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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_and_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_and_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Methods and techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_and_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods and techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_and_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coastal_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Coastal navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dead_reckoning_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dead_reckoning_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dead reckoning navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dead_reckoning_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loxodromic_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loxodromic_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Loxodromic navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loxodromic_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodromic_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodromic_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Orthodromic navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodromic_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celestial_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celestial_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Celestial navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celestial_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Electronic navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inertial_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inertial_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Inertial navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inertial_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine navigation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ملاحة بحرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملاحة بحرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Морска навигация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Морска навигация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navegaci%C3%B3_mar%C3%ADtima" title="Navegació marítima – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Navegació marítima" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navegaci%C3%B3n_mar%C3%ADtima" title="Navegación marítima – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Navegación marítima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_maritime" title="Navigation maritime – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Navigation maritime" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navegaci%C3%B3n_mar%C3%ADtima" title="Navegación marítima – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Navegación marítima" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%ED%95%B4%EC%88%A0" title="항해술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항해술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նավագնացություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նավագնացություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifamoivoizana_an-dranomasina" title="Fifamoivoizana an-dranomasina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fifamoivoizana an-dranomasina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E8%A1%93" title="航海術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="航海術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Морская навигация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Морская навигация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Морська навігація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Морська навігація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Marine_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Marine navigation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Marine+navigation%22">"Marine navigation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Marine+navigation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Marine+navigation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Marine+navigation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Marine+navigation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Marine+navigation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_of_Geography_and_Hydrography,_Cyclopaedia,_Volume_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Table_of_Geography_and_Hydrography%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_1.jpg/200px-Table_of_Geography_and_Hydrography%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Table_of_Geography_and_Hydrography%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_1.jpg/300px-Table_of_Geography_and_Hydrography%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Table_of_Geography_and_Hydrography%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_1.jpg/399px-Table_of_Geography_and_Hydrography%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1809" data-file-height="2725" /></a><figcaption>Table of geography, hydrography and navigation, from the <a href="/wiki/Cyclop%C3%A6dia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopaedia</a> of 1728.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Marine <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a></b> is the art and science of steering a <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ship</a> from a starting point (sailing) to a destination, efficiently and responsibly. It is an <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> because of the <a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">skill</a> that the navigator must have to avoid the dangers of navigation, and it is a <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> because it is based on <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical">mathematical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanographic">oceanographic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographic">cartographic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomical" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical">astronomical</a>, and other knowledge. </p><p>Marine navigation can be surface or <a href="/wiki/Submarine_navigation" title="Submarine navigation">submarine</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Navigation (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>navigatio</i>) is the act of sailing or voyaging. Nautical (from Latin <i>nautĭca</i>, and this from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ναυτική [τέχνη] <i>nautikḗ [téjne]</i> "[art of] sailing" and from ναύτης <i>nautes</i> "sailor") is that pertaining to navigation and the science and art of sailing. Naval (from the Latin adjective <i>navalis</i>) is that relating to ships and navigation, or particularly to the <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, the <i>navicularii</i> conducted long-distance trade by sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cabotage" title="Cabotage">Coastal navigation</a> was practiced since the most ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biblical account of <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">the great flood</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> appears, is based both on myths and on the navigational practice of the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian civilizations</a>, who from the <a href="/wiki/Sumerians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerians">Sumerians</a> onwards navigated their two rivers (<a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a> did not limit themselves to <a href="/wiki/Inland_navigation" title="Inland navigation">inland navigation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> either, and used the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean sea</a> routes existing since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> — through which cultural phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithism</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy#History_of_metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> would have <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">spread</a> for millennia. The <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Cretans</a> even established a true <i><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a></i> (government of the seas, attributed to King <a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a>) until the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean period</a> (2nd millennium BC), when the events mythologized in the <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric poems</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ought to be placed.</p><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL_PANO-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco from the Western House of Akrotiri, called flotilla or "procession of boats"."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL_PANO-3.jpg/1500px-AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL_PANO-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL_PANO-3.jpg/2250px-AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL_PANO-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL_PANO-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AKROTIRI_SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL_PANO-3.jpg" title="File:AKROTIRI SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL PANO-3.jpg"> </a></div>Fresco from the Western House of <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a>, called <i>flotilla</i> or "procession of boats".</div></div></div><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, led by King <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_II" title="Šuppiluliuma II">Šuppiluliuma II</a> faced the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in the first historically recorded <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval battle</a> (ca. 1210 BC); at the same time, all the civilizations of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> suffered from the incursions of the denominated "<a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> — whom the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greeks</a> considered their masters in navigation and who are also cited in the Bible —<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would have been the first Mediterranean civilization to sail <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Medina" title="Pedro de Medina">the high seas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sculling" title="Sculling">sculling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a>, guided by the sun during the day and by the <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">North Star</a> at night. It is recorded that, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> — the "Rock of Gibraltar", the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a>" in the Greek myths — they sailed across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> reaching the south to some point on the west coast of Africa and the north to the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> (or even beyond, to the place that the texts call <a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a>), but it is unclear if they circumnavigated Africa or crossed the Atlantic reaching America, something most likely achieved by <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">the Norsemen</a> in the 10th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Predynastic_boat_vase_opt451x456_Edgerton-1927_AJSLp121-c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Predynastic_boat_vase_opt451x456_Edgerton-1927_AJSLp121-c.jpg/220px-Predynastic_boat_vase_opt451x456_Edgerton-1927_AJSLp121-c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Predynastic_boat_vase_opt451x456_Edgerton-1927_AJSLp121-c.jpg/330px-Predynastic_boat_vase_opt451x456_Edgerton-1927_AJSLp121-c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Predynastic_boat_vase_opt451x456_Edgerton-1927_AJSLp121-c.jpg/440px-Predynastic_boat_vase_opt451x456_Edgerton-1927_AJSLp121-c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Boat depicted on Egyptian pottery from the Predynastic period (Naqada II, mid-4th millennium BC).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barque_Solaire.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barque_Solaire.JPG/220px-Barque_Solaire.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barque_Solaire.JPG/330px-Barque_Solaire.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barque_Solaire.JPG/440px-Barque_Solaire.JPG 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a>, IV dynasty, ca. 2500 BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara_BW_11_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saqqara_BW_11_c.jpg/220px-Saqqara_BW_11_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saqqara_BW_11_c.jpg/330px-Saqqara_BW_11_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saqqara_BW_11_c.jpg/440px-Saqqara_BW_11_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Boat building depicted in reliefs from the <a href="/wiki/Mastaba_of_Ti" title="Mastaba of Ti">Mastaba of Ti</a> at Saqqara, dynasty V, mid-3rd millennium BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg/220px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg/330px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg/440px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian boat represented in the <a href="/wiki/TT69" title="TT69">tomb of Menna</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Theban_tombs" title="List of Theban tombs">Tombs of the Nobles</a>, 18th dynasty, mid-2nd millennium BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antico_regno,_modello_di_nave,_da_saqqara,_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Antico_regno%2C_modello_di_nave%2C_da_saqqara%2C_01.JPG/220px-Antico_regno%2C_modello_di_nave%2C_da_saqqara%2C_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Antico_regno%2C_modello_di_nave%2C_da_saqqara%2C_01.JPG/330px-Antico_regno%2C_modello_di_nave%2C_da_saqqara%2C_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Antico_regno%2C_modello_di_nave%2C_da_saqqara%2C_01.JPG/440px-Antico_regno%2C_modello_di_nave%2C_da_saqqara%2C_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="1879" /></a><figcaption>Model of an Egyptian ship and crew.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodtrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Woodtrade.jpg/220px-Woodtrade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Woodtrade.jpg/330px-Woodtrade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Woodtrade.jpg/440px-Woodtrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Type of Phoenician ships called <i><a href="/wiki/Hippos_(Golan_Heights)" title="Hippos (Golan Heights)">hippos</a></i> (name given by the Greeks, because of its <a href="/wiki/Mascaron_(architecture)" title="Mascaron (architecture)">mascaron</a> shaped like a horse's head) carrying wood, depicted in an <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_sculpture" title="Assyrian sculpture">Assyrian relief</a> from Sargon's palace at <a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Khorsabad</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AssyrianWarship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AssyrianWarship.jpg/220px-AssyrianWarship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AssyrianWarship.jpg/330px-AssyrianWarship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AssyrianWarship.jpg/440px-AssyrianWarship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>King Luli of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> flees from his city, attacked by <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>, in a type of Phoenician warship called <i>dieris</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">bireme</a>, with two rows of rowers). <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_sculpture" title="Assyrian sculpture">Assyrian relief</a> from the palace of <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>, ca. 700-692 BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MazarronIIg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MazarronIIg.jpg/220px-MazarronIIg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MazarronIIg.jpg/330px-MazarronIIg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MazarronIIg.jpg/440px-MazarronIIg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_vessels_of_Mazarr%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician vessels of Mazarrón (page does not exist)">Phoenician vessels of Mazarrón</a>, 7th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg/220px-Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg/330px-Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg/440px-Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>Dionysus Cup, by <a href="/wiki/Exekias" title="Exekias">Exekias</a>, 6th Century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg/220px-Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg/330px-Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg/440px-Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>Scene from the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> (Ulysses' companions manage to free their ship from the Sirens' trap, while their leader listens to their song tied to the mast). 5th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_Isis_Giminiana_Musei_Vaticani_(inv,_79638).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fresco_Isis_Giminiana_Musei_Vaticani_%28inv%2C_79638%29.jpg/220px-Fresco_Isis_Giminiana_Musei_Vaticani_%28inv%2C_79638%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fresco_Isis_Giminiana_Musei_Vaticani_%28inv%2C_79638%29.jpg/330px-Fresco_Isis_Giminiana_Musei_Vaticani_%28inv%2C_79638%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fresco_Isis_Giminiana_Musei_Vaticani_%28inv%2C_79638%29.jpg/440px-Fresco_Isis_Giminiana_Musei_Vaticani_%28inv%2C_79638%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5168" data-file-height="2580" /></a><figcaption>Roman ship represented in a fresco of the 2nd or 3rd century in the port city of <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a>. The inscriptions reflect the name of the ship (Isis Giminiana), the name of the captain or <i>magister</i> (Farnaces, at the helm) and the name of the owner (Arascanius, in charge of the cargo).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schifffahrt,_Mainz_01._Spritsail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schifffahrt%2C_Mainz_01._Spritsail.jpg/220px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schifffahrt%2C_Mainz_01._Spritsail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schifffahrt%2C_Mainz_01._Spritsail.jpg/330px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schifffahrt%2C_Mainz_01._Spritsail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schifffahrt%2C_Mainz_01._Spritsail.jpg/440px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schifffahrt%2C_Mainz_01._Spritsail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Roman sarcophagus from the 3rd century. It is the oldest representation of a <a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">spritsail</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_ships_-_Harbor_of_Classe_mosaic_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Byzantine_ships_-_Harbor_of_Classe_mosaic_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg/220px-Byzantine_ships_-_Harbor_of_Classe_mosaic_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Byzantine_ships_-_Harbor_of_Classe_mosaic_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg/330px-Byzantine_ships_-_Harbor_of_Classe_mosaic_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Byzantine_ships_-_Harbor_of_Classe_mosaic_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg/440px-Byzantine_ships_-_Harbor_of_Classe_mosaic_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine ships in Classe (the port of <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>), depicted in a mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a>, 6th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_(4835828216).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_%284835828216%29.jpg/220px-Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_%284835828216%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_%284835828216%29.jpg/330px-Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_%284835828216%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_%284835828216%29.jpg/440px-Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_%284835828216%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oseberg_Ship" title="Oseberg Ship">Oseberg Ship</a>, 9th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapisserie_bato1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tapisserie_bato1.jpg/220px-Tapisserie_bato1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tapisserie_bato1.jpg/330px-Tapisserie_bato1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tapisserie_bato1.jpg/440px-Tapisserie_bato1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Norman ship represented in the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_tapestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayeux tapestry">Bayeux tapestry</a>, 11th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wikinger.jpg/220px-Wikinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Wikinger.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Longship#Types_of_longships" title="Longship">Viking ships</a> depicted in a 12th-century manuscript.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/220px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/330px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/440px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Nautical combat with <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a> depicted in a 12th-century Byzantine manuscript (<i><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></i>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A0nos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/F%C3%A0nos.jpg/220px-F%C3%A0nos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/F%C3%A0nos.jpg/330px-F%C3%A0nos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/F%C3%A0nos.jpg/440px-F%C3%A0nos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2829" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption>Scene of <a href="/wiki/Fishing_light_attractor" title="Fishing light attractor">lamp fishing</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faluca_Almariya_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Faluca_Almariya_02.jpg/220px-Faluca_Almariya_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Faluca_Almariya_02.jpg/330px-Faluca_Almariya_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Faluca_Almariya_02.jpg/440px-Faluca_Almariya_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Replica of a Spanish-Muslim ship from the 10th to 14th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Galley.jpg/220px-Galley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Galley.jpg/330px-Galley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Galley.jpg/440px-Galley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">dromon</a></i> in a Byzantine fresco from the 13th century. The design of the flags is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Senyera" title="Senyera">Senyera</a> of the Crown of Aragon, and the design of the ship can be compared to the traditional mitjana ship.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_ship_and_compass_(Mandeville).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Medieval_ship_and_compass_%28Mandeville%29.jpg/220px-Medieval_ship_and_compass_%28Mandeville%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Medieval_ship_and_compass_%28Mandeville%29.jpg/330px-Medieval_ship_and_compass_%28Mandeville%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Medieval_ship_and_compass_%28Mandeville%29.jpg/440px-Medieval_ship_and_compass_%28Mandeville%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>The earliest known representation of a compass, used aboard ship, depicted in an illustration dated 1403.</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arles_antique,_Arles,_France_(16006774188).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of a 1st-century Gallo-Roman ship archaeologically named Arles Rhône 3."><img alt="Remains of a 1st-century Gallo-Roman ship archaeologically named Arles Rhône 3." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arles_antique%2C_Arles%2C_France_%2816006774188%29.jpg/272px-Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arles_antique%2C_Arles%2C_France_%2816006774188%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arles_antique%2C_Arles%2C_France_%2816006774188%29.jpg/407px-Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arles_antique%2C_Arles%2C_France_%2816006774188%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arles_antique%2C_Arles%2C_France_%2816006774188%29.jpg/543px-Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arles_antique%2C_Arles%2C_France_%2816006774188%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of a 1st-century Gallo-Roman ship archaeologically named <i><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictionary_of_Roman_Coins.1889_P381S0_illus385.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman ship depicted on a coin."><img alt="Roman ship depicted on a coin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Dictionary_of_Roman_Coins.1889_P381S0_illus385.gif/178px-Dictionary_of_Roman_Coins.1889_P381S0_illus385.gif" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Dictionary_of_Roman_Coins.1889_P381S0_illus385.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman ship depicted on a coin.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief of a 2nd-century sarcophagus representing a "gauloi", a trading ship."><img alt="Relief of a 2nd-century sarcophagus representing a "gauloi", a trading ship." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_ship.jpg/238px-Phoenician_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_ship.jpg/356px-Phoenician_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_ship.jpg/475px-Phoenician_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief of a 2nd-century sarcophagus representing a "gauloi", a trading ship.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bait_Al_Baranda_Museum-Naval_battle.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Model depicting a naval confrontation between a Roman ship and Omani ships in the Indian Ocean, 2nd century."><img alt="Model depicting a naval confrontation between a Roman ship and Omani ships in the Indian Ocean, 2nd century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bait_Al_Baranda_Museum-Naval_battle.JPG/240px-Bait_Al_Baranda_Museum-Naval_battle.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bait_Al_Baranda_Museum-Naval_battle.JPG/360px-Bait_Al_Baranda_Museum-Naval_battle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bait_Al_Baranda_Museum-Naval_battle.JPG/480px-Bait_Al_Baranda_Museum-Naval_battle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model depicting a naval confrontation between a Roman ship and Omani ships in the Indian Ocean, 2nd century.</div> </li> </ul><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> oceans, the oceanic navigations made it possible to populate all the archipelagoes (<a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a>). However, the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">reaching South America</a> is still a matter of debate — the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of the Americas">settlement of the Americas</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> would not have required navigation, or in any case, coastal navigation would have sufficed — as well as other possible <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories">pre-Columbian transoceanic contacts</a>. In the first quarter of the 15th century, the Chinese expeditions led by <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> reached the African coasts of the Indian Ocean. It has been <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Menzies#1421:_The_Year_China_Discovered_the_World" title="Gavin Menzies">proposed</a> that they might have reached the South Atlantic and even America and Europe, but this proposal has not been accepted beyond mere speculation.</p><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mokoshuraiekotoba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naval combat between Chinese junks employed in the foiled Mongol invasions of Japan, and samurai defenders, ca. 1293."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mokoshuraiekotoba.jpg/700px-Mokoshuraiekotoba.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mokoshuraiekotoba.jpg/1050px-Mokoshuraiekotoba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mokoshuraiekotoba.jpg/1400px-Mokoshuraiekotoba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mokoshuraiekotoba.jpg" title="File:Mokoshuraiekotoba.jpg"> </a></div>Naval combat between <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Chinese junks</a> employed in the foiled <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a>, and <i>samurai</i> defenders, ca. 1293.</div></div></div><p>Mediterranean navigation, which the Romans had come to control (undisputed <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum">Mare Nostrum</a></i> since their victories over the Carthaginians in the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> [264-146 BC], the Egyptians during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> [31 BC], and <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirates</a>), was once again a contested environment in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, from the moment the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> managed to attack the Italian coasts from the sea. In the 6th century, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> managed to regain control, and in the 7th century it was the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arabs</a> who ended up dividing the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean area</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which even the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> were able to access. Since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> navigators also had a strong presence. Knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a>, transmitted to the Europeans by the Arabs (who in turn had obtained it from the Chinese), together with other improvements in astronomical techniques (<a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_staff" title="Jacob's staff">Jacob's staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a>, cartographic techniques (<a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">portulan</a> and shipbuilding (<a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nau_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nau (ship)">nau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a>), made the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> — initially led by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castilians" title="Castilians">Castilians</a> — possible, especially after <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_the_Navigator" title="Prince Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a> impulsed the <a href="/wiki/Sagres_school" title="Sagres school">school of Sagres</a>. In 1492, the <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus#First_voyage_(1492–1493)" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">first voyage of Christopher Columbus</a> took place. In 1488, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> rounded the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" title="Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India">opened the route to the Indian Ocean</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco de Gama</a> reached Calicut (India) in 1498. Between 1519 and 1521, the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan-Elcano expedition</a> circumnavigated the world — measuring the <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">geographical longitude</a> with the method of its scientific organizer, <a href="/wiki/Rui_Faleiro" title="Rui Faleiro">Rui Faleiro</a>. Until the 6th century, the Spanish-Portuguese hegemony in navigation was patent in fields such as geography and <a href="/wiki/Cosmography" title="Cosmography">cosmography</a>. Both English and French pilots learned to navigate from the texts of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Medina" title="Pedro de Medina">Pedro de Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Enciso" title="Martín Fernández de Enciso">Martín Fernández de Enciso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s,_2nd_Marquess_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca" title="Martín Cortés, 2nd Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca">Martín Cortés</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref_duplicada_1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_duplicada_1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conjunction of "cannons and sails" has been argued to have given European states the advantage to prevail over the rest,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> launching the modern "<a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">world system</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Four_Voyages_of_Columbus_1492-1503_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_18571.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Navigation of Columbus' four voyages to America, 1492–1504."><img alt="Navigation of Columbus' four voyages to America, 1492–1504." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Four_Voyages_of_Columbus_1492-1503_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_18571.jpg/248px-The_Four_Voyages_of_Columbus_1492-1503_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_18571.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Four_Voyages_of_Columbus_1492-1503_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_18571.jpg/372px-The_Four_Voyages_of_Columbus_1492-1503_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_18571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Four_Voyages_of_Columbus_1492-1503_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_18571.jpg/496px-The_Four_Voyages_of_Columbus_1492-1503_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_18571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Navigation of Columbus' four <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus#Voyages" title="Christopher Columbus">voyages</a> to America, 1492–1504.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gama_route_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Navigation of Vasco de Gama first voyage, 1498."><img alt="Navigation of Vasco de Gama first voyage, 1498." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gama_route_1.svg/220px-Gama_route_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="147" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gama_route_1.svg/331px-Gama_route_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gama_route_1.svg/441px-Gama_route_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Navigation of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_de_Gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasco de Gama">Vasco de Gama</a> first voyage, 1498.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Victoria, ship of the Magellan-Elcano expedition (1519-1521), in an illustration of a map by Abraham Ortelius, 1590."><img alt="The Victoria, ship of the Magellan-Elcano expedition (1519-1521), in an illustration of a map by Abraham Ortelius, 1590." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png/295px-Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png" decoding="async" width="197" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png/443px-Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png/591px-Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png 2x" data-file-width="2522" data-file-height="1538" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(ship)" title="Victoria (ship)"><i>Victoria</i></a>, ship of the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan-Elcano expedition</a> (1519-1521), in an illustration of a map by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a>, 1590.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_Mar%C3%ADtim_de_Barcelona_Real_17-05-2009_13-09-59.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of the galley Real, flagship of the Christian navy in the Battle of Lepanto (1571)."><img alt="Model of the galley Real, flagship of the Christian navy in the Battle of Lepanto (1571)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Museo_Mar%C3%ADtim_de_Barcelona_Real_17-05-2009_13-09-59.JPG/269px-Museo_Mar%C3%ADtim_de_Barcelona_Real_17-05-2009_13-09-59.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Museo_Mar%C3%ADtim_de_Barcelona_Real_17-05-2009_13-09-59.JPG/404px-Museo_Mar%C3%ADtim_de_Barcelona_Real_17-05-2009_13-09-59.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Museo_Mar%C3%ADtim_de_Barcelona_Real_17-05-2009_13-09-59.JPG/538px-Museo_Mar%C3%ADtim_de_Barcelona_Real_17-05-2009_13-09-59.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of the galley <i><a href="/wiki/Real_(galley)" title="Real (galley)">Real</a></i>, flagship of the Christian navy in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> (1571).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vroom_Hendrick_Cornelisz_Battle_of_Haarlemmermeer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dutch gueux de mer engage the Spanish at the battle of Haarlemmermeer, 1573; painting by Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom, ca. 1621."><img alt="Dutch gueux de mer engage the Spanish at the battle of Haarlemmermeer, 1573; painting by Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom, ca. 1621." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vroom_Hendrick_Cornelisz_Battle_of_Haarlemmermeer.jpg/257px-Vroom_Hendrick_Cornelisz_Battle_of_Haarlemmermeer.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vroom_Hendrick_Cornelisz_Battle_of_Haarlemmermeer.jpg/386px-Vroom_Hendrick_Cornelisz_Battle_of_Haarlemmermeer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vroom_Hendrick_Cornelisz_Battle_of_Haarlemmermeer.jpg/514px-Vroom_Hendrick_Cornelisz_Battle_of_Haarlemmermeer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6120" data-file-height="4286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dutch <i>gueux de mer</i> engage the Spanish at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haarlemmermeer" title="Battle of Haarlemmermeer">battle of Haarlemmermeer</a>, 1573; painting by <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Cornelisz_Vroom" title="Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom">Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom</a>, ca. 1621.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Santo_Domingo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis Drake's fleet in front of Santo Domingo in 1585."><img alt="Francis Drake's fleet in front of Santo Domingo in 1585." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Santo_Domingo.jpg/234px-Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Santo_Domingo.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Santo_Domingo.jpg/352px-Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Santo_Domingo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Santo_Domingo.jpg/469px-Boazio-Sir_Francis_Drake_in_Santo_Domingo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6506" data-file-height="4999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>'s fleet in front of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> in 1585.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 67.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 65.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada-es.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Navigation of the Spanish Armada, 1588."><img alt="Navigation of the Spanish Armada, 1588." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada-es.svg/98px-Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada-es.svg/147px-Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada-es.svg/196px-Routes_of_the_Spanish_Armada-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Navigation of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, 1588.</div> </li> </ul><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Seville, attributed to Alonso Sánchez Coello (ca. 1576-1600)."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg/700px-La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg/1050px-La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg/1400px-La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1012" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg" title="File:La sevilla del sigloXVI.jpg"> </a></div><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=View_of_Seville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="View of Seville (page does not exist)">View of Seville</a></i>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello" title="Alonso Sánchez Coello">Alonso Sánchez Coello</a> (ca. 1576-1600).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Permanent navigation routes of the Spanish (in white) and Portuguese (in blue) fleets since the 16th century. The Spanish treasure fleet crossed the Atlantic, the Manila Galleon the Pacific; the India armada circumnavigated Africa."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/700px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/1050px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/1400px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png" title="File:16th century Portuguese Spanish trade routes.png"> </a></div>Permanent navigation routes of the Spanish (in white) and Portuguese (in blue) fleets since the 16th century. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a> crossed the Atlantic, the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Galleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Galleon">Manila Galleon</a> the Pacific; the India armada circumnavigated Africa.</div></div></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_conquest_of_the_great_Northwest;_being_the_story_of_the_Adventurers_of_England_known_as_The_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company._New_pages_in_the_history_of_the_Canadian_Northwest_and_Western_States_(1908)_(14778654772).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Navigation of Henry Hudson in search of the Northeast Passage, 1607–1608."><img alt="Navigation of Henry Hudson in search of the Northeast Passage, 1607–1608." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_conquest_of_the_great_Northwest%3B_being_the_story_of_the_Adventurers_of_England_known_as_The_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company._New_pages_in_the_history_of_the_Canadian_Northwest_and_Western_States_%281908%29_%2814778654772%29.jpg/181px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_conquest_of_the_great_Northwest%3B_being_the_story_of_the_Adventurers_of_England_known_as_The_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company._New_pages_in_the_history_of_the_Canadian_Northwest_and_Western_States_%281908%29_%2814778654772%29.jpg/271px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_conquest_of_the_great_Northwest%3B_being_the_story_of_the_Adventurers_of_England_known_as_The_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company._New_pages_in_the_history_of_the_Canadian_Northwest_and_Western_States_%281908%29_%2814778654772%29.jpg/362px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="2128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Navigation of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Henry Hudson</a> in search of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Passage" title="Northeast Passage">Northeast Passage</a>, 1607–1608.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wasa,_Seitenansicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vasa, flagship of the Swedish navy, sunk on her maiden voyage, 1628."><img alt="Vasa, flagship of the Swedish navy, sunk on her maiden voyage, 1628." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wasa%2C_Seitenansicht.jpg/337px-Wasa%2C_Seitenansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wasa%2C_Seitenansicht.jpg/505px-Wasa%2C_Seitenansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wasa%2C_Seitenansicht.jpg/673px-Wasa%2C_Seitenansicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5427" data-file-height="2906" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)">Vasa</a></i>, flagship of the Swedish navy, sunk on her maiden voyage, 1628.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AMH-6135-NA_View_of_Batavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dutch ships of the VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, United East India Company) in Batavia (today Jakarta), 1665."><img alt="Dutch ships of the VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, United East India Company) in Batavia (today Jakarta), 1665." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/AMH-6135-NA_View_of_Batavia.jpg/230px-AMH-6135-NA_View_of_Batavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/AMH-6135-NA_View_of_Batavia.jpg/344px-AMH-6135-NA_View_of_Batavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/AMH-6135-NA_View_of_Batavia.jpg/459px-AMH-6135-NA_View_of_Batavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1883" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dutch ships of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a> (<i>Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</i>, <i>United East India Company</i>) in Batavia (today <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>), 1665.</div> </li> </ul><p>Since the 18th century, England exercised maritime hegemony, a fact that was confirmed in the early 19th century with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> (1805). Among the main English expeditions of the time were <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">Captain Cook</a>'s (1768-1779), also the second expedition of the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">Beagle</a> (1831-1836) — which was of great importance for the later development of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">theory of evolution</a>. Already fully in the age of <a href="/wiki/Steam_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam navigation">steam navigation</a>, techniques and vessels continued to be perfected in transoceanic sailing (<a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">clipper</a>), that did not become obsolete for commercial navigation until the 20th century — especially after the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. Even then, the unbridled optimism that characterized the naval design of the time suffered a severe blow with the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Titanic" title="Sinking of the Titanic">Titanic</a> (1912).</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medal used by the British navy to celebrate the capture of Cartagena de Indias, that did not take place (1741)."><img alt="Medal used by the British navy to celebrate the capture of Cartagena de Indias, that did not take place (1741)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg/189px-%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg/283px-%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg/378px-%22Toma%22_de_Cartagena_por_Vernon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medal used by the British navy to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">the capture of Cartagena de Indias</a>, that did not take place (1741).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Endeavour,_Thomas_Luny_1768.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Endeavour (Captain Cook's ship) leaves Whitby harbor in 1768."><img alt="Endeavour (Captain Cook's ship) leaves Whitby harbor in 1768." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Endeavour%2C_Thomas_Luny_1768.jpg/329px-Endeavour%2C_Thomas_Luny_1768.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Endeavour%2C_Thomas_Luny_1768.jpg/493px-Endeavour%2C_Thomas_Luny_1768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Endeavour%2C_Thomas_Luny_1768.jpg/658px-Endeavour%2C_Thomas_Luny_1768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Endeavour" title="HMS Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i> (Captain Cook's ship) leaves <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a> harbor in 1768.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Guardi_-_The_Doge_on_the_Bucentaur_at_San_Niccol%C3%B2_del_Lido_-_WGA10850.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venetian ships (including the Bucentaur) at the feast of the Ascension, painting by Francesco Guardi, ca. 1775."><img alt="Venetian ships (including the Bucentaur) at the feast of the Ascension, painting by Francesco Guardi, ca. 1775." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Francesco_Guardi_-_The_Doge_on_the_Bucentaur_at_San_Niccol%C3%B2_del_Lido_-_WGA10850.jpg/288px-Francesco_Guardi_-_The_Doge_on_the_Bucentaur_at_San_Niccol%C3%B2_del_Lido_-_WGA10850.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Francesco_Guardi_-_The_Doge_on_the_Bucentaur_at_San_Niccol%C3%B2_del_Lido_-_WGA10850.jpg/432px-Francesco_Guardi_-_The_Doge_on_the_Bucentaur_at_San_Niccol%C3%B2_del_Lido_-_WGA10850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Francesco_Guardi_-_The_Doge_on_the_Bucentaur_at_San_Niccol%C3%B2_del_Lido_-_WGA10850.jpg/575px-Francesco_Guardi_-_The_Doge_on_the_Bucentaur_at_San_Niccol%C3%B2_del_Lido_-_WGA10850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Venetian ships (including the <i><a href="/wiki/Bucentaur" title="Bucentaur">Bucentaur</a></i>) at the feast of the Ascension, painting by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guardi" title="Francesco Guardi">Francesco Guardi</a>, ca. 1775.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exp%C3%A9dition_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Expedition of Jean-François de La Perouse, 1785–1788."><img alt="Expedition of Jean-François de La Perouse, 1785–1788." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Exp%C3%A9dition_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg/265px-Exp%C3%A9dition_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Exp%C3%A9dition_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg/398px-Exp%C3%A9dition_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Exp%C3%A9dition_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg/530px-Exp%C3%A9dition_de_La_P%C3%A9rouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12063" data-file-height="8193" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Expedition of Jean-François de <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse">La Perouse</a>, 1785–1788.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaveshipplan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arrangement of a slave ship for the slave trade in 1788. The triangular trade crossing the Atlantic between Europe, Africa and America constituted the most important shipping routes at the time."><img alt="Arrangement of a slave ship for the slave trade in 1788. The triangular trade crossing the Atlantic between Europe, Africa and America constituted the most important shipping routes at the time." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Slaveshipplan.jpg/150px-Slaveshipplan.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Slaveshipplan.jpg/225px-Slaveshipplan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Slaveshipplan.jpg/300px-Slaveshipplan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arrangement of a <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ship</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave trade</a> in 1788. The <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular trade</a> crossing the Atlantic between Europe, Africa and America constituted the most important shipping routes at the time.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Descubiertaatrevida.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Descubierta and the Atrevida in the Philippine island of Samar, during the Malaspina expedition, 1789–1794."><img alt="The Descubierta and the Atrevida in the Philippine island of Samar, during the Malaspina expedition, 1789–1794." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Descubiertaatrevida.jpg/217px-Descubiertaatrevida.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Descubiertaatrevida.jpg/326px-Descubiertaatrevida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Descubiertaatrevida.jpg/434px-Descubiertaatrevida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Descubierta</i> and the <i>Atrevida</i> in the Philippine island of Samar, during the <a href="/wiki/Malaspina_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaspina expedition">Malaspina expedition</a>, 1789–1794.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Real_Expedici%C3%B3n_Filantr%C3%B3pica_de_la_Vacuna_01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Navigations of the Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition, 1803–1814."><img alt="Navigations of the Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition, 1803–1814." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Real_Expedici%C3%B3n_Filantr%C3%B3pica_de_la_Vacuna_01.svg/255px-Real_Expedici%C3%B3n_Filantr%C3%B3pica_de_la_Vacuna_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Real_Expedici%C3%B3n_Filantr%C3%B3pica_de_la_Vacuna_01.svg/382px-Real_Expedici%C3%B3n_Filantr%C3%B3pica_de_la_Vacuna_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Real_Expedici%C3%B3n_Filantr%C3%B3pica_de_la_Vacuna_01.svg/509px-Real_Expedici%C3%B3n_Filantr%C3%B3pica_de_la_Vacuna_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Navigations of the <a href="/wiki/Balmis_Expedition" title="Balmis Expedition">Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition</a>, 1803–1814.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turner,_J._M._W._-_The_Fighting_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_tugged_to_her_last_Berth_to_be_broken.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up, by J. M. W. Turner, 1838."><img alt="The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up, by J. M. W. Turner, 1838." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Turner%2C_J._M._W._-_The_Fighting_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_tugged_to_her_last_Berth_to_be_broken.jpg/243px-Turner%2C_J._M._W._-_The_Fighting_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_tugged_to_her_last_Berth_to_be_broken.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Turner%2C_J._M._W._-_The_Fighting_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_tugged_to_her_last_Berth_to_be_broken.jpg/364px-Turner%2C_J._M._W._-_The_Fighting_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_tugged_to_her_last_Berth_to_be_broken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Turner%2C_J._M._W._-_The_Fighting_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_tugged_to_her_last_Berth_to_be_broken.jpg/485px-Turner%2C_J._M._W._-_The_Fighting_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_tugged_to_her_last_Berth_to_be_broken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4455" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fighting_Temeraire" title="The Fighting Temeraire">The Fighting Temeraire</a> tugged to her last berth to be broken up</i>, by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>, 1838.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_and_the_River_Thames_seen_from_the_south,_from_Wellcome_L0023697.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Active navigation on the Thames in the mid-19th century, in an engraving by Frederick James Smyth. Tall-masted ships crowd downstream, while barges and steamboats with smoking smokestacks are allowed to cross London Bridge."><img alt="Active navigation on the Thames in the mid-19th century, in an engraving by Frederick James Smyth. Tall-masted ships crowd downstream, while barges and steamboats with smoking smokestacks are allowed to cross London Bridge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/London_and_the_River_Thames_seen_from_the_south%2C_from_Wellcome_L0023697.jpg/255px-London_and_the_River_Thames_seen_from_the_south%2C_from_Wellcome_L0023697.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/London_and_the_River_Thames_seen_from_the_south%2C_from_Wellcome_L0023697.jpg/382px-London_and_the_River_Thames_seen_from_the_south%2C_from_Wellcome_L0023697.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/London_and_the_River_Thames_seen_from_the_south%2C_from_Wellcome_L0023697.jpg/509px-London_and_the_River_Thames_seen_from_the_south%2C_from_Wellcome_L0023697.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Active navigation on the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> in the mid-19th century, in an engraving by Frederick James Smyth. Tall-masted ships crowd downstream, while barges and steamboats with smoking smokestacks are allowed to cross <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Spurling_-_ARIEL_%26_TAEPING,_China_Tea_Clippers_Race.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Ariel" and the "Taeping" contesting the Great Tea Race of 1866, depicted in a painting by Jack Spurling."><img alt="The "Ariel" and the "Taeping" contesting the Great Tea Race of 1866, depicted in a painting by Jack Spurling." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jack_Spurling_-_ARIEL_%26_TAEPING%2C_China_Tea_Clippers_Race.jpg/253px-Jack_Spurling_-_ARIEL_%26_TAEPING%2C_China_Tea_Clippers_Race.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jack_Spurling_-_ARIEL_%26_TAEPING%2C_China_Tea_Clippers_Race.jpg/379px-Jack_Spurling_-_ARIEL_%26_TAEPING%2C_China_Tea_Clippers_Race.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jack_Spurling_-_ARIEL_%26_TAEPING%2C_China_Tea_Clippers_Race.jpg/505px-Jack_Spurling_-_ARIEL_%26_TAEPING%2C_China_Tea_Clippers_Race.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="713" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "Ariel" and the "Taeping" contesting the <i>Great Tea Race of 1866</i>, depicted in a painting by Jack Spurling.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_destruction_of_Russian_destroyers_by_Japanese_destroyers_at_Port_Arthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naval engagement between Russian and Japanese destroyers at Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War, 1904."><img alt="Naval engagement between Russian and Japanese destroyers at Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War, 1904." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_destruction_of_Russian_destroyers_by_Japanese_destroyers_at_Port_Arthur.jpg/250px-The_destruction_of_Russian_destroyers_by_Japanese_destroyers_at_Port_Arthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_destruction_of_Russian_destroyers_by_Japanese_destroyers_at_Port_Arthur.jpg/375px-The_destruction_of_Russian_destroyers_by_Japanese_destroyers_at_Port_Arthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_destruction_of_Russian_destroyers_by_Japanese_destroyers_at_Port_Arthur.jpg/500px-The_destruction_of_Russian_destroyers_by_Japanese_destroyers_at_Port_Arthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="738" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naval engagement between Russian and Japanese destroyers at <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou District">Port Arthur</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, 1904.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-164-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amundsen expedition to the South Pole, 1913."><img alt="Amundsen expedition to the South Pole, 1913." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-164-1.jpg/249px-Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-164-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-164-1.jpg/374px-Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-164-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-164-1.jpg/498px-Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-164-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a> expedition to the South Pole, 1913.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%B6wer_U-Boot_Truppentransporter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sinking of an enemy ship by a German "U-boat" in 1917. In addition to submarine warfare, submersible vessels have had all sorts of uses, including mail,[14] the oceanography or polar exploration.[15]"><img alt="Sinking of an enemy ship by a German "U-boat" in 1917. In addition to submarine warfare, submersible vessels have had all sorts of uses, including mail,[14] the oceanography or polar exploration.[15]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/St%C3%B6wer_U-Boot_Truppentransporter.jpg/281px-St%C3%B6wer_U-Boot_Truppentransporter.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/St%C3%B6wer_U-Boot_Truppentransporter.jpg/421px-St%C3%B6wer_U-Boot_Truppentransporter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/St%C3%B6wer_U-Boot_Truppentransporter.jpg/562px-St%C3%B6wer_U-Boot_Truppentransporter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sinking of an enemy ship by a German "<a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a>" in 1917. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">submarine warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submersible vessels</a> have had all sorts of uses, including <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mail</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">polar exploration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War-_Operation_Overlord_(the_Normandy_Landings)-_D-day_6_June_1944_A24096.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Operation Overlord (June 1944) was the largest naval operation in history, in a relatively small maritime environment (the English Channel)."><img alt="The Operation Overlord (June 1944) was the largest naval operation in history, in a relatively small maritime environment (the English Channel)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War-_Operation_Overlord_%28the_Normandy_Landings%29-_D-day_6_June_1944_A24096.jpg/251px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War-_Operation_Overlord_%28the_Normandy_Landings%29-_D-day_6_June_1944_A24096.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War-_Operation_Overlord_%28the_Normandy_Landings%29-_D-day_6_June_1944_A24096.jpg/377px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War-_Operation_Overlord_%28the_Normandy_Landings%29-_D-day_6_June_1944_A24096.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War-_Operation_Overlord_%28the_Normandy_Landings%29-_D-day_6_June_1944_A24096.jpg/502px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War-_Operation_Overlord_%28the_Normandy_Landings%29-_D-day_6_June_1944_A24096.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> (June 1944) was the largest naval operation in history, in a relatively small maritime environment (the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Flint_(CL-97)_at_anchor_in_March_1945_(80-G-K-3813).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The United States Fifth Fleet departs for Okinawa in March 1945, in the final stages of the War of the Pacific."><img alt="The United States Fifth Fleet departs for Okinawa in March 1945, in the final stages of the War of the Pacific." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USS_Flint_%28CL-97%29_at_anchor_in_March_1945_%2880-G-K-3813%29.jpg/241px-USS_Flint_%28CL-97%29_at_anchor_in_March_1945_%2880-G-K-3813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USS_Flint_%28CL-97%29_at_anchor_in_March_1945_%2880-G-K-3813%29.jpg/361px-USS_Flint_%28CL-97%29_at_anchor_in_March_1945_%2880-G-K-3813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USS_Flint_%28CL-97%29_at_anchor_in_March_1945_%2880-G-K-3813%29.jpg/481px-USS_Flint_%28CL-97%29_at_anchor_in_March_1945_%2880-G-K-3813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3235" data-file-height="2420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" title="United States Fifth Fleet">United States Fifth Fleet</a> departs for Okinawa in March 1945, in the final stages of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>.</div> </li> </ul><p>Contemporary shipping has massively ceased to perform one of its traditional functions and has been replaced by aviation, such as <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">passenger transport</a>, although with two important exceptions: leisure travel (<a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a>) and irregular traffic of people (<a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">irregular immigration</a>). Since the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a>, the main volume of <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">freight transport</a> has been hydrocarbons (<a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tankers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">gas tankers</a>). Other raw materials are also transported in <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ships</a>, but from 1956 onward, a large part of goods of all kinds were adapted to standardized <a href="/wiki/Container" title="Container">containers</a> that speed up loading and unloading, allowing a combination with land transport (<a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">hub</a>). Highly technological navigation has reduced crews and increased the size of ships. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">deep-sea fishing</a>, which locates its prey with sophisticated means and lasts indefinitely in time — freezer ships or <a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">factory ships</a> — which in some circumstances has made them vulnerable to new forms of piracy.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calypso51-73.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Routes of the Calypso, research ship of Commander Cousteau."><img alt="Routes of the Calypso, research ship of Commander Cousteau." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Calypso51-73.jpg/298px-Calypso51-73.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Calypso51-73.jpg/447px-Calypso51-73.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Calypso51-73.jpg/596px-Calypso51-73.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Routes of the <i><a href="/wiki/RV_Calypso" title="RV Calypso">Calypso</a></i>, research ship of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Commander Cousteau</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_Havre_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cargo vessel using the appropriate facilities for container traffic (container cranes) at the port of Le Havre."><img alt="Cargo vessel using the appropriate facilities for container traffic (container cranes) at the port of Le Havre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Port_Havre_2.jpg/242px-Port_Havre_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Port_Havre_2.jpg/363px-Port_Havre_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Port_Havre_2.jpg/484px-Port_Havre_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cargo vessel using the appropriate facilities for container traffic (<a href="/wiki/Container_crane" title="Container crane">container cranes</a>) at the port of <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cayuco_approached_by_a_spanish_Salvamar_vessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boat overloaded with illegal immigrants, alongside a Spanish coast guard."><img alt="Boat overloaded with illegal immigrants, alongside a Spanish coast guard." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cayuco_approached_by_a_spanish_Salvamar_vessel.jpg/180px-Cayuco_approached_by_a_spanish_Salvamar_vessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cayuco_approached_by_a_spanish_Salvamar_vessel.jpg/270px-Cayuco_approached_by_a_spanish_Salvamar_vessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cayuco_approached_by_a_spanish_Salvamar_vessel.jpg/360px-Cayuco_approached_by_a_spanish_Salvamar_vessel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boat overloaded with illegal immigrants, alongside a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">coast guard</a>.</div> </li> </ul><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellespont_Alhambra-223713_v2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hellespont Alhambra, a TI-class supertanker that is considered among the largest ships in the world in dimensions, displacement and cargo capacity."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hellespont_Alhambra-223713_v2.jpg/500px-Hellespont_Alhambra-223713_v2.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hellespont_Alhambra-223713_v2.jpg/750px-Hellespont_Alhambra-223713_v2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Hellespont_Alhambra-223713_v2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellespont_Alhambra-223713_v2.jpg" title="File:Hellespont Alhambra-223713 v2.jpg"> </a></div><i>Hellespont Alhambra</i>, a TI-class supertanker that is considered among the largest ships in the world in dimensions, displacement and cargo capacity.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_and_techniques">Methods and techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methods and techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are the methods used in maritime navigation to solve the three problems of the navigator: </p> <ul><li>Determining and maintaining the "course".</li></ul> <ul><li>Determining the "time", the "speed" and "distance", for the duration of the voyage.</li></ul> <ul><li>Knowing the "depth" in which one is sailing so as not to run aground.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_navigation">Coastal navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coastal navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Navigation and location of the ship by positioning techniques based on the observation of <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(angle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearing (angle)">bearings</a> and distances to notable points on the coast (<a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">capes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">buoys</a>, etc.) by visual means (<a href="/wiki/Pelorus_(instrument)" title="Pelorus (instrument)">pelorus</a>), observation of horizontal angles (<a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a>) or electronic methods (bearings from <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Radar_beacon" title="Radar beacon">racons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">transponders</a>, etc.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dead_reckoning_navigation">Dead reckoning navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dead reckoning navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">Dead reckoning</a></div> <p>Navigation and location of the ship by analytical means, after considering the following elements: initial location, <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(angle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearing (angle)">bearing</a>(s) — whether <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(angle)#Absolute" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearing (angle)">absolute bearings</a>, surface bearings, or <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(angle)#Relative" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearing (angle)">relative bearings</a>. Also <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> as well as the external factors that have influenced the course either partially or entirely, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leeway" title="Leeway">leeway</a>) and/or the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">current</a> (bearing of the current and hourly current intensity). The point obtained from the calculations is called the "Dead reckoning location", with its corresponding <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>. This point is also known as Fantasy point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loxodromic_navigation">Loxodromic navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Loxodromic navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loxodrome.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Loxodrome.png/220px-Loxodrome.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Loxodrome.png/330px-Loxodrome.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Loxodrome.png/440px-Loxodrome.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Rhumb line navigation path: β = constant</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Loxodromic_navigation" title="Loxodromic navigation">Loxodromic navigation</a></div> <p>Navigation that follows a <a href="/wiki/Rhumb_line" title="Rhumb line">rhumb line</a> — that is, all meridians are cut at the same angle. On a <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical chart</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a>, a loxodromic is represented by a straight line. </p><p>This type of navigation is useful for not too long distances, as it allows the course to remain steady,<sup id="cite_ref-WeintritNeumann2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeintritNeumann2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it does not offer the shortest distance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodromic_navigation">Orthodromic navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orthodromic navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great-circle_navigation" title="Great-circle navigation">Great-circle navigation</a></div> <p>Navigation that follows the shortest distance between two points, i.e., that which follows a <a href="/wiki/Great_circle" title="Great circle">great circle</a>. Such routes yield the shortest <a href="/wiki/Distance" title="Distance">distance</a> between two points on the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-WeintritNeumann2011_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeintritNeumann2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To calculate the bearing and distance between two points it is necessary to solve a <a href="/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry" title="Spherical trigonometry">spherical triangle</a> whose vertices are the origin, the destination, and the pole.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celestial_navigation">Celestial navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Celestial navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial navigation</a></div> <p>Navigation and location of the ship by <a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">geopositioning</a> techniques based on the observation of the <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial bodies</a>. The variables measured to find the location are: the observed angular height of the stars above the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a>, measured with the <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a> (formerly with the <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> or other instrument), and the <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>, measured with the <a href="/wiki/Chronometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronometer">chronometer</a>. </p><p>Conceptually, the process is not complex to understand: </p> <ul><li>Knowing the time of the observation, and with the data contained in the nautical calendar, it is possible to determine the astronomical coordinates of the observed star.</li></ul> <ul><li>Knowing the coordinates of the observed star and the height above the horizon with which it was observed, we can deduce that the observer's position is located on a circle whose center is located at the geographical point directly below the star.</li></ul> <ul><li>Any observer located at any point on that circle will observe the star with the same height above the horizon.</li></ul> <ul><li>The observer can therefore know that his position is somewhere on this circle.</li></ul> <p>In practice, the mathematical process, called "reduction" of the observation, can be complex for the uninitiated. To the height observed with the sextant, it is necessary to apply a series of corrections to compensate for atmospheric refraction, <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> and other errors. Once this is done, it is necessary to solve a <a href="/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry" title="Spherical trigonometry">spherical triangle</a> by mathematical and trigonometric methods. </p><p>There are many methods to do this. The manual methods use tables (<a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithms</a>, etc.) to facilitate the calculations. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">calculators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">electronic computers</a> at the end of the 20th century greatly facilitated the calculation, but the creation of <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> made celestial navigation no longer important, relegating it to the background as an alternative method in case of failure of the on-board electronics or as a hobby of scientific interest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_navigation">Electronic navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electronic navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></div> <p>Navigation and location of the ship by positioning techniques based on the aids provided by global positioning systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">GALILEO</a>. It is the system most widely spread and easiest to use, in spite of the errors that may arise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inertial_navigation">Inertial navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inertial navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">Inertial navigation system</a></div> <p>Navigation and location of the ship by means of the analysis of the data provided by <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a> located on board, which integrate the accelerations experienced in complex electronic systems, that converted into velocities (in the 3 possible axes of displacement) and according to the observed courses, make it possible to obtain the location of the ship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The harbinger of a successful navigation was the <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphin</a>, which is why its representation became the symbol carried by all ships. </p><p>More recently, navigation was represented as a woman crowned with <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">ship's sterns</a> whose clothes are agitated by the winds. She rests one hand on a rudder and the other holds the instrument for measuring height. At her feet, the <a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">ampoule</a>, the compass, the <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">trident</a> of Neptune and the riches of commerce, while the sea can be seen on the horizon, completed by a lighthouse and traversed by ships at full sail.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_duplicada_1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_duplicada_1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowditch%27s_American_Practical_Navigator" title="Bowditch's American Practical Navigator">Bowditch's American Practical Navigator</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Cornell#World_Cruising_Routes" title="Jimmy Cornell">World Cruising Routes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More than a thousand "concave ships" <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">arriving on the beaches of Troy</a>, bad fortune of the navigator <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Ulysses</a> and the expertise of the "<a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a>" — among whom is the builder of the ship that bears his name, <a href="/wiki/Argus_(Argonaut)" title="Argus (Argonaut)">Argus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ships from <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> supplied King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> with goods from distant places, including <i>Tarshish</i> — <a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a> — to the same destination a Phoenician ship was carrying <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>, until the crew threw him into the sea when they blamed him for the storm that threatened to sink them.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Navigation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Navigation">Navigation</a>: theory and practice of charting a course for a ship, aircraft or spaceship. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nautical" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:nautical">Nautical</a>: Relating to or involving ships or shipping or navigation or seamen. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/naval" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:naval">Naval</a>: (<i>nautical</i>) Of or relating to ships in general.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://outline-of-history.mindvessel.net/150-sea-peoples-and-trading-peoples/151-the-earliest-ships-and-sailors.html">"15.1 The Earliest Ships and Sailors — The Outline of History by H. G. Wells"</a>. <i>outline-of-history.mindvessel.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=outline-of-history.mindvessel.net&rft.atitle=15.1+The+Earliest+Ships+and+Sailors+%E2%80%94+The+Outline+of+History+by+H.+G.+Wells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foutline-of-history.mindvessel.net%2F150-sea-peoples-and-trading-peoples%2F151-the-earliest-ships-and-sailors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2014/assyria-to-iberia/blog/posts/phoenician-sailing">"New Perspectives on Phoenician Sailing"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=New+Perspectives+on+Phoenician+Sailing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2Flistings%2F2014%2Fassyria-to-iberia%2Fblog%2Fposts%2Fphoenician-sailing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120012119/https://rome101.com/2013/12/">"The Rome 101 blog"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rome101.com/2013/12/">the original</a> on 20 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rome+101+blog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frome101.com%2F2013%2F12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirenne1922" class="citation journal cs1">Pirenne, Henri (1922). <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Mahomet_et_Charlemagne">"Mahomet et Charlemagne"</a>. <i>Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">77–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frbph.1922.6157">10.3406/rbph.1922.6157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+belge+de+philologie+et+d%27histoire&rft.atitle=Mahomet+et+Charlemagne&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frbph.1922.6157&rft.aulast=Pirenne&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FMahomet_et_Charlemagne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_navy" title="Venetian navy">Venetian navy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Genoese_navy" title="Genoese navy">Genoese navy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalabert1970–1971" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Salabert, Vicente (1970–1971). "La expansión catalano-aragonesa por el Mediterráneo en el siglo XIV". <i>Anuario de Estudios Medievales</i> (in Spanish) (7). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-5061">0066-5061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anuario+de+Estudios+Medievales&rft.atitle=La+expansi%C3%B3n+catalano-aragonesa+por+el+Mediterr%C3%A1neo+en+el+siglo+XIV&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1970%2F1971&rft.issn=0066-5061&rft.aulast=Salabert&rft.aufirst=Vicente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicatoste1891" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Picatoste, Felipe (1891). <i>Apuntes para una biblioteca científica española del Siglo XVI: estudios biográficos y bibliográficos de ciencias exactas físicas y naturales y sus inmediatas aplicaciones en dicho siglo</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+para+una+biblioteca+cient%C3%ADfica+espa%C3%B1ola+del+Siglo+XVI%3A+estudios+biogr%C3%A1ficos+y+bibliogr%C3%A1ficos+de+ciencias+exactas+f%C3%ADsicas+y+naturales+y+sus+inmediatas+aplicaciones+en+dicho+siglo&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Picatoste&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref_duplicada_1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref_duplicada_1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref_duplicada_1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Diccionario enciclopédico popular ilustrado Salvat</i> (1906-1914)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cipolla, Carlo Maria, <i>Cañones y velas en la primera fase de la expansión europea</i>, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernand Braudel, Immanuel Wallenstein.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceres.mcu.es/pages/ResultSearch?Museo=MAM&txtSimpleSearch=Vista%20de%20Sevilla&simpleSearch=0&hipertextSearch=1&search=simple&MuseumsSearch=MAM%7C&MuseumsRolSearch=11&%20Ficha%20en%20Ceres-Ministerio%20de%20Cultura-Museo%20de%20Am%C3%A9rica">"Red Digital de Colecciones de Museos de España - Museos"</a>. <i>ceres.mcu.es</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ceres.mcu.es&rft.atitle=Red+Digital+de+Colecciones+de+Museos+de+Espa%C3%B1a+-+Museos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceres.mcu.es%2Fpages%2FResultSearch%3FMuseo%3DMAM%26txtSimpleSearch%3DVista%2520de%2520Sevilla%26simpleSearch%3D0%26hipertextSearch%3D1%26search%3Dsimple%26MuseumsSearch%3DMAM%257C%26MuseumsRolSearch%3D11%26%2520Ficha%2520en%2520Ceres-Ministerio%2520de%2520Cultura-Museo%2520de%2520Am%25C3%25A9rica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmar.com/foros/viewtopic.php?f=43&t=4991%20%27%27Correo%20submarino%27%27,%20en%20Marinos%20Mercantes">"Correo submarino - Marinos Mercantes"</a>. <i>www.webmar.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.webmar.com&rft.atitle=Correo+submarino+-+Marinos+Mercantes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmar.com%2Fforos%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D43%26t%3D4991%2520%2527%2527Correo%2520submarino%2527%2527%2C%2520en%2520Marinos%2520Mercantes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/international/newsid_6927000/6927179.stm">"Rusia planta su bandera en el Ártico"</a> (in Spanish). 2007-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rusia+planta+su+bandera+en+el+%C3%81rtico&rft.date=2007-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fspanish%2Finternational%2Fnewsid_6927000%2F6927179.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeintritNeumann2011-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WeintritNeumann2011_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeintritNeumann2011_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeintritNeumann2011" class="citation book cs1">Weintrit, Adam; Neumann, Tomasz (7 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buMsPGyE7boC&q=loxodromic+navigation&pg=PA139"><i>Methods and Algorithms in Navigation: Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 139–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69114-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69114-7"><bdi>978-0-415-69114-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methods+and+Algorithms+in+Navigation%3A+Marine+Navigation+and+Safety+of+Sea+Transportation&rft.pages=139-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft.isbn=978-0-415-69114-7&rft.aulast=Weintrit&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbuMsPGyE7boC%26q%3Dloxodromic%2Bnavigation%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422184846/http://br.geocities.com/simaowilson/navisfera.html">"Navisfera de Wilson"</a>. 2009-04-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://br.geocities.com/simaowilson/navisfera.html">the original</a> on 2009-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navisfera+de+Wilson&rft.date=2009-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbr.geocities.com%2Fsimaowilson%2Fnavisfera.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarine+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_navigation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Marine_navigation" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Navigation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Portal:Navigation">Portal:Navigation</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Marine_navigation#Q3337280" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Https://web.archive.org/web/20071101051158/http://www.geocities.com/alfgon.geo/cnhist-es.htm"><span title="https://web.archive.org/web/20071101051158/http://www.geocities.com/alfgon.geo/cnhist-es.htm">Historia de la navegación astronómica</span></a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Https://web.archive.org/web/20050727082422/http://www.atna.com.ar/"><span title="https://web.archive.org/web/20050727082422/http://www.atna.com.ar/">Amigos de la tradición náutica argentina</span></a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Https://web.archive.org/web/20090422184846/http://br.geocities.com/simaowilson/navisfera.html"><span title="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422184846/http://br.geocities.com/simaowilson/navisfera.html">Esfera armilar, aplicada em navegação</span></a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Ice navigation">Ice navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Pilotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_studies" title="Maritime studies">Maritime studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li>Nautical terms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A%E2%80%93L)" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)">A–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)" title="Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_stability" title="Ship stability">Ship stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Hydrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship-to-ship_cargo_transfer" title="Ship-to-ship cargo transfer">Ship-to-ship cargo transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_walk" title="Propeller walk">Propeller walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_planning" title="Passage planning">Passage planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Maritime law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry-docking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropework" title="Ropework">Ropework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot" title="Knot">Knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_overboard_rescue_turn" title="Man overboard rescue turn">Man overboard rescue turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">Buoyage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooring" title="Mooring">Mooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_anchor" title="Sea anchor">Sea anchor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_ships" title="Ancient Egyptian royal ships">Solar ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels#History" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Framed_boat" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Framing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Frame-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Frame-first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Shell-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Shell-first</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joinery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician joints">Phoenician joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats" title="Ferriby Boats">Ferriby Boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambratija_shipwreck" title="Zambratija shipwreck">Zambratija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Canaanite and Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite shipwreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27agan_Michael_Ship" title="Ma'agan Michael Ship">Ma'agan Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_shipwrecks_of_Mazarr%C3%B3n" title="Phoenician shipwrecks of Mazarrón">Mazarrón</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nordic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nydam_Mose" title="Nydam Mose">Nydam ship</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)#Navigation" title="Swell (ocean)">Ocean swell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplus" title="Periplus">Periplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actium" title="Actium">Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Port" title="Alexandria Port">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Cyrenaica)" title="Apollonia (Cyrenaica)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Aradus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia#History" title="Civitavecchia">Centumcellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmutha" title="Charmutha">Charmutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisida" title="Nisida">Nesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus" title="Portus">Portus Augusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa#Ancient_times" title="Pisa">Portus Pisanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Puteoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exploration" title="Chinese exploration">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Mesopotamia relations">Indo–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Austronesian network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations#Trade" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Greco–Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo–Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship_replica" title="Ship replica">Ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Austronesian replicas <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa#Canoe" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa canoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats#Oakleaf" title="Ferriby Boats">Oakleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats#Morgawr" title="Ferriby Boats">Morgawr</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_Museum,_Kolkata" title="Boat Museum, Kolkata">Boat Museum, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" 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myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Polybius)" title="Histories (Polybius)"><i>Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>  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