CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>NTSC - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8b408444-82f9-49e5-a981-fcecd8b14740","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"NTSC","wgTitle":"NTSC","wgCurRevisionId":1279452841,"wgRevisionId":1279452841,"wgArticleId":21689,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use American English from August 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from December 2022","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2022","Articles needing additional references from February 2024","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024","Articles to be expanded from June 2008","All articles to be expanded","Articles needing additional references from March 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2014","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","ITU-R recommendations","Television terminology","Television transmission standards","Video formats","Video signal"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"NTSC","wgRelevantArticleId":21689,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q185796","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg/1200px-PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="609"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg/800px-PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="406"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg/640px-PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="325"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="NTSC - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-NTSC rootpage-NTSC skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=NTSC" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=NTSC" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=NTSC" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=NTSC" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Digital conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technical details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resolution_and_refresh_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolution_and_refresh_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Resolution and refresh rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolution_and_refresh_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colorimetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorimetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Colorimetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorimetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NTSC_1953" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NTSC_1953"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>NTSC 1953</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NTSC_1953-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SMPTE_C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SMPTE_C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>SMPTE C</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SMPTE_C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_compatibility_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_compatibility_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Color compatibility issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_compatibility_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Color encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission_modulation_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission_modulation_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Transmission modulation method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission_modulation_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frame_rate_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frame_rate_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Frame rate conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frame_rate_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modulation_for_analog_satellite_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modulation_for_analog_satellite_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Modulation for analog satellite transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modulation_for_analog_satellite_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Field order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NTSC-M" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NTSC-M"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>NTSC-M</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NTSC-M-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NTSC-N_and_NTSC_50" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NTSC-N_and_NTSC_50"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>NTSC-N and NTSC 50</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NTSC-N_and_NTSC_50-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NTSC-J" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NTSC-J"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>NTSC-J</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NTSC-J-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NTSC_4.43" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NTSC_4.43"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>NTSC 4.43</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NTSC_4.43-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OSKM_(USSR-NTSC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OSKM_(USSR-NTSC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>OSKM (USSR-NTSC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OSKM_(USSR-NTSC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NTSC-film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NTSC-film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>NTSC-film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NTSC-film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparative quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_interval_reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_interval_reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vertical interval reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_interval_reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_and_territories_that_are_using_or_once_used_NTSC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_and_territories_that_are_using_or_once_used_NTSC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Countries and territories that are using or once used NTSC</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countries_and_territories_that_are_using_or_once_used_NTSC-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Countries and territories that are using or once used NTSC subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Countries_and_territories_that_are_using_or_once_used_NTSC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Experimented" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimented"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Experimented</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimented-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_and_territories_that_have_ceased_using_NTSC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_and_territories_that_have_ceased_using_NTSC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Countries and territories that have ceased using NTSC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_and_territories_that_have_ceased_using_NTSC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NTSC</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A9" title="معيار اللجنة الوطنية لنظام التلفزة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معيار اللجنة الوطنية لنظام التلفزة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_Televiziya_Standartlar%C4%B1_Komit%C9%99si_(AB%C5%9E)" title="Milli Televiziya Standartları Komitəsi (ABŞ) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milli Televiziya Standartları Komitəsi (ABŞ)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="এনটিএসসি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এনটিএসসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ان‌تی‌اس‌سی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ان‌تی‌اس‌سی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Television_System_Committee" title="National Television System Committee – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Television System Committee" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="एनटीएससी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एनटीएससी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಎನ್ ಟಿ ಎಸ್ ಸಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎನ್ ಟಿ ಎಸ್ ಸಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Television_Standards_Committee" title="National Television Standards Committee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="National Television Standards Committee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="என்டிஎஸ்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="என்டிஎஸ்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="เอ็นทีเอสซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอ็นทีเอสซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="NTSC" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC%E5%88%B6%E5%BC%8F" title="NTSC制式 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="NTSC制式" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC%E5%88%B6%E5%BC%8F" title="NTSC制式 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="NTSC制式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185796#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:NTSC" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/NTSC"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/NTSC"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/NTSC" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/NTSC" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&oldid=1279452841" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=NTSC&id=1279452841&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNTSC"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNTSC"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=NTSC&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185796" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Analog television system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the television system. For NTSC regions in videogames, see <a href="/wiki/Regional_lockout#Video_games" title="Regional lockout">Regional lockout § Video games</a>. For the Indonesian government agency, see <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Committee" title="National Transportation Safety Committee">National Transportation Safety Committee</a>. For the organization in China, see <a href="/wiki/National_Time_Service_Center" title="National Time Service Center">National Time Service Center</a>. For the standard-definition digital video mode sometimes referred to as NTSC, see <a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg/500px-PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg/750px-PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg/1000px-PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Analog television encoding systems by nation: NTSC (<span style="color:green;">green</span>), <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> (<span style="color: #ff7700;">orange</span>), and <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> (<span style="color:blue;">blue</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>NTSC</b> (from <b>National Television System Committee</b>) is the first American standard for <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog television</a>, published and adopted in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, it was assigned the designation <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a>. It is also known as <a href="/wiki/List_of_EIA_standards" title="List of EIA standards">EIA</a> standard 170.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953, a second NTSC standard was adopted,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allowed for <a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">color television</a> broadcast compatible with the existing stock of <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> receivers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of three major color formats for analog television, the others being <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>. <i>NTSC color</i> is usually associated with the System M; this combination is sometimes called NTSC II.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only other <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">broadcast television system</a> to use NTSC color was the <a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">System J</a>. Brazil used System M with PAL color. Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos used System M with SECAM color - Vietnam later started using PAL in the early 1990s. </p><p>The NTSC/System M standard was used in most of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Argentina" title="Television in Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Paraguay" title="Television in Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Uruguay" title="Television in Uruguay">Uruguay</a>), <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Myanmar" title="Television in Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_South_Korea" title="Television in South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Taiwan" title="Television in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Philippines" title="Television in the Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Japan</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Islands</a> nations and territories (see map). </p><p>Since the introduction of digital sources (ex: DVD) the term <b>NTSC</b> has been used to refer to digital formats with number of active lines between 480 and 487 having 30 or 29.97 frames per second rate, serving as a digital shorthand to System M. The so-called <i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#NTSC-film">NTSC-Film</a> standard</i> has a digital standard resolution of 720 × 480 pixel for <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Videos</a>, 480 × 480 pixel for <a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">Super Video CDs</a> (SVCD, Aspect Ratio: 4:3) and 352 × 240 pixel for <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">Video CDs</a> (VCD).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> (DV) camcorder format that is equivalent to NTSC is 720 × 480 pixels.<sup id="cite_ref-NTSC_PCMag_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTSC_PCMag-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> (DTV) equivalent is 704 × 480 pixels.<sup id="cite_ref-NTSC_PCMag_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTSC_PCMag-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">History of television</a></div> <p>The National Television System Committee was established in 1940 by the United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) to resolve the conflicts between companies over the introduction of a nationwide analog television system in the United States. In March 1941, the committee issued a technical standard for black-and-white television that built upon a 1936 recommendation made by the Radio Manufacturers Association (RMA). Technical advancements of the <a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation#Vestigial_sideband_(VSB)" title="Single-sideband modulation">vestigial side band</a> technique allowed for the opportunity to increase the image resolution. The NTSC selected 525 scan lines as a compromise between <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system#United_States" title="441-line television system">441-scan line</a> standard (already being used by RCA's <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> TV network) and <a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network" title="DuMont Television Network">DuMont</a>'s desire to increase the number of scan lines to between 605 and 800.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard recommended a <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> of 30 frames (images) per second, consisting of two <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlaced</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_(video)" title="Field (video)">fields</a> per frame at 262.5 lines per field and 60 fields per second. Other standards in the final recommendation were an <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a> of 4:3, and frequency modulation (FM) for the sound signal (which was quite new at the time). </p><p>In January 1950, the committee was reconstituted to standardize <a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">color television</a>. The FCC had briefly approved a <a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system#United_States_405-line_field-sequential_color_system" title="405-line television system">405-line</a> <a href="/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">field-sequential</a> color television standard in October 1950, which was developed by <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CBS system was incompatible with existing black-and-white receivers. It used a rotating color wheel, reduced the number of <a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">scan lines</a> from 525 to 405, and increased the field rate from 60 to 144, but had an effective <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> of only 24 frames per second. Legal action by rival RCA kept commercial use of the system off the air until June 1951, and regular broadcasts only lasted a few months before manufacture of all color television sets was banned by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Defense Mobilization">Office of Defense Mobilization</a> in October, ostensibly due to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variant of the CBS system was later used by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> to broadcast pictures of astronauts from space.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> CBS rescinded its system in March 1953,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the FCC replaced it on December 17, 1953, with the NTSC color standard, which was cooperatively developed by several companies, including RCA and Philco.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1953, the FCC unanimously approved what is now called the <i>NTSC</i> color television standard (later defined as RS-170a). The compatible color standard retained full backward compatibility with then-existing black-and-white television sets. Color information was added to the black-and-white image by introducing a color <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarrier</a> of precisely 315/88 MHz (usually described as 3.579545 MHz±10 Hz).<sup id="cite_ref-73.682_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73.682-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise frequency was chosen so that horizontal line-rate modulation components of the chrominance signal fall exactly in between the horizontal line-rate modulation components of the luminance signal, such that the chrominance signal could easily be filtered out of the luminance signal on new television sets, and that it would be minimally visible in existing televisions. Due to limitations of <a href="/wiki/Frequency_divider" title="Frequency divider">frequency divider</a> circuits at the time the color standard was promulgated, the color subcarrier frequency was constructed as composite frequency assembled from small integers, in this case 5×7×9/(8×11) MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The horizontal line rate was reduced to approximately 15,734 lines per second (3.579545×2/455 MHz = 9/572 MHz) from 15,750 lines per second, and the frame rate was reduced to 30/1.001 ≈ 29.970 frames per second (the horizontal line rate divided by 525 lines/frame) from 30 frames per second. These changes amounted to 0.1 percent and were readily tolerated by then-existing television receivers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first publicly announced network television broadcast of a program using the NTSC "compatible color" system was an episode of NBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Kukla,_Fran_and_Ollie" title="Kukla, Fran and Ollie">Kukla, Fran and Ollie</a></i> on August 30, 1953, although it was viewable in color only at the network's headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first nationwide viewing of NTSC color came on the following January 1 with the coast-to-coast broadcast of the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Parade" title="Rose Parade">Tournament of Roses Parade</a>, viewable on prototype color receivers at special presentations across the country. The first color NTSC <a href="/wiki/Professional_video_camera" title="Professional video camera">television camera</a> was the <a href="/wiki/RCA_TK-40/41" title="RCA TK-40/41">RCA TK-40</a>, used for experimental broadcasts in 1953; an improved version, the TK-40A, introduced in March 1954, was the first commercially available color television camera. Later that year, the improved TK-41 became the standard camera used throughout much of the 1960s. </p><p>The NTSC standard has been adopted by other countries, including some in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_conversion">Digital conversion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Digital conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a>, analog broadcasts were largely phased out. Most US NTSC broadcasters were required by the FCC to shut down their analog transmitters by February 17, 2009, however this was later moved to June 12, 2009. <a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">Low-power stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_A_television_service" title="Class A television service">Class A stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">translators</a> were required to shut down by 2015, although an FCC extension allowed some of those stations operating on Channel 6 to operate until July 13, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining Canadian analog TV transmitters, in markets not subject to the mandatory transition in 2011, were scheduled to be shut down by January 14, 2022, under a schedule published by <a href="/wiki/Innovation,_Science_and_Economic_Development_Canada" title="Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada">Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada</a> in 2017; however the scheduled transition dates have already passed for several stations listed that continue to broadcast in analog (e.g. <a href="/wiki/CFJC-TV" title="CFJC-TV">CFJC-TV</a> Kamloops, which has not yet transitioned to digital, is listed as having been required to transition by November 20, 2020).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most countries using the NTSC standard, as well as those using other <a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Standards" title="Analog television">analog television standards</a>, have switched to, or are in process of switching to, newer digital television standards, with there being at least four different standards in use around the world. North America, parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> are adopting or have adopted the <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a> standards, while other countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, are adopting or have adopted other standards instead of ATSC. After nearly 70 years, the majority of over-the-air NTSC transmissions in the United States ceased on June 12, 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by August 31, 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-fcc.gov_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc.gov-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and most other NTSC markets.<sup id="cite_ref-canadapalorntsc_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadapalorntsc-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of NTSC transmissions ended in Japan on July 24, 2011, with the Japanese prefectures of <a href="/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture" title="Iwate Prefecture">Iwate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miyagi_Prefecture" title="Miyagi Prefecture">Miyagi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture" title="Fukushima Prefecture">Fukushima</a> ending the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc.gov_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc.gov-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a pilot program in 2013, most full-power analog stations in Mexico left the air on ten dates in 2015, with some 500 low-power and repeater stations allowed to remain in analog until the end of 2016. Digital broadcasting allows <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">higher-resolution television</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">digital standard definition television</a> continues to use the frame rate and number of lines of resolution established by the analog NTSC standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolution_and_refresh_rate">Resolution and refresh rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Resolution and refresh rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NTSC color encoding is used with the <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a> television signal, which consists of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">30</span>⁄<span class="den">1.001</span></span> (approximately 29.97) <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlaced</a> frames of <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> per <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a>. Each frame is composed of two fields, each consisting of 262.5 scan lines, for a total of 525 scan lines. The visible <a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">raster</a> is made up of 486 scan lines. The later digital standard, <a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a>, only uses 480 of these lines for visible raster. The remainder (the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">vertical blanking interval</a>) allow for vertical <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronization</a> and retrace. This blanking interval was originally designed to simply blank the electron beam of the receiver's CRT to allow for the simple analog circuits and slow vertical retrace of early TV receivers. However, some of these lines may now contain other data such as <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captioning</a> and vertical interval <a href="/wiki/Timecode" title="Timecode">timecode</a> (VITC). In the complete <a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">raster</a> (disregarding half lines due to <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlacing</a>) the even-numbered scan lines (every other line that would be even if counted in the video signal, e.g. {2, 4, 6, ..., 524}) are drawn in the first field, and the odd-numbered (every other line that would be odd if counted in the video signal, e.g. {1, 3, 5, ..., 525}) are drawn in the second field, to yield a <a href="/wiki/Flicker_fusion_threshold" title="Flicker fusion threshold">flicker-free</a> image at the field refresh <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">60</span>⁄<span class="den">1.001</span></span> Hz (approximately 59.94 Hz). For comparison, 625 lines (576 visible) systems, usually used with <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL-B/G</a> and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> color, and so have a higher vertical resolution, but a lower temporal resolution of 25 frames or 50 fields per second. </p><p>The NTSC field refresh frequency in the black-and-white system originally exactly matched the nominal 60 Hz <a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">frequency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> power used in the United States. Matching the field <a href="/wiki/Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">refresh rate</a> to the power source avoided <a href="/wiki/Intermodulation" title="Intermodulation">intermodulation</a> (also called <i>beating</i>), which produces rolling bars on the screen. Synchronization of the refresh rate to the power incidentally helped <a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">kinescope</a> cameras record early live television broadcasts, as it was very simple to synchronize a <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> camera to capture one frame of video on each film frame by using the alternating current frequency to set the speed of the synchronous AC motor-drive camera. This, as mentioned, is how the NTSC field refresh frequency worked in the original black-and-white system; when <i>color</i> was added to the system, however, the refresh frequency was shifted slightly downward by 0.1%, to approximately 59.94 Hz, to eliminate stationary dot patterns in the difference frequency between the sound and color carriers (as explained below in <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Color_encoding">§<span class="nowrap"> </span>Color encoding</a>). By the time the frame rate changed to accommodate color, it was nearly as easy to trigger the camera shutter from the video signal itself. </p><p>The actual figure of 525 lines was chosen as a consequence of the limitations of the vacuum-tube-based technologies of the day. In early TV systems, a master <a href="/wiki/Phase-locked_loop" title="Phase-locked loop">voltage-controlled oscillator</a> was run at twice the horizontal line frequency, and this <a href="/wiki/Frequency_divider" title="Frequency divider">frequency was divided</a> down by the number of lines used (in this case 525) to give the field frequency (60 Hz in this case). This frequency was then compared with the 60 Hz <a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">power-line frequency</a> and any discrepancy <a href="/wiki/Frequency-locked_loop" title="Frequency-locked loop">corrected by adjusting the frequency</a> of the master oscillator. For interlaced scanning, an odd number of lines per frame was required in order to make the vertical retrace distance identical for the odd and even fields,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which meant the master oscillator frequency had to be divided down by an odd number. At the time, the only practical method of frequency division was the use of a chain of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> <a href="/wiki/Multivibrator" title="Multivibrator">multivibrators</a>, the overall division ratio being the mathematical product of the division ratios of the chain. Since all the factors of an odd number also have to be odd numbers, it follows that all the dividers in the chain also had to divide by odd numbers, and these had to be relatively small due to the problems of <a href="/wiki/Frequency_drift" title="Frequency drift">thermal drift</a> with vacuum tube devices. The closest practical sequence to 500 that meets these criteria was <span class="texhtml">3×5×5×7=525</span>. (For the same reason, 625-line PAL-B/G and SECAM uses <span class="texhtml">5×5×5×5</span>, the old <a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">British 405-line system</a> used <span class="texhtml">3×3×3×3×5</span>, the French <a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819-line</a> system used <span class="texhtml">3×3×7×13</span> etc.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colorimetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison_CC_v06_NTSC_709_P3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison_CC_v06_NTSC_709_P3.png/250px-CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison_CC_v06_NTSC_709_P3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison_CC_v06_NTSC_709_P3.png/330px-CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison_CC_v06_NTSC_709_P3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison_CC_v06_NTSC_709_P3.png/500px-CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison_CC_v06_NTSC_709_P3.png 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1643" /></a><figcaption>1931 CIE chromaticity diagram, showing gamuts for NTSC, BT.709, and P3</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a> refers to the specific colorimetric characteristics of the system and its components, including the specific primary colors used, the camera, the display, etc. Over its history, NTSC color had two distinctly defined colorimetries, shown on the accompanying chromaticity diagram as NTSC 1953 and SMPTE C. Manufacturers introduced a number of variations for technical, economic, marketing, and other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>RGB chromaticity coordinates </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/White_point" title="White point">White point</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Correlated_color_temperature" title="Correlated color temperature">CCT</a> </th> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary colors</a> (CIE 1931 xy) </th></tr> <tr> <th>x </th> <th>y </th> <th>K </th> <th>R<sub>x</sub> </th> <th>R<sub>y</sub> </th> <th>G<sub>x</sub> </th> <th>G<sub>y</sub> </th> <th>B<sub>x</sub> </th> <th>B<sub>y</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">NTSC (1953) </td> <td>0.31 </td> <td>0.316 </td> <td>6774 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_illuminant#Illuminants_B_and_C" title="Standard illuminant">C</a>) </td> <td>0.67 </td> <td>0.33 </td> <td>0.21 </td> <td>0.71 </td> <td>0.14 </td> <td>0.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SMPTE C (1987) </td> <td>0.3127 </td> <td>0.329 </td> <td>6500 (<a href="/wiki/Illuminant_D65" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminant D65">D65</a>) </td> <td>0.63 </td> <td>0.34 </td> <td>0.31 </td> <td>0.595 </td> <td>0.155 </td> <td>0.07 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NTSC_1953">NTSC 1953</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: NTSC 1953"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original 1953 color NTSC specification, still part of the United States <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a>, defined the <a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">colorimetric</a> values of the system as shown in the above table.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early color television receivers, such as the RCA <a href="/wiki/CT-100" title="CT-100">CT-100</a>, were faithful to this specification (which was based on prevailing motion picture standards), having a larger gamut than most of today's monitors. Their low-efficiency phosphors (notably in the Red) were weak and long-persistent, leaving trails after moving objects. Starting in the late 1950s, picture tube phosphors would sacrifice saturation for increased brightness; this deviation from the standard at both the receiver and broadcaster was the source of considerable color variation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SMPTE_C">SMPTE C</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: SMPTE C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Color_correction_in_studio_monitors_and_home_receivers"></span> </p><p>To ensure more uniform color reproduction, some manufacturers incorporated color correction circuits into sets, that converted the received signal—encoded for the colorimetric values listed above—adjusting for the actual phosphor characteristics used within the monitor. Since such color correction can not be performed accurately on the nonlinear <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma corrected</a> signals transmitted, the adjustment can only be approximated, introducing both hue and <a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">luminance</a> errors for highly saturated colors. </p><p>Similarly at the broadcaster stage, in 1968–69 the Conrac Corp., working with RCA, defined a set of controlled phosphors for use in broadcast color picture <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">video monitors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMarsh,_Leroy_1098_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMarsh,_Leroy_1098-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This specification survives today as the <b>SMPTE C</b> phosphor specification:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with home receivers, it was further recommended<sup id="cite_ref-ITU470_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU470-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that studio monitors incorporate similar color correction circuits so that broadcasters would transmit pictures encoded for the original 1953 colorimetric values, in accordance with FCC standards. </p><p>In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers</a> (SMPTE) Committee on Television Technology, Working Group on Studio Monitor Colorimetry, adopted the SMPTE C (Conrac) phosphors for general use in Recommended Practice 145,<sup id="cite_ref-SMPTE_RP145_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMPTE_RP145-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prompting many manufacturers to modify their camera designs to directly encode for SMPTE C colorimetry without color correction,<sup id="cite_ref-SMPTE_EG27_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMPTE_EG27-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as approved in SMPTE standard 170M, "Composite Analog Video Signal – NTSC for Studio Applications" (1994). As a consequence, the <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a> digital television standard states that for <a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a> signals, SMPTE C colorimetry should be assumed unless colorimetric data is included in the transport stream.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese NTSC never changed primaries and whitepoint to SMPTE C, continuing to use the 1953 NTSC primaries and whitepoint.<sup id="cite_ref-ITU470_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU470-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> systems used the original 1953 NTSC colorimetry as well until 1970;<sup id="cite_ref-ITU470_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU470-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike NTSC, however, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) rejected color correction in receivers and studio monitors that year and instead explicitly called for all equipment to directly encode signals for the "EBU" colorimetric values.<sup id="cite_ref-EBU1975_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBU1975-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Color_compatibility_issues">Color compatibility issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Color compatibility issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In reference to the gamuts shown on the CIE chromaticity diagram (above), the variations between the different colorimetries can result in significant visual differences. To adjust for proper viewing requires <a href="/wiki/Color_management#Gamut_mapping" title="Color management">gamut mapping</a> via <a href="/wiki/Lookup_table#Lookup_tables_in_image_processing" title="Lookup table">LUTs</a> or additional <a href="/wiki/Color_grading" title="Color grading">color grading</a>. SMPTE Recommended Practice RP 167-1995 refers to such an automatic correction as an "NTSC corrective display matrix."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, material prepared for 1953 NTSC may look desaturated when displayed on SMPTE C or ATSC/<a href="/wiki/BT.709" class="mw-redirect" title="BT.709">BT.709</a> displays, and may also exhibit noticeable hue shifts. On the other hand, SMPTE C materials may appear slightly more saturated on BT.709/sRGB displays, or significantly more saturated on P3 displays, if the appropriate gamut mapping is not performed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_encoding">Color encoding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Color encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/NTSC" title="Special:EditPage/NTSC">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22NTSC%22">"NTSC"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22NTSC%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22NTSC%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22NTSC%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22NTSC%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22NTSC%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/YIQ" title="YIQ">YIQ</a></div> <p>NTSC uses a <a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">luminance</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a> encoding system, incorporating concepts invented in 1938 by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Valensi" title="Georges Valensi">Georges Valensi</a>. Using a separate luminance signal maintained backward compatibility with black-and-white television sets in use at the time; only color sets would recognize the chroma signal, which was essentially ignored by black and white sets. </p><p>The red, green, and blue primary color signals <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (R^{\prime }G^{\prime }B^{\prime })}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (R^{\prime }G^{\prime }B^{\prime })}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0bc6143b34499810ce6d5e8dea9527222aa4a4de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.218ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (R^{\prime }G^{\prime }B^{\prime })}" /></span> are weighted and summed into a single <a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">luma</a> signal, designated <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc6b95f963ad415c9e50171ecb1826cc4c094477" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:2.585ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y^{\prime }}" /></span> (Y prime)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which takes the place of the original <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">monochrome signal</a>. The color difference information is encoded into the chrominance signal, which carries only the color information. This allows black-and-white receivers to display NTSC color signals by simply ignoring the chrominance signal. Some black-and-white TVs sold in the U.S. after the introduction of color broadcasting in 1953 were designed to filter chroma out, but the early B&W sets did not do this and <a href="/wiki/Chroma_dots" title="Chroma dots">chrominance</a> could be seen as a <a href="/wiki/Dot_crawl" title="Dot crawl">crawling dot pattern</a> in areas of the picture that held saturated colors.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To derive the separate signals containing only color information, the difference is determined between each color primary and the summed luma. Thus the red difference signal is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R^{\prime }-Y^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R^{\prime }-Y^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de7715befde1a15130999ce525fa2cbc6e85c972" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.874ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R^{\prime }-Y^{\prime }}" /></span> and the blue difference signal is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B^{\prime }-Y^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B^{\prime }-Y^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59a77b0e2b84845565aac20ea05b29ac8d759f79" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.874ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B^{\prime }-Y^{\prime }}" /></span>. These difference signals are then used to derive two new color signals known as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ecfd8e2eb7ac58c428f1a8ddcd959587e00f759c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.901ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I^{\prime }}" /></span> (in-phase) and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96ea583f70067429fbfe06ba6f6cc66c6b668861" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.523ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q^{\prime }}" /></span> (in quadrature) in a process called <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a>. The <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I^{\prime }Q^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I^{\prime }Q^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e7b8a112f90c72e3e679619f2950607b49fe726d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.424ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I^{\prime }Q^{\prime }}" /></span> color space is rotated relative to the difference signal color space, such that orange-blue color information (which the human eye is most sensitive to) is transmitted on the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ecfd8e2eb7ac58c428f1a8ddcd959587e00f759c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.901ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I^{\prime }}" /></span> signal at 1.3 MHz bandwidth, while the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96ea583f70067429fbfe06ba6f6cc66c6b668861" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.523ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q^{\prime }}" /></span> signal encodes purple-green color information at 0.4 MHz bandwidth; this allows the chrominance signal to use less overall bandwidth without noticeable color degradation. The two signals each amplitude modulate<sup id="cite_ref-Monochrome_and_Colour_Television_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monochrome_and_Colour_Television-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3.58 MHz carriers which are 90 degrees out of phase with each other<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the result added together but with the <a href="/wiki/Double-sideband_suppressed-carrier_transmission" title="Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission">carriers themselves being suppressed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monochrome_and_Colour_Television_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monochrome_and_Colour_Television-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result can be viewed as a single sine wave with varying phase relative to a reference carrier and with varying amplitude. The varying phase represents the instantaneous color <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a> captured by a TV camera, and the amplitude represents the instantaneous color <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">saturation</a>. The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">51</span>⁄<span class="den">88</span></span> MHz <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarrier</a> is then added to the Luminance to form the composite color signal<sup id="cite_ref-Monochrome_and_Colour_Television_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monochrome_and_Colour_Television-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which modulates the video signal <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier</a>. 3.58 MHz is often stated as an abbreviation instead of 3.579545 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a color TV to recover hue information from the color subcarrier, it must have a zero-phase reference to replace the previously suppressed carrier. The NTSC signal includes a short sample of this reference signal, known as the <a href="/wiki/Colorburst" title="Colorburst">colorburst</a>, located on the back porch of each horizontal synchronization pulse. The color burst consists of a minimum of eight cycles of the unmodulated (pure original) color subcarrier. The TV receiver has a local oscillator, which is synchronized with these color bursts to create a reference signal. Combining this reference phase signal with the chrominance signal allows the recovery of the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ecfd8e2eb7ac58c428f1a8ddcd959587e00f759c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.901ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I^{\prime }}" /></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96ea583f70067429fbfe06ba6f6cc66c6b668861" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.523ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q^{\prime }}" /></span> signals, which in conjunction with the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc6b95f963ad415c9e50171ecb1826cc4c094477" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:2.585ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y^{\prime }}" /></span> signal, is reconstructed to the individual <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R^{\prime }G^{\prime }B^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R^{\prime }G^{\prime }B^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e54c903998e61287f4430dd6f4143a0b91fb9b96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.409ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R^{\prime }G^{\prime }B^{\prime }}" /></span> signals, that are then sent to the <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT</a> to form the image. </p><p>In CRT televisions, the NTSC signal is turned into three color signals: red, green, and blue, each controlling an electron gun that is designed to excite only the corresponding red, green, or blue phosphor dots. TV sets with digital circuitry use sampling techniques to process the signals but the result is the same. For both analog and digital sets processing an analog NTSC signal, the original three color signals are transmitted using three discrete signals (Y, I and Q) and then recovered as three separate colors (R, G, and B) and presented as a color image. </p><p>When a transmitter broadcasts an NTSC signal, it amplitude-modulates a radio-frequency carrier with the NTSC signal just described, while it frequency-modulates a carrier 4.5 MHz higher with the audio signal. If non-linear distortion happens to the broadcast signal, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">51</span>⁄<span class="den">88</span></span> MHz color carrier may <a href="/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)" title="Beat (acoustics)">beat</a> with the sound carrier to produce a dot pattern on the screen. To make the resulting pattern less noticeable, designers adjusted the original 15,750 Hz scanline rate down by a factor of 1.001 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">100</span>⁄<span class="den">1,001</span></span>%) to match the audio carrier frequency divided by the factor 286, resulting in a field rate of approximately 59.94 Hz. This adjustment ensures that the difference between the sound carrier and the color subcarrier (the most problematic <a href="/wiki/Intermodulation" title="Intermodulation">intermodulation</a> product of the two carriers) is an odd multiple of half the line rate, which is the necessary condition for the dots on successive lines to be opposite in phase, making them least noticeable. </p><p>The 59.94 rate is derived from the following calculations. Designers chose to make the chrominance subcarrier frequency an <i>n</i> + 0.5 multiple of the line frequency to minimize interference between the luminance signal and the chrominance signal. (Another way this is often stated is that the color subcarrier frequency is an odd multiple of half the line frequency.) They then chose to make the audio subcarrier frequency an integer multiple of the line frequency to minimize visible (intermodulation) interference between the audio signal and the chrominance signal. The original black-and-white standard, with its 15,750 Hz line frequency and 4.5 MHz audio subcarrier, does not meet these requirements, so designers had to either raise the audio subcarrier frequency or lower the line frequency. Raising the audio subcarrier frequency would prevent existing (black and white) receivers from properly tuning in the audio signal. Lowering the line frequency is comparatively innocuous, because the horizontal and vertical synchronization information in the NTSC signal allows a receiver to tolerate a substantial amount of variation in the line frequency. So the engineers chose the line frequency to be changed for the color standard. In the black-and-white standard, the ratio of audio subcarrier frequency to line frequency is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">4.5 MHz</span>⁄<span class="den">15,750 Hz</span></span> = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">285<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">7</span></span>. In the color standard, this becomes rounded to the integer 286, which means the color standard's line rate is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">4.5 MHz</span>⁄<span class="den">286</span></span> ≈ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">15,734<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">266</span>⁄<span class="den">1,001</span></span> Hz. Maintaining the same number of scan lines per field (and frame), the lower line rate must yield a lower field rate. Dividing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">4,500,000</span>⁄<span class="den">286</span></span> lines per second by 262.5 lines per field gives approximately 59.94 fields per second. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission_modulation_method">Transmission modulation method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transmission modulation method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ntsc_channel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ntsc_channel.svg/400px-Ntsc_channel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ntsc_channel.svg/600px-Ntsc_channel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ntsc_channel.svg/800px-Ntsc_channel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Spectrum of a System M television channel with NTSC color</figcaption></figure> <p>An NTSC <a href="/wiki/Television_channel" title="Television channel">television channel</a> as transmitted occupies a total bandwidth of 6 MHz. The actual video signal, which is <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude-modulated</a>, is transmitted between 500 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">kHz</a> and 5.45 MHz above the lower bound of the channel. The video <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier</a> is 1.25 MHz above the lower bound of the channel. Like most AM signals, the video carrier generates two <a href="/wiki/Sideband" title="Sideband">sidebands</a>, one above the carrier and one below. The sidebands are each 4.2 MHz wide. The entire upper sideband is transmitted, but only 1.25 MHz of the lower sideband, known as a <a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">vestigial sideband</a>, is transmitted. The color subcarrier, as noted above, is 3.579545 MHz above the video carrier, and is <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">quadrature-amplitude-modulated</a> with a suppressed carrier. The audio signal is <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency-modulated</a>, like the audio signals broadcast by <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM radio</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">stations</a> in the 88–108 MHz band, but with a 25 kHz maximum <a href="/wiki/Frequency_deviation" title="Frequency deviation">frequency deviation</a>, as opposed to 75 kHz as is used on the <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcast_band" title="FM broadcast band">FM band</a>, making analog television audio signals sound quieter than FM radio signals as received on a wideband receiver. The main audio carrier is 4.5 MHz above the video carrier, making it 250 kHz below the top of the channel. Sometimes a channel may contain an <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_Television_Sound" title="Multichannel Television Sound">MTS</a> signal, which offers more than one audio signal by adding one or two subcarriers on the audio signal, each synchronized to a multiple of the line frequency. This is normally the case when <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereo audio</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Second_audio_program" title="Second audio program">second audio program</a> signals are used. The same extensions are used in <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a>, where the ATSC digital carrier is broadcast at 0.31 MHz above the lower bound of the channel. </p><p>"Setup" is a 54 mV (7.5 <a href="/wiki/IRE_(unit)" title="IRE (unit)">IRE</a>) voltage offset between the "black" and "blanking" levels. It is unique to NTSC. CVBS stands for Color, Video, Blanking, and Sync. </p><p>The following table shows the values for the basic RGB colors, encoded in NTSC<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Analog signal values for basic RGB colors, encoded in NTSC </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Color </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">Luminance</a> level (<a href="/wiki/IRE_(unit)" title="IRE (unit)">IRE</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">Chrominance</a> level (IRE) </th> <th>Chrominance amplitude (IRE) </th> <th>Phase (º) </th></tr> <tr> <th>White </th> <td>100.0 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Yellow </th> <td>89.5 </td> <td>48.1 to 130.8 </td> <td>82.7 </td> <td>167.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cyan </th> <td>72.3 </td> <td>13.9 to 130.8 </td> <td>116.9 </td> <td>283.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Green </th> <td>61.8 </td> <td>7.2 to 116.4 </td> <td>109.2 </td> <td>240.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Magenta </th> <td>45.7 </td> <td>−8.9 to 100.3 </td> <td>109.2 </td> <td>60.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Red </th> <td>35.2 </td> <td>−23.3 to 93.6 </td> <td>116.9 </td> <td>103.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Blue </th> <td>18.0 </td> <td>−23.3 to 59.4 </td> <td>82.7 </td> <td>347.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Black </th> <td>7.5 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frame_rate_conversion">Frame rate conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Frame rate conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine">Telecine</a></div> <p>There is a large difference in <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> between film, which runs at 24 frames per second, and the NTSC standard, which runs at approximately 29.97 (10 MHz×63/88/455/525) frames per second. </p><p>In regions that use 25-fps television and video standards, this difference can be overcome by <a href="/wiki/576i#PAL_speed-up" title="576i">speed-up</a>. </p><p>For 30-fps standards, a process called "<a href="/wiki/Three-two_pull_down" title="Three-two pull down">3:2 pulldown</a>" is used. One film frame is transmitted for three video fields (lasting <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> video frames), and the next frame is transmitted for two video fields (lasting 1 video frame). Two film frames are thus transmitted in five video fields, for an average of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> video fields per film frame. The average frame rate is thus 60 ÷ 2.5 = 24 frames per second, so the average film speed is nominally exactly what it should be. (In reality, over the course of an hour of real time, 215,827.2 video fields are displayed, representing 86,330.88 frames of film, while in an hour of true 24-fps film projection, exactly 86,400 frames are shown: thus, 29.97-fps NTSC transmission of 24-fps film runs at 99.92% of the film's normal speed.) Still-framing on playback can display a video frame with fields from two different film frames, so any difference between the frames will appear as a rapid back-and-forth flicker. There can also be noticeable jitter/"stutter" during slow camera pans (<a href="/wiki/Telecine#Telecine_judder" title="Telecine">telecine judder</a>). </p><p>Film shot specifically for NTSC television is usually taken at 30 (instead of 24) frames per second to avoid 3:2 pulldown.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To show 25-fps material (such as European <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television series</a> and some European movies) on NTSC equipment, every fifth frame is duplicated and then the resulting stream is interlaced. </p><p>Film shot for NTSC television at 24 frames per second has traditionally been accelerated by 1/24 (to about 104.17% of normal speed) for transmission in regions that use 25-fps television standards. This increase in picture speed has traditionally been accompanied by a similar increase in the pitch and tempo of the audio. More recently, frame-blending has been used to convert 24 FPS video to 25 FPS without altering its speed. </p><p>Film shot for television in regions that use 25-fps television standards can be handled in either of two ways: </p> <ul><li>The film can be shot at 24 frames per second. In this case, when transmitted in its native region, the film may be accelerated to 25 fps according to the analog technique described above, or kept at 24 fps by the digital technique described above. When the same film is transmitted in regions that use a nominal 30-fps television standard, there is no noticeable change in speed, tempo, and pitch.</li> <li>The film can be shot at 25 frames per second. In this case, when transmitted in its native region, the film is shown at its normal speed, with no alteration of the accompanying soundtrack. When the same film is shown in regions that use a 30-fps nominal television standard, every fifth frame is duplicated, and there is still no noticeable change in speed, tempo, and pitch.</li></ul> <p>Because both film speeds have been used in 25-fps regions, viewers can face confusion about the true speed of video and audio, and the pitch of voices, sound effects, and musical performances, in television films from those regions. For example, they may wonder whether the <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Brett" title="Jeremy Brett">Jeremy Brett</a> series of <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> television films, made in the 1980s and early 1990s, was shot at 24 fps and then transmitted at an artificially fast speed in 25-fps regions, or whether it was shot at 25 fps natively and then slowed to 24 fps for NTSC exhibition. </p><p>These discrepancies exist not only in television broadcasts over the air and through cable, but also in the home-video market, on both tape and disc, including <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">laser disc</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>. </p><p>In digital television and video, which are replacing their analog predecessors, single standards that can accommodate a wider range of frame rates still show the limits of analog regional standards. The initial version of the <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a> standard, for example, allowed frame rates of 23.976, 24, 29.97, 30, 59.94, 60, 119.88 and 120 frames per second, but not 25 and 50. Modern ATSC allows 25 and 50 FPS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modulation_for_analog_satellite_transmission">Modulation for analog satellite transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modulation for analog satellite transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because satellite power is severely limited, analog video transmission through satellites differs from terrestrial TV transmission. <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> is a linear modulation method, so a given demodulated <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a> (SNR) requires an equally high received RF SNR. The SNR of studio quality video is over 50 dB, so AM would require prohibitively high powers and/or large antennas. </p><p>Wideband <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> is used instead to trade RF bandwidth for reduced power. Increasing the channel bandwidth from 6 to 36 MHz allows a RF SNR of only 10 dB or less. The wider noise bandwidth reduces this 40 dB power saving by 36 MHz / 6 MHz = 8 dB for a substantial net reduction of 32 dB. </p><p>Sound is on an FM subcarrier as in terrestrial transmission, but frequencies above 4.5 MHz are used to reduce aural/visual interference. 6.8, 5.8 and 6.2 MHz are commonly used. Stereo can be multiplex, discrete, or matrix and unrelated audio and data signals may be placed on additional subcarriers. </p><p>A triangular 60 Hz energy dispersal waveform is added to the composite baseband signal (video plus audio and data subcarriers) before modulation. This limits the satellite downlink <a href="/wiki/Spectral_density" title="Spectral density">power spectral density</a> in case the video signal is lost. Otherwise the satellite might transmit all of its power on a single frequency, interfering with terrestrial microwave links in the same frequency band. </p><p>In half transponder mode, the frequency deviation of the composite baseband signal is reduced to 18 MHz to allow another signal in the other half of the 36 MHz transponder. This reduces the FM benefit somewhat, and the recovered SNRs are further reduced because the combined signal power must be "backed off" to avoid intermodulation distortion in the satellite transponder. A single FM signal is constant amplitude, so it can saturate a transponder without distortion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_order">Field order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Field order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An NTSC <i>frame</i> consists of two <i>fields,</i> F1 (field one) and F2 (field two). The <a href="/wiki/Field_dominance" title="Field dominance">field dominance</a> depends on a combination of factors, including decisions by various equipment manufacturers as well as historical conventions. As a result, most professional equipment has the option to switch between a dominant upper or dominant lower field. It is not advisable to use the terms <i>even</i> or <i>odd</i> when speaking of fields, due to substantial ambiguity. For instance if the line numbering for a particular system starts at zero, while another system starts its line numbering at one. As such the same field could be even or odd.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While an analog television set does not care about field dominance per se, field dominance is important when editing NTSC video. Incorrect interpretation of field order can cause a shuddering effect as moving objects jump forward and behind on each successive field. </p><p>This is of particular importance when interlaced NTSC is transcoded to a format with a different field dominance and vice versa. Field order is also important when transcoding progressive video to interlaced NTSC, as any place there is a cut between two scenes in the progressive video, there could be a flash field in the interlaced video if the field dominance is incorrect. The film telecine process where a <a href="/wiki/Three-two_pull_down" title="Three-two pull down">three-two pull down</a> is utilized to convert 24 frames to 30, will also provide unacceptable results if the field order is incorrect. </p><p>Because each field is temporally unique for material captured with an interlaced camera, converting interlaced to a digital progressive-frame medium is difficult, as each progressive frame will have artifacts of motion on every alternating line. This can be observed in PC-based video-playing utilities and is frequently solved simply by transcoding the video at half resolution and only using one of the two available fields. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NTSC-M">NTSC-M</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: NTSC-M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike PAL and SECAM, with its many varied underlying <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">broadcast television systems</a> in use throughout the world, NTSC color encoding is almost invariably used with <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">broadcast system <b>M</b></a>, giving NTSC-M. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NTSC-N_and_NTSC_50">NTSC-N and NTSC 50</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: NTSC-N and NTSC 50"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NTSC-N was originally proposed in the 1960s to the <a href="/wiki/ITU-R#CCIR" title="ITU-R">CCIR</a> as a 50 Hz broadcast method for <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">System N</a> countries Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina before they chose <a href="/wiki/PAL#PALN" title="PAL">PAL</a>. In 1978, with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Apple_II_Plus" title="Apple II Plus">Apple II Europlus</a>, it was effectively reintroduced as "NTSC 50", a pseudo-system combining 625-line video with 3.58 MHz NTSC color. For example, an <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> running PAL software on their NTSC color display used this system as the monitor could not decode PAL color. Most analog NTSC television sets and monitors with a V-Hold knob can display this system after adjusting the vertical hold.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: NTSC-J"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s variant "<a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a>" is slightly different: in Japan, black level and blanking level of the signal are identical (at 0 <a href="/wiki/IRE_(unit)" title="IRE (unit)">IRE</a>), as they are in PAL, while in American NTSC, black level is slightly higher (7.5 <a href="/wiki/IRE_(unit)" title="IRE (unit)">IRE</a>) than blanking level. Since the difference is quite small, a slight turn of the brightness knob is all that is required to correctly show the "other" variant of NTSC on any set as it is supposed to be; most watchers might not even notice the difference in the first place. The channel encoding on NTSC-J differs slightly from NTSC-M. In particular, the Japanese VHF band runs from channels 1–12 (located on frequencies directly above the 76–90 MHz Japanese <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM radio</a> band) while the North American VHF TV band uses channels 2–13 (54–72 MHz, 76–88 MHz and 174–216 MHz) with 88–108 MHz allocated to FM radio broadcasting. Japan's UHF TV channels are therefore numbered from 13 up and not 14 up, but otherwise uses the same UHF broadcasting frequencies as those in <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_television_frequencies" title="Pan-American television frequencies">North America</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NTSC_4.43">NTSC 4.43</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: NTSC 4.43"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NTSC 4.43 is a pseudo-system that transmits a NTSC color subcarrier of 4.43 MHz instead of 3.58 MHz<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting output is only viewable by TVs that support the resulting pseudo-system (such as most PAL TVs).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a native NTSC TV to decode the signal yields no color, while using an incompatible PAL TV to decode the system yields erratic colors (observed to be lacking red and flickering randomly). The format was used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> TV based in Germany during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cable_Television" title="Hong Kong Cable Television">Hong Kong Cable Television</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was also found as an optional output on some <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> players sold in markets where the PAL system is used. </p><p>The NTSC 4.43 system, while not a broadcast format, appears most often as a playback function of PAL cassette format VCRs, beginning with the Sony 3/4" U-Matic format and then following onto Betamax and VHS format machines, commonly advertised as "NTSC playback on PAL TV". </p><p>Multi-standard video monitors were already in use in Europe to accommodate broadcast sources in PAL, SECAM, and NTSC video formats. The <a href="/wiki/Heterodyne#Heterodyning_in_analog_videotape_recording" title="Heterodyne">heterodyne</a> color-under process of U-Matic, Betamax & VHS lent itself to minor modification of VCR players to accommodate NTSC format cassettes. The color-under format of VHS uses a 629 kHz subcarrier while U-Matic & Betamax use a 688 kHz subcarrier to carry an <i>amplitude modulated</i> chroma signal for both NTSC and PAL formats. Since the VCR was ready to play the color portion of the NTSC recording using PAL color mode, the PAL scanner and capstan speeds had to be adjusted from PAL's 50 Hz field rate to NTSC's 59.94 Hz field rate, and faster linear tape speed. </p><p>The changes to the PAL VCR are minor thanks to the existing VCR recording formats. The output of the VCR when playing an NTSC cassette in NTSC 4.43 mode is 525 lines/29.97 frames per second with PAL compatible heterodyned color. The multi-standard receiver is already set to support the NTSC H & V frequencies; it just needs to do so while receiving PAL color. </p><p>The existence of those multi-standard receivers was probably part of the drive for region coding of DVDs. As the color signals are component on disc for all display formats, almost no changes would be required for PAL DVD players to play NTSC (525/29.97) discs as long as the display was frame-rate compatible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OSKM_(USSR-NTSC)"><span id="OSKM_.28USSR-NTSC.29"></span>OSKM (USSR-NTSC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: OSKM (USSR-NTSC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1960, (7 years prior to adoption of the modified SECAM version) the experimental TV studio in Moscow started broadcasting using the OSKM system. OSKM was the version of NTSC adapted to European D/K 625/50 standard. The OSKM abbreviation means "Simultaneous system with quadrature modulation" (In Russian: Одновременная Система с Квадратурной Модуляцией). It used the color coding scheme that was later used in PAL (U and V instead of I and Q). </p><p>The color subcarrier frequency was 4.4296875 MHz and the bandwidth of U and V signals was near 1.5 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only circa 4000 TV sets of 4 models (Raduga,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temp-22, Izumrud-201 and Izumrud-203<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) were produced for studying the real quality of TV reception. These TV's were not commercially available, despite being included in the goods catalog for trade network of the USSR. </p><p>The broadcasting with this system lasted about 3 years and was ceased well before SECAM transmissions started in the USSR. None of the current multi-standard TV receivers can support this TV system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NTSC-film">NTSC-film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: NTSC-film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/24p" title="24p">24p</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Film content commonly shot at 24 frames/s can be converted to 30 frames/s through the <a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine">telecine</a> process to duplicate frames as needed. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {23.976}{29.97}}={\frac {4}{5}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>23.976</mn> <mn>29.97</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>4</mn> <mn>5</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {23.976}{29.97}}={\frac {4}{5}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fdb9a32572645c431316ec43c6f5137511302ede" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:12.392ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {23.976}{29.97}}={\frac {4}{5}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>Mathematically for NTSC this is relatively simple as it is only needed to duplicate every fourth frame. Various techniques are employed. NTSC with an actual frame rate of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">24</span>⁄<span class="den">1.001</span></span>  (approximately 23.976) frames/s is often defined as NTSC-film. A process known as pullup, also known as pulldown, generates the duplicated frames upon playback. This method is common for <a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2</a> digital video so the original content is preserved and played back on equipment that can display it or can be converted for equipment that cannot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_quality">Comparative quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Comparative quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/NTSC" title="Special:EditPage/NTSC">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22NTSC%22">"NTSC"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22NTSC%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22NTSC%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22NTSC%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22NTSC%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22NTSC%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg/300px-SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg/450px-SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg/600px-SMPTE_Color_Bars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/SMPTE_color_bars" title="SMPTE color bars">SMPTE color bars</a>, an example of a <a href="/wiki/Test_card" title="Test card">test pattern</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For NTSC, and to a lesser extent, PAL, reception problems can degrade the color accuracy of the picture where ghosting can dynamically change the phase of the color burst with picture content, thus altering the color balance of the signal. The only receiver compensation is in the professional TV receiver ghost canceling circuits used by cable companies. The vacuum-tube electronics used in televisions through the 1960s led to various technical problems. Among other things, the color burst phase would often drift. In addition, the TV studios did not always transmit properly, leading to hue changes when channels were changed, which is why NTSC televisions were equipped with a tint control. PAL and SECAM televisions had less of a need for one. SECAM in particular was very robust, but PAL, while excellent in maintaining skin tones which viewers are particularly sensitive to, nevertheless would distort other colors in the face of phase errors. With phase errors, only "Deluxe PAL" receivers would get rid of "Hanover bars" distortion. Hue controls are still found on NTSC TVs, but color drifting generally ceased to be a problem for more modern circuitry by the 1970s. When compared to PAL, in particular, NTSC color accuracy and consistency were sometimes considered inferior, leading to video professionals and television engineers jokingly referring to NTSC as <i>Never The Same Color</i>, <i>Never Twice the Same Color</i>, or <i>No True Skin Colors</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while for the more expensive PAL system it was necessary to <i>Pay for Additional Luxury</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The use of NTSC coded color in <a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a> systems, as well as the use of closed-circuit composite NTSC, both eliminate the phase distortions because there is no reception ghosting in a closed-circuit system to smear the color burst. For VHS videotape on the horizontal axis and frame rate of the three color systems when used with this scheme, the use of S-Video gives the higher resolution picture quality on monitors and TVs without a high-quality motion-compensated comb filtering section. (The NTSC resolution on the vertical axis is lower than the European standards, 525 lines against 625.) However, it uses too much bandwidth for over-the-air transmission. The <a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 800</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> home computers generate S-video, but only when used with specially designed monitors as no TV at the time supported the separate chroma and luma on standard <a href="/wiki/RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA jacks</a>. In 1987, a standardized four-pin <a href="/wiki/Mini-DIN_connector" title="Mini-DIN connector">mini-DIN</a> socket was introduced for S-video input with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> players, which were the first device produced to use the four-pin plugs. However, S-VHS never became very popular. Video game consoles in the 1990s began offering S-video output as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertical_interval_reference">Vertical interval reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vertical interval reference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard NTSC video image contains some lines (lines 1–21 of each field) that are not visible (this is known as the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">Vertical Blanking Interval</a>, or VBI); all are beyond the edge of the viewable image, but only lines 1–9 are used for the vertical-sync and equalizing pulses. The remaining lines were deliberately blanked in the original NTSC specification to provide time for the electron beam in CRT screens to return to the top of the display. </p><p>VIR (or Vertical interval reference), widely adopted in the 1980s, attempts to correct some of the color problems with NTSC video by adding studio-inserted reference data for luminance and chrominance levels on line 19.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suitably equipped television sets could then employ these data in order to adjust the display to a closer match of the original studio image. The actual VIR signal contains three sections, the first having 70 percent luminance and the same chrominance as the <a href="/wiki/Colorburst" title="Colorburst">color burst</a> signal, and the other two having 50 percent and 7.5 percent luminance respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A less-used successor to VIR, <a href="/wiki/Ghost-canceling_reference" title="Ghost-canceling reference">GCR</a>, also added ghost (multipath interference) removal capabilities. </p><p>The remaining <a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">vertical blanking interval</a> lines are typically used for <a href="/wiki/Datacasting" title="Datacasting">datacasting</a> or ancillary data such as video editing timestamps (<a href="/wiki/Vertical_interval_timecode" title="Vertical interval timecode">vertical interval timecodes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a> timecodes on lines 12–14<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Video-signal_generator" title="Video-signal generator">test data</a> on lines 17–18, a network source code on line 20 and <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captioning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extended_Data_Services" title="Extended Data Services">XDS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/V-chip" title="V-chip">V-chip</a> data on <a href="/wiki/EIA-608" title="EIA-608">line 21</a>. Early <a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">teletext</a> applications also used vertical blanking interval lines 14–18 and 20, but teletext over NTSC was never widely adopted by viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many stations transmit TV Guide On Screen (<a href="/wiki/Guide_Plus" title="Guide Plus">TVGOS</a>) data for an electronic program guide on VBI lines. The primary station in a market will broadcast 4 lines of data, and backup stations will broadcast 1 line. In most markets the PBS station is the primary host. TVGOS data can occupy any line from 10–25, but in practice its limited to 11–18, 20 and line 22. Line 22 is only used for 2 broadcast, <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/CFPL-DT" title="CFPL-DT">CFPL-TV</a>. </p><p>TiVo data is also transmitted on some commercials and program advertisements so that customers can autorecord the program being advertised, and is also used in weekly half-hour <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">paid programs</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion Television</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> which highlight TiVo promotions and advertisers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countries_and_territories_that_are_using_or_once_used_NTSC">Countries and territories that are using or once used NTSC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Countries and territories that are using or once used NTSC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television transition in the United States">Digital television transition in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to individual sections) need to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Below are countries and territories that currently use or once used the NTSC system. Many of these have switched or are currently switching from NTSC to digital television standards such as <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a> (United States, Canada, Mexico, Suriname, Jamaica, South Korea, Saint Lucia, Bahamas, Barbados, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Haiti), <a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a> (Japan, Philippines, part of South America and Saint Kitts and Nevis), <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> (Taiwan, Panama, Colombia, Myanmar, and Trinidad and Tobago) or <a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a> (Cuba). </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/40px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/60px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/23px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/35px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/46px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/45px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (over-the-air NTSC broadcasts (Channel 9) have been terminated as of March 2016, local broadcast stations have now switched to digital channels 20.1 and 20.2)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (analog shutoff occurred in 2024, now switching to <a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">ISDB-Tb</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Analog shutoff scheduled to 2022, simulcasting <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/40px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/60px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (NTSC broadcast to be abandoned by December 2018, simulcasting <a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">ISDB-Tb</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (over-the-air NTSC broadcasting scheduled to be abandoned by 2021, simulcast in ATSC)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> (over-the-air NTSC broadcasting scheduled to be abandoned by December 2024, simulcast in <a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">ISDB-Tb</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="396" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (over-the-air NTSC broadcasting scheduled to be abandoned by December 2020, simulcast in <a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">ISDB-Tb</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (fully switched to <a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a> in 2012 after the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a> suspended the planned 2011 rollout in three prefectures)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Compact of Free Association</a> with US, transitioning to <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a> (a US military base)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (also used <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/40px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/60px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (NTSC broadcast to be abandoned by December 31, 2017, simulcasting <a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">ISDB-Tb</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Cianci2012_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cianci2012-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (now uses ATSC)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (existed on NTSC since March 5, 2024)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Saudi Arabia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></span> (simulcast in NTSC, SECAM and PAL — before switching to PAL in the early 1990s)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also used 8 MHz spacing of DVB-T2 (same bandwidth spacing in European Netherlands) on Encrypted Terrestrial Digital TV subscription via WTN cable)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/40px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/60px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="850" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimented">Experimented</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Experimented"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (between 1962 and 1963, <a href="/wiki/Rede_Tupi" title="Rede Tupi">Rede Tupi</a> and <a href="/wiki/TV_Excelsior" title="TV Excelsior">Rede Excelsior</a> made the first unofficial transmissions in color — in specific programs in the city of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, before the official adoption of <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a> by the Brazilian Government on February 19, 1972)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (experimented on 405-line variant of NTSC, later chose 625-line for PAL broadcasting)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countries_and_territories_that_have_ceased_using_NTSC">Countries and territories that have ceased using NTSC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Countries and territories that have ceased using NTSC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following countries and regions no longer use NTSC for terrestrial broadcasts. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Switched to </th> <th>Switchover completed </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> </td> <td>ATSC </td> <td><span style="display:none">2024-12-04</span>December 4, 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> </td> <td>DVB-T </td> <td><span style="display:none">2016-03-01</span>March 1, 2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>ATSC </td> <td><span style="display:none">2011-08-31</span>August 31, 2011 (Select markets) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">ISDB-Tb</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2024-04-09</span>April 9, 2024<sup id="cite_ref-:7_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/40px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/60px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> </td> <td>ISDB-Tb </td> <td><span style="display:none">2019-08-15</span>August 15, 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>ATSC </td> <td><span style="display:none">2021-12-15</span>December 15, 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </td> <td>ISDB-Tb </td> <td><span style="display:none">2024-12-01</span>December 1, 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </td> <td>ISDB-Tb </td> <td><span style="display:none">2024-12-31</span>December 31, 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> </td> <td>ISDB-Tb </td> <td><span style="display:none">2019-12-31</span>December 31, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-T" title="ISDB">ISDB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-03-31</span>March 31, 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>ATSC </td> <td><span style="display:none">2015-12-31</span>December 31, 2015 (Full power stations)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> </td> <td>ATSC </td> <td><span style="display:none">2024-03-05</span>March 5, 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>ISDB-Tb </td> <td><span style="display:none">2024-12-31</span>December 31, 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td>ATSC </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-12-31</span>December 31, 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/40px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/60px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td>ATSC </td> <td><span style="display:none">2015</span>2015<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-06-30</span>June 30, 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2009-06-12</span>June 12, 2009 (Full power stations)<sup id="cite_ref-ATSC_Salutes_The_'Passing'_of_NTSC_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSC_Salutes_The_'Passing'_of_NTSC-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />September 1, 2015 (Class-A stations)<br />July 13, 2021 (Low power stations)<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a>, the successor committee to NTSC that deals with digital television broadcast standards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_artifact_colors" title="Composite artifact colors">Composite artifact colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_video_terms" title="Glossary of video terms">Glossary of video terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_resolutions#Television_and_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of common resolutions">List of common resolutions § Television and media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_connectors" title="List of video connectors">List of video connectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC-C" title="NTSC-C">NTSC-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">Television channel frequencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">Very high frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">Ultra high frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">Knife-edge effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_1_(North_American_TV)" title="Channel 1 (North American TV)">Channel 1 (North American TV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_37" title="Channel 37">Channel 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_television_frequencies" title="Pan-American television frequencies">Pan-American television frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_television_frequencies" title="Australian and New Zealand television frequencies">Australian and New Zealand television frequencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Over-the-air NTSC broadcasting in major cities ceased August 2011 as a result of legislative fiat, to be replaced with ATSC. Some one-station markets or markets served only by full-power repeaters remain analog.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Will convert to ATSC 3.0 instead of 1.0. The conversion will begin in 2022 and is expected to be completed by 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Compact of Free Association</a> with US. US-funded NTSC adoption.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plans about transition from NTSC announced on July 2, 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-ATSC_Mexico_2004_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSC_Mexico_2004-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> started conversion in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Dibble_2013_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dibble_2013-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full transition was scheduled on December 31, 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-dgm_1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dgm_1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but due to technical and economic issues for some transmitters — the full transition was extended to be completed on December 31, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Compact of Free Association</a> with US. Adopted NTSC before independence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NTSC broadcasts to be abandoned by 2020, simulcasting <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a>. NTSC broadcasts to be abandoned in areas with more than 90% of DVB-T reception.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NTSC broadcast was intended to be abandoned at the end of 2015. However, in later 2014 — it was postponed to 2019<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later extended to 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-ntcph_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntcph-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hardwareboom_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardwareboom-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-broadcasterscommit_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broadcasterscommit-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-govtoncourse_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govtoncourse-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-digitaltvshift_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitaltvshift-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All analog broadcasts are expected to be shut off by the end of 2024 or by 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will simulcast in <a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-T" title="ISDB">ISDB-T</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Will convert to ATSC 3.0 instead of 1.0. The conversion will begin in 2023 and is expected to be completed by 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-TT_ATSC_3.0_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT_ATSC_3.0-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full-power over-the-air NTSC broadcasting was switched off on June 12, 2009<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ATSC_Salutes_The_'Passing'_of_NTSC_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSC_Salutes_The_'Passing'_of_NTSC-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in favor of ATSC. <a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">Low-power stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Class_A_television_service" title="Class A television service">class-A stations</a> were switched off on September 1, 2015. <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">Translators</a> and other low-power stations were supposed to transition on the same day where class-A stations shut off their analog services but it was postponed to July 13, 2021, due to a <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_auction" title="Spectrum auction">spectrum auction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most remaining analog <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> systems are also unaffected.<sup id="cite_ref-apps.fcc.gov_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apps.fcc.gov-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNational_Television_System_Committee1943" class="citation book cs1">National Television System Committee (1943). Donald G. Fink (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/televisionstanda00natirich/"><i>Television Standards and Practice: Selected Papers from the Proceedings of the National Television System Committee and Its Panels</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television+Standards+and+Practice%3A+Selected+Papers+from+the+Proceedings+of+the+National+Television+System+Committee+and+Its+Panels&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Book+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1943&rft.au=National+Television+System+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftelevisionstanda00natirich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Canon ES8400V Instruction Manual</i>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a>, p. 72</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canon+ES8400V+Instruction+Manual&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Canon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Communications_Commission1954" class="citation report cs1">Federal Communications Commission (September 29, 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-308674A1.pdf#page=100">20th Annual Report to Congress (1954)</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). p. 90. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240508034853/https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-308674A1.pdf#page=100">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=20th+Annual+Report+to+Congress+%281954%29&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1954-09-29&rft.au=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.fcc.gov%2Fedocs_public%2Fattachmatch%2FDOC-308674A1.pdf%23page%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNational_Television_System_Committee_(1951-1953)1953" class="citation cs2">National Television System Committee (1951-1953) (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112107659119"><i>Petition of National Television System Committee For Adoption of Transmission Standards for Color Television</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petition+of+National+Television+System+Committee+For+Adoption+of+Transmission+Standards+for+Color+Television&rft.date=1953&rft.au=National+Television+System+Committee+%281951-1953%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiug.30112107659119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadio_Corporation_of_AmericaNational_Broadcasting_Company,_Inc.1953" class="citation cs2">Radio Corporation of America; National Broadcasting Company, Inc. (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015067248495"><i>Petition of Radio Corporation of America and National Broadcasting Company, Inc. for Approval of Color Standards for the RCA Color Television System</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petition+of+Radio+Corporation+of+America+and+National+Broadcasting+Company%2C+Inc.+for+Approval+of+Color+Standards+for+the+RCA+Color+Television+System&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Radio+Corporation+of+America&rft.au=National+Broadcasting+Company%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015067248495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNational_Television_System_Committee_(1951–1953)1953" class="citation report cs1">National Television System Committee (1951–1953) (1953). Report and Reports of Panel No. 11, 11-A, 12-19, with Some supplementary references cited in the Reports, and the Petition for adoption of transmission standards for color television before the Federal Communications Commission (Report). <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/54021386">54021386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+and+Reports+of+Panel+No.+11%2C+11-A%2C+12-19%2C+with+Some+supplementary+references+cited+in+the+Reports%2C+and+the+Petition+for+adoption+of+transmission+standards+for+color+television+before+the+Federal+Communications+Commission.&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F54021386&rft.au=National+Television+System+Committee+%281951%E2%80%931953%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5356650">"Engineers and Electrons: A Century of Electrical Progress (chapter list)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F9780470616321.ch9">10.1109/9780470616321.ch9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineers+and+Electrons%3A+A+Century+of+Electrical+Progress+%28chapter+list%29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F9780470616321.ch9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F5356650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilt2019" class="citation web cs1">Wilt, Adam (June 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.provideocoalition.com/10-years-ago-the-analog-shutoff/">"10 Years Ago: The Analog Shutoff"</a>. <i>provideocoalition.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=provideocoalition.com&rft.atitle=10+Years+Ago%3A+The+Analog+Shutoff&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft.aulast=Wilt&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.provideocoalition.com%2F10-years-ago-the-analog-shutoff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205005309/http://www.paradiso-design.net/videostandards_en.html#ntsc">NTSC (National Television System Committee)</a></i> in <i>Television Standards - formats and techniques</i> by Raffael Amadeus Trappe, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTSC_PCMag-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NTSC_PCMag_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSC_PCMag_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/ntsc">NTSC</a></i> in PCMag Encyclopedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">What actually occurred was the RCA TG-1 synch generator system was upgraded from 441 lines per frame, 220.5 lines per field, interlaced, to 525 lines per frame 262.5 lines per field, also interlaced, with minimal additional changes, particularly not those affecting the vertical interval, which, in the extant RCA system, included serrated equalizing pulses bracketing the vertical sync pulse, itself being serrated. For RCA/NBC, this was a <i>very</i> simple change from a 26,460 Hz master oscillator to a 31,500 Hz master oscillator, and minimal additional changes to the generator's divider chain. The equalizing pulses and the serration of the vertical sync pulse were necessary because of the limitations of the extant TV receiver video/sync separation technology, thought to be necessary because the sync was transmitted in band with the video, although at a quite different DC level. The early TV sets did not possess a DC restorer circuit, hence the need for this level of complexity. In-studio monitors were provided with separate horizontal and vertical sync, not composite synch and certainly not in-band synch (possibly excepting early color TV monitors, which were often driven from the output of the station's <a href="/wiki/Colorplexer" title="Colorplexer">colorplexer</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A third line sequential system from <a href="/wiki/Color_Television_Inc." title="Color Television Inc.">Color Television Inc.</a> (CTI) was also considered. The CBS and final NTSC systems were called field-sequential and dot-sequential systems, respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Color TV Shelved As a Defense Step". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. October 20, 1951. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Color+TV+Shelved+As+a+Defense+Step&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1951-10-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Action of Defense Mobilizer in Postponing Color TV Poses Many Question for the Industry". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. October 22, 1951. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Action+of+Defense+Mobilizer+in+Postponing+Color+TV+Poses+Many+Question+for+the+Industry&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1951-10-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"TV Research Curb on Color Avoided". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. October 26, 1951.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=TV+Research+Curb+on+Color+Avoided&rft.date=1951-10-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEd_Reitan1997" class="citation web cs1">Ed Reitan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105183213/http://novia.net/~ereitan/Color_Sys_CBS.html">"CBS Field Sequential Color System"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://novia.net/~ereitan/Color_Sys_CBS.html">the original</a> on January 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBS+Field+Sequential+Color+System&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Ed+Reitan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnovia.net%2F~ereitan%2FColor_Sys_CBS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"CBS Says Confusion Now Bars Color TV". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. March 26, 1953. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=CBS+Says+Confusion+Now+Bars+Color+TV&rft.pages=39&rft.date=1953-03-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"F.C.C. Rules Color TV Can Go on Air at Once". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. December 19, 1953. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=F.C.C.+Rules+Color+TV+Can+Go+on+Air+at+Once&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1953-12-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73.682-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73.682_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2018-title47-vol4/pdf/CFR-2018-title47-vol4-sec73-682.pdf">"73.682"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Govinfo.gov</i>. FCC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=73.682&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCFR-2018-title47-vol4%2Fpdf%2FCFR-2018-title47-vol4-sec73-682.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The master oscillator is 315/22 = 14.31818 MHz, from which the 3.579545 color burst frequency is obtained by dividing by four; and the 31 kHz horizontal drive and 60 Hz vertical drive are also synthesized from that frequency. This facilitated a conversion to color of the then common, but monochrome, RCA TG-1 synchronizing generator by the simple expedient of adding-on an external 14.31818 MHz temperature-controlled oscillator and a few dividers, and inputting the outputs of that chassis to certain test points within the TG-1, thereby disabling the TG-1's own 31500 Hz reference oscillator.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams1954" class="citation journal cs1">Abrahams, I.C. (1954). "Choice of Chrominance Subcarrier Frequency in the NTSC Standards". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_IRE" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the IRE">Proceedings of the IRE</a></i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJRPROC.1954.274612">10.1109/JRPROC.1954.274612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IRE&rft.atitle=Choice+of+Chrominance+Subcarrier+Frequency+in+the+NTSC+Standards&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJRPROC.1954.274612&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=I.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams" class="citation journal cs1">Abrahams, I.C. "The Frequency Interleaving Principle in the NTSC Standards". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_IRE" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the IRE">Proceedings of the IRE</a></i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJRPROC.1954.274613">10.1109/JRPROC.1954.274613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IRE&rft.atitle=The+Frequency+Interleaving+Principle+in+the+NTSC+Standards&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJRPROC.1954.274613&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=I.C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"NBC Launches First Publicly-Announced Color Television Show", <i>Wall Street Journal</i>, August 31, 1953, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DA-20-724A1.pdf">"Media Bureau Reminds LPTV/TV Translators of Digital Transition Date (DA/FCC #: DA-20-724)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>docs.fcc.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.fcc.gov&rft.atitle=Media+Bureau+Reminds+LPTV%2FTV+Translators+of+Digital+Transition+Date+%28DA%2FFCC+%23%3A+DA-20-724%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.fcc.gov%2Fpublic%2Fattachments%2FDA-20-724A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/vwapj/DTV-transition-schedule2017.pdf/$FILE/DTV-transition-schedule2017.pdf">"Digital Television (DTV) Transition Schedule"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Innovation,_Science_and_Economic_Development_Canada" title="Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada">Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada</a>. April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Television+%28DTV%29+Transition+Schedule&rft.pub=Innovation%2C+Science+and+Economic+Development+Canada&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ic.gc.ca%2Feic%2Fsite%2Fsmt-gst.nsf%2Fvwapj%2FDTV-transition-schedule2017.pdf%2F%24FILE%2FDTV-transition-schedule2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/digital-television">Digital Television</a>. FCC.gov. Retrieved on May 11, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcc.gov-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fcc.gov_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fcc.gov_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/guides/dtv-and-over-air-viewers-along-us-borders">DTV and Over-the-Air Viewers Along U.S. Borders</a>. FCC.gov. Retrieved on May 11, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canadapalorntsc-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canadapalorntsc_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.videohelp.com/threads/131937-Canada-PAL-or-NTSC">Canada... PAL or NTSC?</a>. VideoHelp Forum Retrieved on January 23, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoneira2016" class="citation journal cs1">Soneira, Raymond M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sid.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.2637-496X.2016.tb00920.x">"Display Color Gamuts: NTSC to Rec.2020"</a>. <i>Information Display</i>. <b>32</b> (4). Frontline Technology: <span class="nowrap">26–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.2637-496X.2016.tb00920.x">10.1002/j.2637-496X.2016.tb00920.x</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Display&rft.atitle=Display+Color+Gamuts%3A+NTSC+to+Rec.2020&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.2637-496X.2016.tb00920.x&rft.aulast=Soneira&rft.aufirst=Raymond+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsid.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.2637-496X.2016.tb00920.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">47 CFR § 73.682 (20) (iv)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeMarsh,_Leroy_1098-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeMarsh,_Leroy_1098_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeMarsh, Leroy (1993): TV Display Phosphors/Primaries — Some History. SMPTE Journal, December 1993: 1095–1098. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5594%2FJ01650">10.5594/J01650</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.smpte.org/latest/rp145/rp0145-2004_stable2010.pdf">"SMPTE C Color Monitor Colorimetry RP 145-2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>SMPTE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SMPTE&rft.atitle=SMPTE+C+Color+Monitor+Colorimetry+RP+145-2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpub.smpte.org%2Flatest%2Frp145%2Frp0145-2004_stable2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITU470-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ITU470_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITU470_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITU470_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">International Telecommunication Union Recommendation ITU-R 470-6 (1970–1998): Conventional Television Systems, Annex 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMPTE_RP145-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SMPTE_RP145_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (1987–2004): Recommended Practice RP 145–2004. Color Monitor Colorimetry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMPTE_EG27-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SMPTE_EG27_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (1994, 2004): Engineering Guideline EG 27-2004. Supplemental Information for SMPTE 170M and Background on the Development of NTSC Color Standards, pp. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Advanced Television Systems Committee (2003): ATSC Direct-to-Home Satellite Broadcast Standard Doc. A/81, pp.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBU1975-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EBU1975_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European Broadcasting Union (1975) Tech. 3213-E.: E.B.U. Standard for Chromaticity Tolerances for Studio Monitors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.smpte.org/latest/rp167/rp0167-1995_stable2004.pdf">"SMPTE RP 167-1995"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>SMPTE</i>. p. 5 (A.4)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2024</span>. <q>The NTSC corrective matrix in a display device is intended to correct any colorimetric errors introduced by the differ- ence between the camera primaries and the display tube phosphors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SMPTE&rft.atitle=SMPTE+RP+167-1995&rft.pages=5+%28A.4%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpub.smpte.org%2Flatest%2Frp167%2Frp0167-1995_stable2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/CVonline/LOCAL_COPIES/POYNTON1/ColorFAQ.html#RTFToC9">"Poynton's Color FAQ by Charles Poynton"</a>. <i>Homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Poynton%27s+Color+FAQ+by+Charles+Poynton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.inf.ed.ac.uk%2Frbf%2FCVonline%2FLOCAL_COPIES%2FPOYNTON1%2FColorFAQ.html%23RTFToC9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLargeFarmer2004" class="citation book cs1">Large, David; Farmer, James (January 13, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QOFWx2umt8sC&dq=black+and+white+dot+crawl&pg=PA55"><i>Modern Cable Television Technology</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051193-1"><bdi>978-0-08-051193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Cable+Television+Technology&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2004-01-13&rft.isbn=978-0-08-051193-1&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Farmer%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQOFWx2umt8sC%26dq%3Dblack%2Band%2Bwhite%2Bdot%2Bcrawl%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monochrome_and_Colour_Television-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monochrome_and_Colour_Television_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monochrome_and_Colour_Television_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monochrome_and_Colour_Television_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGulati2005" class="citation book cs1">Gulati, R. R. (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SHM47MKmGXkC"><i>Monochrome and Colour Television</i></a>. New Age International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1607-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1607-7"><bdi>978-81-224-1607-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monochrome+and+Colour+Television&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=2005-12&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1607-7&rft.aulast=Gulati&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSHM47MKmGXkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tm_U-Qd58RgC&dq=ntsc+i+and+q+carrier&pg=PA226"><i>Newnes Guide to Digital TV</i></a>. Newnes. November 17, 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5721-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5721-1"><bdi>978-0-7506-5721-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newnes+Guide+to+Digital+TV&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2002-11-17&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-5721-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTm_U-Qd58RgC%26dq%3Dntsc%2Bi%2Band%2Bq%2Bcarrier%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwMZw4UewuUC&dq=ntsc+i+and+q+carrier&pg=PA8"><i>Digital Television: Satellite, Cable, Terrestrial, IPTV, Mobile TV in the DVB Framework</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. February 20, 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-52081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-52081-0"><bdi>978-0-240-52081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Television%3A+Satellite%2C+Cable%2C+Terrestrial%2C+IPTV%2C+Mobile+TV+in+the+DVB+Framework&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2024-02-20&rft.isbn=978-0-240-52081-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxwMZw4UewuUC%26dq%3Dntsc%2Bi%2Band%2Bq%2Bcarrier%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AvQAa5Zfuj0C&dq=ntsc+3.58+MHz&pg=PA123"><i>Modern Television Practice Principles, Technology and Servicing 2/Ed</i></a>. New Age International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1360-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1360-1"><bdi>978-81-224-1360-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Television+Practice+Principles%2C+Technology+and+Servicing+2%2FEd&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1360-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAvQAa5Zfuj0C%26dq%3Dntsc%2B3.58%2BMHz%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edn.com/wp-content/uploads/media-1050361-c0195-table1.gif">"Color Bar Levels, Amplitues, and Phases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(GIF)</span>. <i>Edn.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edn.com&rft.atitle=Color+Bar+Levels%2C+Amplitues%2C+and+Phases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edn.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fmedia-1050361-c0195-table1.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennelPytlakSehlinUhlig1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kennel, Glenn; Pytlak, John; Sehlin, Richard; Uhlig, Ronald (December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180609012432/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7258828/">"Major Motion-Picture Production Standards"</a>. <i>SMPTE Journal</i>. <b>97</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">985–</span>990. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5594%2FJ02849">10.5594/J02849</a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7258828">the original</a></span> on June 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SMPTE+Journal&rft.atitle=Major+Motion-Picture+Production+Standards&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E985-%3C%2Fspan%3E990&rft.date=1988-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5594%2FJ02849&rft.aulast=Kennel&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Pytlak%2C+John&rft.au=Sehlin%2C+Richard&rft.au=Uhlig%2C+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F7258828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lurkertech.com/lg/video-systems/#f1f2">"Programmer's Guide to Video Systems - Lurker's Guide - lurkertech.com"</a>. <i>lurkertech.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lurkertech.com&rft.atitle=Programmer%27s+Guide+to+Video+Systems+-+Lurker%27s+Guide+-+lurkertech.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flurkertech.com%2Flg%2Fvideo-systems%2F%23f1f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVWestlife's_Camcorder_Tests_&_More2010" class="citation web cs1">VWestlife's Camcorder Tests & More (January 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REsrXKGuPpg">"Recording PAL and 625-line 50 Hz NTSC video on a U.S. VCR"</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recording+PAL+and+625-line+50+Hz+NTSC+video+on+a+U.S.+VCR&rft.date=2010-01-06&rft.au=VWestlife%27s+Camcorder+Tests+%26+More&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DREsrXKGuPpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoynton2003" class="citation book cs1">Poynton, Charles (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsEwE2X3cFAC&dq=NTSC+4.43&pg=PA580"><i>Digital Video and HD: Algorithms and Interfaces</i></a>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558607927" title="Special:BookSources/9781558607927"><bdi>9781558607927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Video+and+HD%3A+Algorithms+and+Interfaces&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781558607927&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsEwE2X3cFAC%26dq%3DNTSC%2B4.43%26pg%3DPA580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weethet.nl/english/video_formats.php">"WeetHet - Video - Overview of available formats"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Most modern TV-sets accept the so called pseudo formats (Pseudo PAL and Pseudo NTSC)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WeetHet+-+Video+-+Overview+of+available+formats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weethet.nl%2Fenglish%2Fvideo_formats.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSokolovSudravskii1963" class="citation book cs1">Sokolov, Georgii; Sudravskii, Dmitrii (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220905221709/http://ca.cryptocom.ru/tmpfiles/mrb_0469.djvu"><i>Amateur Colour TV Receiver TSVET-2</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca.cryptocom.ru/tmpfiles/mrb_0469.djvu">the original</a> on September 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amateur+Colour+TV+Receiver+TSVET-2&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Sokolov&rft.aufirst=Georgii&rft.au=Sudravskii%2C+Dmitrii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.cryptocom.ru%2Ftmpfiles%2Fmrb_0469.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220906041751/http://rw6ase.narod.ru/00/twc/raduga_tw62.html">"Raduga OSKM Color TV (1962)"</a>. September 6, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rw6ase.narod.ru/00/twc/raduga_tw62.html">the original</a> on September 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raduga+OSKM+Color+TV+%281962%29&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frw6ase.narod.ru%2F00%2Ftwc%2Fraduga_tw62.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116162957/http://rw6ase.narod.ru/00/twc/izumrud203.html">"Izumrud-203 OSKM Color TV (1959)"</a>. September 6, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rw6ase.narod.ru/00/twc/izumrud203.html">the original</a> on January 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Izumrud-203+OSKM+Color+TV+%281959%29&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frw6ase.narod.ru%2F00%2Ftwc%2Fizumrud203.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jain, Anal K., <i>Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing</i>, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060313071659/http://ee.usc.edu/library/ee459/datasheets/LM1881.pdf">"LM1881 Video Sync Separator"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. March 13, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sipi.usc.edu/~weber/ee459/datasheets/LM1881.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 13, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LM1881+Video+Sync+Separator&rft.date=2006-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsipi.usc.edu%2F~weber%2Fee459%2Fdatasheets%2FLM1881.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danalee.ca/ttt/waveform_monitors_and_vectorscopes.htm">Waveform Mons & Vectorscopes</a>. Danalee.ca. Retrieved on May 11, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philrees.co.uk/articles/timecode.htm">SMPTE EBU timecode by Phil Rees</a>. Philrees.co.uk. Retrieved on May 11, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poynton.com/notes/video/Timecode/">Technical Introduction to Timecode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710133402/http://www.poynton.com/notes/video/Timecode/">Archived</a> July 10, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Poynton.com. Retrieved on May 11, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.experimentaltvcenter.org/vhp/tools">The History Project</a>. Experimentaltvcenter.org. Retrieved on May 11, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_60-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHegartyPhelanKilbride1998" class="citation book cs1">Hegarty, Michael; Phelan, Anne; Kilbride, Lisa (January 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5YjHecPlPS8C&pg=PA260"><i>Classrooms for Distance Teaching and Learning: A Blueprint</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Leuven_University_Press" title="Leuven University Press">Leuven University Press</a>. pp. 260–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-867-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-867-5"><bdi>978-90-6186-867-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classrooms+for+Distance+Teaching+and+Learning%3A+A+Blueprint&rft.pages=260-&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-6186-867-5&rft.aulast=Hegarty&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Phelan%2C+Anne&rft.au=Kilbride%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5YjHecPlPS8C%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernews.com/2016/03/dd-bermuda-broadcasting-moving-digital-tv-output/">"BBC's All-Digital TV Output Plans 'On Course'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. March 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC%27s+All-Digital+TV+Output+Plans+%27On+Course%27&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernews.com%2F2016%2F03%2Fdd-bermuda-broadcasting-moving-digital-tv-output%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> (CRTC) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/NEWS/RELEASES/2007/r070517.htm">Press release May 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519082346/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/NEWS/RELEASES/2007/r070517.htm">Archived</a> May 19, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.subtel.gob.cl/cntv-y-subtel-culminan-primera-etapa-de-entrega-de-concesiones-de-television-digital-terrestre/">"CNTV y SUBTEL culminan primera etapa de entrega de concesiones de Televisión Digital Terrestre"</a>. June 27, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928160231/https://www.subtel.gob.cl/cntv-y-subtel-culminan-primera-etapa-de-entrega-de-concesiones-de-television-digital-terrestre/">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNTV+y+SUBTEL+culminan+primera+etapa+de+entrega+de+concesiones+de+Televisi%C3%B3n+Digital+Terrestre&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.subtel.gob.cl%2Fcntv-y-subtel-culminan-primera-etapa-de-entrega-de-concesiones-de-television-digital-terrestre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIndotel" class="citation web cs1">Indotel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115054416/https://www.indotel.gob.do//telecomunicaciones/televisi%C3%B3n-digital-en-rd/">"Televisión Digital en RD"</a>. <i>Indotel.gob.do</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indotel.gob.do//telecomunicaciones/televisi%C3%B3n-digital-en-rd/">the original</a> on November 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indotel.gob.do&rft.atitle=Televisi%C3%B3n+Digital+en+RD&rft.au=Indotel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indotel.gob.do%2F%2Ftelecomunicaciones%2Ftelevisi%25C3%25B3n-digital-en-rd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuperintendencia_General_de_Electricidad_y_Telecomunicaciones_(SIGET)2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Superintendencia General de Electricidad y Telecomunicaciones (SIGET), ed. (October 27, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siget.gob.sv/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PLAN-NACIONAL-DE-TELEVISION-DIGITAL-TERRESTRE.pdf">"Digital Terrestrial Television National Transition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Terrestrial+Television+National+Transition&rft.date=2023-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.siget.gob.sv%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F10%2FPLAN-NACIONAL-DE-TELEVISION-DIGITAL-TERRESTRE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20211207/digital-television-switchover-jamaica-set-begin-2022">"Digital Television Switchover in Jamaica set to begin in 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gleaner" title="The Gleaner">The Gleaner</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Gleaner_Company" title="Gleaner Company">Gleaner Company</a>. December 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gleaner&rft.atitle=Digital+Television+Switchover+in+Jamaica+set+to+begin+in+2022&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F20211207%2Fdigital-television-switchover-jamaica-set-begin-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATSC_Mexico_2004-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ATSC_Mexico_2004_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHester2004" class="citation news cs1">Hester, Lisa (July 6, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212323/http://www.atsc.org/cms/index.php/communications/press-releases/128-mexico-to-adopt-the-atsc-dtv-standard">"Mexico To Adopt The ATSC DTV Standard"</a>. <i>Advanced Television Systems Committee</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsc.org/cms/index.php/communications/press-releases/128-mexico-to-adopt-the-atsc-dtv-standard">the original</a> on June 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2013</span>. <q>On July 2 the Government of Mexico formally adopted the ATSC Digital Television (DTV) Standard for digital terrestrial television broadcasting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Television+Systems+Committee&rft.atitle=Mexico+To+Adopt+The+ATSC+DTV+Standard&rft.date=2004-07-06&rft.aulast=Hester&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsc.org%2Fcms%2Findex.php%2Fcommunications%2Fpress-releases%2F128-mexico-to-adopt-the-atsc-dtv-standard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dibble_2013-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dibble_2013_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDibble2013" class="citation news cs1">Dibble, Sandra (May 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/may/30/new-turn-for-tijuanas-transition-to-digital-broac/">"New turn for Tijuana's transition to digital broadcasting"</a>. <i>San Diego Union-Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906225915/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/may/30/new-turn-for-tijuanas-transition-to-digital-broac/">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=New+turn+for+Tijuana%27s+transition+to+digital+broadcasting&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft.aulast=Dibble&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utsandiego.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fmay%2F30%2Fnew-turn-for-tijuanas-transition-to-digital-broac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dgm_1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dgm_1_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5157568&fecha=02/09/2010">"DOF – Diario Oficial de la Federación"</a>. <i>dof.gob.mx</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180121000019/http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5157568&fecha=02%2F09%2F2010">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dof.gob.mx&rft.atitle=DOF+%E2%80%93+Diario+Oficial+de+la+Federaci%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdof.gob.mx%2Fnota_detalle.php%3Fcodigo%3D5157568%26fecha%3D02%2F09%2F2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cianci2012-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cianci2012_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_J._Cianci2012" class="citation book cs1">Philip J. Cianci (January 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mbsfr38GTgC&pg=PA302"><i>High Definition Television: The Creation, Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 302–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8797-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8797-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-8797-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Definition+Television%3A+The+Creation%2C+Development+and+Implementation+of+HDTV+Technology&rft.pages=302-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012-01-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8797-4&rft.au=Philip+J.+Cianci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mbsfr38GTgC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209183335/http://nextvasia.com/dtt/philippines-to-start-digital-tv-shift-in-2019/">"Philippines to start digital TV shift in 2019"</a>. NexTV Asia-Pacific. Archived from the original on February 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines+to+start+digital+TV+shift+in+2019&rft.pub=NexTV+Asia-Pacific&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnextvasia.com%2Fdtt%2Fphilippines-to-start-digital-tv-shift-in-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ntcph-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ntcph_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCabuenas2017" class="citation web cs1">Cabuenas, Jon Viktor D. (February 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/599484/money/companies/gov-t-wants-analog-tv-switched-off-by-2023">"Gov't wants analog TV switched off by 2023"</a>. GMA News Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gov%27t+wants+analog+TV+switched+off+by+2023&rft.pub=GMA+News+Online&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft.aulast=Cabuenas&rft.aufirst=Jon+Viktor+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F599484%2Fmoney%2Fcompanies%2Fgov-t-wants-analog-tv-switched-off-by-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardwareboom-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardwareboom_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDela_Paz2017" class="citation web cs1">Dela Paz, Chrisee (February 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/business/161438-dict-philippines-digital-tv-shift">"Hardware boom comes with PH shift to digital TV"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rappler" title="Rappler">Rappler</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Hardware+boom+comes+with+PH+shift+to+digital+TV&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft.aulast=Dela+Paz&rft.aufirst=Chrisee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fbusiness%2F161438-dict-philippines-digital-tv-shift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-broadcasterscommit-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-broadcasterscommit_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMariano2017" class="citation news cs1">Mariano, Keith Richard D. (February 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224133317/http://bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Corporate&title=broadcasters-commit-to-digital-tv-switch-by-2023&id=140700">"Broadcasters commit to digital TV switch by 2023"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BusinessWorld" title="BusinessWorld">BusinessWorld</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Corporate&title=broadcasters-commit-to-digital-tv-switch-by-2023&id=140700">the original</a> on February 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld&rft.atitle=Broadcasters+commit+to+digital+TV+switch+by+2023&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft.aulast=Mariano&rft.aufirst=Keith+Richard+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbworldonline.com%2Fcontent.php%3Fsection%3DCorporate%26title%3Dbroadcasters-commit-to-digital-tv-switch-by-2023%26id%3D140700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govtoncourse-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-govtoncourse_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsmael2018" class="citation news cs1">Esmael, Maria Lisbet K. (October 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/govt-on-course-to-hit-2023-full-digital-tv-transition/449040/">"Govt on course to hit 2023 full digital TV transition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Manila_Times" title="The Manila Times">The Manila Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=Govt+on+course+to+hit+2023+full+digital+TV+transition&rft.date=2018-10-07&rft.aulast=Esmael&rft.aufirst=Maria+Lisbet+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2Fgovt-on-course-to-hit-2023-full-digital-tv-transition%2F449040%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-digitaltvshift-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-digitaltvshift_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMercurio2018" class="citation news cs1">Mercurio, Richmond (October 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/business/2018/10/04/1856959/digital-tv-shift-2023-pushing-through-dict">"Digital TV shift by 2023 pushing through — DICT"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Digital+TV+shift+by+2023+pushing+through+%E2%80%94+DICT&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft.aulast=Mercurio&rft.aufirst=Richmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fbusiness%2F2018%2F10%2F04%2F1856959%2Fdigital-tv-shift-2023-pushing-through-dict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRita2022" class="citation web cs1">Rita, Joviland (March 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/826831/switching-off-analog-tv-by-2023-should-continue-andanar/story/">"Switching off analog TV by 2023 should continue — Andanar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GMA_News_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="GMA News Online">GMA News Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=Switching+off+analog+TV+by+2023+should+continue+%E2%80%94+Andanar&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft.aulast=Rita&rft.aufirst=Joviland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Ftopstories%2Fnation%2F826831%2Fswitching-off-analog-tv-by-2023-should-continue-andanar%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLocus2024" class="citation web cs1">Locus, Sundy (January 15, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/technology/894217/ntc-preparations-underway-for-analog-tv-shutdown/story/">"NTC: Preparations underway for analog TV shutdown"</a>. <i>GMA News Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=NTC%3A+Preparations+underway+for+analog+TV+shutdown&rft.date=2024-01-15&rft.aulast=Locus&rft.aufirst=Sundy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fscitech%2Ftechnology%2F894217%2Fntc-preparations-underway-for-analog-tv-shutdown%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDela_Cruz2024" class="citation web cs1">Dela Cruz, Raymond Carl (January 15, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1216971">"NTC urges switch to digital TV as analog shutdown looms"</a>. <i>Philippine News Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine+News+Agency&rft.atitle=NTC+urges+switch+to+digital+TV+as+analog+shutdown+looms&rft.date=2024-01-15&rft.aulast=Dela+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1216971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maharlika.tv/ntc-urges-public-to-embrace-digital-tv-as-analog-shutdown-nears/">"NTC urges public to embrace digital TV as analog shutdown nears"</a>. <i>Maharlika NuMedia</i>. January 15, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maharlika+NuMedia&rft.atitle=NTC+urges+public+to+embrace+digital+TV+as+analog+shutdown+nears&rft.date=2024-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaharlika.tv%2Fntc-urges-public-to-embrace-digital-tv-as-analog-shutdown-nears%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT_ATSC_3.0-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TT_ATSC_3.0_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126050836/https://tatt.org.tt/Home/Announcements4/ReadMore/tabid/350/ArticleId/677/Notice-22.aspx">"Notice"</a>. <i>Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tatt.org.tt/Home/Announcements4/ReadMore/tabid/350/ArticleId/677/Notice-22.aspx">the original</a> on January 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telecommunications+Authority+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.atitle=Notice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftatt.org.tt%2FHome%2FAnnouncements4%2FReadMore%2Ftabid%2F350%2FArticleId%2F677%2FNotice-22.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210110616/http://commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&PressRelease_Id=84452e41-ca68-4aef-b15f-bbca7bab2973">"Senate Passes Bill to shift DTV transition date to June 12"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&PressRelease_Id=84452e41-ca68-4aef-b15f-bbca7bab2973">the original</a> on February 10, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+Passes+Bill+to+shift+DTV+transition+date+to+June+12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommerce.senate.gov%2Fpublic%2Findex.cfm%3FFuseAction%3DPressReleases.Detail%26PressRelease_Id%3D84452e41-ca68-4aef-b15f-bbca7bab2973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATSC_Salutes_The_'Passing'_of_NTSC-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ATSC_Salutes_The_'Passing'_of_NTSC_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSC_Salutes_The_'Passing'_of_NTSC_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524235632/http://www.atsc.org/cms/index.php/communications/press-releases/90-atsc-salutes-the-passing-of-ntsc">"ATSC Salutes The 'Passing' of NTSC"</a>. NTSC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsc.org/cms/index.php/communications/press-releases/90-atsc-salutes-the-passing-of-ntsc">the original</a> on May 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ATSC+Salutes+The+%27Passing%27+of+NTSC&rft.pub=NTSC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsc.org%2Fcms%2Findex.php%2Fcommunications%2Fpress-releases%2F90-atsc-salutes-the-passing-of-ntsc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-17-442A1.pdf">"FCC Public Notice: "Incentive Auction Task Force and Media Bureau Announce Procedures for Low Power Television, Television Translator and Replacement Translator Stations During the Post-Incentive Auction Translation", May 17, 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Apps.fcc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apps.fcc.gov&rft.atitle=FCC+Public+Notice%3A+%22Incentive+Auction+Task+Force+and+Media+Bureau+Announce+Procedures+for+Low+Power+Television%2C+Television+Translator+and+Replacement+Translator+Stations+During+the+Post-Incentive+Auction+Translation%22%2C+May+17%2C+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.fcc.gov%2Fedocs_public%2Fattachmatch%2FDA-17-442A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apps.fcc.gov-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apps.fcc.gov_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122204744/http://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=60000976623">"ECFS"</a>. <i>Apps.fcc.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=60000976623">the original</a> on November 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apps.fcc.gov&rft.atitle=ECFS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.fcc.gov%2Fecfs%2Fdocument%2Fview%3Fid%3D60000976623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvn.cl/noticias/actualidad/tvn-se-sumara-al-proceso-de-apagon-analogico-conoce-las-fechas-y-zonas">"Proceso de apagón analógico: conoce las fechas y zonas donde se aplicará la medida"</a> [Analog shutdown process: know the dates and zones where the measure will apply]. <i><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Chile" title="Televisión Nacional de Chile">Televisión Nacional de Chile</a></i> (in Spanish). March 9, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328101156/https://www.tvn.cl/noticias/actualidad/tvn-se-sumara-al-proceso-de-apagon-analogico-conoce-las-fechas-y-zonas">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Televisi%C3%B3n+Nacional+de+Chile&rft.atitle=Proceso+de+apag%C3%B3n+anal%C3%B3gico%3A+conoce+las+fechas+y+zonas+donde+se+aplicar%C3%A1+la+medida&rft.date=2024-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvn.cl%2Fnoticias%2Factualidad%2Ftvn-se-sumara-al-proceso-de-apagon-analogico-conoce-las-fechas-y-zonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBustillo2019" class="citation news cs1">Bustillo, Yony (January 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elheraldo.hn/pais/1254372-466/inicia-cuenta-regresiva-para-apag%C3%B3n-anal%C3%B3gico-en-sistemas-de-televisi%C3%B3n-de-honduras">"Inicia cuenta regresiva para apagón analógico en sistemas de televisión de Honduras"</a>. El Heraldo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208113818/https://www.elheraldo.hn/pais/1254372-466/inicia-cuenta-regresiva-para-apag%C3%B3n-anal%C3%B3gico-en-sistemas-de-televisi%C3%B3n-de-honduras">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inicia+cuenta+regresiva+para+apag%C3%B3n+anal%C3%B3gico+en+sistemas+de+televisi%C3%B3n+de+Honduras&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft.aulast=Bustillo&rft.aufirst=Yony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elheraldo.hn%2Fpais%2F1254372-466%2Finicia-cuenta-regresiva-para-apag%25C3%25B3n-anal%25C3%25B3gico-en-sistemas-de-televisi%25C3%25B3n-de-honduras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cft.gob.mx/work/models/Cofetel_2008/Resource/11244/TDT_Decreto_2010_09_02.pdf">Transicion a TDT (Transition to DT)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100919102452/http://www.cft.gob.mx/work/models/Cofetel_2008/Resource/11244/TDT_Decreto_2010_09_02.pdf">Archived</a> September 19, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Spanish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surgoed.com/nieuwsbericht/invoering-digitale-televisie-zorgt-voor-meer-tv-plezier/">"Invoering digitale televisie zorgt voor meer tv-plezier • Surgoed Makelaardij NV"</a>. <i>Surgoed Makelaardij NV</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925015232/https://www.surgoed.com/nieuwsbericht/invoering-digitale-televisie-zorgt-voor-meer-tv-plezier/">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Surgoed+Makelaardij+NV&rft.atitle=Invoering+digitale+televisie+zorgt+voor+meer+tv-plezier+%E2%80%A2+Surgoed+Makelaardij+NV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.surgoed.com%2Fnieuwsbericht%2Finvoering-digitale-televisie-zorgt-voor-meer-tv-plezier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/low-power-television-lptv-service">"Low power television service"</a>. <i>fcc.gov</i>. FCC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fcc.gov&rft.atitle=Low+power+television+service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fconsumers%2Fguides%2Flow-power-television-lptv-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANTSC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A standard defining the NTSC system was published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> in 1998 under the title "Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-7, Conventional Analog Television Systems". It is publicly available on the Internet at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BT.470/en">ITU-R BT.470-7</a> or can be purchased from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int">ITU</a>.</li> <li>Ed Reitan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050205064527/http://www.novia.net/~ereitan/Color_Sys_CBS.html">"CBS Field Sequential Color System"</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntsc-tv.com/">National Television System Committee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jneuhaus.com/fccindex/cablech.html">US cable television channel frequencies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvtower.com/Commercial%20Television%20Frequencies.html">Commercial Television Frequencies</a> – at TVTower.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205005309/http://www.paradiso-design.net/videostandards_en.html">Representation of the NTSC refresh rate on a television and on a DVD</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222023017/http://www.avsforum.com/t/223615/does-59-94-hz-60-hz">Why 59.94 vs 60 Hz</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2014-02-22)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_video_resolutions149" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TV_resolution" title="Template:TV resolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TV_resolution" title="Template talk:TV resolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TV_resolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TV resolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_video_resolutions149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Digital video resolutions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; border:0; text-align:center; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%" rowspan="2">Usage examples</th> <th width="25%" rowspan="2">Definition (lines)</th> <th colspan="2">Rate (Hz)</th> </tr> <tr> <th width="25%">Interlaced (fields)</th> <th width="25%">Progressive (frames)</th> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Low, <br /><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MP@LL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">LDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">HTV</a></td> <td width="25%">240, 288 (<a href="/wiki/Source_Input_Format" title="Source Input Format">SIF</a>)</td> <td width="25%"> </td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">24, 30; 25</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard, <br />MP@ML</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a></td> <td width="25%">480 (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">NTSC</a>), 576 (<a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>/<a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>)</td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">60</a>; <a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">50</a></td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">24, 30</a>; <a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">25</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enhanced, <br />HMP@HML</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center; background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">EDTV</a></td> <td width="25%">480, 540 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC-HQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NTSC-HQ (page does not exist)">NTSC-HQ</a>), 576 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL-HQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PAL-HQ (page does not exist)">PAL-HQ</a>)</td> <td width="25%"> </td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">24, 30</a>; <a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">25</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High, <br />MP@HL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a></td> <td width="25%">720</td> <td width="25%"> </td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">24, 30, 60; 25, 50</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1080, 1440</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">60; 50</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">24, 30, 60; 25, 50</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ultra-high</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center; background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">UHD BRD</a></td> <td width="25%">2160, 4320</td> <td width="25%"> </td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">60, 120, 180</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcast_video_formats33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_formats" title="Template:Video formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_formats" title="Template talk:Video formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_video_formats33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Broadcast video formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Television</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a> (Color systems: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-MAC" title="B-MAC">B-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">N</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL#PALN" title="PAL">PAL-N</a>, <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a>, <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_F" title="CCIR System F">F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1125 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1250 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">BTSC (MTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ_MTS" title="EIAJ MTS">EIAJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_audio_program" title="Second audio program">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGMS-A" title="CGMS-A">CGMS-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost-canceling_reference" title="Ghost-canceling reference">GCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Delivery_Control" title="Programme Delivery Control">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">VBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Encoded_Invisible_Light" title="Video Encoded Invisible Light">VEIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_interval_timecode" title="Vertical interval timecode">VITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">WSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Data_Services" title="Extended Data Services">XDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_systems_before_1940" title="Television systems before 1940">Pre-1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">Mechanical television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/567-line_television_system" title="567-line television system">567-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">Field-sequential color system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Television#OSKM" title="Soviet Central Television">OSKM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlaced</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">LDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">240p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">288p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">EDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">576p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">MPEG-2 Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB_3D-TV" title="DVB 3D-TV">DVB 3D-TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS+</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">MPEG-4 AVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards#H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" title="ATSC standards">ATSC A/72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">MPEG-H HEVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">HD DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">5.1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">LPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Format_Description" title="Active Format Description">AFD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-CPCM" title="DVB-CPCM">CPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-avs-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avs_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avs_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mobaho-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Defunct.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Technical_issues33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Technical issues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14:9_aspect_ratio" title="14:9 aspect ratio">14:9 compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">Digital cinema</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Cinema Initiative">DCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_motion_blur" title="Display motion blur">Display motion blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Standards_Conversion" title="Reverse Standards Conversion">Reverse Standards Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_standards_conversion" title="Television standards conversion">Standards conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_card" title="Test card">Test card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing" title="Video processing">Video processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">Widescreen signaling</a></li> <li>Templates (<a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics">Analogue TV Topics</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SMPTE_standards126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SMPTE_standards" title="Template:SMPTE standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SMPTE_standards" title="Template talk:SMPTE standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SMPTE_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SMPTE standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SMPTE_standards126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a> standards</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_259M" title="SMPTE 259M">SMPTE 259M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Picture_Exchange" title="Digital Picture Exchange">SMPTE 268M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_274M" title="SMPTE 274M">SMPTE 274M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancillary_data" title="Ancillary data">SMPTE 291M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_292M" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE 292M">SMPTE 292M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_296M" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE 296M">SMPTE 296M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_Material_Identifier" title="Unique Material Identifier">SMPTE 330M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_344M" title="SMPTE 344M">SMPTE 344M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_356M" title="SMPTE 356M">SMPTE 356M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Exchange_Format" title="General Exchange Format">SMPTE 360M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_367M" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE 367M">SMPTE 367M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_372M" title="SMPTE 372M">SMPTE 372M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Exchange_Format" title="Material Exchange Format">SMPTE 377M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">SMPTE 421M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_424M" title="SMPTE 424M">SMPTE 424M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2022" title="SMPTE 2022">SMPTE 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2059" title="SMPTE 2059">SMPTE 2059</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2067" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE 2067">SMPTE 2067</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2071" title="SMPTE 2071">SMPTE 2071</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_2117" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE 2117">SMPTE 2117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_color_bars" title="SMPTE color bars">SMPTE color bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Package" title="Digital Cinema Package">SMPTE DCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE_timecode" title="SMPTE timecode">SMPTE timecode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interoperable_Master_Format" title="Interoperable Master Format">Interoperable Master Format</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related standards organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Television_Systems_Committee" title="Advanced Television Systems Committee">Advanced Television Systems Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Research_%26_Development" title="BBC Research & Development">BBC Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU Radiocommunication Sector</a> (formerly CCIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU Telecommunication Sector</a> (formerly CCITT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">Joint Photographic Experts Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">Moving Picture Experts Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHK_Science_%26_Technology_Research_Laboratories" title="NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories">NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Color_space428" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_space" title="Template:Color space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_space" title="Template talk:Color space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_space428" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color models</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_appearance_model" title="Color appearance model">CAM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIECAM02" title="CIECAM02">CIECAM02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAM_(color_appearance_model)" title="ICAM (color appearance model)">iCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAM16" class="mw-redirect" title="CAM16">CAM16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIECAM16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIECAM16 (page does not exist)">CIECAM16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">CIE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">XYZ (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space#CIE_RGB_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">RGB (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1960_color_space" title="CIE 1960 color space">YUV (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1964_color_space" title="CIE 1964 color space">UVW (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIELAB_color_space" title="CIELAB color space">CIELAB (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIELUV" title="CIELUV">CIELUV (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIECAM02" title="CIECAM02">CIECAM02</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIECAM16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIECAM16 (page does not exist)">CIECAM16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_spaces" title="RGB color spaces">RGB color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rg_chromaticity" title="Rg chromaticity">rg chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_RGB_color_space" title="Adobe RGB color space">Adobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-gamut_RGB_color_space" title="Wide-gamut RGB color space">Wide-gamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProPhoto_RGB_color_space" title="ProPhoto RGB color space">ProPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScRGB" title="ScRGB">scRGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCI-P3" title="DCI-P3">DCI-P3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#SMPTE_C">SMPTE 240M/"C"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2020" title="Rec. 2020">Rec. 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Y%E2%80%B2UV" title="Y′UV">Y′UV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Y%E2%80%B2UV" title="Y′UV">YUV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YDbDr" title="YDbDr">YDbDr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIQ" title="YIQ">YIQ</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NTSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2020" title="Rec. 2020">Rec. 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICtCp" title="ICtCp">ICtCp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPbPr" title="YPbPr">YPbPr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XvYCC" title="XvYCC">xvYCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YCoCg" title="YCoCg">YCoCg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CcMmYK_color_model" title="CcMmYK color model">CcMmYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorADD" title="ColorADD">ColorADD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloroid" title="Coloroid">Coloroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LMS_color_space" title="LMS color space">LMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachrome" title="Hexachrome">Hexachrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSL, HSV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_color_space" title="HCL color space">HCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Imaginary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklab_color_space" title="Oklab color space">Oklab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSA-UCS" title="OSA-UCS">OSA-UCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Color_Coordinate_System" title="Practical Color Coordinate System">PCCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RG_color_models" title="RG color models">RG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RYB_color_model" title="RYB color model">RYB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HWB_color_model" title="HWB color model">HWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YJK" title="YJK">YJK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSL_color_space" title="TSL color space">TSL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems<br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Color_Encoding_System" title="Academy Color Encoding System">ACES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Media_Alliance" title="News Media Alliance">ANPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_Index_International" title="Colour Index International">Colour Index International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">CI list of dyes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIC_Corporation" title="DIC Corporation">DIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Standard_595" title="Federal Standard 595">Federal Standard 595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HKS_(colour_system)" title="HKS (colour system)">HKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICC_profile" title="ICC profile">ICC profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Color_System" title="Natural Color System">NCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostwald_color_system" title="Ostwald color system">Ostwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAL_colour_standard" title="RAL colour standard">RAL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JIS_Z8102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JIS Z8102 (page does not exist)">JIS Z8102</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS%E6%85%A3%E7%94%A8%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8D" class="extiw" title="ja:JIS慣用色名">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_physiology" title="Template:Eye physiology">Color vision</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analog_television_broadcasting_topics253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template talk:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analog_television_broadcasting_topics253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_television_broadcasting" title="Outline of television broadcasting">broadcasting topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/525-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="525-line television system">525-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/625-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="625-line television system">625-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">System C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">System D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">System G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">System H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">System I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">System K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">System L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">System N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_F" title="CCIR System F">System F</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NTSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-S" title="PAL-S">PAL-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">Back porch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">front porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_level" title="Black level">Black level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanking_level" title="Blanking level">Blanking level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">Chrominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance_subcarrier" title="Chrominance subcarrier">Chrominance subcarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorburst" title="Colorburst">Colorburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_killer" title="Color killer">Color killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">Color TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (video)">Frame (video)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_scan_rate" title="Horizontal scan rate">Horizontal scan rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval" title="Horizontal blanking interval">Horizontal blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_analogue_blanking" title="Nominal analogue blanking">Nominal analogue blanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overscan" title="Overscan">Overscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">Raster scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_area_(television)" title="Safe area (television)">Safe area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_lines" title="Television lines">Television lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">Vertical blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_clipper" title="White clipper">White clipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">Multichannel television sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">Frequency modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">Quadrature amplitude modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation#Vestigial_sideband_(VSB)" title="Single-sideband modulation">Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transmission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier#Electronic_amplifiers" title="Amplifier">Amplifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna (radio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_transmitter" title="Broadcast transmitter">Broadcast transmitter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transmitter_station" title="Transmitter station">Transmitter station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetic" title="Resonator">Cavity amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_gain" title="Differential gain">Differential gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_phase" title="Differential phase">Differential phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplexer" title="Diplexer">Diplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_load" title="Dummy load">Dummy load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">Frequency mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercarrier_method" title="Intercarrier method">Intercarrier method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">Intermediate frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_power_of_an_analog_TV_transmitter" title="Output power of an analog TV transmitter">Output power of an analog TV transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-emphasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emphasis">Pre-emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_carrier" title="Residual carrier">Residual carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sound_system" title="Split sound system">Split sound system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheterodyne_transmitter" title="Superheterodyne transmitter">Superheterodyne transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">Television receive-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite television">Direct-broadcast satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposer" title="Transposer">Transposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital television transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Frequencies</a> & bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_offset" title="Frequency offset">Frequency offset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_transmission" title="Microwave transmission">Microwave transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">Television channel frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Propagation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tilt" title="Beam tilt">Beam tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth bulge">Earth bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_in_free_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Field strength in free space">Field strength in free space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">Noise (electronics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_fill" title="Null fill">Null fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_loss" title="Path loss">Path loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">Radiation pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skew_(antenna)" title="Skew (antenna)">Skew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_interference" title="Television interference">Television interference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distortionmeter" title="Distortionmeter">Distortionmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_meter" title="Field strength meter">Field strength meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectorscope" title="Vectorscope">Vectorscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_reference_pulse" title="Zero reference pulse">Zero reference pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dot_crawl" title="Dot crawl">Dot crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosting_(television)" title="Ghosting (television)">Ghosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_bars" title="Hanover bars">Hanover bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparklies" title="Sparklies">Sparklies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/15px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/23px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/30px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NTSC&oldid=1279452841">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NTSC&oldid=1279452841</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ITU-R_recommendations" title="Category:ITU-R recommendations">ITU-R recommendations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_terminology" title="Category:Television terminology">Television terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_transmission_standards" title="Category:Television transmission standards">Television transmission standards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Video_formats" title="Category:Video formats">Video formats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Video_signal" title="Category:Video signal">Video signal</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use American English from August 2022">Use American English from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from December 2022">Use mdy dates from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2024">Articles needing additional references from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_June_2008" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from June 2008">Articles to be expanded from June 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2020">Articles needing additional references from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_December_2014" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2014">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 March 2025, at 17:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NTSC&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">NTSC</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>50 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-dd5c8cc7b-cv6wh","wgBackendResponseTime":276,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.284","walltime":"1.776","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13305,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":342741,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17849,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":334462,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1330.638 1 -total"," 35.28% 469.450 3 Template:Reflist"," 12.52% 166.627 8 Template:Navbox"," 11.88% 158.091 36 Template:Cite_web"," 11.36% 151.226 62 Template:Flag"," 7.95% 105.766 10 Template:Cite_book"," 5.66% 75.370 1 Template:TV_resolution"," 5.65% 75.133 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.20% 55.944 5 Template:Citation_needed"," 3.96% 52.683 12 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.606","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9433393,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-8669bc5c8-q7x8n","timestamp":"20250318155144","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"NTSC","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NTSC","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q185796","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q185796","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-28T02:31:24Z","dateModified":"2025-03-08T17:34:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0d\/PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg","headline":"analog television system"}</script> </body> </html>