convicted-genocide-icty-and-sentenced-46-years |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Genesis Collector Array.jpg|thumb|A ''Genesis'' collector array in the clean lab at [[Johnson Space Center]]. The hexagons consist of a variety of ultra-pure, semiconductor-grade wafers, including [[silicon]], [[corundum]], [[gold]] on sapphire, [[diamond]]-like carbon films,<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090218095842.htm |title=Diamond-like Films Help In Study Of Solar Winds |publisher=Sandia National Laboratories |first=Michael |last=Padilla |date=February 16, 2009 |access-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204161631/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090218095842.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and other materials.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Genesis Solar-Wind Collector Materials |journal=Space Science Reviews |first1=A. J. G. |last1=Jurewicz |first2=D. S. |last2=Burnett |first3=R. C. |last3=Wiens |first4=T. A. |last4=Friedmann |first5=C. C. |last5=Hays |first6=R. J. |last6=Hohlfelder |first7=K. |last7=Nishiizumi |first8=J. A. |last8=Stone |first9=D. S. |last9=Woolum |first10=R. |last10=Becker |first11=A. L. |last11=Butterworth |first12=A. J. |last12=Campbell |first13=M. |last13=Ebihara |first14=I. A. |last14=Franchi |first15=V. |last15=Heber |first16=C. M. |last16=Hohenberg |first17=M. |last17=Humayun |first18=K. D. |last18=McKeegan |first19=K. |last19=McNamara |first20=A. |last20=Meshik |first21=R. O. |last21=Pepin |first22=D. |last22=Schlutter |first23=R. |last23=Wieler |display-authors=1 |volume=105 |issue=3–4 |pages=535–560 |date=January 2003 |doi=10.1023/A:1024469927444 |bibcode=2003SSRv..105..535J|s2cid=51768025 }}</ref>]] * [[August 8]] ** The [[Genesis (spacecraft)|''Genesis'']] probe is launched from [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17]].<ref name="NASA-Genesis-2004"/> ** Albanian rebels [[Karpalak ambush|ambush]] a convoy of the [[Army of North Macedonia|Army of the Republic of Macedonia]] near [[Tetovo]], North Macedonia, killing 10 soldiers.<ref name="Marusic&Bosilkovski">{{cite web|last1=Marusic|first1=Sinisa Jakov|last2=Bosilkovski|first2=Igor|date=8 August 2016|title=Macedonia Marks Karpalak Ambush Massacre Anniversary|website=Balkan Insight|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/08/macedonia-marks-karpalak-massacre-anniversary-08-08-2016/|access-date=1 March 2022|archive-date=November 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127025258/https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/08/macedonia-marks-karpalak-massacre-anniversary-08-08-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[August 9]] – A [[Sbarro]] restaurant in [[Jerusalem]] is [[Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing|bombed]] by a Palestinian Hamas terrorist, killing 15 civilians and injuring 130 others.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nitzan S. Ben-Shaul|title=A Violent World: TV News Images of Middle Eastern Terror and War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAxlAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-3798-9|page=128|access-date=May 20, 2021|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101310/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAxlAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[August 10]] ** [[2001 Angola train attack]]: 252 people are killed by [[UNITA]] in an attack on a train during the [[Angolan Civil War]].<ref name="HRW-2002">{{cite book|title=Landmine Monitor Report 2002: Toward a Mine-free World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPj16Xxyi9kC&pg=PA66|year=2002|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-1-56432-277-7|pages=66|access-date=May 20, 2021|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101225/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPj16Xxyi9kC&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ** The United States and the United Kingdom bomb air force installations in Iraq in response to attacks on American and British planes.<ref name="CNN-2001h">{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2001 |title=Allies attack 3 Iraqi air defense sites |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/08/10/iraq.strike/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072718/https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/08/10/iraq.strike/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[August 13]] – Macedonian and Albanian representatives sign the [[Ohrid Agreement]] to reduce conflicts during the insurgency.<ref name="Rogers-2001">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Walter |date=August 13, 2001 |title=Q&A: What the deal means for Macedonia - |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/13/rogers.macedonia.otsc/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072724/https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/13/rogers.macedonia.otsc/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[August 21]] – [[Operation Essential Harvest]]: [[NATO]] sends a military forces to the [[Republic of Macedonia]] in response to the ongoing insurgency.<ref name="NATO-2001">{{Cite web |last= |title=Peace support operations in North Macedonia (2001-2003) |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52121.htm |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=NATO |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043741/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52121.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[August 25]] – [[2001 Marsh Harbour Cessna 402 crash]]: Eight people including singer and actress [[Aaliyah]], and several members of her entourage are killed after their overloaded aircraft crashes shortly after takeoff at Marsh Harbour Airport.<ref>{{cite web |title=CRASH OF A CESSNA 402B IN MARSH HARBOUR: 9 KILLED |url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-cessna-402b-marsh-harbour-9-killed |website=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives |access-date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824221652/https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-cessna-402b-marsh-harbour-9-killed |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[August 28]] – A [[Targeted killing|targeted]] Israeli strike kills [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|PFLP]] leader [[Abu Ali Mustafa]]. Palestinian militants respond by firing on Israeli civilians. Israeli forces occupy [[Beit Jala]], Palestine to combat the militants.<ref name="CNN-2001b">{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2001 |title=Israeli troops take positions in West Bank town |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/08/27/mideast/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072720/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/08/27/mideast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[August 31]] – The [[World Conference against Racism 2001]] begins in [[Durban]], South Africa.<ref name="auto3"/> Israel and the United States withdraw three days later, alleging [[antisemitism]] in the conference.<ref name=":16" /> ===September=== * [[September 7]] – [[2001 Jos riots]]: Clashes between Christian and Muslim rioters begin in [[Jos]], Nigeria. The conflict will continue until September 17, during which time hundreds of people will be killed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minchakpu |first=Obed |title=Religious Riots in Nigeria Leave Hundreds Dead |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/octoberweb-only/10-1-23.0.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=ChristianityToday.com |date=October 2001 |language=en |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123230757/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/octoberweb-only/10-1-23.0.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[September 9]] – A suicide bomber kills [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]], military commander of the Afghan [[Northern Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=Death of an Afghan icon: 20 years since the assassination of Ahmad Shah Massoud |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210909-death-of-an-afghan-icon-20-years-since-the-assassination-of-ahmad-shah-massoud |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=France 24 |archive-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221041019/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210909-death-of-an-afghan-icon-20-years-since-the-assassination-of-ahmad-shah-massoud |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|thumb|The&nbsp;[[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]&nbsp;and the&nbsp;[[Statue of Liberty]] during the [[September 11 attacks]] in New York City]] * [[September 11]] – Approximately 2,977 victims are killed or fatally injured in the [[September 11 attacks]] after [[American Airlines Flight 11]] and [[United Airlines Flight 175]] are hijacked and crash into the Twin Towers of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]], [[American Airlines Flight 77]] is hijacked and crashes into [[the Pentagon]], and [[United Airlines Flight 93]] is hijacked and crashes into grassland in [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]] as a result of passengers fighting to regain control of the airplane. The Twin Towers [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|collapse]] as a result of the burning jet fuel from the crashes.<ref name="Anderson2003">{{cite book|author=Dale Anderson|title=The Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97g_zXNWidQC|date=July 2003|publisher=World Almanac Library|isbn=978-0-8368-5380-3|access-date=August 9, 2021|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101229/https://books.google.com/books?id=97g_zXNWidQC|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[September 18]] – The [[2001 anthrax attacks]] begin in the United States, which cause five fatalities and 17 other infections.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2011-02-15 |title=Timeline: How The Anthrax Terror Unfolded |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/02/15/93170200/timeline-how-the-anthrax-terror-unfolded |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=December 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226203612/http://www.npr.org/2011/02/15/93170200/timeline-how-the-anthrax-terror-unfolded |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[September 19]] – Palestinian leader [[Yasser Arafat]] forbids Palestinian soldiers from firing on Israeli forces, even in self-defence. Israel agrees to a ceasefire.<ref name="CNN-2001f">{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2001 |title=Both sides order cease-fires in Mideast |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/09/18/arafat.cease/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072723/https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/09/18/arafat.cease/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[September 20]] – In an [[George W. Bush, September 20, 2001 speech|address]] to a joint session of [[United States Congress|Congress]], U.S. President George W. Bush declares a [[war on terror]], officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT).<ref name="Hoffman-2021">{{cite web|url=https://institute.global/policy/war-terror-20-years-crossroads-or-cul-de-sac|title=The War on Terror 20 Years on: Crossroads or Cul-De-Sac?|date=March 18, 2021|website=Tony Blair Institute for global Change|author=Bruce Hoffman|access-date=August 9, 2021|archive-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809074921/https://institute.global/policy/war-terror-20-years-crossroads-or-cul-de-sac|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[September 22]] – American spacecraft ''[[Deep Space 1]]'' flies within {{convert|2200|km}} of [[19P/Borrelly|Comet Borrelly]].<ref name="NASA-DS1-2001">{{Cite web |title=Deep Space 1 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-061A |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=[[NASA]] |archive-date=May 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505130029/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1998-061A |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[September 27]] – [[Zug massacre]]: In [[Zug]], Switzerland, Friedrich Leibacher shoots 18 people, killing 14 of them and then himself.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2001 |title=Gunman kills 14 in Swiss assembly |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1566321.stm |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=January 6, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106093902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1566321.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> ===October=== * [[October 1]] ** [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] militants [[2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing|attack]] the state legislature building in [[Srinagar]], Kashmir, killing 38 people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dugger |first=Celia W. |date=2001-10-04 |title=Kashmir Mourns 38 Attack Victims |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/04/world/world-briefing-asia-india-kashmir-mourns-38-attack-victims.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061310/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/04/world/world-briefing-asia-india-kashmir-mourns-38-attack-victims.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[3G]] wireless technology first becomes available when it is [[3G adoption|adopted]] by Japanese telecommunications company [[NTT Docomo]].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=182}} [[File:131bf - Swissair Airbus A321-111; HB-IOE@ZRH;11.05.2001 (5588353622).jpg|thumb|Swissair Airbus A321-100 (2001)]] * [[October 2]] – [[Swissair]], the&nbsp;national airline&nbsp;of Switzerland, seeks bankruptcy protection and grounds its entire fleet, stranding thousands of people worldwide.<ref name="Milner-2001">{{Cite web |last1=Milner |first1=Mark |last2=Harper |first2=Keith |last3=Clark |first3=Andrew |date=2001-10-03 |title=Financial crisis grounds Swissair fleet |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/oct/03/theairlineindustry.internationalnews |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061313/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/oct/03/theairlineindustry.internationalnews |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[October 4]] ** [[Siberia Airlines Flight 1812]] is accidentally shot down by the [[Ukrainian Air Force]] over the Black Sea en route from [[Tel Aviv]], Israel, to [[Novosibirsk]], Russia; all 78 people on board are killed.<ref>{{cite web |title=MH17 crash: History of passenger planes shot down |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28361223 |website=BBC News |access-date=20 May 2021 |date=2014-07-20 |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520154738/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28361223 |url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[2001 Kodori crisis]]: Fighting escalates between Georgia and the breakaway state [[Abkhazia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-10-08 |title=UN helicopter shot down in Georgia |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1586098.stm |access-date=2022-11-24 |archive-date=April 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420204439/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1586098.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[October 7]] – [[United States invasion of Afghanistan]]: In response to the September 11 attacks, Afghanistan is invaded by a [[Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom|US-led coalition]], beginning the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=41}} * [[October 8]] ** [[2001 Linate Airport runway collision]]: A twin-engine [[Cessna]] and [[Scandinavian Airlines]] jetliner collide in heavy fog during takeoff from [[Milan]], Italy, killing 118 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Uj0jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yewDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6610%2C3360451 |work=Deseret News |location=(Salt Lake City, Utah, US) |agency=Associated Press |title=114 die when jet hits plane, then rams building in Milan |date=8 October 2001 |page=A2 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |archive-date=November 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130074949/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Uj0jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yewDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6610,3360451 |url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[Hurricane Iris]] hits Belize, causing $250&nbsp;million (2001&nbsp;[[USD]]) in damage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-09-10 |title=Powerful Hurricane Iris slams Belize |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2001/10/09/powerful-hurricane-iris-slams-belize/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120225128/https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2001/10/09/powerful-hurricane-iris-slams-belize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[October 13]] – American scientists create the first successful [[Cloning|clone]] of a human [[embryo]].<ref name="Cibelli-2001">{{Cite web |date=2001-11-24 |title=The First Human Cloned Embryo |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-human-cloned-em/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Scientific American |language=en |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123230753/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-human-cloned-em/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[October 15]] – NASA's [[Galileo (spacecraft)|''Galileo'']] spacecraft passes within {{convert|181|km}} of [[Jupiter]]'s moon [[Io (moon)|Io]].<ref name="JPL-2001">{{Cite web |last= |date=2001-10-16 |title=Galileo Millennium Mission Status |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/galileo-millennium-mission-status-11 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory |language=en-US |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061309/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/galileo-millennium-mission-status-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[October 16]] – American planes misidentify and bomb a [[Red Cross]] facility in Afghanistan. A similar error occurs again on October 27.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Becker |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |date=2001-10-27 |title=A Nation Challenged: The Bombing; U.S. Planes Bomb a Red Cross Site |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/27/nyregion/a-nation-challenged-the-bombing-us-planes-bomb-a-red-cross-site.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072719/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/27/nyregion/a-nation-challenged-the-bombing-us-planes-bomb-a-red-cross-site.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[October 17]] – [[Assassination of Rehavam Ze'evi]]: Israeli tourism minister [[Rehavam Ze'evi]] is assassinated by the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bennet |first1=James |date=16 October 2001 |title=Right-Wing Israeli Minister Is Killed |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/international/17WIRE-ISRA.html |access-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218003159/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/international/17WIRE-ISRA.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[October 23]] ** Apple Inc. introduces the [[iPod]], a [[portable media player]]&nbsp;and multi-purpose&nbsp;mobile device.<ref name="Apple-2001">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/10/23Apple-Presents-iPod/|title=Apple Presents iPod|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=February 18, 2019|date=October 23, 2001|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804025431/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/10/23Apple-Presents-iPod/|url-status=live}}</ref> The company will sell an estimated 450 million iPod products by May 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mickle |first=Tripp |date=2022-05-10 |title=Farewell to the iPod |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/10/technology/apple-ipod-phasing-out.html |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202214236/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/10/technology/apple-ipod-phasing-out.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ** The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] begins disarmament, ending a decades-long conflict in [[Northern Ireland]].<ref name="auto11">{{Cite web |date=2001-10-23 |title=IRA begins disarming |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/10/23/ira.announce/index.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061310/https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/10/23/ira.announce/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[October 24]] – The ''2001 Mars Odyssey'' arrives at Mars.<ref name="NASA Mars-2001" /> * [[October 25]] ** To avoid connotations with the [[Rwandan genocide]], the government of Rwanda adopts [[Flag of Rwanda|a new national flag]] for the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vesperini |first=Helen |date=31 December 2001 |title=Rwanda unveils new flag and anthem |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1735405.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031105035109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1735405.stm |archive-date=5 November 2003}}</ref> ** Microsoft releases the [[Windows XP]] operating system to retail.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=175}}<ref name="auto8" /> * [[October 30]] – The [[Aarhus Convention]] takes effect, establishing the right to environmental information and [[environmental justice]] for European and Central Asian countries.<ref name="auto7"/> ===November=== * November – The World Trade Organization begins the [[Doha Development Round]] to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.<ref name="auto24">{{Cite web |title=Doha Development Agenda |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/eu-and-wto/doha-development-agenda_en |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=European Commission |language=en |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203035823/https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/eu-and-wto/doha-development-agenda_en |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[November 1]] – An interim government in Burundi begins the peace process for the [[Burundian Civil War]].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=27}} * [[November 4]] – [[Hurricane Michelle]] hits Cuba, where the storm is the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall on the island in more than [[Hurricane Fox (1952)|49&nbsp;years]]. It is the costliest hurricane in Cuban history to this point with an estimated $2&nbsp;billion in damage.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152001_Michelle.pdf |title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michelle |last=Beven |first=Jack |date=2002-01-23 |publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]] |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213202507/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152001_Michelle.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[November 7]] – [[Sabena]], the national airline of Belgium, goes bankrupt.<ref name="Orban-2021">{{Cite web |last=Orban |first=André |date=2021-11-06 |title=Twenty years ago, Sabena was declared bankrupt |url=https://www.aviation24.be/do-you-remember/20-years-ago-sabena-declared-bankrupt/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Aviation24.be |language=en-GB |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061308/https://www.aviation24.be/do-you-remember/20-years-ago-sabena-declared-bankrupt/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[November 10]] ** [[2001 Australian federal election]]: The [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] government, led by [[John Howard]], is re-elected with a slightly increased majority, defeating the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] led by [[Kim Beazley]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://australianpolitics.com/elections/federal-2001|title=2001 Federal Election &#124; AustralianPolitics.com|website=australianpolitics.com|access-date=February 26, 2018|archive-date=July 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701165516/http://australianpolitics.com/elections/federal-2001|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif]]: American and Northern Alliance forces take [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] in the first major offensive of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]].<ref name="The Guardian-2001">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-11-09 |title='Taliban fall' in Mazar-i-Sharif |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/09/afghanistan.terrorism7 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072728/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/09/afghanistan.terrorism7 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[November 11]] – Two French journalists, [[Pierre Billaud]] and [[Johanne Sutton]], and a German colleague, [[Volker Handloik]], are killed in Afghanistan during an attack on their convoy.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9905EFDC1038F930A25752C1A9679C8B63 A Nation Challenged; Two French Radio Journalists and a German Are Killed in Taliban Ambush of a Rebel Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024012/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/13/world/nation-challenged-media-two-french-radio-journalists-german-are-killed-taliban.html |date=April 16, 2020 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 13, 2001</ref> * [[November 12]] ** [[American Airlines Flight 587]] crashed in [[Belle Harbor, Queens|Belle Harbor]], [[Queens]], New York City, shortly after [[takeoff]], killing all 260 people aboard the plane as well as five people on the ground.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |date=November 12, 2001 |title=ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A300B4-605R N14053 Belle Harbor, NY |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20011112-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420004450/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20011112-0 |archive-date=April 20, 2014 |access-date=April 20, 2016 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=[[Flight Safety Foundation]]}}</ref> ** [[2001 uprising in Herat]]: [[Northern Alliance]] forces take the city of [[Herat]] from the Taliban.<ref name="CNN-2001d">{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2001 |title=Alliance halts advance on Kabul, takes Herat |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/11/12/ret.move.on.kabul/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124161738/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/11/12/ret.move.on.kabul/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[November 14]] ** [[Fall of Kabul (2001)|Fall of Kabul]]: Northern Alliance forces take the Afghan capital [[Kabul]].<ref name="The Guardian-2001b">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-11-13 |title=Northern Alliance takes Kabul |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/13/afghanistan.terrorism15 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061313/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/13/afghanistan.terrorism15 |url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[2001 Kunlun earthquake|A 7.8-magnitude earthquake]] strikes China with an [[epicenter]] near [[Kokoxili]], but it occurs in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there are no casualties.<ref name="VanderWoerd_etal_2005"/> * [[November 15]] – [[Microsoft]] enters the [[Video game console|gaming console]] market with the release of the [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]], a&nbsp;[[Sixth generation of video game consoles|sixth-generation gaming console]], in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-12|title=Xbox Arrives in New York Tonight at Toys "R" Us Times Square|website=[[Microsoft]]|url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2001/nov01/11-14midnightmadnesspr.aspx|access-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612000737/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2001/nov01/11-14midnightmadnesspr.aspx|archive-date=June 12, 2013}}</ref> * [[November 18]] – The [[Leonids]] meteor shower occurs in its heaviest concentration in decades as Earth passes through a debris cloud.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2001 |title=Meteor storm provides stellar show |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/11/16/meteor.showers/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124172230/http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/11/16/meteor.showers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[November 23]] – The [[Convention on Cybercrime]], the first international treaty to address [[cybercrime]], is signed in [[Budapest]], Hungary.<ref name="Weber-2003">{{Cite journal |last=Weber |first=Amalie M. |date=2003 |title=The Council of Europe's Convention on Cybercrime |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24120528 |journal=Berkeley Technology Law Journal |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=425–446 |jstor=24120528 |issn=1086-3818 |access-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061308/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24120528 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Exoplanet Comparison HD 209458 b.png|thumb|Size comparison of HD 209458 b with [[Jupiter]] (left)]] * [[November 27]] – A hydrogen atmosphere is discovered on the [[extrasolar planet]] [[HD 209458 b]], nicknamed Osiris, by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]. It is the first atmosphere detected on an extrasolar planet.<ref name="Hubble-2001">{{Cite web |title=Hubble Makes First Direct Measurements of Atmosphere on World Around another Star |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2001/news-2001-38 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=HubbleSite.org |language=en}}</ref> ===December=== * December – [[Dasht-i-Leili massacre]]: Hundreds of Taliban prisoners are killed by the forces of [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gall |first=Carlotta |date=2002-05-01 |title=Study Hints at Mass Killing of the Taliban |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/world/study-hints-at-mass-killing-of-the-taliban.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202170819/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/world/study-hints-at-mass-killing-of-the-taliban.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[December 1]] ** The [[International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty]] produces a report on [[responsibility to protect]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-12-01 |title=The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, 2001 |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/the-responsibility-to-protect-report-of-the-international-commission-on-intervention-and-state-sovereignty-2001/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061309/https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/the-responsibility-to-protect-report-of-the-international-commission-on-intervention-and-state-sovereignty-2001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ** A series of [[Ben Yehuda Street bombings#2001 (11 killed)|bombings]] in [[Zion Square]] are carried out by Hamas. Ten people are killed and hundreds more are injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2001 |title=Terror strikes in Jerusalem kill 10 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/01/mideast/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072719/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/01/mideast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[December 2]] ** [[Enron]] files for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] protection five days after [[Dynegy]] cancels a US$8.4&nbsp;billion buyout bid (to this point, the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Oppel |first1=Richard A. |last2=Sorkin |first2=Andrew Ross |date=2001-12-03 |title=Enron's Collapse: The Overview; Enron Corp. Files Largest U.S. Claim for Bankruptcy |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/business/enron-s-collapse-the-overview-enron-corp-files-largest-us-claim-for-bankruptcy.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061312/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/business/enron-s-collapse-the-overview-enron-corp-files-largest-us-claim-for-bankruptcy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[Haifa bus 16 suicide bombing]]: A Hamas militant carries out a suicide bombing in [[Haifa]], Israel, killing 15 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2001 |title=Bus blast kills at least 16 in Haifa, Israel |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/02/haifa.attack/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072718/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/02/haifa.attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[December 3]] – The [[Segway]], a self-balancing [[personal transporter]] invented by [[Dean Kamen]], is unveiled after months of public speculation and media hype<ref name="speculation"/> on the [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] morning program ''[[Good Morning America]]''.<ref name="auto4"/> * [[December 5]] – [[2001 Sayyd Alma Kalay airstrike]]: An American airstrike mistakenly targets a friendly position, killing 11 people in a [[friendly fire]] incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-12-05 |title=Three U.S. Troops Killed by Stray Bomb |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=80352&page=1 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124161737/https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=80352&page=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[December 6]] – [[Fall of Kandahar]]: The Taliban surrenders in [[Kandahar]], its final stronghold.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=42}} * [[December 8]] – An ebola outbreak is confirmed in Gabon.<ref name="auto2"/> * [[December 11]] – China joins the World Trade Organization.<ref name=":15" /> * [[December 13]] ** [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]]: Nine people and five terrorists are killed in a terrorist attack in [[New Delhi]], leading to the [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff]].<ref name="Embassy of India-2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm |title=Terrorist Attack on the Parliament of India |date=2001-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611152203/http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm |archive-date=2010-06-11 |publisher=Embassy of India – Washington DC |access-date=2018-12-12 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ** U.S. President George W. Bush announces the American withdrawal from the 1972 [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks Announcing the United States Withdrawal From the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-announcing-the-united-states-withdrawal-from-the-anti-ballistic-missile-treaty |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061323/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-announcing-the-united-states-withdrawal-from-the-anti-ballistic-missile-treaty |url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[Sirajuddin of Perlis]] becomes the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]], the&nbsp;[[constitutional monarch]]&nbsp;and&nbsp;[[head of state]]&nbsp;of&nbsp;Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-12-13 |title=Malaysia's king sworn in |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1707855.stm |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215438/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1707855.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[December 15]] – The [[Leaning Tower of Pisa]] is reopened to the public after 12 years of reconstruction.<ref name="auto21"/> * [[December 17]] – [[Battle of Tora Bora]]: American forces take [[Tora Bora]], a cave complex and the headquarters of Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden escapes during the battle and goes into hiding.<ref name="Kerry-2009">{{Cite report |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-111SPRT53709/html/CPRT-111SPRT53709.htm |title=Rota Bora Revisited: How We Failed to Get bin Laden and Why It Matters Today |last=Kerry |first=John F. |date=2009-11-30 |author-link=John Kerry |access-date=2022-11-24 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120161725/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-111SPRT53709/html/CPRT-111SPRT53709.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[December 19]] – A record-high [[Atmospheric pressure|barometric pressure]] of 1085.6 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] (32.06 [[Inch of mercury|inHg]]) is recorded at [[Tosontsengel, Zavkhan]], Mongolia.<ref name="ASU1">{{cite web |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |archive-date=13 October 2012 |publisher=Arizona State University}}</ref> * [[December 21]] – President [[Fernando de la Rúa]] of Argentina resigns in response to the [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|riots]] against Argentina's [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|economic crisis]].<ref name="Krauss-2001">{{Cite news |last=Krauss |first=Clifford |date=2001-12-21 |title=Argentine Leader, His Nation Frayed, Abruptly Resigns |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/world/argentine-leader-his-nation-frayed-abruptly-resigns.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072723/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/world/argentine-leader-his-nation-frayed-abruptly-resigns.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:North-Korea spy-vessel 2.jpg|thumb|A&nbsp;[[ZPU]]-2&nbsp;anti-aircraft gun that was mounted on the North Korean vessel sunk in the Battle of Amami-Ōshima]] * [[December 22]] ** [[Battle of Amami-Ōshima]]: A [[Japan Coast Guard]] ship and an armed North Korean vessel engage in conflict near the Japanese island of [[Amami Ōshima]], in the [[East China Sea]]. The encounter ends in the sinking of the North Korean vessel that is later determined to have been a [[Spy ship|spy craft]] by the Japanese authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Oct_7/ai_94075498|title=Japan announces sunken boat was N. Korean spy ship|website=BNET|date=7 October 2002|access-date=13 June 2018|archive-date=August 31, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831154904/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Oct_7/ai_94075498/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/asia-pacific/1727867.stm|title=Japan says 'spy ship' fired rockets|date=25 December 2001|website=BBC News|access-date=29 January 2009|archive-date=June 25, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040625144527/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/asia-pacific/1727867.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]], political leader of the Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President [[Hamid Karzai]].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=43}}<ref name="Gall-2002">{{Cite news |last=Gall |first=Carlotta |date=20 June 2002 |title=A Buoyant Karzai is Sworn In as Afghanistan's Leader |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/20/world/a-buoyant-karzai-is-sworn-in-as-afghanistan-s-leader.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228162323/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/20/world/a-buoyant-karzai-is-sworn-in-as-afghanistan-s-leader.html |archive-date=28 February 2010}}</ref> * [[December 24]] – The [[Constitution of the Comoros]] is [[2001 Comorian constitutional referendum|amended]], creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations.<ref name="auto15"/> * [[December 27]] ** China is granted permanent [[Most favoured nation|normal trade]] status with the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Grants Permanent Trade Status to China |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/12/20011227-2.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov |archive-date=September 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927180553/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/12/20011227-2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[Tropical Storm Vamei]] forms within 1.5 degrees of the [[equator]]. No other tropical cyclone in recorded history has come as close to the equator.<ref name="nps">{{cite web |author1=C.P. Chang |author2=Ching-Hwang Liu |author3=Hung-Chi Kuo |year=2003 |title=Typhoon Vamei: An Equatorial Tropical Cyclone Formation |url=http://www.weather.nps.navy.mil/cpchang/papers/vamei/vamei.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723011520/http://www.weather.nps.navy.mil/cpchang/papers/vamei/vamei.htm |archive-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School Department of Meteorology}}</ref> ==Nobel Prizes== [[File:Nobel medal.png|right|120px]] * [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Eric Allin Cornell]], [[Wolfgang Ketterle]], and [[Carl Wieman]] * [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[William Standish Knowles]], [[Ryōji Noyori]], and [[Karl Barry Sharpless]] * [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Leland H. Hartwell]], [[Tim Hunt]], and [[Paul Nurse]] * [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[V. S. Naipaul]] * [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[United Nations]], [[Kofi Annan]] * [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel]] – [[George Akerlof]], [[Michael Spence]], and [[Joseph Stiglitz]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{Cite book|first=Phillipa|last=McGuinness|title=The Year Everything Changed: 2001|publisher=[[Vintage Books]]|year=2018|isbn=9780143782421}} ** [https://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-year-everything-changed-2001-by-phillipa-mcguinness/news-story/9511e3500526d129cfb16ff3f37a60c3 "Review: ''The Year Everything Changed: 2001'' by Phillipa McGuinness] by Miriam Cosic, ''[[The Australian]]'', June 9, 2018 ==External links== {{Portal|Modern history}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110609014449/http://specials.ft.com/yir2001/index.html 2001 – The Year in Review], ''[[Financial Times]]'' {{Events by month links}} {{Authority control}} 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