CINXE.COM
Michael S. Dukakis | The American Presidency Project
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class="wrapper"> <!-- Wrapper for Sticky Footer --> <div class="branding-region"> <div class="container"> <div class="region region-branding"> <section id="block-block-1" class="block block-block site-title-block clearfix"> <div class="site-title"><a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/">The American Presidency Project</a></div> </section> <section id="block-block-2" class="block block-block top-link-buttons clearfix"> <p><a class="btn btn-default" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/about">About</a><a class="btn btn-default" href="/advanced-search"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span>聽Search</a></p> <p id="ucScript"><a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank"><img alt="ucsb wordmark black" src="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/pictures/uc_santa_barbara_wordmark_black_rgb.svg" style="width: 175px; height: 13px;" /></a></p> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div id="navbar" role="banner" class="navbar navbar-default"><!-- Only way to remove 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Biden, Jr.</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/donald-j-trump-1st-term">Donald J. Trump (1st Term)</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/barack-obama">Barack Obama</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/george-w-bush">George W. Bush</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/william-j-clinton">William J. Clinton</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/george-bush">George Bush</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/ronald-reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/jimmy-carter">Jimmy Carter</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/gerald-r-ford">Gerald R. Ford</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/richard-nixon">Richard Nixon</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/lyndon-b-johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/john-f-kennedy" class="active">John F. Kennedy</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/dwight-d-eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/harry-s-truman">Harry S Truman</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/franklin-d-roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/herbert-hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/calvin-coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/warren-g-harding">Warren G. Harding</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/woodrow-wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/william-howard-taft">William Howard Taft</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/theodore-roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/william-mckinley">William McKinley</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/grover-cleveland-0">Grover Cleveland</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/benjamin-harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/grover-cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/chester-arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/james-garfield">James A. Garfield</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/rutherford-b-hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/ulysses-s-grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/andrew-johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/abraham-lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/james-buchanan">James Buchanan</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/franklin-pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/millard-fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/zachary-taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/james-k-polk">James K. Polk</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/john-tyler">John Tyler</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/william-henry-harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/martin-van-buren">Martin van Buren</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/andrew-jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/john-quincy-adams">John Quincy Adams</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/james-monroe">James Monroe</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/james-madison">James Madison</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/thomas-jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/john-adams">John Adams</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/president/george-washington">George Washington</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="block-views-presidents-block-2" class="block block-views standard-frontpage-block clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Non-President</h2> <div class="view view-presidents view-id-presidents view-display-id-block_2 view-dom-id-e3cdea45ff781cea5d5543f81935ebd4"> <div class="view-content"> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/adlai-stevenson">Adlai Stevenson</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/al-smith">Al Smith</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/albert-gore-jr">Albert Gore, Jr.</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/alf-landon">Alf Landon</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/alton-b-parker">Alton B. Parker</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/amy-klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/andrew-yang">Andrew Yang</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/asa-hutchinson">Asa Hutchinson</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/barry-goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/ben-carson">Ben Carson</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/bernie-sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/beto-orourke">Beto O'Rourke</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/bill-de-blasio">Bill de Blasio</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/bill-richardson">Bill Richardson</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/bobby-jindal">Bobby Jindal</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/burton-k-wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/carly-fiorina">Carly Fiorina</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/charles-e-hughes">Charles E. Hughes</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/charles-mcnary">Charles McNary</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/chris-christie">Chris Christie</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/christopher-dodd">Christopher Dodd</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/cory-booker">Cory Booker</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/democratic-party-platforms">Democratic Party Platforms</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/deval-patrick">Deval Patrick</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/donald-j-trump-2nd-term">Donald J. Trump (2nd Term)</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/doug-burgum">Doug Burgum</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/doug-emhoff">Doug Emhoff</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/elizabeth-warren">Elizabeth Warren</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/eric-swalwell">Eric Swalwell</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/fred-thompson">Fred Thompson</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/gary-johnson">Gary Johnson</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/george-mcgovern">George McGovern</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/george-pataki">George Pataki</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/george-wallace">George Wallace</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/gretchen-whitmer">Gretchen Whitmer</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/h-ross-perot">H. Ross Perot</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/herman-cain">Herman Cain</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/hillary-clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/horace-greeley">Horace Greeley</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/hubert-h-humphrey">Hubert H. Humphrey</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/jd-vance">J.D. Vance</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/jack-kemp">Jack Kemp</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/james-g-blaine">James G. Blaine</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/james-m-cox">James M. Cox</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/jay-inslee">Jay Inslee</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/jeb-bush">Jeb Bush</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/jill-biden">Jill Biden</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/jim-webb">Jim Webb</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/joe-kennedy-iii">Joe Kennedy III</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/john-logan">John A. Logan</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/john-anderson">John Anderson</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/john-delaney">John Delaney</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/john-edwards">John Edwards</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/john-f-kerry">John F. Kerry</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/john-hickenlooper">John Hickenlooper</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/john-kasich">John Kasich</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/john-mccain">John McCain</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/john-sparkman">John Sparkman</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/john-w-davis">John W. Davis</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/jon-huntsman">Jon Huntsman</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/joseph-lieberman">Joseph Lieberman</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/julian-castro">Juli谩n Castro</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/kamala-harris">Kamala Harris</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/karen-pence">Karen Pence</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/kirsten-gillibrand">Kirsten Gillibrand</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/laura-bush">Laura Bush</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/lincoln-chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/lindsey-graham">Lindsey Graham</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/lynne-cheney">Lynne Cheney</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/marco-rubio">Marco Rubio</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/martin-omalley">Martin O'Malley</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/melania-trump">Melania Trump</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/michael-bennet">Michael Bennet</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/michael-bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/michael-s-dukakis">Michael S. Dukakis</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/michele-bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/michelle-obama">Michelle Obama</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/mike-huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/mike-pence">Mike Pence</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/minorthird-party-platforms">Minor/Third Party Platforms</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/mitt-romney">Mitt Romney</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/nancy-reagan">Nancy Reagan</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/newt-gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/nikki-haley">Nikki Haley</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/patrick-j-buchanan">Patrick J. Buchanan</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/paul-ryan">Paul Ryan</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/pete-buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/presidential-candidate-debates">Presidential Candidate Debates</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/ralph-nader">Ralph Nader</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/rand-paul">Rand Paul</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/rebuttal-speech">Rebuttal Speech</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/republican-party-platforms">Republican Party Platforms</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/richard-b-cheney">Richard B. Cheney</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/rick-perry">Rick Perry</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/rick-santorum">Rick Santorum</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/robert-dole">Robert Dole</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/robert-m-la-follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/ron-desantis">Ron DeSantis</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/ron-paul">Ron Paul</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/rudy-giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/sarah-palin">Sarah Palin</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/scott-walker">Scott Walker</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/stacey-abrams">Stacey Abrams</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/steve-bullock">Steve Bullock</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/strom-thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/ted-cruz">Ted Cruz</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/thomas-dewey">Thomas Dewey</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/tim-kaine">Tim Kaine</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/tim-pawlenty">Tim Pawlenty</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/tim-ryan">Tim Ryan</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/tim-scott">Tim Scott</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/tim-walz">Tim Walz</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/tom-steyer">Tom Steyer</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/tulsi-gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/us-congress">U.S. Congress</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/veronica-escobar">Veronica Escobar</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/walter-f-mondale">Walter F. Mondale</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/wendell-willkie">Wendell Willkie</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/whig-party-platform">Whig Party Platform</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/will-hurd">Will Hurd</a></span> </div> </div> <div> <div> <span class="otherBlock"><a href="/people/other/william-jennings-bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </aside> <!-- /#sidebar-first --> <section class="col-sm-9"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <section id="block-system-main" class="block block-system clearfix"> <div about="/people/other/michael-s-dukakis" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" class="node node-prez-diet view-mode-full "> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4 "> <div class="field-diet-pictures"> <img typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" src="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/people/michael-s-dukakis_0.jpg" width="344" height="479" alt="Michael S. Dukakis photo" /> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-8 "> <div class="field-title"> <h1>Michael S. Dukakis</h1> </div> <div class="label-above">Location / Occupation: </div><div class="f-item">Governor: Massachusetts</div></div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="block-views-related-documents-block-1" class="block block-views clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Related Documents</h2> <div class="view view-related-documents view-id-related_documents view-display-id-block_1 view-dom-id-46bbb8986c5c8908a0ba0b60427a55e6"> <div class="view-header"> <p><a href="/advanced-search">Search all documents</a></p> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <div class="field-docs-start-date-time"> <span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="1988-07-21T00:00:00+00:00" class="date-display-single">July 21, 1988</span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/documents/address-accepting-the-presidential-nomination-the-democratic-national-convention-atlanta">Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in Atlanta</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> <div class="field-docs-start-date-time"> <span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="1988-09-14T00:00:00+00:00" class="date-display-single">September 14, 1988</span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/documents/excerpts-remarks-georgetown-university-washington-dc">Excerpts of Remarks at Georgetown University in Washington, DC</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd views-row-last"> <div class="field-docs-start-date-time"> <span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="1988-11-08T00:00:00+00:00" class="date-display-single">November 08, 1988</span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/documents/remarks-conceding-the-presidential-election-boston-massachusetts">Remarks Conceding the Presidential Election in Boston, Massachusetts</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <!-- Content --> </section> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer no-print"> <div class="container"> <div class="region region-footer"> <section id="block-block-4" class="block block-block attribution clearfix"> <p><span>The American Presidency Project</span><br />John Woolley and Gerhard Peters<br /><strong><a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/contact">Contact</a></strong></p> </section> <section id="block-block-6" class="block block-block foot ucsb clearfix"> <p style="text-align: center;display:inline-block;"><a class="twitter" href="https://twitter.com/presidency_proj" target="_blank">Twitter</a> <a class="facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/pg/american.presidency.project/" target="_blank">Facebook</a></p> </section> <section id="block-block-5" class="block block-block copyright clearfix"> <p>Copyright © The American Presidency Project<br /><a href="http://www.ucsb.edu/terms-of-use" target="_blank">Terms of Service</a> | <a href="https://www.privacy.ucsb.edu/information-privacy/website-privacy" target="_blank">Privacy</a> | <a href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></p><p><img alt="uc santa barbara logo" src="/sites/default/files/pictures/uc-santa-barbara-wordmark-white1x.svg" style="width: 197px; min-width: 150px; height: 14px;object-fit:cover;" /></p> </section> </div> </div> </footer> <script src="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_NKBfN5q_T2fdeVG6tE3pdNU7glYkyzgPuDTc4K3Ne1w.js"></script> <script src="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_MRdvkC2u4oGsp5wVxBG1pGV5NrCPW3mssHxIn6G9tGE.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"dee899de70","applicationID":"80106271","transactionName":"bl1XYxNYWkVYVxFdWVcXYEUIFhtfV1AATBhJUEU=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":194,"atts":"QhpUFVtCSUs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>