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<span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Drift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mass loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bubbles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bubbles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bubbles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bubbles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_and_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_and_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Monitoring and control</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monitoring_and_control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Monitoring and control subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_and_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technological_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Technological development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceberg_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceberg_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Iceberg management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceberg_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Commercial use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanography_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanography_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Oceanography and ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanography_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_large_icebergs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_large_icebergs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recent large icebergs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_large_icebergs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iceberg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysberg" title="Ysberg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ysberg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAsbeorg" title="Īsbeorg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Īsbeorg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Аисберг – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аисберг" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="جبل جليدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبل جليدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%93%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܛܘܪܐ ܕܓܠܝܕܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܘܪܐ ܕܓܠܝܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceber" title="Iceber – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iceber" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aysberq" title="Aysberq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aysberq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B2" title="হিমশৈল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিমশৈল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_is" title="Gunung is – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Gunung is" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng-soa%E2%81%BF" title="Peng-soaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Peng-soaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Айсберг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Айсберг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Айсбэрг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Айсбэрг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Айсберг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Айсберг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isberg" title="Isberg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Isberg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iceberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Айсберг – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Айсберг" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iceberg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynydd_rhew" title="Mynydd rhew – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynydd rhew" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isbjerg" title="Isbjerg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Isbjerg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisberg" title="Eisberg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eisberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4%C3%A4m%C3%A4gi" title="Jäämägi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jäämägi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Παγόβουνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγόβουνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Эйбандо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эйбандо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iceberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacimonto" title="Glacimonto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glacimonto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izozmendi" title="Izozmendi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izozmendi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="کوه یخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوه یخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iceberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnoc_oighir" title="Cnoc oighir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cnoc oighir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iceberg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%99%EC%82%B0" title="빙산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빙산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%BC%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Սառցասար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սառցասար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2" title="हिमशैल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिमशैल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_leda" title="Santa leda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Santa leda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotacinta_glacimonto" title="Flotacinta glacimonto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Flotacinta glacimonto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_es" title="Gunung es – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung es" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Iceberg" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgar%C3%ADsjaki" title="Borgarísjaki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Borgarísjaki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iceberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99" title="קרחון ימי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרחון ימי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_%C3%A8s" title="Gunung ès – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gunung ès" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ನೀರ್ಗಲ್ಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೀರ್ಗಲ್ಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Айсберг – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Айсберг" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="აისბერგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აისბერგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95_%D9%BE%D9%8E%D9%84" title="شیٖنہٕ پَل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شیٖنہٕ پَل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Мұзтау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұзтау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menydh_rew" title="Menydh rew – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Menydh rew" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_barafu" title="Siwa barafu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Siwa barafu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayisb%C3%A8g" title="Ayisbèg – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ayisbèg" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Айсберг – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Айсберг" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_glacialis" title="Mons glacialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mons glacialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisbergs" title="Aisbergs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aisbergs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84isbierg" title="Äisbierg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äisbierg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Айсберг – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Айсберг" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledkalnis" title="Ledkalnis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ledkalnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9ghegy" title="Jéghegy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jéghegy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Санта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Санта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="മഞ്ഞുമല ശകലങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഞ്ഞുമല ശകലങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97" title="हिमनग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिमनग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisberg" title="Aisberg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aisberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Айсбергсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Айсбергсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ရေခဲတောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေခဲတောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJsberg" title="IJsberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJsberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हिमशिला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिमशिला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B7%E5%B1%B1" title="氷山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="氷山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfjell" title="Isfjell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isfjell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfjell" title="Isfjell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Isfjell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceb%C3%A8rg" title="Icebèrg – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Icebèrg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aysberg" title="Aysberg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aysberg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC-%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬਰਫ਼-ਤੋਦਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਫ਼-ਤੋਦਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="برفانی تودا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برفانی تودا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesbarg" title="Iesbarg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Iesbarg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3ra_lodowa" title="Góra lodowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Góra lodowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iceberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisberg" title="Aisberg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aisberg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Айсберг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Айсберг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Айсберг – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Айсберг" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iceberg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%87%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86" title="برف جون ڇپون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برف جون ڇپون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryha_(%C4%BEad)" title="Kryha (ľad) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kryha (ľad)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledena_gora" title="Ledena gora – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ledena gora" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Ледени брег – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ледени брег" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_leda" title="Santa leda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Santa leda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4%C3%A4vuori" title="Jäävuori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jäävuori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isberg" title="Isberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iceberg" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="பனிமலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பனிமலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Айсберг – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Айсберг" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="ภูเขาน้ำแข็ง – Thai" 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iceberg (disambiguation)">Iceberg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceberg_in_the_Arctic_with_its_underside_exposed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Iceberg_in_the_Arctic_with_its_underside_exposed.jpg/300px-Iceberg_in_the_Arctic_with_its_underside_exposed.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Iceberg_in_the_Arctic_with_its_underside_exposed.jpg/450px-Iceberg_in_the_Arctic_with_its_underside_exposed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Iceberg_in_the_Arctic_with_its_underside_exposed.jpg/600px-Iceberg_in_the_Arctic_with_its_underside_exposed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5390" data-file-height="3032" /></a><figcaption>An iceberg in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm/260px--GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="230" data-mwtitle="GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm/GreenlandReel_Icebergs_2160APR.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Icebergs in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> as filmed by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>iceberg</b> is a piece of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">freshwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> more than 15 meters (16 yards) long<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that has broken off a <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf" title="Ice shelf">ice shelf</a> and is floating freely in open water.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller chunks of floating glacially derived ice are called "growlers" or "bergy bits".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of an iceberg is below the water's surface, which led to the expression "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tip_of_the_iceberg" class="extiw" title="wikt:tip of the iceberg">tip of the iceberg</a>" to illustrate a small part of a larger unseen issue. Icebergs are considered a <a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_sunk_by_icebergs" title="List of ships sunk by icebergs">serious maritime hazard</a>. </p><p>Icebergs vary considerably in size and shape. Icebergs that <a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">calve</a> from glaciers in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> are often irregularly shaped while <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic</a> ice shelves often produce large tabular (table top) icebergs. The largest iceberg in recent history, named <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_B-15" title="Iceberg B-15">B-15</a>, was measured at nearly 300 by 40 kilometres (186 by 25 mi) in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest iceberg on record was an Antarctic tabular iceberg measuring 335 by 97 kilometres (208 by 60 mi) sighted 240 kilometres (150 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Scott_Island" title="Scott Island">Scott Island</a>, in the South Pacific Ocean, by the <a href="/wiki/USS_Glacier_(AGB-4)" title="USS Glacier (AGB-4)">USS <i>Glacier</i></a> on November 12, 1956. This iceberg was larger than <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>iceberg</i> is a partial <a href="/wiki/Loan_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan translation">loan translation</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ijsberg#Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:ijsberg"><i>ijsberg</i></a>, literally meaning <i>ice mountain</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cognate to <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isbjerg#Danish" class="extiw" title="wikt:isbjerg"><i>isbjerg</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Eisberg#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Eisberg"><i>Eisberg</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a> <i><span lang="nds-nl" dir="ltr">Iesbarg</span></i> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <i><span lang="sv" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isberg#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:isberg">isberg</a></span></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically about one-tenth of the volume of an iceberg is above water, which follows from <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">Archimedes's Principle of buoyancy</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of pure ice is about 920 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram_per_cubic_metre" title="Kilogram per cubic metre">kg/m<sup>3</sup></a> (57 lb/cu ft), and that of <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> about 1,025 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (64 lb/cu ft). The contour of the underwater portion can be difficult to judge by looking at the portion above the surface. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Research_on_Iceberg_B-15A_by_Josh_Landis,_National_Science_Foundation_(Image_4)_(NSF).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Research_on_Iceberg_B-15A_by_Josh_Landis%2C_National_Science_Foundation_%28Image_4%29_%28NSF%29.jpg/260px-Research_on_Iceberg_B-15A_by_Josh_Landis%2C_National_Science_Foundation_%28Image_4%29_%28NSF%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Research_on_Iceberg_B-15A_by_Josh_Landis%2C_National_Science_Foundation_%28Image_4%29_%28NSF%29.jpg/390px-Research_on_Iceberg_B-15A_by_Josh_Landis%2C_National_Science_Foundation_%28Image_4%29_%28NSF%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Research_on_Iceberg_B-15A_by_Josh_Landis%2C_National_Science_Foundation_%28Image_4%29_%28NSF%29.jpg/520px-Research_on_Iceberg_B-15A_by_Josh_Landis%2C_National_Science_Foundation_%28Image_4%29_%28NSF%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>Northern edge of <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_B-15" title="Iceberg B-15">Iceberg B-15</a>A in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, 29 January 2001</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Iceberg size classifications according to the International Ice Patrol<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Size class </th> <th>Height (m) </th> <th>Length (m) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Growler </td> <td><1 </td> <td><5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bergy bit </td> <td>1–5 </td> <td>5–15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Small </td> <td>5–15 </td> <td>15–60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medium </td> <td>15–45 </td> <td>60–122 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Large </td> <td>45–75 </td> <td>122–213 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Very large </td> <td>>75 </td> <td>>213 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The largest icebergs recorded have been <a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">calved</a>, or broken off, from the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. Icebergs may reach a height of more than 100 metres (300 ft) above the sea surface and have mass ranging from about 100,000 tonnes up to more than 10 million tonnes. Icebergs or pieces of floating ice smaller than 5 meters above the sea surface are classified as "bergy bits"; smaller than 1 meter—"growlers".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest known iceberg in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean#Northern_Atlantic" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic</a> was 168 metres (551 ft) above sea level, reported by the USCG icebreaker <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Eastwind_(WAGB-279)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Eastwind (WAGB-279)"><i>Eastwind</i></a> in 1958, making it the height of a 55-story building. These icebergs originate from the glaciers of western Greenland and may have interior temperatures of −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-cgfoi_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgfoi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grotto_in_an_iceberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Grotto_in_an_iceberg.jpg/170px-Grotto_in_an_iceberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Grotto_in_an_iceberg.jpg/255px-Grotto_in_an_iceberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Grotto_in_an_iceberg.jpg/340px-Grotto_in_an_iceberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4389" data-file-height="5845" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">Grotto</a> in an iceberg, photographed during the <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">British Antarctic Expedition</a> of 1911–1913, 5 Jan 1911</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drift">Drift</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A given iceberg's trajectory through the ocean can be modelled by integrating the equation </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m{\frac {d{\vec {v}}}{dt}}=-mf{\vec {k}}\times {\vec {v}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{a}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{w}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{r}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{s}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{p}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>a</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>w</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>r</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>p</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m{\frac {d{\vec {v}}}{dt}}=-mf{\vec {k}}\times {\vec {v}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{a}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{w}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{r}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{s}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{p}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/62843d1f00ebe742235a3c27c11591bbfc0b681e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:47.8ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m{\frac {d{\vec {v}}}{dt}}=-mf{\vec {k}}\times {\vec {v}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{a}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{w}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{r}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{s}}+{\vec {F}}_{\text{p}},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>m</i> is the iceberg mass, <i>v</i> the drift velocity, and the variables <i>f</i>, <i>k</i>, and <i>F</i> correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a>, the vertical unit vector, and a given force. The subscripts a, w, r, s, and p correspond to the air drag, water drag, wave radiation force, sea ice drag, and the horizontal pressure gradient force.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Icebergs deteriorate through melting and fracturing, which changes the mass <i>m</i>, as well as the surface area, volume, and stability of the iceberg.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iceberg deterioration and drift, therefore, are interconnected ie. iceberg thermodynamics, and fracturing must be considered when modelling iceberg drift.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Winds and currents may move icebergs close to coastlines, where they can become frozen into <a href="/wiki/Drift_ice" title="Drift ice">pack ice</a> (one form of <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a>), or drift into shallow waters, where they can come into contact with the seabed, a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Seabed_gouging_by_ice" title="Seabed gouging by ice">seabed gouging</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_loss">Mass loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mass loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Icebergs lose mass due to melting, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">calving</a>. Melting can be due to solar radiation, or heat and salt transport from the ocean. Iceberg calving is generally enhanced by waves impacting the iceberg. </p><p>Melting tends to be driven by the ocean, rather than solar radiation. Ocean driven melting is often modelled as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{b}=K\Delta u^{0.8}{\frac {T_{0}-T}{L^{0.2}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.8</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{b}=K\Delta u^{0.8}{\frac {T_{0}-T}{L^{0.2}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f615bfb2dc46f61706b5eb519be4d36faaad1a63" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:22.327ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{b}=K\Delta u^{0.8}{\frac {T_{0}-T}{L^{0.2}}},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\text{b}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>b</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\text{b}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/05f24d1f074499df3c12b189781a5a2368242cdc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.4ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\text{b}}}"></span> is the melt rate in m/day, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta u}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>u</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta u}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2ea2e1c45e728efa7ba096c783234ee3c16e565d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.266ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta u}"></span> is the relative velocity between the iceberg and the ocean, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{0}-T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{0}-T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b21ae57c78f254bbb467b8e8ec8f44aca0507ccf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.888ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{0}-T}"></span> is the temperature difference between the ocean and the iceberg, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span> is the length of the iceberg. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>K</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}"></span> is a constant based on properties of the iceberg and the ocean and is approximately <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0.75^{\circ }{\text{C}}^{-1}{\text{m}}^{0.4}{\text{day}}^{-1}{\text{s}}^{0.8}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>0.75</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>day</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.8</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0.75^{\circ }{\text{C}}^{-1}{\text{m}}^{0.4}{\text{day}}^{-1}{\text{s}}^{0.8}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff1fe629625084e7daee59fe5b7852270f62f443" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.734ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0.75^{\circ }{\text{C}}^{-1}{\text{m}}^{0.4}{\text{day}}^{-1}{\text{s}}^{0.8}}"></span> in the polar ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Cenedese_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cenedese-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of the shape of an iceberg<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the Coriolis force<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on iceberg melting rates has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments. </p><p>Wave erosion is more poorly constrained but can be estimated by </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\text{e}}=cS_{s}(T_{\text{s}}+2)[1+{\text{cos}}(I_{\text{c}}^{3}\pi )],}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>e</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cos</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>c</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi>π</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\text{e}}=cS_{s}(T_{\text{s}}+2)[1+{\text{cos}}(I_{\text{c}}^{3}\pi )],}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8425a1bb854b3f5f057b0f8efed4d586cb04b847" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.266ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\text{e}}=cS_{s}(T_{\text{s}}+2)[1+{\text{cos}}(I_{\text{c}}^{3}\pi )],}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\text{e}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>e</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\text{e}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06103e1cecd545f4ad2c98d43dfccddf04b98218" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.216ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\text{e}}}"></span> is the wave erosion rate in m/day, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\frac {1}{12}}{\text{m day}}^{-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>12</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m day</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\frac {1}{12}}{\text{m day}}^{-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dd567d9ad2c50b8f2b0d15cdfcc1c9851cebfa52" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.798ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\frac {1}{12}}{\text{m day}}^{-1}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{\text{S}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>S</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{\text{S}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/25128dd08865ba2f316edf2ae37f4c04a7afd064" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.571ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{\text{S}}}"></span> describes the sea state, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\text{S}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>S</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\text{S}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5706ee61368812dcdd51ce468acb0ab2ec694cdf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.504ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\text{S}}}"></span> is the sea surface temperature, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{\text{c}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>c</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{\text{c}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/18e64dc890596db72cb22d60154ea0a9819ab2a6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{\text{c}}}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-Cenedese_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cenedese-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bubbles">Bubbles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bubbles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air trapped in snow forms bubbles as the snow is compressed to form firn and then glacial ice.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Icebergs can contain up to 10% air bubbles by volume.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The article only reports gas pressures in the bubbles up to 20 atm, without volume estimations, but saying that "At high pressures the bubbles are compressed so the difference in density between glacier ice and bubble-free ice becomes only a small fraction of 1 per cent". Since air even at 20 atm is ≳30 times lighter than pure ice, this by no means can be interpreted as "10% air bubbles by volume". (August 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> These bubbles are released during melting, producing a fizzing sound that some may call "Bergie <a href="/wiki/Carbonated_water" title="Carbonated water">Seltzer</a>". This sound results when the water-ice interface reaches compressed air bubbles trapped in the ice. As each bubble bursts it makes a "popping" sound<sup id="cite_ref-cgfoi_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgfoi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the acoustic properties of these bubbles can be used to study iceberg melt.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability">Stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An iceberg may flip, or capsize, as it melts and breaks apart, changing the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of gravity</a>. Capsizing can occur shortly after calving when the iceberg is young and establishing balance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Icebergs are unpredictable and can capsize anytime and without warning. Large icebergs that break off from a glacier front and flip onto the glacier face can push the entire glacier backwards momentarily, producing 'glacial earthquakes' that generate as much energy as an atomic bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Icebergs are generally white because they are covered in snow, but can be green, blue, yellow, black, striped, or even <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a>-colored.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seawater, algae and lack of air bubbles in the ice can create diverse colors. Sediment can create the dirty black coloration present in some icebergs.<sup id="cite_ref-Image_of_the_Week_-_Super-cool_colours_of_icebergs_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Image_of_the_Week_-_Super-cool_colours_of_icebergs-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape">Shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceberg_Shape.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iceberg_Shape.svg/220px-Iceberg_Shape.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iceberg_Shape.svg/330px-Iceberg_Shape.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iceberg_Shape.svg/440px-Iceberg_Shape.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Different shapes of icebergs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_Sound-2016-Iceberg_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Antarctic_Sound-2016-Iceberg_02.jpg/220px-Antarctic_Sound-2016-Iceberg_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Antarctic_Sound-2016-Iceberg_02.jpg/330px-Antarctic_Sound-2016-Iceberg_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Antarctic_Sound-2016-Iceberg_02.jpg/440px-Antarctic_Sound-2016-Iceberg_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7432" data-file-height="3599" /></a><figcaption>Tabular iceberg, near <a href="/wiki/Brown_Bluff" title="Brown Bluff">Brown Bluff</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Sound" title="Antarctic Sound">Antarctic Sound</a> off <a href="/wiki/Tabarin_Peninsula" title="Tabarin Peninsula">Tabarin Peninsula</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to size classification (Table 1), icebergs can be classified on the basis of their shapes. The two basic types of iceberg forms are <i>tabular</i> and <i>non-tabular</i>. Tabular icebergs have steep sides and a flat top, much like a <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a>, with a length-to-height ratio of more than 5:1.<sup id="cite_ref-iipssc_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iipssc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This type of iceberg, also known as an <i>ice island</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be quite large, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Pobeda_Ice_Island" title="Pobeda Ice Island">Pobeda Ice Island</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> icebergs formed by breaking off from an <a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf" title="Ice shelf">ice shelf</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a> or <a href="/wiki/Filchner%E2%80%93Ronne_Ice_Shelf" title="Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf">Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf</a>, are typically tabular. The largest icebergs in the world are formed this way. </p><p>Non-tabular icebergs have different shapes and include:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Dome</i>: An iceberg with a rounded top.</li> <li><i>Pinnacle</i>: An iceberg with one or more <a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">spires</a>.</li> <li><i>Wedge</i>: An iceberg with a steep edge on one side and a slope on the opposite side.</li> <li><i>Dry-dock</i>: An iceberg that has <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a> to form a slot or <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channel</a>.</li> <li><i>Blocky</i>: An iceberg with steep, vertical sides and a flat top. It differs from tabular icebergs in that its <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a>, the ratio between its width and height, is small, more like that of a block than a flat sheet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitoring_and_control">Monitoring and control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Monitoring and control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanic_iceberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Titanic_iceberg.jpg/220px-Titanic_iceberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Titanic_iceberg.jpg/330px-Titanic_iceberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Titanic_iceberg.jpg/440px-Titanic_iceberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_that_struck_the_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceberg that struck the Titanic">iceberg suspected of sinking</a> the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a>; a smudge of red paint much like the <i>Titanic</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> red hull stripe runs along its base at the waterline.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to 1914 there was no system in place to track icebergs to guard ships against collisions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> despite <a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_sunk_by_icebergs" title="List of ships sunk by icebergs">fatal sinkings</a> of ships by icebergs. In 1907, <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Kronprinz_Wilhelm" title="SS Kronprinz Wilhelm">SS Kronprinz Wilhelm</a></i>, a German liner, rammed an iceberg and suffered a crushed bow, but she was still able to complete her voyage. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Compartment_(ship)" title="Compartment (ship)">watertight compartmentalization</a> in ship construction led designers to declare their ships "unsinkable". </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Titanic" title="Sinking of the Titanic">1912 sinking of the <i>Titanic</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic" title="Iceberg that sank the Titanic">iceberg that sank the Titanic</a> killed more than 1,500 of its estimated 2,224 passengers and crew, seriously damaging the 'unsinkable' claim. For the remainder of the ice season of that year, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> patrolled the waters and monitored ice movements. In November 1913, the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_the_Safety_of_Life_at_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="International Conference on the Safety of Life at Sea">International Conference on the Safety of Life at Sea</a> met in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to devise a more permanent system of observing icebergs. Within three months the participating maritime nations had formed the <a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Patrol" title="International Ice Patrol">International Ice Patrol</a> (IIP). The goal of the IIP was to collect data on <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a> to measure currents, ice-flow, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">ocean temperature</a>, and salinity levels. They monitored iceberg dangers near the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Banks">Grand Banks</a> of Newfoundland and provided the "limits of all known ice" in that vicinity to the maritime community. The IIP published their first records in 1921, which allowed for a year-by-year comparison of iceberg movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technological_development">Technological development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technological development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burton_Island,_Atka,_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_(827218l).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Burton_Island%2C_Atka%2C_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28827218l%29.jpg/220px-Burton_Island%2C_Atka%2C_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28827218l%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Burton_Island%2C_Atka%2C_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28827218l%29.jpg/330px-Burton_Island%2C_Atka%2C_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28827218l%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Burton_Island%2C_Atka%2C_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28827218l%29.jpg/440px-Burton_Island%2C_Atka%2C_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28827218l%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5672" data-file-height="4496" /></a><figcaption>An iceberg being pushed by three <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> ships in <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a>, Antarctica</figcaption></figure> <p>Aerial surveillance of the seas in the early 1930s allowed for the development of charter systems that could accurately detail the ocean currents and iceberg locations. In 1945, experiments tested the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> in detecting icebergs. A decade later, oceanographic monitoring outposts were established for the purpose of collecting data; these outposts continue to serve in environmental study. A computer was first installed on a ship for the purpose of oceanographic monitoring in 1964, which allowed for a faster evaluation of data. By the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Icebreaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Icebreaking">ice-breaking</a> ships were equipped with automatic transmissions of <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> photographs of ice in Antarctica. Systems for optical satellites had been developed but were still limited by weather conditions. In the 1980s, drifting <a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">buoys</a> were used in Antarctic waters for oceanographic and <a href="/wiki/Climate_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate research">climate research</a>. They are equipped with sensors that measure ocean temperature and currents. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="281" data-mwtitle="Singing_iceberg.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Singing_iceberg.oga"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Singing_iceberg.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Singing_iceberg.oga/Singing_iceberg.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Acoustic monitoring of an iceberg</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Side_looking_airborne_radar" title="Side looking airborne radar">Side looking airborne radar</a> (SLAR) made it possible to acquire images regardless of weather conditions. On November 4, 1995, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> launched <a href="/wiki/RADARSAT-1" class="mw-redirect" title="RADARSAT-1">RADARSAT-1</a>. Developed by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a>, it provides images of Earth for scientific and commercial purposes. This system was the first to use <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_aperture_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic aperture radar">synthetic aperture radar</a> (SAR), which sends <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> energy to the ocean surface and records the reflections to track icebergs. The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> launched <a href="/wiki/ENVISAT" class="mw-redirect" title="ENVISAT">ENVISAT</a> (an observation satellite that orbits the Earth's poles)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on March 1, 2002. ENVISAT employs advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) technology, which can detect changes in surface height accurately. The Canadian Space Agency launched <a href="/wiki/RADARSAT-2" class="mw-redirect" title="RADARSAT-2">RADARSAT-2</a> in December 2007, which uses SAR and multi-polarization modes and follows the same <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> path as RADARSAT-1.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_monitoring">Modern monitoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iceberg concentrations and size distributions are monitored worldwide by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Ice_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Ice Center">National Ice Center</a> (NIC), established in 1995, which produces analyses and forecasts of <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> ice conditions. More than 95% of the data used in its sea ice analyses are derived from the remote sensors on polar-orbiting satellites that survey these remote regions of the Earth. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceberg_A22A,_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iceberg_A22A%2C_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg/220px-Iceberg_A22A%2C_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iceberg_A22A%2C_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg/330px-Iceberg_A22A%2C_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iceberg_A22A%2C_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg/440px-Iceberg_A22A%2C_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2345" data-file-height="1553" /></a><figcaption>Iceberg A22A in the South <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The NIC is the only organization that names and tracks all Antarctic Icebergs. It assigns each iceberg larger than 10 nautical miles (19 km) along at least one axis a name composed of a letter indicating its point of origin and a running number. The letters used are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><b>A</b> – <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> 0° to 90° W (<a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a>)</dd> <dd><b>B</b> – longitude 90° W to 180° (<a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a>, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a>)</dd> <dd><b>C</b> – longitude 90° E to 180° (Western Ross Sea, <a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Land" title="Wilkes Land">Wilkes Land</a>)</dd> <dd><b>D</b> – longitude 0° to 90° E (<a href="/wiki/Amery_Ice_Shelf" title="Amery Ice Shelf">Amery Ice Shelf</a>, Eastern Weddell Sea)</dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Danish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Danish Meteorological Institute">Danish Meteorological Institute</a> monitors <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polarportal.dk/en/sea-ice-and-icebergs/icebergs/">iceberg populations around Greenland</a> using data collected by the <a href="/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">synthetic aperture radar</a> (SAR) on the <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">Sentinel-1 satellites</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceberg_management">Iceberg management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iceberg management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Labrador and Newfoundland, iceberg management plans have been developed to protect offshore installations from impacts with icebergs.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_use">Commercial use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Commercial use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of towing large icebergs to other regions as a source of water has been raised since at least the 1950s, without having been put into practice.<sup id="cite_ref-abc_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, a business from the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> announced plans to tow an iceberg from Antarctica to the Middle East; in 2019 salvage engineer <a href="/wiki/Nick_Sloane" title="Nick Sloane">Nick Sloane</a> announced a plan to move one to South Africa<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at an estimated cost of $200 million.<sup id="cite_ref-abc_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, a German company, Polewater, announced plans to tow Antarctic icebergs to places like South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Companies have used iceberg water in products such as <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a>, fizzy ice cubes and alcoholic drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Iceberg Beer by <a href="/wiki/Quidi_Vidi_Brewing_Company" title="Quidi Vidi Brewing Company">Quidi Vidi Brewing Company</a> is made from icebergs found around <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's, Newfoundland">St. John's, Newfoundland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although annual iceberg supply in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> exceeds the total freshwater consumption of the United States, in 2016 the province introduced a tax on iceberg harvesting and imposed a limit on how much fresh water can be exported yearly.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceanography_and_ecology">Oceanography and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Oceanography and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scenic_view_of_Greenland_icebergs_in_Baffin_Bay_in_Disko_Bay_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Scenic_view_of_Greenland_icebergs_in_Baffin_Bay_in_Disko_Bay_07.jpg/220px-Scenic_view_of_Greenland_icebergs_in_Baffin_Bay_in_Disko_Bay_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Scenic_view_of_Greenland_icebergs_in_Baffin_Bay_in_Disko_Bay_07.jpg/330px-Scenic_view_of_Greenland_icebergs_in_Baffin_Bay_in_Disko_Bay_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Scenic_view_of_Greenland_icebergs_in_Baffin_Bay_in_Disko_Bay_07.jpg/440px-Scenic_view_of_Greenland_icebergs_in_Baffin_Bay_in_Disko_Bay_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Icebergs in <a href="/wiki/Disko_Bay" title="Disko Bay">Disko Bay</a></figcaption></figure><p>The freshwater injected into the ocean by melting icebergs can change the density of the seawater in the vicinity of the iceberg.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresh melt water released at depth is lighter, and therefore more buoyant, than the surrounding seawater causing it to rise towards the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Icebergs can also act as floating <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwaters</a>, impacting ocean waves.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Icebergs contain variable concentrations of nutrients and minerals that are released into the ocean during melting.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iceberg-derived nutrients, particularly the iron contained in sediments, can fuel blooms of phytoplankton.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samples collected from icebergs in Antarctica, Patagonia, Greenland, Svalbard, and Iceland, however, show that iron concentrations vary significantly,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> complicating efforts to generalize the impacts of icebergs on marine ecosystems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_large_icebergs">Recent large icebergs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recent large icebergs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceberg_A-38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Iceberg_A-38.jpg/220px-Iceberg_A-38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Iceberg_A-38.jpg/330px-Iceberg_A-38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Iceberg_A-38.jpg/440px-Iceberg_A-38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">calving</a> of Iceberg A-38 off <a href="/wiki/Filchner-Ronne_Ice_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf">Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf</a></figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Iceberg_B15" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceberg B15">Iceberg B15</a> calved from the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a> in 2000 and initially had an area of 11,000 square kilometres (4,200 sq mi). It broke apart in November 2002. The largest remaining piece of it, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_B-15A" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceberg B-15A">Iceberg B-15A</a>, with an area of 3,000 square kilometres (1,200 sq mi), was still the largest iceberg on Earth until it ran aground and split into several pieces October 27, 2005, an event that was observed by seismographs both on the iceberg and across Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been hypothesized that this breakup may also have been abetted by ocean swell generated by an <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaskan</a> storm 6 days earlier and 13,500 kilometres (8,400 mi) away.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li>1987, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_B-9" title="Iceberg B-9">Iceberg B-9</a>, 5,390 km<sup>2</sup> (2,080 sq mi)</li> <li>1998, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_A-38" title="Iceberg A-38">Iceberg A-38</a>, about 6,900 km<sup>2</sup> (2,700 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1999, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_B-17B" title="Iceberg B-17B">Iceberg B-17B</a> 140 km<sup>2</sup> (54 sq mi), <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">shipping</a> alert issued December 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_B-15" title="Iceberg B-15">Iceberg B-15</a> 11,000 km<sup>2</sup> (4,200 sq mi)</li> <li>2002, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_C-19" title="Iceberg C-19">Iceberg C-19</a>, 5,500 km<sup>2</sup> (2,100 sq mi)</li> <li>2002, <a href="/wiki/Thwaites_Glacier#Thwaites_Glacier_Tongue" title="Thwaites Glacier">Iceberg B-22</a>, 5,490 km<sup>2</sup> (2,120 sq mi)</li> <li>2003 broke off, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_B-15" title="Iceberg B-15">Iceberg B-15</a>A, 3,100 km<sup>2</sup> (1,200 sq mi)</li> <li>2006, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_D-16" title="Iceberg D-16">Iceberg D-16</a>, 310 km<sup>2</sup> (120 sq mi)</li> <li>2010, Ice sheet, 260 km<sup>2</sup> (100 sq mi), broken off of <a href="/wiki/Petermann_Glacier" title="Petermann Glacier">Petermann Glacier</a> in northern Greenland on August 5, 2010, considered to be the largest Arctic iceberg since 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a month later, this iceberg split into two pieces upon crashing into Joe Island in the <a href="/wiki/Nares_Strait" title="Nares Strait">Nares Strait</a> next to Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2011, large fragments of the Petermann Ice Islands were observed off the Labrador coast.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_B-31" title="Iceberg B-31">Iceberg B-31</a>, 615 km<sup>2</sup> (237 sq mi), 2014<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_A-68" title="Iceberg A-68">Iceberg A-68</a>, (Larsen C) 5,800 km<sup>2</sup> (2,200 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-IcebergA68_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IcebergA68-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_B-46" title="Iceberg B-46">Iceberg B-46</a>, 225 km<sup>2</sup> (87 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_D-28" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceberg D-28">Iceberg D-28</a>, 1,636 km<sup>2</sup> (632 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-IcebergD28_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IcebergD28-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2021, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_A-74" title="Iceberg A-74">Iceberg A-74</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Brunt_Ice_Shelf" title="Brunt Ice Shelf">Brunt Ice Shelf</a>, 1,270 km<sup>2</sup> (490 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2021, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_A-76" title="Iceberg A-76">Iceberg A-76</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ronne_Ice_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronne Ice Shelf">Ronne Ice Shelf</a>, 4,320 km<sup>2</sup> (1,670 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most infamous icebergs in history is the <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_that_sank_the_Titanic" title="Iceberg that sank the Titanic">iceberg that sank the <i>Titanic</i></a>. The catastrophe led to the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Patrol" title="International Ice Patrol">International Ice Patrol</a> shortly after. Icebergs in both the northern and southern hemispheres have often been compared in size to multiples of the 59.1 square kilometres (22.8 sq mi)-area of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Island">Manhattan Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Bradford_-_Fishing_Boats_and_Icebergs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/William_Bradford_-_Fishing_Boats_and_Icebergs.jpg/220px-William_Bradford_-_Fishing_Boats_and_Icebergs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/William_Bradford_-_Fishing_Boats_and_Icebergs.jpg/330px-William_Bradford_-_Fishing_Boats_and_Icebergs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/William_Bradford_-_Fishing_Boats_and_Icebergs.jpg/440px-William_Bradford_-_Fishing_Boats_and_Icebergs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(painter)" title="William Bradford (painter)">William Bradford</a>, <i>Fishing Boats and Icebergs</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Bierstadt_-_The_Iceberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of an large iceberg and a small skiff in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Albert_Bierstadt_-_The_Iceberg.jpg/220px-Albert_Bierstadt_-_The_Iceberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Albert_Bierstadt_-_The_Iceberg.jpg/330px-Albert_Bierstadt_-_The_Iceberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Albert_Bierstadt_-_The_Iceberg.jpg/440px-Albert_Bierstadt_-_The_Iceberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3887" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Albert Bierstadt</a>'s painting <i>The Iceberg</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Artists have used icebergs as the subject matter for their paintings. <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Frederic Edwin Church</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Icebergs" title="The Icebergs">The Icebergs</a></i>, 1861 was painted from sketches Church completed on a boat trip off Newfoundland and Labrador.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_of_Ice" title="The Sea of Ice">The Sea of Ice</a>,</i> 1823–1824 is polar landscape with an iceberg and ship wreck depicting the dangers of such conditions<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(painter)" title="William Bradford (painter)">William Bradford</a> created detailed paintings of sailing ships set in arctic coasts and was fascinated by icebergs.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Albert Bierstadt</a> made studies on arctic trips aboard steamships in 1883 and 1884 that were the basis of his paintings of arctic scenes with colossal icebergs made in the studio.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American poet, <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Sigourney" title="Lydia Sigourney">Lydia Sigourney</a>, wrote the poem <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poems_for_the_Sea/Icebergs" class="extiw" title="s:Poems for the Sea/Icebergs">"Icebergs"</a>. While on a return journey from Europe in 1841, her steamship encountered a field of icebergs overnight, during an <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora Borealis">Aurora Borealis</a>. The ship made it through unscathed to the next morning, when the sun rose and "touched the crowns, Of all those arctic kings."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recorded_icebergs_by_area" title="List of recorded icebergs by area">List of recorded icebergs by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">Ice calving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">Sea ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">Polar ice cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_pack_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Polar ice pack (disambiguation)">Polar ice pack (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynya" title="Polynya">Polynya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">Sea ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_gouging_by_ice" title="Seabed gouging by ice">Seabed gouging by ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf_ice" title="Shelf ice">Shelf ice</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_Ilulissat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coat_of_arms_Ilulissat.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_Ilulissat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coat_of_arms_Ilulissat.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_Ilulissat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coat_of_arms_Ilulissat.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_Ilulissat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Iceberg pictured in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Ilulissat" title="Ilulissat">Ilulissat</a>, a name meaning "Iceberg"</figcaption></figure></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170509054249/https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/iip/Iceberg_Formation.pdf">"Iceberg Formation: International Ice Patrol"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Ice Patrol</i>. 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U.S. National Ice Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iceberg+A-74+Calves+from+the+Brunt+Ice+Shelf+in+the+Weddell+Sea&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Ice+Center&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft.au=LT+Falon+M.+Essary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusicecenter.gov%2FPressRelease%2FIcebergA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/19/world/iceberg-a-76-antarctica-intl/index.html">"World's largest iceberg breaks off from Antarctica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN.com">CNN.com</a>. 19 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+largest+iceberg+breaks+off+from+Antarctica&rft.pub=CNN.com&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F05%2F19%2Fworld%2Ficeberg-a-76-antarctica-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamira_Rahim2020" class="citation news cs1">Zamira Rahim (September 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/14/europe/greenland-arctic-ice-shelf-intl/index.html">"A chunk of ice twice the size of Manhattan has broken off Greenland in the last two years"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+chunk+of+ice+twice+the+size+of+Manhattan+has+broken+off+Greenland+in+the+last+two+years&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft.au=Zamira+Rahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F09%2F14%2Feurope%2Fgreenland-arctic-ice-shelf-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddie_Stone2019" class="citation web cs1">Maddie Stone (February 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027051022/https://earther.gizmodo.com/an-iceberg-30-times-the-size-of-manhattan-is-about-to-b-1832764641">"An Iceberg 30 Times the Size of Manhattan Is About to Break Off Antarctica"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=An+Iceberg+30+Times+the+Size+of+Manhattan+Is+About+to+Break+Off+Antarctica&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft.au=Maddie+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearther.gizmodo.com%2Fan-iceberg-30-times-the-size-of-manhattan-is-about-to-b-1832764641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorraine_Chow2018" class="citation web cs1">Lorraine Chow (November 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/iceberg-bigger-manhattan-broke-antarctica-2018-11">"An iceberg 5 times bigger than Manhattan just broke off from Antarctica"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027051017/https://www.businessinsider.com/iceberg-bigger-manhattan-broke-antarctica-2018-11">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=An+iceberg+5+times+bigger+than+Manhattan+just+broke+off+from+Antarctica&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft.au=Lorraine+Chow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ficeberg-bigger-manhattan-broke-antarctica-2018-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/iceberg-70-times-size-manhattan-114459703.html">"An iceberg about 70 times the size of Manhattan broke off from Antarctica, creating the world's largest iceberg"</a>. 20 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+iceberg+about+70+times+the+size+of+Manhattan+broke+off+from+Antarctica%2C+creating+the+world%27s+largest+iceberg&rft.date=2021-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Ficeberg-70-times-size-manhattan-114459703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2020/11/04/americas/worlds-biggest-iceberg-a68a-intl/index.html">"An iceberg 80 times the size of Manhattan could destroy a fragile South Atlantic ecosystem"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+iceberg+80+times+the+size+of+Manhattan+could+destroy+a+fragile+South+Atlantic+ecosystem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.cnn.com%2Fcnn%2F2020%2F11%2F04%2Famericas%2Fworlds-biggest-iceberg-a68a-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dma.org/art/collection/object/4171219">"The Icebergs"</a>. <i>Dallas Museum of Art</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719235827/https://dma.org/art/collection/object/4171219">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic%2C+Antarctic%2C+and+Alpine+Research&rft.atitle=Full+article%2F+William+Bradford%2F+Sailing+Ships+and+Arctic+Seas&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=541&rft.date=2018-01-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1657%2F1523-0430%282003%29035%5B0541%3ABR%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.issn=1523-0430&rft.aulast=Overeem&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1657%2F1523-0430%25282003%2529035%255B0541%253ABR%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com.cn/en/lot/lot-6134527">"Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902), Icebergs"</a>. <i>Christie's</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308004355/https://www.christies.com.cn/en/lot/lot-6134527">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christie%27s&rft.atitle=Albert+Bierstadt+%281830-1902%29%2C+Icebergs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com.cn%2Fen%2Flot%2Flot-6134527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigourney1850" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Sigourney" title="Lydia Sigourney">Sigourney, Lydia</a> (1850). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poems_for_the_Sea/Icebergs" class="extiw" title="s:Poems for the Sea/Icebergs">Icebergs</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poems_for_the_Sea" class="extiw" title="s:Poems for the Sea">Poems for the Sea</a></i>. H. S. Parsons & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Icebergs&rft.btitle=Poems+for+the+Sea&rft.pub=H.+S.+Parsons+%26+Company&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Sigourney&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceberg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Iceberg" class="extiw" title="commons:Iceberg"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Iceberg</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Icebergs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Icebergs">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icebergfinder.com/">Iceberg Finder Service</a> for east coast of Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826010509/http://www.solcomhouse.com/iceberg.htm">Icebergs of The Arctic and Antarctic</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" 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tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ice" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ice" title="Template:Ice"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ice" title="Template talk:Ice"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ice" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ice"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ice" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice#Amorphous_ice" title="Phases of ice">Amorphous solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice#Known_phases" title="Phases of ice">Crystalline phases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice#Ice_XVIII_(superionic_water)" title="Phases of ice">Superionic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_ice" title="Anchor ice">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cave" title="Ice cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_dune" title="Ice dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iceberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">calving</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icicle" title="Icicle">Icicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_jam" title="Ice jam">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">Sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_spike" title="Ice spike">Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalactite#Ice_stalactites" title="Stalactite">Stalactites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_volcano" title="Ice volcano">Volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice%E2%80%93albedo_feedback" title="Ice–albedo feedback">Albedo feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_circle" title="Ice circle">Circle or disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_ice" title="Clear ice">Clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice crystals">Crystals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firn" title="Firn">Firn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_fog" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazil_ice" title="Frazil ice">Frazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_flower" title="Frost flower">Frost flower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frost_flower_(sea_ice)" title="Frost flower (sea ice)">sea ice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaze_(ice)" title="Glaze (ice)">Glaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_ice" title="Hair ice">Hair ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_jacking" title="Ice jacking">Jacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9v%C3%A9" title="Névé">Névé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_ice" title="Needle ice">Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_nucleus" title="Ice nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rime_ice" title="Rime ice">Rime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_shove" title="Ice shove">Shove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuga_(ice)" title="Shuga (ice)">Shuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_ice" title="Slurry ice">Slurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush" title="Slush">Slush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Storm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ice-related<br />activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bath" title="Ice bath">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_blasting" title="Ice blasting">Blasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_blocking" title="Ice blocking">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_fishing" title="Ice fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_rafting" title="Ice rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sculpture" title="Ice sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">Skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceboat" title="Iceboat">Iceboating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cricket" title="Ice cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icetrack_cycling" title="Icetrack cycling">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">Figure skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_racing" title="Ice racing">Ice racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">Speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-track_speed_skating" title="Short-track speed skating">Short-track speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_skating" title="Tour skating">Tour skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constructions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bar" title="Ice bar">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bridge" title="Ice bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hotel" title="Ice hotel">Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igloo" title="Igloo">Igloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_palace" title="Ice palace">Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pier" title="Ice pier">Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pykrete" title="Pykrete">Pykrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_rink" title="Ice rink">Rink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cutting" title="Ice cutting">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebox" title="Icebox">Icebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_house_(building)" title="Ice house (building)">Icehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceman_(occupation)" title="Iceman (occupation)">Iceman (occupation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pick" title="Ice pick">Pick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_trade" title="Ice trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice chips">Chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cube" title="Ice cube">Cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pack" title="Ice pack">Pack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Water_ice" title="Category:Water ice">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ice" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ice">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ice" class="extiw" title="wikt:ice">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47568#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47568#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47568#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Icebergs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119773104">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563866">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538548605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10636735">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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