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aria-controls="toc-De_earste_hearskers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Subseksje De earste hearskers omklappe</span> </button> <ul id="toc-De_earste_hearskers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-De_Shang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Shang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>De Shang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Shang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_Zhou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Zhou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>De Zhou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Zhou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-It_tiidrek_fan_de_keizerriken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#It_tiidrek_fan_de_keizerriken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>It tiidrek fan de keizerriken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-It_tiidrek_fan_de_keizerriken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_moderne_tiid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_moderne_tiid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>De moderne tiid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-De_moderne_tiid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Subseksje De moderne tiid omklappe</span> </button> <ul id="toc-De_moderne_tiid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republyk_Sina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republyk_Sina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Republyk Sina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republyk_Sina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folksrepubyk_Sina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folksrepubyk_Sina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Folksrepubyk Sina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folksrepubyk_Sina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsjintwurdich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsjintwurdich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tsjintwurdich</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsjintwurdich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boarnen,_noaten_en_referinsjes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boarnen,_noaten_en_referinsjes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boarnen,_noaten_en_referinsjes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Ynhâld" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ynhâldsopjefte omklappe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ynhâldsopjefte omklappe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Skiednis fan Sina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Nei it artikel yn in oare taal gean. Beskikber yn 96 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geskiedenis_van_China" title="Geskiedenis van China – Afrikaansk" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geskiedenis van China" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تاريخ الصين – Arabysk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الصين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_China" title="Historia de China – Asturysk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de China" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_tarixi" title="Çin tarixi – Azerbeidzjaansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Ҡытай тарихы – Basjkiersk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡытай тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiersk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historya_kan_Tsina" title="Historya kan Tsina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Historya kan Tsina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Гісторыя Кітая – Wyt-Russysk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Кітая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Wyt-Russysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E" title="Гісторыя Кітаю – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гісторыя Кітаю" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="История на Китай – Bulgaarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Китай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="চীনের ইতিহাস – Bengaalsk" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীনের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaalsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="topside"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀྲུང་གོའི་རྒྱལ་རབས། – Tibetaansk" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀྲུང་གོའི་རྒྱལ་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Kine" title="Historija Kine – Bosnysk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Historija Kine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_la_Xina" title="Història de la Xina – Katalaansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de la Xina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_Tsieina" title="Hanes Tsieina – Welsk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes Tsieina" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مێژووی چین – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژووی چین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_%C4%8C%C3%ADny" title="Dějiny Číny – Tsjechysk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Číny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%97" title="Китай историйӗ – Tsjoevasjysk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Китай историйӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_historie" title="Kinas historie – Deensk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kinas historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Chinas" title="Geschichte Chinas – Dútsk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Chinas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Dútsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιστορία της Κίνας – Gryks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία της Κίνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Gryks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China – Ingelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="History of China" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Ingelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_%C4%88inio" title="Historio de Ĉinio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Ĉinio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="nijsgjirrige siden"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_China" title="Historia de China – Spaansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_ajalugu" title="Hiina ajalugu – Estlânsk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estlânsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinako_historia" title="Txinako historia – Baskysk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تاریخ چین – Perzysk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_historia" title="Kiinan historia – Finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Chine" title="Histoire de la Chine – Frânsk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frânsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stair_na_S%C3%ADne" title="Stair na Síne – Iersk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stair na Síne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iersk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%97%B0%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="中國嗰歷史 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="中國嗰歷史" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istw%C3%A8_di_Lachin" title="Istwè di Lachin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Istwè di Lachin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_da_China" title="Historia da China – Galisysk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia da China" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8" title="ચીનનો ઇતિહાસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચીનનો ઇતિહાસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin_Kasar_Sin" title="Tarihin Kasar Sin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tarihin Kasar Sin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="היסטוריה של סין – Hebreeuwsk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuwsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="चीन का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीन का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Չինաստանի պատմություն – Armeensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինաստանի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Kine" title="Povijest Kine – Kroatysk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Kine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Kína történelme – Hongaarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kína történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Tiongkok" title="Sejarah Tiongkok – Yndonezysk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Yndonezysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="History of China" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="היסטאריע פון כינע – Jiddysk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="היסטאריע פון כינע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Chinia" title="Historio di Chinia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Chinia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_Cina" title="Storia della Cina – Italiaansk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della Cina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="中国の歴史 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischri_a_Chaina" title="Ischri a Chaina – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ischri a Chaina" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩინეთის ისტორია – Georgysk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინეთის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkhang_Caina" title="Nkhang Caina – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nkhang Caina" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siini_caana%CA%8B_t%C9%94m" title="Siini caanaʋ tɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Siini caanaʋ tɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Қытай тарихы – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай тарихы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រចិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ಚೀನಾದ ಇತಿಹಾಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಾದ ಇತಿಹಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="중국의 역사 – Koreaansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Sinica" title="Historia Sinica – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Sinica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinijos_istorija" title="Kinijos istorija – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnas_v%C4%93sture" title="Ķīnas vēsture – Letlâns" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīnas vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letlâns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="တရုတ်သမိုင်း – Birmees" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်သမိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ചൈനയുടെ ചരിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈനയുടെ ചരിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85" title="Хятадын түүх – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятадын түүх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_China" title="Sejarah China – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah China" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ria_de_la_China" title="Stória de la China – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stória de la China" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="चीनको इतिहास – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चीनको इतिहास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_China" title="Geschiedenis van China – Nederlânsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlânsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk_historie" title="Kinesisk historie – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kinesisk historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_historie" title="Kinas historie – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kinas historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria_de_China" title="Istòria de China – Occitaansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istòria de China" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਚੀਨ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Chin" title="Historia Chin – Poalsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Chin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poalsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="چین دی تریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چین دی تریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د چین تاریخ – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د چین تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_China" title="História da China – Portugeesk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugeesk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Chinei" title="Istoria Chinei – Roemeensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Chinei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="История Китая – Russysk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Китая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria_de_sa_Tzina" title="Istòria de sa Tzina – Sardinysk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istòria de sa Tzina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="topside"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Kine" title="Historija Kine – Servokroatysk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historija Kine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servokroatysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="චීන ඉතිහාසය – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චීන ඉතිහාසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="History of China" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="topside"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Kitajske" title="Zgodovina Kitajske – Sloveensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Kitajske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Kin%C3%ABs" title="Historia e Kinës – Albaneesk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Kinës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneesk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Историја Кине – Servysk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Кине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_historia" title="Kinas historia – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinas historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_China" title="Historia ya China – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya China" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/a_laylay_nu_Cuo-kuo" title="a laylay nu Cuo-kuo – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="a laylay nu Cuo-kuo" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="சீன வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீன வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิจีน – Thais" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_tarihi" title="Çin tarihi – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%AE%D9%89" title="جۇڭگو تارىخى – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جۇڭگو تارىخى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E" title="Історія Китаю – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Китаю" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تاریخ چین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تاریخ چین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_tarixi" title="Xitoy tarixi – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy tarixi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Lịch sử Trung Quốc – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaagi_han_Tsina" title="Kaagi han Tsina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kaagi han Tsina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国历史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中国历史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩინეთიშ ისტორია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩინეთიშ ისტორია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国历史 – Sineesk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中国历史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Sineesk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="中國史 – Kantoneesk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中國史" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantoneesk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82972#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Yntertaalkeppelings 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href="/wiki/Skiednis_fan_Sina"><span>Lêze</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&veaction=edit" title="Dizze side bewurkje [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewurkje</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&action=edit" title="De boarnekoade fan dizze side bewurkje [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Boarne bewurkje</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&action=history" title="Eardere ferzjes fan dizze side [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Skiednis besjen</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">nei sydbalke ferplakke</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ferbergje</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mear opsjes" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Skiednis_fan_Sina"><span>Lêze</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&veaction=edit" title="Dizze side bewurkje [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewurkje</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible 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id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">nei sydbalke ferplakke</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ferbergje</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ut Wikipedy</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fy" dir="ltr"><table class="toccolours" align="center" style="font-size:95%; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:-0.5em; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 5px; clear: both;" width="70%"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" style="background:#ffffff" width="100%"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Pompebl%C3%AAd.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fy/thumb/2/2f/Pompebl%C3%AAd.png/70px-Pompebl%C3%AAd.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fy/thumb/2/2f/Pompebl%C3%AAd.png/105px-Pompebl%C3%AAd.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fy/thumb/2/2f/Pompebl%C3%AAd.png/140px-Pompebl%C3%AAd.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <big><big><big><i><b>Fan dizze side moat de stavering noch hifke wurde.</b></i> </big></big></big><br /><big> <i><b>Jo wurde útnûge om <a class="external text" href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&action=edit">dêr in begjin mei te meitsjen</a></b></i></big><br /> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><br clear="both" /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Territories_of_Dynasties_in_China.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Territories_of_Dynasties_in_China.gif/250px-Territories_of_Dynasties_in_China.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Territories_of_Dynasties_in_China.gif/375px-Territories_of_Dynasties_in_China.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Territories_of_Dynasties_in_China.gif/500px-Territories_of_Dynasties_in_China.gif 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption><div class="small">De territoriale ûntwikkeling fan Sina ûnder de ferskate dynastyen.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>De <b>skiednis fan <a href="/wiki/Sina" title="Sina">Sina</a></b> is hiel bot beynfloede troch de geografyske lizzing fan it lân. As in grutte oaze is it lân fan alle kanten omsletten troch natuerlike grinzen. Ten easten en ten suden leit de <a href="/wiki/Grutte_Oseaan" title="Grutte Oseaan">Grutte Oseaan</a>, oan de westkant de <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetaanske heechflakte</a>, en yn it noarden oer in lingte fan 1600 km de <a href="/wiki/Gobywoastyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobywoastyn">Gobywoastyn</a>. Der binne wol tagongswegen, mar relatyf sjoen leit Sina frij isolearre fan ynfloeden fan bûten ôf. Lykwols is it ien fan de plakken op ierde dêr't de sivilisaasje útein sette. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoarje">Prehistoarje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Dielside bewurkje: Prehistoarje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Prehistoarje"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De earste <a href="/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum">neolityske</a> beskaving fan Sina wurdt troch archeologen de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangshao-kultuer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangshao-kultuer (noch net skreaun)">Yangshao-kultuer</a> neamd. Sy wienen de earste lânbouwers en wennen yn in goardel fan east nei west, ferspraat oer it meast súdlik lizzende diel fan de fruchtbere <i>"hege löss-flakten"</i> yn de tsjintwurdige provinsjes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanxi (noch net skreaun)">Shanxi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaanxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaanxi (noch net skreaun)">Shaanxi</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>. Sy beskikten al oer klean fan jute of side, as ek oer alderlei soarten ierdewurken potten, beskildere of bewurke mei flechtwurk en hienen de <a href="/wiki/Baarch" title="Baarch">baarch</a> en <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BBn" title="Hûn">hûn</a> domestisearre. </p><p>De folgjende faze yn de Sineeske skiednis is de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longshan-kultuer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longshan-kultuer (noch net skreaun)">Longshan-kultuer</a>, ferneamd nei it plak dêr't as earste fynsten dyn binne fan dizze typyske kultuer. It <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skiep (noch net skreaun)">skiep</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Ko" title="Ko">ko</a> waard domestisearre en de ferbou fan <a href="/wiki/Rys" title="Rys">rys</a> dy syn yntree. Troch de fynsten fan ferskate soarten grêven docht bliken dat harren kultuer al sosjaal differentisearre wie. De Longshan-kultuer wurdt derom ek wol sjoen as de basis fan de earste <a href="/wiki/Histoarje" class="mw-redirect" title="Histoarje">histoaryske</a> beskaving fan de Sina, dy fan de <a href="/wiki/Shang-dynasty" title="Shang-dynasty">Shang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_earste_hearskers">De earste hearskers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Dielside bewurkje: De earste hearskers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: De earste hearskers"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_Shang">De Shang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Dielside bewurkje: De Shang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: De Shang"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Shang-dynasty" title="Shang-dynasty">Shang-beskaving</a> bestie neffens de tradisjonele tiidsberekkening tusken <a href="/wiki/1600_f.Kr." title="1600 f.Kr.">1600 f.Kr.</a> oant <a href="/wiki/1046_f.Kr." title="1046 f.Kr.">1046 f.Kr.</a> De ierste stedssintra dy't typearjend foar it Shangtiidrek binne, lizzen yn it Lo-bekken, in fruchtber gebiet yn it uterste easten fan de löss-flakten dat troch sydrivieren fan de <a href="/wiki/Giele_Rivier" title="Giele Rivier">Giele Rivier</a> fan wetter foarsjen wurdt. Efterinoar hawwe sân stêden haadstêd west, dêr't <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yinxu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yinxu (noch net skreaun)">Yin</a> de lêste en grutste fan wie (1384 f.Kr.-1122 f.Kr.). De Shang brûkten in tekensysteem dat sjoen wurdt as de foarrinner fan it lettere <a href="/wiki/Sineeske_skrift" class="mw-redirect" title="Sineeske skrift">Sineeske skrift</a>. </p><p>It keninklik hof foarme it sintrum fan de Shang-beskaving en troch de keningen waarden militêre ekspedysjes hâlden, dêr't de Shang-kultuer oer it Noardsineeske leechlân troch ferspraat waard. Lykwols wie it gebiet dêr't troch de Shang-foarsten effektyf politike macht waard útoefene nei gedachten lytser. De grinsgebieten stienen ûnder it bewâld fan lokale hearskers, dêr't ien fan him tsjin de Shang kearde. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_Zhou">De Zhou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Dielside bewurkje: De Zhou" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: De Zhou"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yn de <a href="/wiki/11e_iuw_f.Kr." title="11e iuw f.Kr.">11e iuw f.Kr.</a> foelen de <a href="/wiki/Zhou-dynasty" title="Zhou-dynasty">Zhou</a> fanút it noarden oan en rukten op nei de haadstêd dy't troch har ferovere waard. It soe noch wol in iuw doarre foardat sy al it gebiet fan de Shang-hearskers foarfêst yn hannen hienen. It sintrum fan har macht kaam te lizzen by de stêd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luoyang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luoyang (noch net skreaun)">Luoyang</a> dy't troch har stiften waard. Yn polityk en kultureel opsicht wienen sy de erfgenamten fan de Shang. Harren grutste fernijing wie de yntroduksje fan it <a href="/wiki/Lienstelsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lienstelsel">lienstelsel</a>. Troch in systeem fan machtsdelegearing hienen de keningen fan de Zhou in better grip op de grutte befolking as harren foargongers. Ferwanten en eallju krigen stikken lân bûten it keninklik domein tabediele sadat mear as 40 mei de Zhou ferbûne fasaalsteaten ûntstienen. </p><p>De iere oarde fan de Zhou hat oant <a href="/wiki/771_f.Kr." title="771 f.Kr.">771 f.Kr.</a> doarre, dat jier waard de Zhou kening yn it westen ferslaggen troch nomadyske stammen en rekken har âlde wengebieten yn it Kung-chung-gebiet kwyt. It keninklik domein ferlear in grut part fan har gebiet en de haadstêd Luoyang har politike gewicht. Stadichoan foel de politike en militêre macht yn hannen fan wichtige regionale foarsten dy't it meastepart fan de fasaalsteaten fan de Zhou ferneatigen en har lân ynnommen. Grutte politike en kulturele feroarings hâlden plak en de kaart fan Sina feroare yngripend. Ut oerbleaune dokuminten docht bliken dat in protte nije stêden boud waarden en oanhâlden kriich fiere waard tusken de steaten ûnderinoar, dêr't massaal slachtoffers by foelen. Lykwols wie der yn dizze ûnrêstige tiden in eksplosive technologyske foarútgong, in grutte befolkingsoanwaaks en ferskine de earste echte Sineeske filosofen as <a href="/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius">Konfusius</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tao (noch net skreaun)">Tao</a>. </p><p>De Zhou-dynasty hâlde langer stân as alle oare dynastyen yn de skiednis fan Sina. De lêste kening regearre oant en mei <a href="/wiki/256_f.Kr." title="256 f.Kr.">256 f.Kr.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="It_tiidrek_fan_de_keizerriken">It tiidrek fan de keizerriken</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Dielside bewurkje: It tiidrek fan de keizerriken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: It tiidrek fan de keizerriken"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ofbyld:Qinshihuangdi3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Qinshihuangdi3.jpg/150px-Qinshihuangdi3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Qinshihuangdi3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>Ofbylding fan Hwangty, de earste keizer</figcaption></figure> <p>Yn <a href="/wiki/221_f.Kr." title="221 f.Kr.">221 f.Kr.</a> ûnderwurp <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, de kening fan de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin-dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qin-dynasty (noch net skreaun)">Qin</a> alle doedestiids steaten yn Sina en naam de titel fan <i>huang</i> of <i>huangdi</i>, ferhefte foarst of keizer oan. Hy wie in wrede hearsker. Yn de krigen dy't troch him fierd waarden, binne nei alle gedachten wol oardel miljoen deaden fallen. Oan dizze keizer hat Sina har namme te tankjen. Hy kreëarre in steatsysteem dat mei tuskenskoften mear as twa tûzen jierren lang stân hâlde soe. Maten en gewichten waarden standerdisearre, wetten kodifisearre en yn hiel it ryk kamen mar der ien munt en ien skrift. </p><p>Neidat in oantal jierren nei it ferstoarn fan Qin Shi Huang oeral opstannen útbrutsen, brocht <a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Wendi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Wendi (noch net skreaun)">Han Wendi</a> yn <a href="/wiki/180_f.Kr." title="180 f.Kr.">180 f.Kr.</a> as earste keizer fan de nije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Han&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han (noch net skreaun)">Han</a>-dynasty frede. Ut dizze tiid datearret de grutste útwreiding fan Sina: nei it westen tsjin de ynfallende <a href="/wiki/Nomaden" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomaden">nomadenstammen</a> út Sintraal-Aazje, nei it suden yn it tsjintwurdige Sina besuden de rivier de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang-tse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang-tse (noch net skreaun)">Yang-tse</a> oant en mei it tsjinwurdige <a href="/wiki/Fjetnam" title="Fjetnam">Fjetnam</a>. De Hantiid stiet bekend as ien fan de bloeiperioaden út de Sineeske skiednis en is opdield yn in westlik tiidrek (oant <a href="/wiki/9" title="9">9 n.Kr.</a> en in westlik tiidrek (9-<a href="/wiki/220" title="220">220 n.Kr.</a> troch it ferplakken fan de haadstêd fan it westen nei easten. It <a href="/wiki/Konfusianisme" title="Konfusianisme">konfusianisme</a> waard yn dy tiid de offisjele godstsjinst; de <a href="/wiki/Sineeske_Muorre" title="Sineeske Muorre">Sineeske Muorre</a> kaam ôf. Nei it westen ûntstie de <a href="/wiki/Sider%C3%BBte" title="Siderûte">siderûte</a> en yn <a href="/wiki/105" title="105">105</a> die <a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> syn wichtige ûntdekking fan <a href="/wiki/Papier" title="Papier">papier</a>. </p><p>Yn de rin fan de <a href="/wiki/2e_iuw" title="2e iuw">2e iuw</a> rekke de hearskippij fan de Han lykwols yn ferfal en nei in grutte boereopstân fan de saneamde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gielmutsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gielmutsen (noch net skreaun)">Gielmutsen</a> en inkele paleisrevolúsjes foel de ienheidssteat yn trije riken útinoar. Pas yn <a href="/wiki/589" title="589">589</a> waard Sina opnij weriene ûnder de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sui-dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sui-dynasty (noch net skreaun)">Sui-dynasty</a> dy't yn <a href="/wiki/618" title="618">618</a> ferfongen waard troch de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang-dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tang-dynasty (noch net skreaun)">Tang-dynasty</a> (oant <a href="/wiki/907" title="907">907</a>, dêr't wer in tiidrek fan grutte útwreiding en bloei mei útein sette. </p><p>It <a href="/wiki/Boedisme" title="Boedisme">boedisme</a> hie Sina yn de twadde helte fan de <a href="/wiki/1e_iuw" title="1e iuw">1e iuw</a> berikt, mar fûn pas gruttere útwreiding yn de iuwen fan politike ferdieldheid. Under keizer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daowu_fan_Noardlike_Wei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daowu fan Noardlike Wei (noch net skreaun)">Daowu</a> (<a href="/wiki/386" title="386">386</a>-<a href="/wiki/409" title="409">409</a>) waard it ta steatsgodstsjinst fan Sina </p><p>Yn <a href="/wiki/907" title="907">907</a> foel Sina wer yn lytse steatsjes útein oant it yn <a href="/wiki/975" title="975">975</a> wer feriene waard troch de earste keizer fan de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Song-dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Song-dynasty (noch net skreaun)">Song-dynasty</a>. Under dizze dynasty gong it de Sinezen wer in skoft lang foar de wyn. De ekonomy bloeide en de befolking ferdûbele oant sa'n 100 miljoen ynwenners. Mar ek oan dat tiidrek kaam wer in ein, want yn de rin fan de <a href="/wiki/12e_iuw" title="12e iuw">12e iuw</a> kaam it noardlike part fan Sina yn hannen fan de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin-dynasty_(1115-1234)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jin-dynasty (1115-1234) (noch net skreaun)">Jin-dynasty</a> ôfkomstich út <a href="/wiki/Mantsjoerije" title="Mantsjoerije">Mantsjoerije</a> dy't <a href="/wiki/Peking" title="Peking">Peking</a> ta haadstêd makken. It suden bleau ûnder bewâld fan de Song oant yn <a href="/wiki/1276" title="1276">1276</a> hiel Sina oerweldige waard troch in folk fan nomaden, de <a href="/wiki/Mongoalen" title="Mongoalen">Mongoalen</a> dy't Sina feriene en de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan-dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuan-dynasty (noch net skreaun)">Yuan-dynasty</a> (1279-1368) festige. </p><p>De grûnlizzer fan dizze dynasty wie de freze foarst <a href="/wiki/Djenghiz_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Djenghiz Khan">Djenghiz Khan</a>. Yn betreklik koarte tiid wist dizze in enoarm grut gebiet ûnder syn bewâld te krijen. It omfieme it tsjintwurdige <a href="/wiki/Mongoalje" title="Mongoalje">Mongoalje</a>, Noard-Sina, <a href="/wiki/Sintraal-Aazje" title="Sintraal-Aazje">Sintraal-Aazje</a> en Súd-Ruslân oant en mei de grinzen fan it Arabyske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abassiden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abassiden (noch net skreaun)">Abassidenryk</a>. Syn opfolgers foegen letter noch parten fan it Midden-Easten en fan East-Jeropa der oan ta. De wichtichste keizer fan dizze dynasty wie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubilai_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kubilai Khan (noch net skreaun)">Kubilai Khan</a> (1215-1294). Hy brocht soarge foar frede yn it hiele ryk en de ekonomy bloeide wer op. Keunst en kultuer krigen wer kâns ta ûntwikkeling te kommen. Skilderkeunst, de keramyk en de literatuer berikten nije hichten. Under syn bewâld besocht de Italjaanske ûntdekkingsreizger <a href="/wiki/Marko_Polo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marko Polo">Marko Polo</a> Sina. </p><p>De lêste Yuan-keizer waard yn <a href="/wiki/1368" title="1368">1368</a> ferdreaun troch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hongwu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hongwu (noch net skreaun)">Hongwu</a> dy't de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming-dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ming-dynasty (noch net skreaun)">Ming-dynasty</a> stifte. Under dizze dynasty die Sina begjin <a href="/wiki/15e_iuw" title="15e iuw">15e iuw</a> in goai nei wrâldhearskippij. Tusken 1405 en 1433 fear Admiraal <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> sânris nei lannen om de <a href="/wiki/Yndyske_Oseaan" title="Yndyske Oseaan">Yndyske Oseaan</a>, wêrfan trije kear nei de eastkust fan <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>, mear as 100 jier foardat de Jeropeanen útein setten mei de kolonisaasje fan it kontinint. Mar dizze besiking bruts ôf wêrnei in tiidrek fan isolemint folge. </p><p>Krekt doe't der út Jeropa wei mear omtinken kaam foar Aziatyske kultueren, stûke de kultuergroei yn Sina. It Ming-ryk wie oer har hichtepunt hinne. De lêste Mingkeizers wienen meastentiids swak en net tsjinsteande de Sineeske Muorre hie it lijen fan Mongoalske strooptochten en fanút see makken Japanske en Sineeske piraten de lange kuststripe ûnfeilich. Jeropa waard stadichoan konkurrint fan Aazje op it mêd fan <a href="/wiki/Wittenskip" title="Wittenskip">wittenskip</a> en <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>. Yn <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a> brocht in grutte folksopstân in ein oan de Ming en de heal nomadyske Mantsjoes soenen mei har stamlieder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nurhaci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nurhaci (noch net skreaun)">Nurhaci</a> de lêste dynasty fan Sina stiften. </p><p>Under de earste trije keizers fan de Mantsjoerijske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qing-dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qing-dynasty (noch net skreaun)">Qing-dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>-<a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a>) hearske trochgongs frede, rust en wolfeart yn Sina. Neffens skattingen wie de befolking ein <a href="/wiki/18e_iuw" title="18e iuw">18e iuw</a> waakse oant 330 miljoen. It <a href="/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom">kristendom</a> berikte Sina, mar krige gjin fêste fuot. Om 1700 wienen der lykwols al 300.000 bekearlingen, mar omdat de ferskate kristlike oarden ûnder inoar hieltyd spul hienen, waard it leauwen yn <a href="/wiki/1721" title="1721">1721</a> troch de keizer ferbean en moasten alle misjonarissen it lân ferlitte. Noch wat letter woenen de Sinezen alle Jeropeanen bûten de doar hâlde en yn <a href="/wiki/1757" title="1757">1757</a> waard allyksa bepale dat Jeropeeske hannelslju allinnich mar de súdlike havenstêd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanton (noch net skreaun)">Kanton</a> oandwaan mochten. Lang om let moast Sina romte jaan oan it ymperialistyske Jeropa doe't it yn de <a href="/wiki/19e_iuw" title="19e iuw">19e iuw</a> yntern tige ferskuorre rekke troch opienfolgjende opstannen en de ekonomy ynstoarte. </p><p>Yn <a href="/wiki/1894" title="1894">1894</a> rekke it yn kriich mei <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> en omdat de Japanske striidkreften folle better útrêsten wienen as de Sineeske late it in ferpletterjende nederlaach. Sina moast Korea en Taiwan oan Japan ôfstean. Even krige foarstanners fan herfoarmingen it foar it sizzen. De anty-Westerske, mar misleare <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokseropst%C3%A2n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bokseropstân (noch net skreaun)">Bokseropstân</a> (1899-1901) betsjutte in earnstich gesichtsferlies foar it keizerryk. Fergees besocht it har oan de tiid oan te passen, in militêre kûp soe lykwols in ein makke oan in tiidrek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_moderne_tiid">De moderne tiid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Dielside bewurkje: De moderne tiid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: De moderne tiid"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republyk_Sina">Republyk Sina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Dielside bewurkje: Republyk Sina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Republyk Sina"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mei it ôfsetten fan de lêst Sineeske keizer yn <a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a> kaam in ein oan in keizerryk, de republyk Sina waard útroppen. Fuort dêrnei ferklearren <a href="/wiki/Mongoalje" title="Mongoalje">Mongoalje</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> harren ûnôfhinklik fan Sina en <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BBva" title="Tûva">Tûva</a> waard beset troch <a href="/wiki/Rusl%C3%A2n" title="Ruslân">Ruslân</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Yat-Sen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Yat-Sen (noch net skreaun)">Sun Yat-Sen</a>, dejinge dy't de revolúsje oanfiere hie waard de earste presidint. </p><p>Yn de <a href="/wiki/Earste_Wr%C3%A2ldkriich" title="Earste Wrâldkriich">Earste Wrâldkriich</a> keas Sina de kant fan alliearden. Japan, dat offisjeel ek de kant fan de alliearden keazen hiel, besette lykwols de Dútske konsesje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shantung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shantung (noch net skreaun)">Shantung</a> yn Sina, en besocht ûnderwilens mei "21 easken" in grut part fan harren soevereiniteit ôf te nimmen. Nei de kriich kamen dizze gebieten oan Japan ta. Yn Sina bruts in ûnrêstige tiid oan mei in protte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anargy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anargy (noch net skreaun)">anargy</a> en ferskate minsken besochten tagelyk de macht nei harren ta te lutsen. Dizze minsken wurde de <i>Kriichshearen</i> neamd. Der woede in boargeroarloch dêr't yn <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a> in ein oan kaam, doe't de leider fan de Nasjonalistyske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwo_Min_Tang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwo Min Tang (noch net skreaun)">Kwo Min Tang partij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsjiang_Kay-tsjek" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsjiang Kay-tsjek">Tsjiang Kay-tsjek</a> alle oerbleaune Kriichshearen ferslaggen hie. </p><p>Foar Sina begûn de <a href="/wiki/Twadde_Wr%C3%A2ldkriich" title="Twadde Wrâldkriich">Twadde Wrâldkriich</a> al yn <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a> troch de besetting fan <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> fan grutte gebietsdielen yn it easten mei û.o. de haadstêd. Dat part fan it lân waard liede troch in Pro-Japanske Sineeske Regering. Doe't Japan yn <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a> de kriich ferlear waard kaam oan dizze regearing in ein en waard it hiele lân wer ferienige ûnder de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwo_Min_Tang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwo Min Tang (noch net skreaun)">Kwo Min Tang</a> ynklusyf Matsjoerije. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folksrepubyk_Sina">Folksrepubyk Sina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Dielside bewurkje: Folksrepubyk Sina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Folksrepubyk Sina"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De ein fan de Twadde Wrâldkriich brocht lykwols gjin frede yn Sina. It lân foel wer te proai oan in boargeroarloch, no tusken de <a href="/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme">kommunisten</a> fan <a href="/wiki/Mao_Tse-toeng" title="Mao Tse-toeng">Mao Tse-toeng</a> en it republikeinske leger fan de Kwo Min Tang. Oan dizze oarloch kaam in ein yn <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a> troch de oerwinning fan de kommunisten. Mao Tse-toeng kaam oan de macht en de Kwo Min Tang regearing mei har oanhingers flechten nei <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Troch Mao waard in diktatoriaal bewâld festige mei in strike kontrôle oer it deistich libben yn Sina dat it libben kostsje soe oan miljoenen minsken. </p><p>Under Mao besette yn <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a> Sina <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> en makke it lân de desastreuze <a href="/wiki/Kulturele_revol%C3%BAsje" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulturele revolúsje">kulturele revolúsje</a> (<a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a>-<a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a>) mei en wilens de <a href="/wiki/Koreaanske_Kriich" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreaanske Kriich">Koreaanske Kriich</a> reagen Sineeske militêren de <a href="/wiki/Noard-Atlantyske_Ferdrachsorganisaasje" class="mw-redirect" title="Noard-Atlantyske Ferdrachsorganisaasje">NAFO</a> út <a href="/wiki/Noard-Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Noard-Korea">Noard-Korea</a>. Mao krige help fan de <a href="/wiki/Sowjetuny" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowjetuny">Sowjetuny</a> foar de ûntjouwing fan grutte yndustry yn Sina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsjintwurdich">Tsjintwurdich</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Dielside bewurkje: Tsjintwurdich" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Tsjintwurdich"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nei de dea fan Mao yn <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a> bleau Sina foar it each kommunistysk, mar stadichoan waard it hieltyd frijer op it persoanlik en ekonomysk flak, wylst it lân dochs eleminten behâlde fan totalitarisme tsjinoer politike, religieuze en etnyske minderheden. Oant en mei distiid wurdt it ienpartijstelsel yn Sina hanthavene en bliuwt it skeinen fan minskerjochten en korrupsje in probleem, benammen ten opsichte fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Falun_Gong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Falun Gong (noch net skreaun)">Falun Gong</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. </p><p>Yn 1997 kaam <a href="/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong">Hongkong</a> wer by Sina dat sûnt 1897 ferhierd wie oan de Britten. </p> <div style="position:absolute; visibility:hidden; height:0; margin-top:1em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boarnen,_noaten_en_referinsjes"><span id="Boarnen.2C_noaten_en_referinsjes"></span>Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berjocht:Boarnen&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section's source code: Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> </div> <table class="toccolours" style="font-size:85%; margin-top:1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 5px; clear: both;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Boarnen, noaten en/as referinsjes:</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Oudheusden, J. van</span> - <i>De geschiedenis van China, in een notedop</i>, Amsterdam-2008.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Opfrege fan "<a dir="ltr" href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&oldid=1137976">https://fy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skiednis_fan_Sina&oldid=1137976</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wiki:Kategoryen" title="Wiki:Kategoryen">Kategoryen</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Siden_d%C3%AAr%27t_de_stavering_fan_hifke_wurde_moat" title="Kategory:Siden dêr't de stavering fan hifke wurde moat">Siden dêr't de stavering fan hifke wurde moat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Skiednis_fan_Sina" title="Kategory:Skiednis fan Sina">Skiednis fan Sina</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Dizze side is it lêst bewurke op 21 nov 2023 om 16.37.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beskikber ûnder de lisinsje <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fy">Creative Commons Nammefermelding-Lyk diele</a>; der kinne oanfoljende betingsten fan tapassing wêze. 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