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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Evolucijsko_porijeklo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolucijsko_porijeklo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Evolucijsko porijeklo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolucijsko_porijeklo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Struktura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transplastomske_biljke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transplastomske_biljke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Transplastomske biljke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transplastomske_biljke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Također_pogledajte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Također_pogledajte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Također pogledajte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Također_pogledajte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjski_linkovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vanjski linkovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hloroplast</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 84 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplas" title="Chloroplas – afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chloroplas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="بلاستيدة خضراء – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلاستيدة خضراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xloroplastlar" title="Xloroplastlar – azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xloroplastlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="کولوروپلاست – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولوروپلاست" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Хларапласты – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хларапласты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хлоропласт – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хлоропласт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ক্লোরোপ্লাস্ট – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্লোরোপ্লাস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloroplast" title="Cloroplast – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cloroplast" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplasts" title="Chloroplasts – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Chloroplasts" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chloroplast" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nkorn" title="Grønkorn – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grønkorn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chloroplast" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Χλωροπλάστης – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χλωροπλάστης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chloroplast" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplasto" title="Kloroplasto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kloroplasto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloroplasto" title="Cloroplasto – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cloroplasto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplast" title="Kloroplast – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kloroplast" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplasto" title="Kloroplasto – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kloroplasto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="کلروپلاست – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلروپلاست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viherhiukkanen" title="Viherhiukkanen – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viherhiukkanen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplaste" title="Chloroplaste – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chloroplaste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast – sjeverni frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Chloroplast" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjeverni frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3raplast" title="Clóraplast – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clóraplast" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloroplasto" title="Cloroplasto – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cloroplasto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast – manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Chloroplast" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98" title="כלורופלסט – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלורופלסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95" title="हरितलवक – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हरितलवक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplast" title="Kloroplast – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kloroplast" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klowoplast" title="Klowoplast – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Klowoplast" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplasztisz" title="Kloroplasztisz – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kloroplasztisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Քլորոպլաստ – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քլորոպլաստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplas" title="Kloroplas – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kloroplas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplasto" title="Kloroplasto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kloroplasto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6nukorn" title="Grænukorn – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grænukorn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloroplasto" title="Cloroplasto – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cloroplasto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%B7%91%E4%BD%93" title="葉緑体 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="葉緑体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ქლოროპლასტი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქლოროპლასტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хлоропласт – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хлоропласт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%BD%EB%A1%9D%EC%B2%B4" title="엽록체 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엽록체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplast" title="Kloroplast – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kloroplast" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хлоропласттар – kirgiški" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хлоропласттар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplastus" title="Chloroplastus – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chloroplastus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloroplasto" title="Cloroplasto – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cloroplasto" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplastas" title="Chloroplastas – litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chloroplastas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hloroplasts" title="Hloroplasts – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hloroplasts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хлоропласт – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хлоропласт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplas" title="Kloroplas – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kloroplas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chloroplast" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="क्लोरोप्लास्ट – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्लोरोप्लास्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chloroplast" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplast" title="Kloroplast – norveški (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kloroplast" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplast" title="Kloroplast – norveški (Bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kloroplast" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški (Bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloroplast" title="Cloroplast – oksitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cloroplast" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilooroopilaastii" title="Kilooroopilaastii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kilooroopilaastii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chloroplast" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloroplasto" title="Cloroplasto – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cloroplasto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloroplast" title="Cloroplast – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cloroplast" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Хлоропласты – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хлоропласты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD" title="ڪلوروپلاسٽ – sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪلوروپلاسٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hloroplast" title="Hloroplast – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hloroplast" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80" title="හරිතලව – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හරිතලව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chloroplast" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chloroplast" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplast" title="Kloroplast – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kloroplast" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplasti" title="Kloroplasti – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kloroplasti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хлоропласт – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хлоропласт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Chloroplast" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplas" title="Kloroplas – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kloroplas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplast" title="Kloroplast – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kloroplast" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplasti" title="Kloroplasti – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kloroplasti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பசுங்கனிகம் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பசுங்கனிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="คลอโรพลาสต์ – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลอโรพลาสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplast" title="Kloroplast – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kloroplast" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хлоропласт – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хлоропласт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хлоропласт – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хлоропласт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9" title="کلوروپلاسٹ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلوروپلاسٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xloroplastlar" title="Xloroplastlar – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xloroplastlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%A5c_l%E1%BA%A1p" title="Lục lạp – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lục lạp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast – varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chloroplast" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体 – Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="叶绿体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ქლოროპლასტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქლოროპლასტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="叶绿体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%CC%8Dp-le%CC%8Dk-th%C3%A9" title="Ia̍p-le̍k-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ia̍p-le̍k-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%B6%A0%E9%AB%94" title="葉綠體 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葉綠體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47263#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezičke linkove" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hloroplast" title="Prikaži stranicu sa sadržajem [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Chloroplast_diagram.svg/300px-Chloroplast_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Chloroplast_diagram.svg/450px-Chloroplast_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Chloroplast_diagram.svg/600px-Chloroplast_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Pojednostavljeni prikaz unutrašnje strukture hloroplasta</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hloroplasti</b> su organele koje se nalaze u biljnim <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija" class="mw-disambig" title="Ćelija">ćelijama</a> i drugim <a href="/wiki/Eukarioti" title="Eukarioti">eukariotskim</a> organizmima koji vrše proces fotosinteze. Uloga hloroplasta je da <i>hvataju</i> <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosnu</a> <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energiju</a> i pretvaraju je u slobodnu energiju u vidu <a href="/wiki/Adenozin_trifosfat" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenozin trifosfat">ATP-a</a> te da reduciraju NADP u NADPH putem složenog niza procesa koji se zove <b><a href="/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza">fotosinteza</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riječ <i>hloroplast</i> je izvedena iz <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčkih</a> riječi <i>chloros</i> što znači <a href="/wiki/Zelena" title="Zelena">zelena</a> i <i>plast</i> u značenju entitet, forma. Hloroplasti pripadaju vrsti organela koje se nazivaju <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastidi</a>, </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolucijsko_porijeklo">Evolucijsko porijeklo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hloroplast&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Evolucijsko porijeklo"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hloroplast&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Evolucijsko porijeklo"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/250px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/375px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg/500px-Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Hloroplasti vidljivi u ćelijama biljke <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiomnium_affine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plagiomnium affine (stranica ne postoji)">Plagiomnium affine</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:%C3%9Cberseemuseum_Bremen_2009_238.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%C3%9Cberseemuseum_Bremen_2009_238.JPG/250px-%C3%9Cberseemuseum_Bremen_2009_238.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%C3%9Cberseemuseum_Bremen_2009_238.JPG/375px-%C3%9Cberseemuseum_Bremen_2009_238.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%C3%9Cberseemuseum_Bremen_2009_238.JPG/500px-%C3%9Cberseemuseum_Bremen_2009_238.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Model hloroplasta</figcaption></figure> <p>Hloroplasti su jedne od mnogih vrsta <a href="/wiki/Organela" title="Organela">organela</a> u ćeliji. Općenito, smatra se da potiču od endosimbiotskih <a href="/wiki/Cijanobakterija" class="mw-redirect" title="Cijanobakterija">cijanobakterija</a> (ranije poznatih i kao modrozelene alge). Ovu teoriju je prvi postavio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Mereschkowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin Mereschkowski (stranica ne postoji)">Konstantin Mereschkowski</a> <a href="/wiki/1905" class="mw-redirect" title="1905">1905</a> godine<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nakon ranijih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Franz_Wilhelm_Schimper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper (stranica ne postoji)">Schimperovih</a> proučavanja iz <a href="/wiki/1883" class="mw-redirect" title="1883">1883</a> godine u kojima je primijetio sličnost hloroplasta i cijanobakterija<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Smatra se da većina današnjih hloroplasta vode direktno ili indirektno porijeklo od jedinstvenog endosimbiotskog događaja (u <i>Archaeplastidima</i>), osim možda za <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulinella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulinella (stranica ne postoji)">Paulinella</a> chromatophora</i> kod koje je nedavno otkriven fotosintetički cijanobakterijski endosimbiont koji nije blisko povezan sa hloroplastima drugih eukariota<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kod onih koji su nastali iz endosimbiotskog događaja, hloroplasti su slični <a href="/wiki/Mitohondrija" title="Mitohondrija">mitohondrijama</a>, ali se hloroplasti nalaze samo u biljkama i protistima. Hloroplasti su okruženi dvoslojnom membranom sa međumembranskim prostorom; a dalje imaju mnoge formacije koje ispunjavaju unutrašnji prostor. Hloroplasti imaju svoju vlastitu <a href="/wiki/Dezoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina">DNK</a>, kojom su kodirane redoks bjelančevine za transport <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> tokom fotosinteze. One se nazivaju plastomi<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Kod zelenih biljaka, hloroplasti su okruženi s dvije lipidne dvoslojne membrane. One se smatraju kao <i>ostaci</i> vanjske i unutrašnje membrane cijanobakterijskih predaka<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hloroplasti imaju vlastiti <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">genom</a>, koji je značajno smanjen u odnosu na cijanobakterije koje danas žive, ali dijelovi koji su još prisutni u hloroplastima pokazuju jasne sličnosti sa genomom cijanobakterija. Plastidi mogu sadržavati 60 do 100 gena dok cijanobakterije često sadrže i više od 1500 gena<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mnogi nedostajući geni su kodirani u genomu u ćelijskom jedru domaćina. Prijenos jedrenih informacija kod biljke <a href="/wiki/Duhan" title="Duhan">duhana</a> iz DNK hloroplasta u jedro ćelije se procjenjuje na jedan gen za svakih 16000 <a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">polenovih</a> zrna<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kod nekih algi (poput <i>Euglenzoa</i> i <i>Cercozoa</i>), smatra se da su se hloroplasti razvili putem sekundarne endosimbioze, kod koje je eukariotska ćelija okružila drugu eukariotsku ćeliju koja je sadržavala hloroplast, čime su nastale hloroplasti sa tri ili četiri sloja membrana. U nekim slučajevima, ti sekundarni endosimbionti su se dalje udruživali sa drugim eukariotima, formirajući tercijarne endosimbionte. Kod alge <i>Chlorella</i> postoji samo jedan hloroplast u obliku zvona. </p><p>U nekim grupama miksotropskih <a href="/wiki/Protisti" title="Protisti">protista</a> poput dinoflagelata, hloroplasti su odvojeni od uhvaćene alge ili diatoma i koriste se samo privremeno. Ovi <i>klepto</i> hloroplasti (<i>ukradeni</i>) mogu imati životni vijek od samo par dana i nakon toga bivaju zamijenjeni<sup id="cite_ref-Skovgaard_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skovgaard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktura">Struktura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hloroplast&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Struktura"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hloroplast&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Struktura"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Chloroplast.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Chloroplast.svg/305px-Chloroplast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="305" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Chloroplast.svg/458px-Chloroplast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Chloroplast.svg/610px-Chloroplast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Ultrastruktura hloroplasta:<br /> 1. Vanjska membrana<br /> 2. Međumembranski prostor<br /> 3. Unutrašnja membrana (1+2+3: opna)<br /> 4. Stroma (vodenasti fluid)<br /> 5. Tilakoidni lumen (unutar tilakoida)<br /> 6. Membrana tilakoida<br /> 7. Grana (nakupina tilakoida)<br /> 8. Tilakoid (lamela)<br /> 9. <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0krob" title="Škrob">Škrob</a><br /> 10. Ribozom<br /> 11. DNK plastida<br /> 12. Plastoglobula (kapljica lipida) </figcaption></figure> <p>Hloroplasti se pod <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskopom</a> mogu vidjeti kao spljošteni diskovi promjera 2 do 10 μm i 1 μm debeli. Kod kopnenih biljaka, oni su općenio 5 μm u promjeru i 2,3 μm debeli. Hloroplasti su okruženi opnom koja se sastoji iz unutrašnje i spoljašnje fosfolipidne membrane. Između ova dva sloja je međumembranski prostor. Jedna prosječna ćelija sadrži 10 do 100 hloroplasta. </p><p>Materijal unutar hloroplasta se naziva stroma, što otprilike odgovara citosolu prvobitne cijanobakterije a sadrži jednu ili više <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a> malih okruglih DNK. Također sadrže <a href="/wiki/Ribozom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribozom">ribozome</a>; međutim većina njegovih <a href="/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" title="Bjelančevine">bjelančevina</a> je kodirano u genima koje se nalaze u jedru ćelije domaćina a bjelančevinasti proizvodi se prenose u hloroplast. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Chloroplast_in_leaf_of_Anemone_sp_TEM_12000x.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chloroplast_in_leaf_of_Anemone_sp_TEM_12000x.png/250px-Chloroplast_in_leaf_of_Anemone_sp_TEM_12000x.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chloroplast_in_leaf_of_Anemone_sp_TEM_12000x.png/375px-Chloroplast_in_leaf_of_Anemone_sp_TEM_12000x.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chloroplast_in_leaf_of_Anemone_sp_TEM_12000x.png/500px-Chloroplast_in_leaf_of_Anemone_sp_TEM_12000x.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Slika hloroplasta načinjena putem elektronskog mikroskopa</figcaption></figure> <p>Unutar strome je nakupina <a href="/wiki/Tilakoid" title="Tilakoid">tilakoida</a>, suborganela u kojima se vrši proces fotosinteze. Tilakoidi su organizirani u nakupine zvane grane (jednina: grana)<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tilakoidi imaju oblik spljoštenog diska. Između njih je prazan prostor zvani tilakoidni prostor ili lumen. Fotosinteza se obavlja u membrani tilakoida; ona uključuje povezivanje fluksa preko membrane sa biosintezom putem rasipanja <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protona</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektrohemija" title="Elektrohemija">elektrohemijskog</a> gradijenta. </p><p>Pod elektronskim mikroskopom, membrane tilakoida se prikazuju kao svijetle i tamne trake koje se naizmjenično smjenjuju, svaka debljine 0,01 µm. Uklopljeni unutar membrane tilakoida su antenski kompleksi, koji se sastoje od <a href="/wiki/Biolo%C5%A1ki_pigment" title="Biološki pigment">pigmenata</a> koji <a href="/wiki/Apsorpcija" class="mw-disambig" title="Apsorpcija">apsorbuju</a> svjetlost, uključujući <a href="/wiki/Hlorofil" title="Hlorofil">hlorofil</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karotenoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karotenoid (stranica ne postoji)">karotenoide</a> te bjelančevine koje vežu pigmente. Ovaj kompleks povećava površinu neophodnu za hvatanje svjetlosti te omogućava hvatanje <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotona</a> u širem rasponu talasnih dužina. Energija primljenih fotona se apsorbuje od strane pigmenta te se dalje prenosi u reakcione centre putem transfera rezonantne energije. Zatim se dvije molekule hlorofila <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ioniziraju</a>, proizvodeći pobuđeni elektron koji se prenosi u fotohemijski reakcioni centar. </p><p>Nedavne studije su pokazale da se hlorplasti mogu povezati putem cjevastih mostova zvanih stromule koje se grade kao proširenja njihovih vanjskih membrana<sup id="cite_ref-Köhler2000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Köhler2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gray2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Smatra se da hloroplasti imaju mogućnost da razmjenjuju bjelančevine preko stromula,<sup id="cite_ref-Köhler1997_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Köhler1997-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> te tako funkcionišu kao mreža. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transplastomske_biljke">Transplastomske biljke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hloroplast&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Transplastomske biljke"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hloroplast&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Transplastomske biljke"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nedavno, hloroplasti su skrenuli pažnju naučnika koji razvijaju <a href="/wiki/Geneti%C4%8Dki_in%C5%BEenjering" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetički inženjering">genetski modificirane</a> biljke. U većini biljaka cvjetnica, hloroplaste ne zavise od muškog roditelja,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ruf2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruf2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iako kod biljaka kao što su borovi, genom hloroplasta se nasljeđuje od muškog roditelja<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. U slučajevima gdje se geni hloroplasta nasljeđuju od majke, transgeni u ovim plastidima ne mogu biti prenošeni putem <a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">polena</a>. Ovo daje mogućnost da se putem plastidne transformacije kreiraju i kultiviraju genetski modificirane biljke koje su biološki prihvatljive a sadrže mnogo manje rizike za okolinu. Ova biološka strategija je pogodna za osnivanje agrikulturnih zajednica u kojima žive prirodne i genetski modificirane biljke. Iako ovaj mehanizam nije do kraja proučen za sve relevantne vrste biljaka, nedavne studije kod duhana su pokazale obećavajuće rezultate, pokazujući stopu neuspješnosti transplastomskih biljaka od 3 na milion.<sup id="cite_ref-ruf2007_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruf2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Također_pogledajte"><span id="Tako.C4.91er_pogledajte"></span>Također pogledajte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hloroplast&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Također pogledajte"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hloroplast&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Također pogledajte"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calvinov_ciklus" title="Calvinov ciklus">Calvinov ciklus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitohondrija" title="Mitohondrija">Mitohondrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija" class="mw-disambig" title="Ćelija">Ćelija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotosinteza" title="Fotosinteza">Fotosinteza</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjski_linkovi">Vanjski linkovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hloroplast&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Vanjski linkovi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hloroplast&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Vanjski linkovi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/sand/main?stype=lite&keyword=chloroplast&Submit=Go&event=display&start=1">Hloroplast - baza podataka</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030803194320/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Chloroplasts.html">Hloroplasti</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051211080401/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/L/LightReactions.html">Fotosinteza: Uloga svjetlosti</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126204125/http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/C/chloropl.html">Botanika: Hloroplast</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303350">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFClegg_MT,_Gaut_BS,_Learn_GH,_Morton_BR1994" class="citation journal cs1">Clegg MT, Gaut BS, Learn GH, Morton BR (1994). "Rates and patterns of chloroplast DNA evolution". <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>91</b> (15): 6795–801.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Rates+and+patterns+of+chloroplast+DNA+evolution&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=6795-801&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Clegg+MT%2C+Gaut+BS%2C+Learn+GH%2C+Morton+BR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opm.phar.umich.edu/localization.php?localization=Thylakoid%20membrane">3D strukture bjelančevina sa membranama tilakoida</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720155136/http://www.coextra.eu/projects/project199.html">Co-Extra istraživanje o transformaciji hloroplasta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hloroplast&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hloroplast&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2006_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2006_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2006" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Neil A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html"><i>Biology: Exploring Life</i></a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Exploring+Life&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phschool.com%2Fel_marketing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code>) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-13-250882-6" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-13-250882-6">0-13-250882-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFMereschkowsky_C1905" class="citation journal cs1">Mereschkowsky C (1905). "Über Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche". <i>Biol Centralbl</i>. <b>25</b>: 593–604.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biol+Centralbl&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+Natur+und+Ursprung+der+Chromatophoren+im+Pflanzenreiche&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=593-604&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Mereschkowsky+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFSchimper_AFW1883" class="citation journal cs1">Schimper AFW (1883). "Über die Entwicklung der Chlorophyllkörner und Farbkörper". <i>Bot. Zeitung</i>. <b>41</b>: 105–14, 121–31, 137–46, 153–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bot.+Zeitung&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Entwicklung+der+Chlorophyllk%C3%B6rner+und+Farbk%C3%B6rper&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=105-14%2C+121-31%2C+137-46%2C+153-62&rft.date=1883&rft.au=Schimper+AFW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_J._Keeling2004" class="citation journal cs1">Patrick J. Keeling (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227023326/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1481">"Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts"</a>. <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>91</b>: 1481–1493. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1481">originala</a>, 27. 2. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 27. 10. 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Diversity+and+evolutionary+history+of+plastids+and+their+hosts&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=1481-1493&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Patrick+J.+Keeling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amjbot.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F91%2F10%2F1481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFKrause_K2008" class="citation journal cs1">Krause K (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_current-genetics_2008-09_54_3/page/111">"From chloroplasts to "cryptic" plastids: evolution of plastid genomes in parasitic plants"</a>. <i>Curr. Genet</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 111–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Genet.&rft.atitle=From+chloroplasts+to+%22cryptic%22+plastids%3A+evolution+of+plastid+genomes+in+parasitic+plants&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=111-21&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Krause+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_current-genetics_2008-09_54_3%2Fpage%2F111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFJoyard_J,_Block_MA,_Douce_R1991" class="citation journal cs1">Joyard J, Block MA, Douce R (1991). "Molecular aspects of plastid envelope biochemistry". <i>Eur. J. Biochem</i>. <b>199</b>: 489–509.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Biochem.&rft.atitle=Molecular+aspects+of+plastid+envelope+biochemistry.&rft.volume=199&rft.pages=489-509&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Joyard+J%2C+Block+MA%2C+Douce+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_W,_Rujan_T,_Richly_E2002" class="citation journal cs1">Martin W, Rujan T, Richly E; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12218172">"Evolutionary analysis of Arabidopsis, cyanobacterial, and chloroplast genomes reveals plastid phylogeny and thousands of cyanobacterial genes in the nucleus"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>99</b> (19): 12246–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+analysis+of+Arabidopsis%2C+cyanobacterial%2C+and+chloroplast+genomes+reveals+plastid+phylogeny+and+thousands+of+cyanobacterial+genes+in+the+nucleus&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=12246-51&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Martin+W%2C+Rujan+T%2C+Richly+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12218172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Eksplicitna upotreba et al. u: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFHuang_CY,_Ayliffe_MA,_Timmis_JN2003" class="citation journal cs1">Huang CY, Ayliffe MA, Timmis JN (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12594458">"Direct measurement of the transfer rate of chloroplast DNA into the nucleus"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>422</b> (6927): 72–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Direct+measurement+of+the+transfer+rate+of+chloroplast+DNA+into+the+nucleus&rft.volume=422&rft.issue=6927&rft.pages=72-6&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Huang+CY%2C+Ayliffe+MA%2C+Timmis+JN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F12594458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skovgaard-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skovgaard_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFSkovgaard_A1998" class="citation journal cs1">Skovgaard A (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5uKjjzB0M?url=http://www.alfskovgaard.dk/publications/Skovgaard1998.pdf">"Role of chloroplast retention in a marine dinoflagellate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aquatic Microbial Ecology</i>. <b>15</b>: 293–301. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alfskovgaard.dk/publications/Skovgaard1998.pdf">originala</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, 18. 11. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 27. 10. 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Microbial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Role+of+chloroplast+retention+in+a+marine+dinoflagellate&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=293-301&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Skovgaard+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alfskovgaard.dk%2Fpublications%2FSkovgaard1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Köhler2000-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Köhler2000_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFKöhler_RH,_Hanson_MR2000" class="citation journal cs1">Köhler RH, Hanson MR (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5uKjkRKBB?url=http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long">"Plastid tubules of higher plants are tissue-specific and developmentally regulated"</a>. <i>J. Cell. Sci</i>. <b>113</b> (Pt 1): 81–9. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10591627">originala</a>, 18. 11. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 28. 10. 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Cell.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Plastid+tubules+of+higher+plants+are+tissue-specific+and+developmentally+regulated&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=Pt+1&rft.pages=81-9&rft.date=2000&rft.au=K%C3%B6hler+RH%2C+Hanson+MR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcs.biologists.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10591627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray2001-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray2001_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFGray_JC,_Sullivan_JA,_Hibberd_JM,_Hansen_MR2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gray JC, Sullivan JA, Hibberd JM, Hansen MR (2001). "Stromules: mobile protrusions and interconnections between plastids". <i>Plant Biology</i>. <b>3</b>: 223–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Stromules%3A+mobile+protrusions+and+interconnections+between+plastids&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=223-33&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Gray+JC%2C+Sullivan+JA%2C+Hibberd+JM%2C+Hansen+MR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Köhler1997-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Köhler1997_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFKöhler_RH,_Cao_J,_Zipfel_WR,_Webb_WW,_Hanson_MR1997" class="citation journal cs1">Köhler RH, Cao J, Zipfel WR, Webb WW, Hanson MR (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9197266">"Exchange of protein molecules through connections between higher plant plastids"</a>. <i>Science (journal)</i>. <b>276</b> (5321): 2039–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%28journal%29&rft.atitle=Exchange+of+protein+molecules+through+connections+between+higher+plant+plastids&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=5321&rft.pages=2039-42&rft.date=1997&rft.au=K%C3%B6hler+RH%2C+Cao+J%2C+Zipfel+WR%2C+Webb+WW%2C+Hanson+MR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D9197266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFStegemann_S,_Hartmann_S,_Ruf_S,_Bock_R2003" class="citation journal cs1">Stegemann S, Hartmann S, Ruf S, Bock R (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12817081">"High-frequency gene transfer from the chloroplast genome to the nucleus"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>100</b> (15): 8828–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=High-frequency+gene+transfer+from+the+chloroplast+genome+to+the+nucleus&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=8828-33&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Stegemann+S%2C+Hartmann+S%2C+Ruf+S%2C+Bock+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12817081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruf2007-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ruf2007_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruf2007_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFRuf_S,_Karcher_D,_Bock_R2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ruf S, Karcher D, Bock R (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17420459">"Determining the transgene containment level provided by chloroplast transformation"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>104</b> (17): 6998–7002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Determining+the+transgene+containment+level+provided+by+chloroplast+transformation&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=6998-7002&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Ruf+S%2C+Karcher+D%2C+Bock+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17420459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFPowell_W,_Morgante_M,_McDevitt_R,_Vendramin_GG,_Rafalski_JA1995" class="citation journal cs1">Powell W, Morgante M, McDevitt R, Vendramin GG, Rafalski JA (1995). "Polymorphic simple sequence repeat regions in chloroplast genomes: applications to the population genetics of pines". <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>92</b> (17): 7759–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Polymorphic+simple+sequence+repeat+regions+in+chloroplast+genomes%3A+applications+to+the+population+genetics+of+pines&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=7759-63&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Powell+W%2C+Morgante+M%2C+McDevitt+R%2C+Vendramin+GG%2C+Rafalski+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AHloroplast" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Nepoznati parametar <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> zanemaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3627399">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style></p><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3486241">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons logo"><img alt="Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons logo</figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Detna_strana" class="extiw" title="commons:Početna strana">Commons</a> ima datoteke na temu: <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chloroplasts?uselang=bs">Hloroplast </a></span></b></div></div> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Strukture_ćelija/organela_(TH_H1.00.01.2-3)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312386">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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class="new" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Ćelijske strukture i organele (stranica ne postoji)"><abbr title="Razgovor o šablonu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:%C4%86elijske_strukture_i_organele&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredi šablon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Strukture_ćelija/organela_(TH_H1.00.01.2-3)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Strukture <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija)">ćelija</a>/<a href="/wiki/Organela" title="Organela">organela</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">TH H1.00.01.2-3</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endomembranski_sistem" title="Endomembranski sistem">Endomembranski sistem</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86elijska_membrana" title="Ćelijska membrana">Ćelijska membrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedro_(biologija)" title="Jedro (biologija)">Jedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedarce_(biologija)" title="Jedarce (biologija)">Jedarce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoplazmatski_retikulum" title="Endoplazmatski retikulum">Endoplazmatski retikulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgijev_aparat" title="Golgijev aparat">Golgijev aparat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parentesom" title="Parentesom">Parentesom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autofagosom" title="Autofagosom">Autofagosom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vezikula" title="Vezikula">Vezikule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egzosom_(vezikula)" title="Egzosom (vezikula)">Egzosom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizosom" title="Lizosom">Lizosom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosom" title="Endosom">Endosom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagosom" title="Fagosom">Fagosom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakuola" title="Vakuola">Vakuola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrosom" title="Akrosom">Akrosom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granula_(citologija)" title="Granula (citologija)">Citoplasmatske granule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanosom" title="Melanosom">Melanosom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrotijelo" title="Mikrotijelo">Mikrotijelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glioksisom" title="Glioksisom">Glioksisom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroksisom" title="Peroksisom">Peroksisom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weibel%E2%80%93Paladeovo_tijelo" title="Weibel–Paladeovo tijelo">Weibel–Paladeovo tijelo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Citoskelet" title="Citoskelet">Citoskelet</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikronit" title="Mikronit">Mikronit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedijarni_filament" title="Intermedijarni filament">Intermedijarni filamenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrotubula" title="Mikrotubula">Mikrotubula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokariotski_citoskelet" title="Prokariotski citoskelet">Prokariotski citoskelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centar_organizacije_mikrotubula" title="Centar organizacije mikrotubula">MTOC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrosom" title="Centrosom">Centrosom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centriola" title="Centriola">Centriola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazno_tijelo" title="Bazno tijelo">Bazno tijelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarno_tijelo_diobenog_vretena" title="Polarno tijelo diobenog vretena">Polarno tijelo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miofibril" class="mw-redirect" title="Miofibril">Miofibrili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simbiogeneza" title="Simbiogeneza">Endosimbionti</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitohondrija" title="Mitohondrija">Mitohondrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hloroplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromoplast" title="Hromoplast">Hromoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontoplast" title="Gerontoplast">Gerontoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoplast" title="Leukoplast">Leukoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiloplast" title="Amiloplast">Amiloplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaioplast" title="Elaioplast">Elaioplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoplast" title="Proteinoplast">Proteinoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanosom" title="Tanosom">Tanosom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ostali unutrašnji</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Ribonukleinska kiselina">RNK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">Ribosom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijelo_za_preradu_RNK" title="Tijelo za preradu RNK">Splajsosom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svod_(organela)" title="Svod (organela)">Svod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citoplazma" title="Citoplazma">Citoplazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteasom" title="Proteasom">Proteasom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vanjski</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undulipodij" title="Undulipodij">Undulipodij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treplja" title="Treplja">Treplja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C4%8D_(biologija)" title="Bič (biologija)">Bič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksonema" title="Aksonema">Aksonema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radijalna_%C5%BEbica" title="Radijalna žbica">Radijalna žbica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van%C4%87elijski_matriks" title="Vanćelijski matriks">Vanćelijski matriks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86elijski_zid" title="Ćelijski zid">Ćelijski zid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Preuzeto iz "<a dir="ltr" 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