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</button> <ul id="toc-Duties_and_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_assistant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_assistant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Executive assistant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_assistant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Civilian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education,_training,_and_entering_the_profession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education,_training,_and_entering_the_profession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Education, training, and entering the profession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education,_training,_and_entering_the_profession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Secretary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="أمانة السر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمانة السر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretario" title="Secretario – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Secretario" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretari" title="Secretari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Secretari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekret%C3%A1%C5%99_(administrativa)" title="Sekretář (administrativa) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sekretář (administrativa)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekret%C3%A6r_(arbejde)" title="Sekretær (arbejde) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sekretær (arbejde)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekret%C3%A4r" title="Sekretär – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sekretär" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekret%C3%A4r" title="Sekretär – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sekretär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Γραμματέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γραμματέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretario_(administraci%C3%B3n)" title="Secretario (administración) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Secretario (administración)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekretario" title="Sekretario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sekretario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="منشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secr%C3%A9tariat" title="Secrétariat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Secrétariat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekretaresse" title="Sekretaresse – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sekretaresse" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B9naire" title="Rùnaire – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rùnaire" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%84%9C" title="비서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5" title="सचिव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सचिव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajnik" title="Tajnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tajnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekretario" title="Sekretario – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sekretario" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekretaris" title="Sekretaris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekretaris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segretario_(ufficio)" title="Segretario (ufficio) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Segretario (ufficio)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8" title="מזכיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזכיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekretaris" title="Sekretaris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sekretaris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕಾರ್ಯದರ್ಶಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರ್ಯದರ್ಶಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მდივანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მდივანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Секретар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Секретар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setiausaha" title="Setiausaha – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Setiausaha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretaresse" title="Secretaresse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Secretaresse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5" title="सचिव – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सचिव" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E6%9B%B8" title="秘書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="秘書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekret%C3%A6r" title="Sekretær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sekretær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekret%C3%A6r_som_yrke" title="Sekretær som yrke – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sekretær som yrke" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekretarka_(zaw%C3%B3d)" title="Sekretarka (zawód) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sekretarka (zawód)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret%C3%A1rio_executivo" title="Secretário executivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Secretário executivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C-%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Секретарь-референт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Секретарь-референт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary" title="Secretary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Secretary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoghaye" title="Xoghaye – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xoghaye" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Секретар (дужност) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Секретар (дужност)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekretar" title="Sekretar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sekretar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihteeri" title="Sihteeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sihteeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekreterare_(assistent)" title="Sekreterare (assistent) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sekreterare (assistent)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நிறுவனத்தின் செயலாளர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிறுவனத்தின் செயலாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekreter" title="Sekreter – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sekreter" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86twer%C9%9Btwer%C9%9Bfo%C9%94_/_%C6%86twer%C9%9Btwer%C9%9Bni" title="Ɔtwerɛtwerɛfoɔ / Ɔtwerɛtwerɛni – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ɔtwerɛtwerɛfoɔ / Ɔtwerɛtwerɛni" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0_k%C3%BD" title="Thư ký – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thư ký" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the occupation of an assistant. For the position of leadership, see <a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary (title)</a>. For the position known as secretary that operates within the cabinet of a government's executive branch, see <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)#Selection_of_members" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet members</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Secretary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Secretary (disambiguation)">Secretary (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama_listens_to_Senior_Advisor_David_Axelrod_in_the_outer_Oval_Office_on_June_26,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/President_Barack_Obama_listens_to_Senior_Advisor_David_Axelrod_in_the_outer_Oval_Office_on_June_26%2C_2009.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama_listens_to_Senior_Advisor_David_Axelrod_in_the_outer_Oval_Office_on_June_26%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/President_Barack_Obama_listens_to_Senior_Advisor_David_Axelrod_in_the_outer_Oval_Office_on_June_26%2C_2009.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama_listens_to_Senior_Advisor_David_Axelrod_in_the_outer_Oval_Office_on_June_26%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/President_Barack_Obama_listens_to_Senior_Advisor_David_Axelrod_in_the_outer_Oval_Office_on_June_26%2C_2009.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama_listens_to_Senior_Advisor_David_Axelrod_in_the_outer_Oval_Office_on_June_26%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katie_Johnson_(secretary)" title="Katie Johnson (secretary)">Katie Johnson</a>, left, personal secretary to the president of the United States, with <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-wicked-tapped_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wicked-tapped-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wicked-tapped2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wicked-tapped2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>secretary</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Administrative_assistant" title="Administrative assistant">administrative assistant</a></b>, <b>executive assistant</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Personal_assistant" title="Personal assistant">personal secretary</a></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other similar titles is an individual whose work consists of supporting management, including executives, using a variety of <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Program_evaluation" title="Program evaluation">program evaluation</a>, communication, and/or organizational skills within the area of <a href="/wiki/Administration_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Administration (disambiguation)">administration</a>. There is a diverse array of work experiences attainable within the administrative support field, ranging between <a href="/wiki/Internship" title="Internship">internship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entry-level_job" title="Entry-level job">entry-level</a>, associate, junior, mid-senior, and senior level <a href="/wiki/Pay_bands" title="Pay bands">pay bands</a> with positions in nearly every industry, especially among <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar careers</a>. </p><p>The functions of a personal assistant may be entirely carried out to assist one other employee or may be for the benefit of more than one. In other situations, a secretary is an officer of a society or organization who deals with correspondence, admits new members, and organizes official meetings and events. But this role should not be confused with the role of an <a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">executive secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_secretary" title="Cabinet secretary">cabinet secretary</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_members" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet members">cabinet members</a> who hold the title of "secretary", or <a href="/wiki/Company_secretary" title="Company secretary">company secretary</a>, all which differ from an administrative assistant.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties_and_functions">Duties and functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Duties and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggie_Love_and_Dr._Jeffrey_Kuhlman_in_Cadillac_One.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Reggie_Love_and_Dr._Jeffrey_Kuhlman_in_Cadillac_One.jpg/220px-Reggie_Love_and_Dr._Jeffrey_Kuhlman_in_Cadillac_One.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Reggie_Love_and_Dr._Jeffrey_Kuhlman_in_Cadillac_One.jpg/330px-Reggie_Love_and_Dr._Jeffrey_Kuhlman_in_Cadillac_One.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Reggie_Love_and_Dr._Jeffrey_Kuhlman_in_Cadillac_One.jpg/440px-Reggie_Love_and_Dr._Jeffrey_Kuhlman_in_Cadillac_One.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reggie_Love" title="Reggie Love">Reggie Love</a>, left, personal aide to the president of the United States from 2009 to 2011<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A secretary, also known as a <i>personal assistant</i> (PA) or <i>administrative assistant</i>, can have many administrative duties. The title "secretary," with its root meaning of "keeper of secrets," is not used as often as in decades past, and responsibilities have evolved in response to the technological age.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duties may vary according to the nature and size of the company or organization, and might include managing budgets, bookkeeping, attending telephone calls, handling visitors, maintaining websites, travel arrangements, <a href="/wiki/Event_management" title="Event management">event planning</a>, and preparing expense reports. Secretaries might also manage all the administrative details of running a high-level conference or meeting and be responsible for arranging the catering for a lunch meeting. Often executives will ask their assistant to take the minutes at meetings and prepare meeting documents for review.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the minutes, the secretary may be responsible for keeping all of the official records of a company or organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A secretary is also regarded as an "office manager". </p><p>Today, many secretaries also conduct research, briefings, write <a href="/wiki/Memorandum" title="Memorandum">memoranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Content_writing_services" title="Content writing services">content writing</a>, handle <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Program_evaluation" title="Program evaluation">program evaluation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_management" title="Stakeholder management">stakeholder management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">customer service</a> duties, devise and maintain office systems including <a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">data management</a> and filing, carry out background research and present findings, produce documents like <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white papers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">gray literature</a>, carry out specific projects, take on some of the manager's responsibilities, get involved in decision-making processes, handle <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> tasks, and/or logistics and procurement along with a wide range of other duties related to their specific industry. </p><p>In a business, many job descriptions overlap. However, while administrative assistant is a generic term, not necessarily implying directly working for a superior, a secretary is usually the key person for all administrative tasks, and often referred to as the "gate keeper". Other titles describing jobs similar to or overlapping those of the traditional secretary are Office Coordinator, Executive Assistant, Office Manager and Administrative Professional. </p> <ul><li>List of job titles synonymous with or similar to secretary: <b>secretary</b>, <b>administrative professional</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Administrative_assistant" title="Administrative assistant">administrative assistant</a></b>, <b>executive assistant</b>, <b>administrative officer</b>, <b>administrative support specialist</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Clerk" title="Clerk">clerk</a>,</b> <b><a href="/wiki/Military_assistant" title="Military assistant">military assistant</a></b>, <b>military aid<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b>, <b>management assistant</b>, <b>office secretary</b>, <b>program assistant</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>project assistant</b>, <b>personal aid</b>, <b>body man/body women</b>, <b>personal secretary</b>, or <b>personal assistant</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In previous decades, especially in the 20th century and before, at the most basic level a secretary is usually an <a href="/wiki/Audio_typist" title="Audio typist">audio typist</a> with a small number of administrative roles. A good command of the prevailing office language and the ability to <a href="/wiki/Typewriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Typewriting">type</a> is essential. At higher grades and with more experience they begin to take on additional roles and spend more of their time maintaining physical and electronic files, dealing with the post, photocopying, emailing clients, ordering stationery and answering telephones.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_at_work.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Secretary_at_work.jpg/220px-Secretary_at_work.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Secretary_at_work.jpg/330px-Secretary_at_work.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Secretary_at_work.jpg/440px-Secretary_at_work.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Secretary at work, photo taken in 2007</figcaption></figure></li> <li>A more skilled executive assistant may be required to type at high speeds using technical or foreign languages, organize diaries, itineraries and meetings and carry out administrative duties which may include <a href="/wiki/Accountancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Accountancy">accountancy or financial accounting</a>. A secretary / executive assistant may also control access to a manager, thus becoming an influential and trusted aide. Executive assistants are available for contact during off hours by new electronic communication methods for consultations.</li> <li>The largest difference between a generalized secretary and skilled executive assistants is that the executive assistant is required to be able to interact extensively with the general public, vendors, customers, and any other person or group that the executive is responsible to interact with. As the level that the executive interacts with increases so does the level of skill required in the executive assistant that works with the executive. Those executive assistants that work with corporate officers must be capable of emulating the style, corporate philosophy, and corporate persona of the executive for which they work. In the modern workplace the advancement of the executive assistants is codependent on the success of the executive and the ability of both to make the job performance of the team seamless whereas the job place evaluation is reflective of each other's performance executive secretary for now.</li></ul> <p>This should be distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Company_secretary" title="Company secretary">company secretary</a>, a senior role within a company responsible for compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_assistant">Executive assistant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Executive assistant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civilian">Civilian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civilian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The work of an executive assistant (sometimes called a management assistant) differs a great deal from that of an administrative assistant. In many organizations, an executive assistant is a high-ranking position in the administrative hierarchy. Executive assistants work for a company officer or executive (at both private and public company institutions), and possess the authority to make crucial decisions affecting the direction of such organizations. As such, executive assistants play a role in decision-making and policy setting. The executive assistant performs the usual roles of managing correspondence, preparing research, and communication, often with one or more administrative assistants or scheduling assistants who report to him or her. The executive assistant also acts as the "gatekeeper", understanding in varying degree the requirements of the executive, and with an ability through this understanding to decide which scheduled events, meetings, teleconferences, or e-mails are most appropriate for allocation of the executive's time. </p><p>An executive assistant may, from time to time, act as proxy for the executives, representing him/her/them in meetings or communications and project managing the production of reports or other deliverables in the absence of the executive. An executive assistant differs from an <a href="/wiki/Administrative_assistant" title="Administrative assistant">administrative assistant</a> (a job which is often part of the career path of an executive assistant) in that they are expected to possess a higher degree of business acumen, be able to manage projects, as well as have the ability to influence others on behalf of the executive. In the past, executive assistants were required to have a high school diploma only, but increasingly jobs are requiring a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of any field of study or when complying with educational requirements within their given industry, may require specialized knowledge in a specific fields of study through a bachelor's degree pertinent to the employer's industry or division's role within the organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military">Military</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P20211006AS-1410_(51760514492).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P20211006AS-1410_%2851760514492%29.jpg/220px-P20211006AS-1410_%2851760514492%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P20211006AS-1410_%2851760514492%29.jpg/330px-P20211006AS-1410_%2851760514492%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P20211006AS-1410_%2851760514492%29.jpg/440px-P20211006AS-1410_%2851760514492%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> military aide <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">Lieutenant Commander</a> Jayna McCarron, left, serving as part of the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Military_Office" title="White House Military Office">White House Military Office</a> is seen meeting with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> about <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipients, Wednesday, October 6, 2021, in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a>, the title of <a href="/wiki/Military_assistant" title="Military assistant">military assistant</a> (MA) or executive assistant (EA) is typically held by Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonels</a>, and senior <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">majors</a> and Navy <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">captains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">commanders</a> and senior <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">lieutenant commanders</a> who are in direct support of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> and other civilian defense officials down to the level of a <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense" title="Office of the Secretary of Defense">Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/General_officers_in_the_United_States" title="General officers in the United States">general officers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">flag officers</a>. </p><p>The Secretary of Defense also has a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)" title="Vice admiral (United States)">vice admiral</a> as his/her senior military assistant. </p><p>Like their civilian counterparts, EAs are also a resource in decision-making, policy setting, and will have leadership oversight of the entire military and civilian staff supporting the civilian official, general officer, or flag officer. EAs are often interchangeable with other senior military officers of equivalent rank holding the title of chief of staff in other service organizations headed by a flag officer or general officer. In the case of unified combatant commands and service major commands, the Chief of Staff is often a general officer or flag officer himself/herself, typically at the 1-star or 2-star level, but he or she should not be confused with the 4-star officers holding the title of <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the Army</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff of the Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education,_training,_and_entering_the_profession"><span id="Education.2C_training.2C_and_entering_the_profession"></span>Education, training, and entering the profession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education, training, and entering the profession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century, the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a> provided many new job openings in business and government for women and men. At Chicago's Metropolitan Business College in the 1892-1893 were female; in the shorthand and typing courses, however, 90 percent of the students were female.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of the 20th century, women with shorthand or typing skills could get secretarial jobs without further education beyond high school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of secretary emerged from European church and state bureaucracies as aspects of the role of <a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">chancellor</a> became distinct, and encompassed managing the work of a number of clerks gathered in the <a href="/wiki/Chancery_(medieval_office)" title="Chancery (medieval office)">chancery</a>. From <a href="/wiki/The_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Renaissance">the Renaissance</a> until the late 19th century, men involved in the daily correspondence and the activities of the powerful had assumed the title of secretary. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anker_Der_Gemeindeschreiber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anker_Der_Gemeindeschreiber.jpg/220px-Anker_Der_Gemeindeschreiber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anker_Der_Gemeindeschreiber.jpg/330px-Anker_Der_Gemeindeschreiber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anker_Der_Gemeindeschreiber.jpg/440px-Anker_Der_Gemeindeschreiber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2147" /></a><figcaption><i>Der Gemeindeschreiber</i> (the town clerk), painting by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Anker" title="Albert Anker">Albert Anker</a>, 1874</figcaption></figure> <p>With time, like many titles, the term was applied to more and varied functions, leading to compound titles to specify various secretarial work better, like general secretary or <a href="/wiki/Financial_secretary" title="Financial secretary">financial secretary</a>. Just "secretary" remained in use either as an abbreviation when clear in the context or for relatively modest positions such as administrative assistant of the officer(s) in charge, either individually or as member of a secretariat. As such less influential posts became more feminine and common with the multiplication of bureaucracies in the public and private sectors, new words were also coined to describe them, such as personal assistant. </p><p>In the 1840s and 1850s commercial schools were emerging to train male and female students the skills needed to work in a clerical position.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1870, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Pitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Isaac Pitman">Sir Isaac Pitman</a> founded a school where students could qualify as <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> writers to "professional and commercial men". Originally, this school was only for male students. In 1871, there were more than 150 such schools operating in the United States, a number that grew to as many as 500 by the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1880s, with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a>, more women began to enter the field and during the upcoming years, especially since <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the role of secretary has been primarily associated with women. By the 1930s, fewer men were entering the field of secretaries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_de_Keyser_-_Portret_van_Constantijn_Huygens_en_zijn_secretaris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Thomas_de_Keyser_-_Portret_van_Constantijn_Huygens_en_zijn_secretaris.jpg/220px-Thomas_de_Keyser_-_Portret_van_Constantijn_Huygens_en_zijn_secretaris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Thomas_de_Keyser_-_Portret_van_Constantijn_Huygens_en_zijn_secretaris.jpg/330px-Thomas_de_Keyser_-_Portret_van_Constantijn_Huygens_en_zijn_secretaris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Thomas_de_Keyser_-_Portret_van_Constantijn_Huygens_en_zijn_secretaris.jpg/440px-Thomas_de_Keyser_-_Portret_van_Constantijn_Huygens_en_zijn_secretaris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3155" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Keyser" title="Thomas de Keyser">Thomas de Keyser</a>, Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Constantijn_Huygens" title="Constantijn Huygens">Constantijn Huygens</a> with his Secretary, 1627</figcaption></figure> <p>In an effort to promote professionalism among United States secretaries, the <a href="/wiki/National_Secretaries_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="National Secretaries Association">National Secretaries Association</a> was created in 1942. Today, this organization is known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Administrative_Professionals" title="International Association of Administrative Professionals">International Association of Administrative Professionals</a> (IAAP). The organization developed the first <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized test</a> for <a href="/wiki/Office_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Office worker">office workers</a> called the Certified Professional Secretaries Examination (CPS). It was first administered in 1951. </p><p>By the mid-20th century the need for secretaries was great and offices and organizations featured large <a href="/wiki/Secretarial_pool" title="Secretarial pool">secretarial pools</a>. In some cases the demand was great enough to spur secretaries being recruited from overseas; in particular, there was often a steady demand for young British women to come to the U.S. and fill temporary or permanent secretarial positions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several organizations were created to assist secretaries from foreign lands, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_International_Secretaries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of International Secretaries (page does not exist)">Society of International Secretaries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_British_Secretaries_in_America" title="Association of British Secretaries in America">Association of British Secretaries in America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952 Mary Barrett, president of the National Secretaries Association, C. King Woodbridge, president of Dictaphone Corporation, and American businessman Harry F. Klemfuss created a special <a href="/wiki/Secretary%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary's Day">Secretary's Day</a> holiday, to recognize the hard work of the staff in the office. The holiday caught on, and during the fourth week of April is now celebrated in offices all over the world. It has been renamed "<a href="/wiki/Administrative_Professional%27s_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Professional's Week">Administrative Professional's Week</a>" to highlight the increased responsibility of today's secretary and other administrative workers, and to avoid embarrassment to those who believe that "secretary" refers only to women or to unskilled workers. </p><p>In the 20th century, with the spread of the typewriter, shorthand saw competition from steno-typing. Typing thus became the prerogative of women, widows or relatively well-educated young girls, originally from the middle class or the petty bourgeoisie, then from working-class backgrounds with the rise of the profession between the two world wars, which saw the women seize these innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006196_004_Portr%C3%A4t_einer_Frau_an_einer_Schreibmaschine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006196_004_Portr%C3%A4t_einer_Frau_an_einer_Schreibmaschine.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006196_004_Portr%C3%A4t_einer_Frau_an_einer_Schreibmaschine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006196_004_Portr%C3%A4t_einer_Frau_an_einer_Schreibmaschine.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006196_004_Portr%C3%A4t_einer_Frau_an_einer_Schreibmaschine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006196_004_Portr%C3%A4t_einer_Frau_an_einer_Schreibmaschine.jpg/440px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006196_004_Portr%C3%A4t_einer_Frau_an_einer_Schreibmaschine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Secretary typist in 1951</figcaption></figure> <p>Until recent years, the profession of secretary in the original sense was often subject, in the collective imagination, to stereotypes and pejorative connotations. Indeed, secretarial work was easily associated with low-value, thankless, and badly paid tasks, such as serving coffee to superiors, making photocopies or filing menial documents. In addition, the profession was once exercised almost exclusively by women and considered a <a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">pink-collar job</a> in previous decades, but in the 21st century many employers began re-classifying many <a href="/wiki/Entry-level_job" title="Entry-level job">entry-level</a> positions, including <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar jobs</a> historically held by men in decades past, as secretary, administrative assistant, or program assistant roles.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Secretary" title="Special:EditPage/Secretary">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">secernere</i></span>, "to distinguish" or "to set apart", the passive participle (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">secretum</i></span>) meaning "having been set apart", with the eventual connotation of something private or confidential, as with the English word <i>secret.</i> A <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">secretarius</i></span> was a person, therefore, overseeing business confidentially, usually for a powerful individual (a king, pope, etc.). As the duties of a modern secretary often still include the handling of confidential information, the literal meaning of their title still holds true.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_(position)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerk (position)">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_secretary" title="Cabinet secretary">Cabinet secretary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Department_secretary" title="Department secretary">Department secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_lady" title="Office lady">Office lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptionist" title="Receptionist">Receptionist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wicked-tapped-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wicked-tapped_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wickedlocal.com/wellesley/news/x1898855279/Three-Wellesley-alumnae-tapped-for-Obama-administration">"Three Wellesley alumnae tapped 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Nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk. January 27, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretary+Job+Information+%26%23124%3B+National+Careers+Service&rft.pub=Nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk%2Fadvice%2Fplanning%2Fjobprofiles%2FPages%2Fsecretary.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert2011" class="citation book cs1">Robert, Henry M.; et al. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816005654/http://robertsrules.com/inbrief.html"><i>Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief</i></a> (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. pp. 142–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82019-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82019-9"><bdi>978-0-306-82019-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertsrules.com/inbrief.html">the original</a> on August 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert%27s+Rules+of+Order+Newly+Revised+In+Brief&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=142-151&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-306-82019-9&rft.aulast=Robert+III&rft.aufirst=Henry+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertsrules.com%2Finbrief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_report2011" class="citation web cs1">Staff report (April 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301194537/http://www.dukechronicle.com/article/two-sport-athlete-charged-dwi">"Two-sport athlete charged with DWI"</a>. <i>Duke Chronicle</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leaving+Obama%27s+Shadow%2C+to+Cast+One+of+His+Own&rft.pages=A24&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F11%2F11%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Freggie-love-is-leaving-obamas-shadow-to-cast-his-own.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Noah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/secretary-jobs-in-the-age-of-ai">"Secretary Jobs in the Age of AI"</a>. <i>Noahpinion</i>. Substack<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Noahpinion&rft.atitle=Secretary+Jobs+in+the+Age+of+AI&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noahpinion.blog%2Fp%2Fsecretary-jobs-in-the-age-of-ai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Office-and-Administrative-Support/Secretaries-and-administrative-assistants.htm/">"Secretaries and Administrative Assistants : Occupational Outlook Handbook : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"</a>. Bls.gov. March 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretaries+and+Administrative+Assistants+%3A+Occupational+Outlook+Handbook+%3A+U.S.+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft.pub=Bls.gov&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fooh%2FOffice-and-Administrative-Support%2FSecretaries-and-administrative-assistants.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-05-05-nuclear-football_x.htm">Military aides still carry the president's nuclear 'football'</a>, USATODAY.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcontent.external2022" class="citation web cs1">content.external (April 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.workable.com/program-assistant-job-description">"Program Assistant Job Description"</a>. <i>Recruiting Resources: How to Recruit and Hire Better</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+college+degree+has+become+the+new+high+school+degree&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.aulast=Rampell&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fcatherine-rampell-the-college-degree-has-become-the-new-high-school-degree%2F2014%2F09%2F08%2Fe935b68c-378a-11e4-8601-97ba88884ffd_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620205218/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA382504">Military Assistant/Executive Officer Handbook</a>. Retrieved on 11 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynn Peril: <i>Swimming in the Steno Pool</i>. Kapitel <i>So You Want to Be a Secretary</i>. Ebook-Position 702.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullaneyHilbert2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mullaney, Marie Marmo; Hilbert, Rosemary C. (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2017.49">"Educating Women for Self-Reliance and Economic Opportunity: The Strategic Entrepreneurialism of the Katharine Gibbs Schools, 1911–1968"</a>. <i>History of Education Quarterly</i>. <b>58</b> (1): 65–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2017.49">10.1017/heq.2017.49</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2680">0018-2680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Educating+Women+for+Self-Reliance+and+Economic+Opportunity%3A+The+Strategic+Entrepreneurialism+of+the+Katharine+Gibbs+Schools%2C+1911%E2%80%931968&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-93&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fheq.2017.49&rft.issn=0018-2680&rft.aulast=Mullaney&rft.aufirst=Marie+Marmo&rft.au=Hilbert%2C+Rosemary+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fheq.2017.49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1981" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, J (1981). "Educating for clerical work: The nineteenth-century private commercial school". <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F14.3.407">10.1353/jsh/14.3.407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Educating+for+clerical+work%3A+The+nineteenth-century+private+commercial+school&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F14.3.407&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScot1967" class="citation news cs1">Scot, Barbara (September 29, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19670929&id=Dn9AAAAAIBAJ&pg=3592,5076232">"Secretaries wanted across the Atlantic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glasgow_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Glasgow Herald">The Glasgow Herald</a></i>. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Herald&rft.atitle=Secretaries+wanted+across+the+Atlantic&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1967-09-29&rft.aulast=Scot&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2507%26dat%3D19670929%26id%3DDn9AAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3592%2C5076232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeebohm1971" class="citation news cs1">Seebohm, Caroline (July 19, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34">"English Girls in New York: They Don't Go Home Again"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a></i>. pp. 34–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=English+Girls+in+New+York%3A+They+Don%27t+Go+Home+Again&rft.pages=34-38&rft.date=1971-07-19&rft.aulast=Seebohm&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA-MCAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/camt/fr/se/fiche4/fiche4.html">Sténographie, sténotypie ou dictaphone ?</a>, fiche des <a href="/wiki/Archives_Nationales_(France)" title="Archives Nationales (France)">Archives nationales</a> françaises</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lebrun" title="Jean Lebrun">Jean Lebrun</a>, « Histoire des secrétaires », émission <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Marche_de_l%27Histoire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Marche de l'Histoire (page does not exist)">La Marche de l'Histoire</a></i> sur <a href="/wiki/France_Inter" title="France Inter">France Inter</a>, 16 janvier 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/secretary?show=0&t=1391421751">"Secretary – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"</a>. Merriam-webster.com. August 31, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretary+%E2%80%93+Definition+and+More+from+the+Free+Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsecretary%3Fshow%3D0%26t%3D1391421751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Association_of_Parliamentarians1993" class="citation book cs1">National Association of Parliamentarians, Education Committee (1993). <i>Spotlight on You the Secretary</i>. Independence, MO: National Association of Parliamentarians. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884048-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-884048-25-0"><bdi>1-884048-25-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spotlight+on+You+the+Secretary&rft.place=Independence%2C+MO&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Parliamentarians&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-884048-25-0&rft.aulast=National+Association+of+Parliamentarians&rft.aufirst=Education+Committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCovert2015" class="citation news cs1">Covert, Bryce (May 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/121712/slow-death-secretary">"The Slow Death of the Secretary"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Slow+Death+of+the+Secretary&rft.date=2015-05-04&rft.aulast=Covert&rft.aufirst=Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F121712%2Fslow-death-secretary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-39512009000400006">The debate theorical-methodological in field of secretariat: diversities and singularities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciEduc/article/view/21559/12432">Educational handbooks for professions occupied by females in the 1960s and 1970s.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Secretaries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Secretaries">Secretary</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link 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